Tourist areas and regions of Europe (outside the CIS). Tourist regions and zones Special tourist zones
Lecture 12. Spatial organization of tourism.
1. Tourist regions and zones.
2. Stages of development of a tourist area.
Tourist region- the purpose of travel and the tourist product at the same time.
L. V. Kovyneva defines tourist region as a separate territorial unit that is in unity with nature and has certain physical-geographical, ethnic-historical, ecological-economic, political-administrative and legal properties that ensure its functioning.
Tourist region- an intranational category that may correspond to an administrative-territorial division (for example, Buryatia), occupy part of an administrative-territorial division (for example, Khabarovsk) or represent a territory located within several administrative-territorial units ( Golden ring, Baikal region).
Yu. D. Dmitrevsky, linking common interpretations of tourist territory, proposed the concept "potentially tourist area" which, having certain resources, becomes a truly tourist area only after the creation of the necessary infrastructure. It defines tourist area as a territory that has certain signs of attractiveness and is provided tourism infrastructure and the tourism organization system.
A number of works use the concept "tourist and recreational area" representing a territory formed by tourist and recreational demand, possessing tourist and recreational resources, conditions, the necessary degree of development of tourist and recreational infrastructure and differing from other areas in its specialization in certain types of tourism and recreation.
Under tourist area is understood:
Part of the national territory in which there are two or more centers for receiving tourists with at least 5 thousand accommodation places;
Territory with priority development of tourism infrastructure;
The territory in which display objects that attract tourists, as well as others, are concentrated tourist sites(hotels, sanatoriums, boarding houses, etc.).
The lowest level in the system of tourist territories is tourist center- a city, natural object, area of terrain where a complex of tourist and excursion services has been created on the basis of concentrated tourist resources. It consists of tourist accommodation facilities, catering establishments, sports facilities, retail and other service enterprises.
So, tourist area - a territory that has certain signs of attractiveness and is provided with tourist infrastructure and a tourism organization system.
Tourist areas are distinguished by the following characteristics:
Time of origin, historical features of formation;
Natural, historical, cultural, socio-economic and population prerequisites for the formation;
The level of development of tourism infrastructure;
Tourist specialization.
However, not any region can become a tourist region, but only one that has:
Quality services necessary for receiving tourists (transfer, accommodation and meals with an appropriate level of service);
Attractions to attract tourists, generating people's interest in the region and creating competition with others;
Information systems are an important means of functioning of the region in the tourism market.
Russia has enormous opportunities to attract tourists. This is facilitated by the presence of various natural and climatic zones; rich cultural and historical past 178 of Russia; large, undeveloped areas where wild nature remains. Unfortunately, due to a number of circumstances, Russia has not yet fully realized its recreational potential and uses its resources in this area rather one-sidedly.
| Tourism Development Zones federal significance | Specialization by type of tourism | Cities and areas recommended for tourism development |
| 1. North (Barents Sea, Arkhangelsk, Solovki, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk region, Republic of Karelia) | Educational and ecological cruises, hunting, fishing, skiing, hiking, pilgrimage | Vologda, Volga-Balgiy Canal, Petrozavodsk, Kizhi, Valaam, Khibiny |
| 2. North-west (St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod regions) | Educational, business and congress tourism, recreation, cruises, auto tourism | St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Pushkin, Petrodvorets, Pskov, Valdai |
| 9.2. Sakhalin, Kuril Islands | Rest with treatment, educational and business tourism, hunting, fishing, ecotourism | Aniva Bay, Kuril Islands |
| 9.3. Kamchatka, Commanders | Ecotourism, hunting, hiking | Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Valley of Geysers, Commander Islands |
| 7.4. Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria | Skiing | Dombay |
35current status and problems domestic tourism.
Domestic tourism is a temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from permanent place residence within the national borders of the same country for recreation, satisfaction of educational interests, sports and other tourism purposes. Due to many problems with tourism infrastructure, Russia cannot yet become the undisputed leader in world tourism in the next ten years. However, according to forecasts of the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC), the country's market will develop rapidly and in 2006-2014 Russia will become the second largest investment country in the world. The underdevelopment of tourism infrastructure, poor quality of service, and high crime rates in the country have led to the fact that Russia currently accounts for less than 1% of the world tourist flow. The domestic tourism industry has begun to change qualitatively and acquire the features of a dynamic, efficient and civilized sector of the economy. The attitude towards tourism on the part of regional authorities and the Government has changed. An increasing number of Russians prefer to vacation in their homeland.
36prospects for the development of domestic tourism in Russia...The tourism and recreational potential of Russia is enormous. It ranks fifth in the world for unique natural sites and ninth for historical and cultural heritage sites. According to the World tourist organization Russia can receive up to 40 million tourists. First of all, the most popular types of tourism in our country will be developed: resort and recreational, beach, cultural and educational, ski, cruise, as well as active species recreation. The main components are:
- territorial concentration on the development of tourist and recreational complexes in the most promising tourist regions of the country, combined with the use of a cluster approach in the implementation of regional investment projects;
- competitive selection of regional investment projects proposed for implementation within the framework of the Program on the terms of co-financing from the federal budget, attracting investments into the industry;
- an integrated approach to the development of the industry, taking into account the needs for tourism infrastructure, staffing and promotion;
- creation of an effective mechanism for state support of priority areas of tourism on the basis of public-private partnership;
- introduction of innovative technologies in the field of domestic and inbound tourism (based on the results of relevant research work).
To achieve the set goals and objectives, program activities and their resource support are developed, and indicators of economic and social efficiency are determined.
Many regions are quite active in regulating and supporting domestic and inbound tourism. New types of tourism are being developed: agroecotourism, ecotourism, sports and extreme tourism, water, automobile and hiking tourism.
38problems of inbound tourism in Russia
The formation of the Russian tourist market began in 1990. Three processes were going on simultaneously:
· collapse of old-type enterprises (excursion bureaus, travel agencies);
· creation of new enterprises, which later became known as tour operators or travel agents;
· modification of old tourist enterprises by restructuring for development tourism product, which is in demand among Russian consumers. At the first stage of market development, mainly outbound tours were developed. The long-term deficit of outbound tourism in the USSR has created an increased demand for external tourism products. Some countries have introduced a number of measures to attract Russian tourists: visa-free entry into the countries of the former socialist community (China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.); simplification of visa formalities in Germany, Italy, Spain; economic tours for Russian tourists to some countries (France, Spain). Shopping tours, educational tours, holidays in Turkey, Italy, Greece, the UAE, entertainment and youth tourism, educational and business tours, ski tourism, treatment and wellness, and sea cruises were in great demand. The outbound nature of Russian tourism was due to the following reasons: the novelty of a foreign product for the Russian consumer (lack of outbound tourism in the USSR); simplification of departure procedures; expansion of external business contacts; an increase in the number of enterprises and individual citizens who had foreign currency funds; availability of prices for outing tours; greater competitiveness of the foreign tourism product (better living conditions and hotel service in general, comfortable transport on tours and transfers). The development of tourism suffered significant damage due to the situation in Russia as a result of the economic crisis (August 1998). Many firms have switched to product development for domestic and outbound tourism. This made it possible to suspend the process of bankruptcy of travel companies and partially redistribute segments into domestic and outbound tourism. Disadvantages hampering the development of inbound and domestic tourism: · non-compliance of road and transport infrastructure with international standards. Few old airports, auto and railway stations, parking lots with high service services (refueling, repairs and car washing);
· non-compliance of the hotel base with international standards, in particular, the class of hotels and the level of service in them;
· inflated prices for hotel and restaurant services in cities;
· imperfection of legislative and economic stimulation of Russian inbound and domestic tourism at the state and local level;
· insufficiently qualified organization of tourist services, which creates a negative image of both a specific tourist center and the country as a whole;
· shortcomings in the policies of the state and local authorities to create a positive image of Russia as a country attractive for tourism.
39Prospects for the development of inbound tourism in the country
According to professionals, it is not at all necessary for a tourist to come to us for a week or two - it’s time to honestly admit that, unfortunately, we have nothing to occupy him with that much time. It is quite enough for Belarus to take advantage of its position and receive income from transit tourism. Just not the way it is done today - with expensive visas, compulsory insurance at the border, etc., but by offering a small but necessary range of travel services - one or two nights in a comfortable hotel, meals, several excursions, souvenirs. 2.5. Promising types of tourism
Event tourism- the direction is relatively young and extremely interesting. Unique tours that combine traditional recreation and participation in the most spectacular events on the planet, including, for example, Formula 1 racing and football, are gradually gaining more and more popularity among travelers seeking to spend their vacation as interesting, fun and varied as possible. 2.5.2. Business tourism. IN last years business tourism developed at an accelerated pace. Thus, in 1990, out of 425 million trips made in the world, 63 million were for business purposes. This type of tourism is one of the most profitable and is of great importance for the host country. 2.5.3. Gastronomic tourism. When going on vacation, you should take into account the peculiarities of local cuisine in order to return home without extra pounds and health problems. Today's Russian tourist for the most part, they don’t raft down mountain rivers and don’t wander through forests with a backpack. He prefers to travel in comfort: three meals a day, a clean bed, organized leisure time. Such a vacation practically does not promise any troubles, and if it does, then only those that are associated not with a lack of comfort, but with its excess. And one of these troubles is a problem caused by the peculiarities of local cooking.
Outbound tourism. main goals and countries
40 outbound tourism prices and destinations
If we talk about the Asian direction, then in the statistics of the Federal Tourism Agency there are only 6 directions - China, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, Japan. Russians are attracted by the country of kangaroos Australia - 9% of respondents would like to go to this country. 7% vote for Germany, 6.5% for Italy, 6% for the USA and 5% for the UK. Next on the list are Spain, Canada, Switzerland, France, Finland, Sweden, Austria, New Zealand, Norway and the Czech Republic. Then Spain and Italy receive 800 Russians per year. 300 people annually choose Bulgaria and Greece for further residence.
In Norway, despite the rather serious requirements for immigrants, 200 Russians a year manage to break through (and stay).
The Netherlands, Poland, Austria, Belgium, Portugal and Turkey welcome 100 Russians into their close ranks every year. As for Bulgaria, the figure of 150 thousand people is announced - this is the number of Russians who have real estate in Bulgaria - according to “experts”, the goals are business tourism, recreation, sightseeing, faith, national traditions.
41Prospects for the development of outbound tourism
international tourism is a systematized and purposeful activity of tourism enterprises related to the provision of tourism services and tourism products to foreign tourists in the territory Russian Federation.Outbound tourism – tourism of persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation to another country. In order to develop outbound tourism in Russia there are a lot of objective prerequisites: we are always open to mass tourism, huge cultural and natural potential, always attracts an undivided and very promising developing market. There will be an increase in the number of tourists on the main excursion tours, and in terms of price, the tourism market will rise by four percent. The trend in the tourism market shows that there will be a consolidation of assets, as a result of which outbound tourism in Russia will continue to grow. The market share of large cities in the overall volume of the country's tourism business will also increase.
42concept recreational6 resources.types
Recreational resources- these are resources of all types that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism. Based on recreational resources, it is possible to organize economic sectors specializing in recreational services. Recreational resources include:
§ natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, animal world);
§ cultural and historical attractions;
§ economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure and labor resources.
Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources, in addition to natural objects, include any types of matter, energy, information that are the basis for the functioning, development, and stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate sector of the economy - the recreational economy.
43 ecological problems arising in the process of formation of recreational systems
One of the very important, ongoing problems and research topics in recreational geography is related to the ecology of the most popular recreational areas. There is a serious contradiction in the fact that some, usually small, areas should receive abnormally large numbers of people. People stop in them for a short time and, as a rule, lead a very active and expensive lifestyle, which largely contradicts the task of maintaining these particular areas in an environmentally acceptable condition. Often these types of areas are unique in nature. The task is contradictory in its essence. On the one hand, everything is being done to really change nature and bring it into line with current standards of recreational services. On the other hand, nature is protected from recreationists. Without serving a significant number of recreationists, the area becomes ineffective in terms of its main function, investments in it do not produce returns, and as a result, economic losses. However, a large number of vacationers worsens the environment and thereby undermines the foundations of the existence of the recreational sector itself in this region.
The development of territories occurs through their transformation, and environmental crises of a larger or smaller scale are a natural result of development, which fully applies to recreation. As soon as the recreational development of the territory reaches a high level and the region is regularly visited big amount tourists, the threat of a recreational environmental crisis is growing. Recreation in its developed form destroys itself, after which development moves to new areas.
44 environmental impacts of different types of tourism
Different kinds tourism activities, firstly, have a unequal impact on the environment, both in intensity and in the form of impact; secondly, each type of tourism has an impact mainly in areas favorable for the development of this particular type of tourism; thirdly, by influencing the natural environment, tourism also affects tourism resources. Unfortunately, at present, the ratio between the positive and negative impacts on the natural environment and tourism resources is tilted in favor of the latter, which leads to the degradation of not only adjacent landscapes, but also tourist resources, and this, in turn, leads to degradation of the tourism industry itself. That is why strict control is especially important in the tourism industry when organizing tourism and recreation in the region.
Let's consider the impact of certain types of tourism on the state of the environment and tourism resources.
1. The most widespread of all types of tourism is sports and health tourism: - swimming and beach recreation, which is most popular among domestic and foreign tourists, and therefore has the highest degree of influence on the environment; - recreation using vessels with outboard boats motor, sailing and rowing, each of which has its own characteristics of influence on the water body; - fishing recreation, which is divided into fishing from ice, boats and from the shore;
Types of tourism associated with the recreational and tourist use of mountains include mountain tourism, mountaineering and skiing. Mountaineering has an impact on natural landscapes through the destruction of the top layer of mountains, their contamination with various objects and materials used during ascents: cans, plastic packaging, plastic bags. Medical and resort recreation is the most environmentally friendly type of tourism activity. Its impact on the environment is associated, first of all, with the infrastructure of this type of tourism. In this case, the impact on the natural environment occurs, as with other types of tourism activities. Educational tourism usually influences cultural and historical resources. Massive flows of tourists contribute to accelerating the process of destruction of historical and cultural monuments. Moreover, the close relationship educational tourism with other types of tourism activities leads to the widespread impact of this type of tourism on the natural environment. Business and congress tourism by themselves do not have a significant impact on the environment and tourism resources. The impact may lie in the use of motor vehicles, which, as is known, is one of the main polluters of the natural environment.
45 types of tourist environmental management
Tourist resources are quantitatively limited and qualitatively differentiated. They are fixed in regulatory document which is called " Natural Resources Cadastre". It can be presented either thematically or regionally. In addition to medical and health-improving ones, tourism resources also include historical natural resources.
Recreational resources- this is the part tourism resources, which represents natural and anthropogenic ecosystems, natural phenomena that can be used for recreation and healing of a certain contingent of people in certain time using existing technologies.
The capacity of recreational resources is determined based on the standards:
1. anthropogenic loads, in order to prevent violation of the ecological state of the natural environment;
2. maximum permissible loads, exceeding which leads to irreversible changes in the health status of the population. Maximum permissible loads are established in accordance with state legislation.
Healing natural resources- these are the ones recreational resources, which are intended for treatment and recreation and belong to specially protected natural objects and territories. These include: mineral waters, healing mud, healing climate and other resources that are used for the treatment and prevention of diseases and recreation.
The most important element of environmental management is:
1. system of state budget financing of environmental activities. For this purpose, various environmental protection funds are created;
2. mechanism of fees for the use (pollution) of the environment and special use of natural resources;
3. payment mechanism for damage caused due to violation of the environmental protection law.
Hydromineral resources are divided into resources of mud therapy and balneotherapy (treatment with waters that have medicinal properties and distributed in Ukraine in the Lviv and Kharkov regions).
46concept of ecotourism
Ecological tourism (ecotourism) is a form of sustainable tourism, focused on visits to natural areas relatively untouched by anthropogenic influence (according to Lukichev A.B.). “Ecological tourism or ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to undisturbed natural areas for the purpose of exploring and enjoying nature and cultural attractions, which promotes conservation, has a “soft” impact on the environment, and provides active socio-economic participation local residents and their receipt of benefits from these activities.”
Recreational areas are primarily intended for recreation. These are corners of wildlife in the city, both natural and artificially created.
Why are recreation areas needed?
Recreational areas of natural origin - lakes, forest areas, river banks. This is what's left of wildlife, its last islands in the stones of the city. Artificially created recreational areas are all familiar parks and plantings, ponds, gardens and reservoirs. This is nature created by human hands. Places where you can relax, listen to the rustling of leaves and splashing waves, admire the birds, and breathe fresh air. In a word, to touch living nature, which is so scarce in a modern city.
Often such areas are used for sports; usually there are areas specifically designed for active rest. This is especially true for bodies of water. Equipped beaches are the basis for safe recreation on the water.
But the recreational zone exists not only to provide people with a place to relax. This is precisely why specialized recreation areas differ from spontaneous ones.
In such areas, toilets, first aid stations, and local police stations may be located. There are often kiosks, rental points for various sports equipment, sports equipment and equipped playgrounds for children. In a word, these places are like corners of wild nature, equipped with all the possible benefits of civilization.
Environmental functions of recreational areas
However, these are not the only arguments in favor of creating such territories. The construction of a recreational area is necessary not only because people need a comfortable and safe place to relax. Nature also needs a break from people. The fact is that city dwellers will somehow find a place to relax; they will go to the forest or to an undeveloped river bank. And the trouble is not that it can be dangerous. Adults themselves are able to determine the acceptable degree of risk. But almost always, after such vacationers, piles of garbage and bottles are left on the grass, which there is no one to clean up in the forest, because there are no wipers there. And in the worst case, it will all end in a fire that breaks out from an unextinguished fire or a cigarette thrown into dry grass.
It can be said that the city's recreational areas protect wildlife from gross human interference. Those who want to sit on the grass and barbecue will simply go to the park. Yes, they will litter there and, perhaps, will not keep an eye on the fire. But the recreational areas are equipped with safety equipment, and firefighters are nearby and will arrive on the first call. And abandoned bottles and plastic food boxes will be removed by beach or park workers.
Often, the creation of a recreational area on the site of a forest or reservoir being absorbed by a city is the only way to save it from destruction. Otherwise, the lake will be drained and filled in, and the forest will be cut down to make way for development. Preserving areas of wildlife in the city is an extremely important task. High real estate prices arouse exceptional work enthusiasm among developers.
Recreation and tourism areas - what are they?
Those who are not interested in parks and alleys can go to tourist and recreational economic zones. These are legally designated areas intended for tourism and only for it.
The corresponding legislative acts were adopted in 2006. The purpose of creating such natural areas was to increase the competitiveness of the tourism business. It is expected that special economic and legislative conditions will stimulate the development of the tourism business, the creation of new and the reconstruction of old health resorts.
Similar zones can be created in separate areas municipalities. There may be private houses and various infrastructure facilities of any form of ownership. Areas allocated for zones of this type may be part of specially protected areas. This is precisely why the tourist and recreational zone differs from a regular economic zone.
The state offers companies planning to engage in tourism business, obtain resident status of a tourist and recreational zone and take advantage of the associated benefits. Residents can use a special coefficient when calculating depreciation on their own fixed assets. Restrictions on the transfer of losses to subsequent tax periods, amounting to 30% for other business entities, have been lifted for residents. In addition, a lenient income tax rate may be established for them for a certain period.
The problem of protecting wildlife when creating tourist and recreational zones
Metallurgical production, development and extraction of any minerals are strictly prohibited on the territory of such tourist and recreational zones. The exception is mineral waters, therapeutic muds and other balneological tourism objects. It is also impossible to process scrap ferrous, non-ferrous metals, and minerals, except, again, for the spill of mineral waters or other use of the balneological resources of the territory. The production and processing of any excisable goods, except motorcycles and cars, is prohibited.
One of the reasons why environmentalists are skeptical about the project is that entrepreneurs are given the right to build tourist facilities in protected areas. It is very likely, environmentalists believe, that this work will be carried out in violation of existing norms and regulations.
Similar experiments took place in Crimea and ended sadly. The construction of facilities planned to be environmentally friendly led to the cutting down of unique relict forests and the destruction of natural coastal formations. With this development of events, it will no longer matter whether the tourist complex continues to function or not, or whether the developer will be punished. After all, the damage has already been done, the damage is irreparable. Such risks must also be taken into account.
That is why environmental organizations are demanding a ban on the construction of tourist complexes in unique protected areas. It is easier to prevent this kind of misfortune than to look for ways to eliminate the consequences. Moreover, they do not exist.
Estimated economic benefit from the project implementation
The creators of this law believe that the development of tourism in Russia is impossible without economic support for entrepreneurs working in this area. According to preliminary calculations, by 2026, 44.5 billion rubles will be spent on financing such zones. Representatives of the tourism business are expected to invest more than 270 billion rubles in the creation and development of tourist and recreational zones. Tax revenues from the project should amount to 260 billion rubles. The flow of tourists will more than triple, and the contribution of the tourism business to the country’s GDP will reach 2%. This is not as little as it seems - after all, now state revenues from this area of activity are tending to zero. This is what makes the development of tourism in Russia one of the priority areas of business, requiring government support.
The creation of such zones pursues not only economic goals. The result of such a program should be an improvement in the quality of service at Russian resorts and their improvement. Now many people note that it is more pleasant and profitable to relax on the shores of Turkey and Egypt than at home. Since the tourism business brings considerable income to countries with territories that are attractive in this regard, it is obvious that the situation needs to be changed. All conditions must be made to ensure that vacationers want to spend their money on the territory of Russia, and not outside its borders.
What areas for recreation and tourism are currently being created?
Currently, the recreational zones of Russia are represented by the following list:
- recreational area in the Stavropol Territory;
- in the Irkutsk region - “Gateway of Baikal”;
- in Altai - “Altai Valley” and “Turquoise Katun”;
- zone in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic.
Previously, this list was two points longer, but recreational zones in the Krasnodar Territory and the Kaliningrad Region were liquidated by government decision. The zone on the Curonian Spit in the Kaliningrad region ceased to exist, since not a single agreement was concluded with residents and there were no businessmen willing to invest in the development of tourism infrastructure.
The tourist and recreational zone in the Krasnodar Territory ceased to exist for the same reason. But it was supposed to be located on the territory of well-known and beloved resorts: Sochi, Gelendzhik, Anapa, Tuapse. Cities that have always been exclusively touristic.
How could it happen that in the territories traditionally supported by tourism there were no businessmen willing to start creating tourism facilities on a preferential basis and under the auspices of the state? Of the entire list of recreational areas, this point seemed the most promising.
It is obvious that the practical implementation of the project to create tourist and recreational zones will turn out to be much more problematic than it seemed at first. And the above calculations are most likely overly optimistic. Since there were no people willing to start a tourism business in Sochi and Tuapse, this means that the projected income from the project needs to be seriously adjusted. And eliminate the factors leading to such a situation.
Time will tell how economically successful other objects will be.
Tourist complex in Stavropol region
The natural and recreational zone located in the Stavropol Territory is called “Caucasian Mineral Waters”. It is located on the territory of Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, the cities of Mineralnye Vody and Lermontov, Predgorny and Mineralovodsky districts. The potential possibilities of the zone are extensive. Beautiful landscapes, mountain air, unique flavor of the Caucasus. The unique health resorts of the Stavropol Territory were famous back in the days of Tsarist Russia, and the mineral water of Essentuki is one of the best mineral waters in the world.
Basic infrastructure elements are located near the recreational area; access to them is not difficult. In this area, it is planned to develop primarily health and balneological tourism; sports, educational and environmental tourism seem promising.
Tourist complexes "Turquoise Katun" and "Altai Valley"
The tourist and recreational zone "Turquoise Katun" is located on the banks of the Katun River. This area is reminiscent of the classic landscapes of northern Europe: mountains, alpine meadows and mixed forests. It is sunny and relatively warm here, the average annual temperature is +5 o. A lot of snow falls in these places, the cover height reaches 600 mm. It is planned to create routes for hiking, water, ski and horse tourism. It will be of interest to fishermen and mushroom pickers, climbers and fans of caving tourism, hunters and lovers of rafting on mountain rivers.
Traditional trades and crafts of the inhabitants of Altai, a large number of archaeological and cultural monuments, and museums of the Altai Territory can also attract tourists to this area.
The Altai Valley recreational zone project should cover the territories of two state reserves and four wildlife sanctuaries, and will also include 5 objects from the list World Heritage UNESCO.
The Nizhne-Uimonsky, Nizhnekatunsky, Ursulsky, and Bie-Telitsky districts seem to be the most attractive for tourism. On the territory of the tourist zone there is such a unique natural object as Lake Manzherokskoe. Mount Sinyukha is located nearby. This perfect place to create a mountain resort that meets world standards. IN this moment there are no such people in the country. The government of the Altai Republic has repeatedly tried to begin the construction of a tourist complex, but there was always not enough money for this. Perhaps funds will be found within the framework of this project.
One of the significant disadvantages of this territory is the lack of an airport. Getting to the recreation area is very inconvenient. The item “construction of an airport” is included in the project, but it is unlikely to be financed, at least until the benefits from this become obvious. So far, the positive balance of the project is in question.
Tourist complex "Gates of Baikal"
The recreational zone “Gates of Baikal” in Buryatia is supposed to be created next to the lake itself, because it is precisely this that is the goal of tourists coming to the region. This area has everything needed to create a mountain sports and health resort with a balneological focus: mountains, mountain rivers, a warm lake, mineral springs and healing mud.
A large resort facility should include ski resorts, water and mud clinics, trails for ecological and sports tourism. It is planned to create a center on the shore of Lake Kotokelskoye water tourism with a yacht club and an indoor water park.
Ski resort in the Chechen Republic
The recreational zone in the Chechen Republic will be located in the mountains, not far from the city of Grozny. It will be organized as ski resort high class. It is planned to build a huge tourist complex. In addition, cable cars, cross-country ski tracks, 19 ski slopes of varying complexity, equestrian arena and stables. Nearby they plan to create an artificial snowmaking system and a reservoir to feed it.
Without a doubt, Europe outside the borders of the CIS is the most important territory in terms of tourism globe. In fact, the first centers of tourism in ancient world, where organized tourism originated in the 19th century, and the most visited states by tourists are located here. And this is no coincidence: Europe is a very diverse territory in terms of natural features - here a tourist can get acquainted with almost all zones of the cold and temperate zone, right down to the Mediterranean subtropics, which are especially popular in tourism. There are many seas here, with which Europe is literally cut up, large lakes, rivers very different in length and water regime, among which there are international ones, flowing through several countries (Danube, Rhine, etc.). The relief of this part of the world is varied: more or less extensive plains alternate with high mountain areas, where vertical altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed. The system of European highlands is crowned by the Alps system with highest point Europe on the border of France and Italy - Mont Blanc (4807 m above sea level). Thus, Europe is highly attractive due to its wide differentiation natural conditions.
The ethno-confessional makeup of different regions of Europe is also very diverse. Most of its inhabitants belong to peoples speaking languages of the Slavic, Germanic, and Romance language groups. At the same time, the overwhelming majority of them profess Christianity in its various forms, among which a particularly large role is played by Catholicism, united by the Pope (in the Vatican), various forms of Protestantism (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, etc.), Orthodoxy (like Protestantism, not having a single center in foreign Europe). There are adherents of Islam living in a number of countries. All this greatly affected not only everyday life, lifestyle, but (and this is perhaps especially important for tourists) and religious architecture.
Civil architecture was greatly affected not only (and not so much) by ethnic differences, but by the complex history of European countries. The constant redrawing of the map of Europe led not only to the emergence of new states and the disappearance of old ones, but also to the formation of new cities, the network of which is very dense here. Moreover, these cities are of different types, which is reflected in their area, population, and appearance. Here the images of cities are very different, which often merge with each other, rural settlements, forming both urban agglomerations and megalopolises.
In modern Europe, tourists are especially attracted by the monuments of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance era.
birth. Modern buildings, often unique (for example, the Eiffel Tower in Paris), are also of great interest.
Europe has been a complex of states for many centuries, concentrating most of the world's intelligence. It is no coincidence that there are many higher educational institutions, scientific institutes, museums here, scientific forums are constantly held, and therefore scientific tourism is developing. It also includes festival tourism (including sports). Of course, business tourism is also very important in European countries.
Thus, we can safely say that almost all types of tourism (named and not named in the previous lines) are typical for Europe, which explains its scale.
In Europe, based on its historical, socio-economic, natural and some other prerequisites, it is possible to identify (outside Russia and the CIS) four recreational and tourist zones: Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Southern Europe.
I. The Eastern European zone was until recently an integral part of the “socialist camp”: the countries of this zone were part of both the CMEA and the Warsaw Pact organization. This circumstance left a big imprint on the development features of the Eastern European states after World War II, and these features, of course, could not be erased over the last decade. Therefore, wariness has remained towards everything coming from Russia, including in terms of tourism ties. Of course, the picture here is quite complex: the intellectual part of Eastern society European countries understands that ordinary Russians are not responsible for the affairs of their rulers, and treats tourists from Russia with understanding and attention. But ordinary residents of Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and other countries in this zone can hardly forget those negative (and often tragic) events that were associated with the actions of their great eastern neighbor; Nor can they treat with respect the countless “shuttle” tourists from Russia and other CIS countries. And hence a certain chill towards tourists from the territory of the former USSR, the desire to attract as many foreign tourists as possible from other regions of the world. (However, this trend existed in the pre-reform years.)
The Eastern European zone, in addition to its common post-war history, has one more feature that unites it into one whole: the majority of its population (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians) are Slavs. Only the Romanians are among the Romance peoples, and the Hungarians are among the Finno-Ugric peoples. Three denominations predominate in the zone - Catholic (Poland, Hungary, Slovenia), Protestant ( different types), Orthodox (Romania, Bulgaria). The same confessions are also characteristic of the Baltic countries, which until recently were part of the USSR.
As for natural conditions, they change greatly from north to south. A tourist moving from the Baltic countries to Bulgaria sees a gradual change in landscapes - from forest in the north and center, steppe in western Romania and Hungary to subtropical in southern Bulgaria. At the same time, in Romania and especially in Bulgaria (to a lesser extent in other countries), the altitudinal vertical zonation in the mountains (Carpathians, Balkans) is well defined. So the natural attractiveness in this tourist area is undoubtedly higher in the south, where, moreover (and this is very important!), there is the Black Sea with its excellent beaches in Bulgaria and Romania.
As for the historical and cultural attractiveness, then, as they say, every country has something to boast about: after all, all the states in this zone interesting story, traces and monuments of which are the most interesting tourist sites.
1. The Baltic includes the territories of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
The main attraction of the area lies in its coastal location and the associated resort recreation. Two large complexes were formed here - Palanga (Lithuania) and Jurmala (Latvia), and the Estonian seaside complexes of Pärnu and Haapsalu were somewhat less important.
But nature, and especially the sea with its beaches, is not the only factor in the tourist attractiveness of the area. Of great interest here are many cities with their historical monuments Middle Ages and Modern Times. In this regard, the capital cities are attractive - Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius.
Thus, the Baltic can be considered as an area of recreational, educational, as well as scientific tourism. At the same time, the main directions of tourism are sufficiently provided with the appropriate infrastructure. However, after the collapse of the USSR, it remains largely unclaimed, because the main flow of tourists from the republics of the USSR was interrupted, and Western tourists do not show much interest in the tourist Baltic.
2. Poland. Its tourist resources are determined, in addition to the picturesque nature (sea, rivers, forests, mid-altitude mountains), the opportunity to engage in summer and winter sports, as well as a large number of historical and cultural monuments of different eras, the country's musical traditions, etc.
Natural attractions are distinguished primarily by the north of the country with its Baltic coast and the south, where part of the Carpathian region is located. mountain system. As for the historical, cultural, historical and architectural attractiveness, it is possessed by the main tourist center of the country and its capital Warsaw, as well as Krakow, famous for its historical, architectural and cultural monuments. Gdansk, Szczecin, the birthplace of Copernicus - Toruń and Wroclaw are also very attractive. Among the resorts one can name the “Riviera of the North”. Sopot on the Baltic (with its traditional festivals), Krynica - a pearl Polish resorts in the south of the country.
3. The central macro-region includes the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. Having no access to the sea, this area, due to its Central European location and great historical, cultural and natural attractions, attracts a large number of tourists, the number of which grew rapidly in the post-war years.
The nature of the region is very diverse: medium-high mountains in the east and west, a plateau in the center, a lowland in the north, the great European Danube River, the “Hungarian Sea” - Lake Balaton, forests of different composition, steppes (Hungarian Pushta), healing mineral springs... Numerous historical and cultural monuments, architectural ensembles of different eras, museums - all these are important elements of the area's attractiveness. To this should be added a fairly developed tourist infrastructure, often exotic (a large number of tourist hotels are located in medieval castles in the Czech Republic).
In the Czech Republic main center attracting tourists - the capital of the country, one of the most beautiful cities world - “Golden Prague” with such attractions as Wenceslas and Old Town Squares, the town hall with the famous chimes, Prague Castle with the Cathedral of St. Vita and palaces (a kind of Prague Kremlin), Charles Bridge, museums of the great Czech composers Smetana and Dvorak and much more. Among the tourist areas of the country it is necessary to name the western Czech Republic with famous resorts Karlovy Vary and Marianske Lazne, whose fame owes to its healing mineral springs, are resort mountain recreational areas.
In Slovakia, the west of the country is an area of educational tourism (the main center is the capital of the country Bratislava), the middle part (due to its natural diversity and high degree of natural attractiveness) is a natural recreational area, the east is a region of mountain tourism (different in different seasons) .
In Hungary, the main center of attraction for tourists is the capital Budapest with its bridges over the Danube, the parliament building, the citadel with a place of recreation, sports and entertainment - Margaret Island, numerous mineral springs, including hot ones (in and around the city). Tourists who come to the country for educational purposes are also attracted by other large, medium-sized and small cities where there are fortresses, castles, and cathedrals. There are also interesting natural objects of various types. And, of course, the main one among them is the lake. Lake Balaton, to whose shores holidaymakers flock.
4. Black Sea region. Romania and Bulgaria can be included in it. Both countries are characterized by access to the Black Sea with its beaches, a combination of mountainous areas with plateaus, plains, wide valleys, and vertical zonation of vegetation cover. Hence its diversity. All this makes the area attractive in terms of its natural attractiveness. But it is also characterized by important elements of historical-cultural, historical-architectural attractiveness. Despite many common features of attractiveness, Romania and Bulgaria, being Orthodox states, differ in their ethnic groups (mainly Slavic in Bulgaria, Romanesque in Romania), and many national traditions. In addition, within these countries themselves there are many internal differences, not only natural and socio-economic, but also ethnic (it is enough to recall the Turkish minority with its language and religion in Bulgaria, the Hungarian minority with its language and Catholicism in western Romania - Transylvania or about the German minority in the Romanian Banat). We must not forget that political map this area even in the 19th-20th centuries. rebuilt several times.
Black Sea coast, the Danube Delta and other natural factors make the main tourist meso-region of Romania the southeast with its numerous resorts - black sea beaches and the organizational center of Constanta. An important tourist area is the capital. In Bucharest, which the country’s rulers wanted to turn into “little Paris,” there are a large number of historical monuments from different centuries (including Orthodox churches), monuments, pompous buildings for various purposes, museums. All this makes Bucharest an interesting, although very diverse, excursion destination. In other areas of Romania, recreational tourism (varies in different seasons) is common, including in the mountains (mid-altitude). It is combined with elements of educational tourism - corresponding objects are found in different parts of the country - and balneological. Like any capital, Bucharest is a center of business, scientific, and festival tourism.
Located south of Bulgaria- one of the most developed countries in Europe in terms of tourism. And this, of course, is no coincidence: the diverse nature, cultural monuments of different centuries - all this makes the country extremely attractive for tourists. At the same time, several tourist meso-districts stand out quite clearly.
The Black Sea region of Bulgaria contains a large number of seaside resorts, famous all over the world. Tourists are attracted by the sea, beaches, good developed infrastructure. There are also objects of educational tourism, including ancient monuments. There are also exotic natural and archaeological sites.
The capital of the country, Sofia, is an important area of educational tourism (temples, monuments, interesting buildings civil architecture). Near the city there is the Vitosha massif tourist complex and some other objects.
In the southwest of Bulgaria there are the Rila, Rhodope, and Piria mountain ranges that attract tourists with their nature, resorts (mountain air, numerous mineral springs), and monasteries. Here, unlike other regions of the country, tourism is less seasonal, since in winter the alpine skiing type is developed. Mountain region Central Bulgaria - the Balkans (Stara Plapina) and the gradual descent to the Danube located to the north attract important educational and tourist sites, monuments of the ancient world and the Middle Ages. But, perhaps, the numerous monuments of Russian-Bulgarian friendship of the 19th-20th centuries are of particular interest. - These are various monuments from the era of the Russian-Turkish wars and World War II. It is enough to name the temple-monument in the village of Shipka, where you will create a tourist center. Among the cities of the central-northern region should be mentioned Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, Rusa, famous city Bulgarian wits of Gabrovo. It is impossible, of course, not to mention the famous valley of roses - Kazanlak, located inside the Balkan mountain system.
II zone of Northern Europe includes a group of Scandinavian countries united by the proximity of history and languages (Sweden, Norway, Denmark and its possession of Greenland, Iceland), as well as Finland, which is historically and territorially close to them.
Northern Europe is distinguished by its natural attractions, and of a special kind: the natural environment of the northern European countries is very unique, although, by ordinary standards, it is very harsh; it (the environment), in comparison with other regions of Europe, has retained its virgin, pristine character to a greater extent (although, of course, not everywhere).
The ever-increasing tourist demand for visiting the northern countries has led to the fact that they “began to build modern accommodation facilities for tourists - hotels, boarding houses, motels, campsites, bungalows, fisherman’s houses, sportsmen’s houses, etc. Means of transport and roads are being modernized.
Sea cruises to the areas are organized Arctic Circle with dog sledding, bird and animal hunting. Arctic safaris with hunting of polar animals, including polar bears, are also organized in Greenland.
The Nordic countries as a whole are more of a supplier of tourists, but are still constantly striving to increase the influx of tourists into their tourist area. It should be taken into account that many tourists coming to Northern Europe visit several countries at once, partly because the number of objects of historical and cultural educational tourism in most of them is quite limited.
Each of the Northern European countries is a tourist macro-district.
1. Denmark is the southernmost country in the zone. Its natural attractiveness lies in the original combination of the Jutland Peninsula, a number of large islands, straits and seas washing the country. The main historical and cultural center is the capital of the country, Copenhagen, with cultural and architectural monuments of the 15th-18th centuries. There are also older monuments outside the city. In one of ancient cities countries Helsingor on north of the island Zealand is home to the famous Kronborg Castle, steeped in the legend of Prince Hamlet. At the same time, the completely non-legendary, magnificent sculptor B. Thorvaldsen, whose museum is located in the capital, and the famous storyteller G.-H. lived and worked in Denmark. Andersen. In many areas of Denmark there are climatic resorts using And the delights of sea beaches.
Norway and Sweden are located on the Scandinavian Peninsula. 2. Sweden attracts tourists with its austere nature: sea beaches, numerous lakes (Veneri, Vättern, Mälaren, etc.) and small fast-flowing rapids rivers, coniferous, mixed, deciduous forests. Natural water bodies are complemented by artificial canals, including the Goethe Kapa l; the result was a waterway about 500 km long from Stockholm, the country's capital, to its second city, Gothenburg.
The capital of the state is, at the same time, its main historical and cultural center with corresponding structures and buildings, the age of which dates back even to the 13th century. There are a lot of museums, including outdoor ones. There are hundreds of small islands near Stockholm - vacation spots for the capital's residents. Gothenburg attracts tourists with museums, theaters, concert halls, the north of the country of Lapland - the unique subpolar nature and way of life of the aborigines. There are many resort places in Sweden with a high level of infrastructure. Among the recreation areas there are many winter ones that enjoy considerable success.
3. Norway is very exotic with its elevated plateaus (fjelds), deep and long bays-fjords, and high temperatures for its latitude (due to the warm current). Like Sweden, Norway is a country of ancient Scandinavian culture, and historical and architectural monuments often date back to the 12th-14th centuries.
The most attractive cities for historical, architectural and historical and cultural educational tourism are Oslo (the capital of the country) and Bergen, as well as Trondheim. These three cities, as well as the fjords, attract foreign tourists. Both along the coast and in the interior of the country there are many resorts with first-class tourist infrastructure, providing tourists visiting the country of the great travelers R. Amundsen and F. Nansen, composer E. Grieg, and playwright G. Ibsen.
4. Iceland has many specific features. Firstly, it is a huge island, located a long distance from the mainland.
Secondly, it is a country with unstable weather, the birthplace of many cyclones; It’s not without reason that they say that the weather in Europe (especially Western) is born in Iceland. Thirdly, this is a typical country of nature-educational tourism, famous for its glaciers, volcanoes (including active ones, including Hekla), and geysers. The capital of Iceland, Reykjavik, has many museums and monuments.
5. The attractiveness of Finland lies in its nature, combining thousands of lakes, channels connecting them, and well-preserved temperate forests. In addition to the general natural environment and individual natural objects, the country has a number of cities that attract the attention of tourists with their historical and cultural sites. Among them are the capital of the country Helsinki, Tampere, Turku, Hämenlinna (where the house-museum of the great Finnish composer J. Sibelius is located). Many tourists are attracted to the shores of the country's largest lake. Saimaa and the north of the state - Lapland with its winter tourism. In general, Finland is a fairly typical naturally attractive country with appropriate tourism and good tourist infrastructure.
III. Western European zone- one of the most popular tourist areas in Europe. It attracts tourists with its very diverse nature and many historical, cultural, historical and architectural sites. At the same time, it has a well-developed infrastructure, reflecting the generally high level of labor in Western European countries. It is this circumstance and a largely common, albeit contradictory history that unites this zone, despite natural contrasts, into one whole. At the same time, within the zone there are such great differences in natural conditions that they primarily determine the division of the zone into macro-regions: British, Alpine, Germany and Benelux countries, French region.
1. The British tourist area is characterized by the following main features: “the predominance of educational tourism (especially for Ireland, host large flows of “transit travelers” from North America; poor development of resort tourism, which is explained by unfavorable conditions for this purpose climatic conditions:
An important place in the flow of cruise travelers making sea trips around Europe, along the Atlantic, etc.;
The predominance of air transportation of domestic and foreign tourists over road transport."
British Isles, first of all about. Great Britain presents tourists with a wide range of historical and cultural monuments located in cities or in the foyer of well-kept nature.
Of course, the main center of educational tourism in the area is London (founded in the 1st century), the capital of one of the great states - the city
Palaces, museums, monuments and parks, mansions (Tower Fortress, Westminster Abbey, Cathedral of St. St. Paul's, the Houses of Parliament, Trafalgar Square with the monument to Admiral Nelson, etc.) and still surviving slums. Today, London is connected to the mainland by the newly built Channel Tunnel.
In addition to London, seaside resorts (Brighton, Bournemouth, Dover) are attractive to tourists. Some resorts also use mineral springs. So, in general, resort tourism here is only relatively underdeveloped.
Within Great Britain, which seems to have approximately the same natural conditions, there are many tourist meso-regions that differ in the nuances of nature and historical and architectural monuments. M. A. Ananyev identifies the following: London; Thames River Basin; South coast of England in the counties of Cant, Sussex and Hampshire; Brighton; Bournemouth; Dover; Winchester (north of Southampton); Canterbury (the religious center of the country, the residence of the head of the Anglican Church, the Archbishop of Canterbury, with a cathedral of the 12th-15th centuries); South West Coast of England; Midland; East Anglia; Resort Islands Jersey and Guernsey; Isle of Wight; Isle Of Man; Wales; North of England; "Lake District"; Scotland; Shetland Islands; Northern Ireland(Ulster) 1 . In addition, the Republic of Ireland (Eire) is a separate meso-region.
2. To Alpine microdistrict includes Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein and surrounding Alpine areas neighboring countries(France, Italy, etc.). It is a very long-standing tourist host area. At the same time, the area has a large number of tourists not only in summer, but also in winter, during the period when the necessary snow cover is available in the mountains accessible to tourists. For a long time, the leader of alpine tourism was Switzerland with its mountain beauties: peaks and peaks, glaciers and valleys, lakes, mountain rivers, forests and alpine meadows, with its relatively small but historically and culturally interesting cities. Switzerland, even without tourists, is a multinational country (with 4 official languages - German, French, Italian, Romance), and with tourists its appearance at times resembles an ethnographic map of the world. The most interesting cities for tourists are Geneva, Zurich, Bury (the capital of the country), Basel, Lucerne, Lausanne, Lugano, and many mountain resorts (recommended especially for pulmonary patients).
In the last decade, Austria has overtaken Switzerland in terms of the number of tourists: it attracts T not only the Alps, but also the outstanding center of world culture - Vienna - with its palaces and temples, museums and theaters, concert halls with their rich musical life. Many great composers lived and worked in Vienna (L. Beethoven, I. Haydn,
W. Mozart, F. Schubert, I. Strauss, etc.), to whom special museums are dedicated. In addition to Vienna, Mozart's birthplace, the city of Salzburg, attracts attention.
The Alps also extend to the southeast of France, where, among other mountain sports resorts, Grenoble and Chamonix are especially famous.
Alpine Italy attracts tourists to a lesser extent.
In general, the Alpine region (which includes the “dwarf” state of Liechtenstein) is distinguished by a well-developed tourist infrastructure, which uses the slightest reason to attract tourists to this or that region, to this or that point of the Alps. It is no coincidence that the Alps are visited by more than 60 million tourists a year 1 .
3. A special tourist macro-region of the Western European zone is Germany with the adjacent Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg). It is located in the center of Europe and is well provided with communications, especially overland, which facilitates not only intra-regional tourist migrations, But and pan-European. It is no coincidence that many tourists on their voyages, traveling through this area, often capture neighboring ones (which has been made easier in connection with the Schengen Agreement) 2 .
The area is characterized by attractive nature. In the south there are medium-high mountains, then there is a descent to the north to the North and partly the Baltic Seas. Some lowlands (in the Netherlands) are located below sea level and are protected by dams and dikes. The climate also changes from south to north. It is most favorable for relaxation in the valleys southern Germany, which led to the development of resorts there, including using healing waters. There are, of course, seaside resorts. But the areas attract tourists not only for their nature: in four countries that have experienced many historical ups and downs, a large number of cultural monuments from different eras have been preserved. They are located both in capital cities (Berlin, Bonn, Brussels, The Hague, Amsterdam, Luxembourg) and in provincial cities. Among them we can mention Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, Mechelen (Malines) in Belgium, Rotterdam (the largest port of Western Europe), Utrecht, Groningen in the Netherlands, Munich, Hanover, Hamburg, Bremen, the world famous resort of Baden-Baden in Germany. Thus, the area appears as an example of integrated tourism.
4. The French macro-region includes the territory of France without its Alpine regions and the Mediterranean coast.
Flat over most of its territory, a region of medium altitude in the French Massif Central, cut through by large river arteries the Seine, Rhone, Loire, Garonne with their tributaries and numerous picturesque river valleys, facing the Atlantic in its western part and possessing a huge number of historical monuments and museums of various eras (from ancient times to the present day), the French region is one of the most attractive not only in Europe, but throughout the world, as evidenced by the number of tourists arriving here every year.
Of course, the main tourist area is Paris - the “Mecca” of all tourists in the world. Its attractions are well known (Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris, Louvre, Champs Elysees and Arc de Triomphe, Les Invalides with Napoleon's tomb, Père Lachaise cemetery, suburban Versailles and mi. etc.).
They are complemented by a well-developed tourist infrastructure, different for different social groups of tourists. But aside from Paris, which is said to be worth a mass, the French District has a wealth of attractions literally everywhere. We can say that the whole area is filled with history, architecture, and legends. This also applies to such an important meso-region as the French part of the Pyrenees, where the Basques live. Their main city here is Bayona, to the southeast of which is the city of Lourdes, one of the very important centers Catholic pilgrimages.
IV. A very important tourist area - Southern Europe. Located on three southern European peninsulas washed by the Mediterranean Sea (Iberian, Apennine, Balkan) and adjacent territories, the zone is distinguished by the attractiveness of the Mediterranean coast, Mediterranean climate, subtropical vegetation, largely cultivated and, no less important, very a complex history that has left a great many cultural and architectural monuments in this area. The ethno-confessional composition of the population is also varied here. So we can say that the attractiveness of the zone is great and varied.
It is no coincidence that the European shores Mediterranean Sea attract 100 million recreational tourists annually.
Within the zone, tourist macro-regions are quite clearly distinguished: Adriatic, Pyrenees, Appepiio-Maltese, Southern France.
1. The Adriatic region includes the territory of the former Yugoslavia and Albania. Moreover, before the events of the last decade, Yugoslavia was one of the largest incoming tourist countries. The nature of the Adriatic region is very mosaic, but it can be argued that tourists were attracted mainly by areas on the Adriatic coast and the largest cities with their historical and cultural
attractions. Within the zone, four categories of tourist areas can be distinguished:
1) resorts Adriatic coast;
2) mountain, mainly ski centers;
3) other inland areas with climatic resorts;
4) resorts with thermal mineral springs."
Among the seaside resort centers are Dubrovnik, Opatija, Portoroz, Pula, Split, Rijeka; among the lake resorts are Bled, Ohrid; among the mineral spring resorts is Vrijačka Banya. Among the cities that attract representatives of educational tourism are the capital of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, the capital of Croatia, Zagreb, and the capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana (famous for its festivals, opening days, and museums).
Albania, which is relatively undeveloped in terms of tourism, is located to the south - and this is its climatic advantage over the lands of the former. Yugoslavia.
Further south is Greece; it attracts with its climate, the sea with its beaches, but first of all, naturally, with its great history and its traces, imprinted in architectural monuments. These monuments are found in all tourist areas of Greece: Central Greece, Northern Greece, the Peloponnese, numerous islands (the most fashionable resort area of the country is the island of Corfu in the Ionian Sea).
The main organizational center of tourism in Greece is its capital Athens. There is also the famous Acropolis with the Parthenon, the temples of Zeus, Nike and other monuments of antiquity. In the northern part of the country, such a center is Thessaloniki, near which Mount Athos is located, as well as the legendary Olympus, “the abode of the gods.”
2. The Apennino-Maltese region includes Italy (except for its Alpine regions), two dwarf states of the Vatican and San Marino and Island state Malta.
Similar to other areas Southern Europe The area is at least doubly attractive: because of its blessed nature and magnificent monuments of world culture.
There are 6 meso-regions in Italy:
1) Rome and central Italy, attracting tourists mainly
sights of the Italian capital - " eternal city" Per
High settlements existed here in the 10th century. before i. e. Nowadays, among the monuments of antiquity, a round temple on the river is distinguished. Tiber, ruins of the Colosseum, Pantheon, Arc de Triomphe Titus and others. Among the very large number of monuments of the Renaissance is the Cathedral of St. Petra.
2) Naples and southern Italy, the attraction of which is in the monuments of Naples, the ruins of Pompeii, the smoking Vesuvius and many others
attractions. There are many of them on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and
throughout the southern part of the Apennine Peninsula. Among the resorts the famous Sorrento on the shores of the Gulf of Naples should be mentioned.
3) Florence and Northern part Central Italy. Florence -
this is a genuine museum city, collecting wonderful architectural monuments and works of painting from the Renaissance.
4) Lombardy in the north of the country is attracted primarily by Milan with its historical and architectural monuments and the famous La Scala opera house.
5) North-west Italy - first of all, a wonderful resort area - the Ligurian Riviera. Greater role in tourism
also plays one of the oldest cities in the country - Genoa, with its
numerous historical and architectural monuments. Interesting and
another Big City- Turin.
6) Northeast Italy, where the main center of attraction for tourists is Venice with its canals, gondolas, gondoliers,
numerous palazzos. Other cities are also interesting - Padua,
Bologna, Verona with numerous ancient monuments.
The small state of Sai Maria, located inside the peninsula, is the most ancient republic in the world, and the Vatican, located inside Rome, with its St. Peter's Cathedral, is the residence of the Pope. Malta (with its capital La Valletta), known for its monuments of the past and its unique architecture, is also popular among tourists.
3. The Iberian macroregion includes Spain, Portugal and little Andorra. This area is very attractive to tourists and has enjoyed exceptional tourist demand over the last decade. This is quite understandable: the combination of the sea coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea with their beaches with a Mediterranean and similar climate, internal differentiation of natural conditions (high-altitude and mid-altitude regions, plateaus and lowlands - from very wet to arid, corresponding diverse vegetation), ethnic exoticism and especially the historical and cultural heritage make this area highly attractive. In addition, over the past decades, a lot of work has been done to equip the area with a variety of tourist infrastructure. Moreover, here, as in the previously mentioned Czech Republic, tourists are often accommodated in ancient castles or historical buildings, which gives tourism additional charm.
Spain is especially popular, where you can travel through the high Pyrenees, and through the arid Aragon, through Old and New Castile in the center of the country, through Andalusia in the south, relax and enjoy the benefits of the sea on the coasts. You can get acquainted with the life of the Spaniards, who differ from them in certain features
Catalans and freedom-loving Basques. You can see fiery Spanish dances and bullfights.
But, of course, tourism in Spain also means visiting the capital of the country, Madrid, with the famous Prado art gallery, historical buildings and monuments. There are many of them in Barcelona. Seville is extremely popular, its foundation dates back to the 7th century. BC In Seville huge number historical and cultural monuments for secular and ecclesiastical purposes. The same applies to the city of Granada, which was greatly influenced by Muslim architectural traditions. It is no coincidence that the fortress-palace of the Moorish rulers, the Alhambra, attracts tourists so much. A visit to Seville and Granada makes one involuntarily recall A.K. Tolstoy and P.I. Tchaikovsky (“From Seville to Grenada...”). In the south of Spain there is one of the oldest cities in the country, Cordoba, with numerous historical and architectural monuments from many eras. It is worth mentioning here that many buildings in the cities of Spain and other Romanesque countries are distinguished by their special external luxury, which is the basis of certain traditions that were later transferred from Europe and overseas to Latin America.
On Mediterranean coast Spain has a lot of resort towns and villages. Among them, a special place is occupied by the third most populous city in Spain - founded in the 2nd century. BC Valencia, with a rich centuries-old history and relevant historical and cultural monuments. Zone at sea resorts Spain continues on the Balearic Islands that belong to it (200 km from the Iberian Peninsula). Among the islands of the archipelago, Mallorca (with the most famous resort of Palma) is especially famous.
Portugal's tourism opportunities are significantly smaller. However, in addition to its vibrant nature, this country also has many educational tourist sites. Most of them are in the capital Lisbon (starting with architectural monuments of the 7th century, religious buildings, monuments, museums). Of interest is a visit to cork oak plantations, a visit to the area adjacent to the second largest city in the country, Porto (Oporto). This area is the birthplace of port wine. There are also purely resort and recreational facilities.
Tourism has become an important source of income for a small mountain state in the Pyrenees - Andorra (the capital of Andorra la Vella). Tourists who come here along the only highway connecting France with Spain are attracted by the mountain landscapes, the unique way of life of the “children of the mountains,” and individual historical and architectural monuments. A certain infrastructure has been created to serve tourists.
4. In the area of Southern Europe, the role is great south coast France. The coast from Marseille to the French border with Italy is especially famous for its favorable conditions for recreation and treatment. This is the French Riviera. The sixty-kilometer stretch from Cannes to Menton is remarkable - the Côte d'Azur, protected from the northern winds by the Maritime Alps. This entire coastline has long been popular among recreational tourists. different countries peace. Representatives of the Russian aristocracy before the revolution, and representatives of the Russian emigration after it, and now - representatives of the “new Russians” lived here often and for a long time.
Near the very border with Italy is the Principality of Monaco, famous for its wonderful oceanographic museum, and even more so for the world-famous casino in Monte Carlo, to which many Russian and foreign writers have dedicated their stories and novels.
Self-test questions and tasks for independent work
1. Draw up a diagram of tourist and recreational zones in Europe (outside the CIS) and the tourist macro-regions included in them.
2. Using the examples you have chosen, show the hierarchy of tourist zoning (tourist and recreational zone, tourist macro-, meso-, microdistricts).
3. Make a tourist profile of one of the European capitals (outside the CIS).
4.Make (optional) a brief tourist profile sea cruise from Gdansk to Valencia; from London to Venice.
5. Write (optional) a brief description of a river trip along the Danube or Rhine.
A tourist zone is a certain territory that does not have clear boundaries and does not have common specific tourist resources that can arouse sustained interest from a certain category of tourists.
Russia has exclusively huge quantities a variety of natural, climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources that can satisfy the interests and tastes of the most discerning tourists. In accordance with the methodology adopted by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, there are 13 federal tourist zones in the Russian Federation.
Main types of tourist areas in the Russian Federation
Western tourist area. It includes Kaliningrad region, where tourist resources are represented by historical monuments, as well as opportunities for tourist recreation on the Baltic Sea coast, especially in the area Curonian Spit, declared a National Natural Park.
North-West tourist zone. It includes: Mr. Saint Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions; Republic of Karelia. Tourist resources are represented by the most interesting cultural and historical monuments in St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, monuments of Valaam and Kizhi, opportunities for cruise travel and ecological tours, treatment at the resort of marcial waters, amateur hunting and fishing. Of particular interest to tourists are the possibilities of organizing this zone winter holidays and entertainment. In this zone, state natural reserves “Kivach”, “Kostomushkinsky”, “Nizhne-Svirsky”, as well as the Valdai National Nature Reserve have been created and operate. natural Park.
Central tourist area. It includes: Moscow, Moscow, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl region. This zone is distinguished by the largest number of diverse tourist resources, including the cultural and historical values of Moscow, historical monuments of the cities of the Golden Ring, as well as the cities of Smolensk, Ryazan, Kaluga. This zone is also rich natural resources, capable of satisfying the diverse interests of nature lovers, hunting, and fishing. Just like in the Northwestern zone, the Central tourist zone has good opportunities for organizing winter tourism. This zone includes Oksky (biosphere) and Prioksko-Terasny state reserves, National parks: "Meshera" and "Smolensk Poozerie".
South Russian tourist zone. It includes: Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Oryol, Penza and Tambov regions, as well as the Republic of Mordovia. In past years, insufficient attention has been paid to tourism development in this area. Therefore, many of its historical monuments did not receive much public attention. However, many cities have left a big mark on the history of Russia and therefore can show quite interesting historical and cultural monuments, memorials dedicated to the history of the formation and development of the Russian state, the history of the Second World War. On the territory of the South Russian zone there are quite a few natural conditions and attractions that can interest Russian and foreign tourists. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as: “Bryansky Forest”, “Voroninsky”, “Forest on Vorskla”, “Volga Forest-Steppe”, “Central Chernozemny”, as well as the national natural park “Oryol Polesye”.
Volga tourist zone. It includes: the republics of Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, as well as Astrakhan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Volgograd, Kirov, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod region. The main tourist attraction in this area can be considered the great Russian river Volga, with which many historical events our country. In the cities of the Volga region there are many cultural-historical monuments. For Russian foreign tourists, a visit to the hero city of Volgograd is of particular interest. Tourists can also get acquainted with the ethnographic features, traditions, customs and folklore of local peoples. The rich nature of this zone makes it possible to organize various forms of ecological, adventure tourism, and travel according to specialized programs. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as “Bolshaya Kokshaga” (Mari El), “Volzhsko-Kama” (Tatarstan), “Kerzhensky” ( Nizhny Novgorod), "Nurgush" ( Kirov region), as well as national natural parks"Mari Chodra", "Lower Kama", "Khvalynsky", etc.
Ural tourist zone. It includes: the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. Passing through this area Ural ridge, separating Europe and Asia, is in itself an attractive object of tourist interest. This zone is rich in a wide variety of natural and climatic resources, represented by flora, fauna, finds of modern paleontology and geology. There are also good opportunities for organizing eco-tourism and adventure tourism. This zone includes such state nature reserves as Basegi (Perm), Visimsky and Denezhkin Stone ( Sverdlovsk region), "Orenburgsky", "Shulgan-Tash" (Bashkiria).
Priazovskoye - Black Sea tourist zone. It includes: Krasnodar region and Rostov region. The main tourist resources in this area are the Black Sea coast, with the most famous resort towns Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Adler and the Matsesta balneological center, as well as resort places on the coast Sea of Azov. The mountainous region of this zone has unique natural resources that can satisfy the most diverse interests of nature lovers. This is where the Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve and the Sochi National Natural Park are located. tourist zone industry russia
Caucasian tourist zone. It includes: Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechen, Kabardino-Balkarian, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetian. The main tourist resource of this zone is the Caucasian mountain range with exceptionally rich flora and fauna. Numerous national republics included in this zone, representing national traditions, customs, and folklore of local peoples, have attracted and continue to attract large groups of Russian and foreign tourists. Of particular importance for this zone are resort centers Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, possessing exceptionally valuable balneological resources. Numerous mountaineering and mountaineering routes pass through the territory of the North Caucasus. There are such state nature reserves as “Dagestan”, “ Kabardino-Balkarian", "North Ossetian", "Teberdinsky", as well as the Elbrus region national natural park.
Ob-Altai tourist zone. This zone covers the Altai Republic and Altai region, as well as Kemerovo. Novosibirsk, Omsk. Kurgan, Tyumen and Tomsk regions. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as “Altaisky” and “Kutunsky” (Altai), “Verkhne-Tazovsky”, “Yugansky” and “Malaya Sosva” (Tyumen), “Kuznetsky Alatau” and “Shorsky” (Kemerovo) . The presence of such reserves and natural parks testifies to the abundance of natural and climatic resources in the Ob-Altai tourist zone, capable of satisfying the interests of travelers across the most various types tourism.
Yenisei tourist zone. The territory of this zone covers the republics of Tuva and Khakassia, as well as Krasnoyarsk region. This zone is also distinguished by a large number of natural reserves and parks, including the following reserves: “Azas” (Tuva), “Chazy”, “Maly Abakan” (Khakassia), “Taimyrsky”, “Stolby”, “Sayano-Shushensky”, “ Central Siberian" (Krasnoyarsk).
Baikal tourist zone. It includes the Republic of Buryatia, as well as the Irkutsk and Chita regions. The main tourist attraction of this area is the deepest lake in the world, Lake Baikal, with its extremely unique flora and fauna. The main natural and climatic attractions are concentrated in the natural reserves and parks created in this zone: Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Vitimsky, Daursky, Dzherginsky, Sokhondinsky, Zabaikalsky, etc.
Far Eastern tourist zone. It includes: Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territory, Amur and Sakhalin region, Jewish Autonomous Region. In terms of its natural - climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources, this zone is not inferior to other eastern territories of the Russian Federation. The country's largest nature reserves and national parks have also been created and are actively operating: Bolshekhehtsirsky, Botchinsky, Bureinsky, Dzhugdzhursky (Khabarovsk), Zeysky, Khingansky (Amur), Lazovsky, Sikhote - Alinsky", "Khankaysky" (Primorye), "Poronaisky", "Kurilsky" (Sakhalin). Along with these reserves, this zone has many natural conditions for organizing sports and adventure tourism, amateur hunting and fishing, and getting to know historical monuments, customs and folklore of local peoples.
Russian North. This is the largest tourist area, stretching along the entire northern border of our country. It covers the republics of Komi, Sakha, the autonomous okrugs of Chukotka, Taimyr, Khanty-Mansi, Evenki, Yamal-Nenets, the regions of Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Kamchatka and Magadan. In this zone, the most interesting state nature reserves and national parks have also been created and operate: “Big Arctic” and “Putoransky”, “Magadansky”, “Kronotsky” (Kamchataka), “Magadansky” and “Wrangel Island” (Magadan), “Pinezhsky” (Arkhangelsk), “Pechero-Ilychsky” and “Yugyd Va” (Komi).
The most developed part of this zone is the European north: Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, which have regular sea communications with the countries of Northern Europe and host foreign cruises. This zone attracts tourists with its natural and climatic features: polar night, northern lights, white nights, exceptional conditions for adventure tourism, winter sports, northern fauna, ethnographic features of local peoples.