Ethnic aspects of toponymy of the Krasnodar region. S. V. Samovtor Ethnic aspects of toponymy of the Krasnodar region Mountain lake Abrau-Durso
Kuban studies lesson in 5th grade on the topic “Toponyms of Kuban”
Kononets Elena Vladimirovna, primary school teacher
The purpose of the lesson:
To acquaint students with toponymy as a linguistic phenomenon, with toponyms Krasnodar region, their meaning and origin.
Lesson objectives:
1. Give an idea of toponymy.
To develop the ability to distinguish place names of different groups and use them in speech.
To develop spelling vigilance when writing simple and compound place names.
Introduce the etymology of Kuban toponyms.
Cultivate a feeling of love for native land, to form civil and patriotic qualities of the personality of schoolchildren.
Design: map of the Krasnodar region, handouts, flags for the map, multimedia presentation.
During the classes:
Organization of the beginning of the lesson.
- The materials for the lesson are in front of you. Please take them out of the files and place them in front of you. Put a number on the first page. Write down your first and last name.
Slide 1.
Geographical names (toponyms).
We will talk about geographical names in class.
We will travel along the map of the Krasnodar region, marking stopping places. Are you ready to hit the road? Take the magic flowers in your hands, wave them 3 times, look at the sky, at the door, at me. Guess the password for the start of the path.
Common name for all places on Earth. Combine the word topos (place) with the word onima (Name).
Now we come to the topic of the lesson. What do you think, if you add up a journey on a map of the Krasnodar region and the word “toponym”, what topic will you get? That’s right, “Toponyms of the Krasnodar Territory.”
Write down the topic of the lesson.
Have you forgotten about magical flowers? Take a closer look at them. On the colored side of the flower are written words that are familiar to you. Read them.
By turning the petals over, you will find out which Greek root these words correspond to. Add the Greek roots to the word “name” (onima), what do you get? This is exactly how hydronyms, oikonyms, oronyms, drionims and urbanonyms are called groups of toponyms that have different meanings.
Complete the definitions of toponym types:
Names of water bodies (seas, ___________________, ____________, _______________) - ____________________.
The names of mountains, ridges, passes are ____________________.
Names of cities, _____________, villages, _______________ - _____________________.
Names of streets, alleys, squares, squares, avenues, embankments - _____________________.
Now you are ready to travel along the map of the Krasnodar region. Let's hit the road!
The meaning and origin of some toponyms of the Krasnodar region.
Here is sheet number 2. Route sheet. In order to check the route, distribute the listed toponyms by type.
Fill out the table by distributing the toponyms of the Krasnodar Territory into groups. Work in pairs.
Slide 3.
Kuban River, Krasnodar City, Black Sea, Sochi City, Angelinsky Erik, Tuapse City, 30th Anniversary of Victory Park, Lake Baikal, M. Gorky Park, Mount Tsokhvoa, Dzhubga Village, Lake Ritsa, St. Petersburg City, Lake Karasun , Pervomaiskaya park, Bursakov family house-museum, monument to Catherine II, Youth Palace, St. Catherine's Cathedral, Red Street.
Toponym Language Meaning Other names and notes
Slide 4.
Hydronyms
Angelinsky Erik Turkic
Turkish "angali" - having a mother;
“engelik” - breadth, space.
Erik-Angelik
Engelik
Karasun Lake Turkic Kora - black, su - water -
Kuban river Karachay-Balkarian “kobkhan” - fast, stormy, restless, overflowing 300. Kobkhan, Koban,
Gopanis (Greek) (horse river (violent, strong),
Black Sea Slavic “red” - harsh 500. Scythian, Upper Sea of Sunset (Central Asian geographers), Pontus Euxine - hospitable (Greeks)
Slide 5.
Oronyms
Caucasus (mountainous country) Scythian
Ancient Iraqi
Indian
Ossetian-Alanian
Snow-white
Ice-shiny
"Graukasim" - snow-white mountain
“Khokh-az” - mountain of Azov (Ossetians) Lagonaki highland Adygeisk. "legune" - a place for newlyweds and "ku" - valley;
"l'egapIenekIy" - a hill devoid of vegetation. Lago - Naki
Tsokhvoa mountain Abadzinsk. Sharp peak (mountain) The highest point of the Krasnodar region (3345 m.)
Slide 6.
Dryonyms
Park named after the 30th anniversary of the Victory Russian In honor of the Victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany Victory Park (colloquial)
Park named after Maxim Gorky Russian In honor of the writer Maxim Gorky Gorky Park (colloquial)
Forest Park Krasny Kut Russian “Red” - beautiful;
“Kut” - corner, dead end Slide 7.
Oikonyms
City of Sochi Ubykh
Shabshugsky From “shacha” - the name of the Ubykh tribe;
"Sette" - take the City of Krasnodar Russian "Red" - beautiful,
"gift" - gift. Ekaterinodar
Tuapse Persian city
Circassian Peach;
“tu” - two, “apse” - water (soul);
place of the Apsians (Abkhazians) Colony city of Topsida (“topos”-place,
"indros" - iron)
Slide 8.
Urbanonyms
House-museum of the Bursak family Bursak's house (colloquial)
Monument to Catherine II Youth Palace St. Catherine's Cathedral Red Cathedral
Krasnaya Street Let's check if you filled out the route sheets correctly.
Spelling of toponyms.
Slide 9.
A great opportunity to help a hapless cartographer (map maker) who does not know how to correctly write down place names.
Fill in the missing letters by selecting the one you need.
(Sh,sh)____okaya (B,b)____alka, (M,m)____edvezhya (Sh,sh) spruce, (C,c)____emesskaya (D,d)____olina, (N,n)____Avaginsky (X,x) ____rebet, (G,g)____ora (S,s)____sugar (G,g)____tin, (H,h)____Erkessian (U,u)____cleft, (P,p)____ereval (V,v)____olchy (V,v )____orota, (S,s)____Ujuk (K,k)____osa, (M,m)____ys (D,d)____oob.
Creative task.
Slide 10.
Imagine having to tell a passerby with a hearing impairment how to get from your house to school. What type of speech do you use to be understood by a deaf person (written language).
Write down which streets he needs to go down, where to turn, what landmarks he will meet along the way.
Summing up the lesson.
Slide 11.
It's time to return from the trip. Tell me, what impressions experienced along the way left you with the most vivid memories? What nouns were the object of our close attention? (proper nouns). Remind me what toponyms are and what types of toponyms have you met?
Would you dare to take another trip like this? Which areas of the region would you go to on your own? Who would you take on the road? Who was appointed as the guide?
Thank you, it was a pleasure traveling with you. See you. And it will definitely be, because the Earth is round!
Ethnic aspects of toponymy of the Krasnodar region
Toponymy (from the Greek topos - place and onima - name, title) is a branch of linguistics that studies geographical names (toponyms), their meaning and origin, distribution area, development and change over time. The set of toponyms on any territory is called toponymy.
Being at the intersection of linguistics, geography, history, toponymy makes it possible to solve special problems that cannot be solved by the methods of only one of the above sciences. It is impossible to give the correct etymology of a geographical name simply by translating it from one language or another (the task of a linguist). It is necessary to take into account the connection of a geographical object to the area (the task of a geographer), as well as the historical conditions in which this object was named and renamed (the task of a historian). In addition, when studying toponymy, factual data and the methodological apparatus of a number of other sciences are widely used - ethnography, demography, statistics, archeology, even biology (for example, the distribution area of the plant whose name formed the basis of the toponym is revealed). Thus, toponymic research is always a comprehensive study involving information from a variety of fields of knowledge.
Not a single more or less serious historical study, from local history essays to scientific monographs, can do without the use of toponymic information.
Kuban (like the Northwestern Caucasus in general) has been a place of settlement for many, many peoples since ancient times. Centuries, millennia, eras passed, one people replaced another. Some of these ethnic groups disappeared, dissolved into neighboring ethnic groups, assimilated, or moved to other lands. The descendants of others still live here, on the territory of modern Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, the republics of Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia. “The tombs, mummies and bones are silent, only the word is given life...” wrote Ivan Bunin. The word immortalized in the toponym brings to us the history of distant eras and those peoples who gave life to the word.
The scope of this lecture, unfortunately, does not allow us to cover the entire toponymic spectrum of our region for almost three millennia, where the first Kuban place names are already found in ancient written sources. I propose to look at the toponymy of the Krasnodar region through the eyes of its modern Russian-speaking resident. That is, we will talk about the Slavic and, above all, Cossack toponymy of the Kuban and the foreign influence on it.
Toponymy of Nekrasov Cossacks .
After the suppression of the uprising of Kondraty Bulavin, part of the Old Believers Cossacks who participated in the uprising moved from the Don to the Kuban, where there were Old Believer settlements since the end of the 17th century. By the name of their leader, Bulavinsky Colonel Ignat Nekrasov, these Cossacks began to be called Nekrasov Cossacks and formed a special subethnic unit. The names of the towns they founded are known: Bludilovsky, Golubinsky, Chiryansky (Chirsky) - and settlements: Irla, Zolnik, etc. In the 70s of the 18th century, pressed by the Russian government, the Nekrasov Cossacks moved to Turkey. Their settlements existed for about 90 years, without having a noticeable impact on the formation of the toponymy of the Kuban. When the Black Sea Cossacks settled Kuban at the end of the 18th century, one of the Cossack villages, founded in the lower reaches of the Kuban on the site of the former Nekrasov town, was named Nekrasovsky. In 1843, a village called Nekrasovskaya was founded on the Labe River. According to legend, there was also a town of Nekrasov Cossacks here. After the October Revolution, some of the Nekrasovites returned from Turkey to Kuban, where they founded two farms in the Primorsko-Akhtarsky region - Novonekrasovsky and Novopokrovsky.
Toponymy of the Black Sea Cossacks. Ukrainian trace in Kuban toponymy .
So, let's move on to considering the toponymy of the Black Sea Cossack army.
In 1775, by order of Catherine II, the lieutenant general destroyed the Zaporozhye Sich. The Zaporozhye army was disbanded. Attempts to form pikemen regiments from former Cossacks only spurred the exodus of the Cossacks beyond the Danube into Turkish possessions. But the next Russian-Turkish war that began in 1787 forced the Russian government to once again turn to the combat experience of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Over the years, volunteer teams were formed from former Cossacks, which gradually formed into a new Cossack army. “At first, the army, in contrast to the infidel Zaporozhye Cossacks who accepted the patronage of Turkey, was simply called the “Army of Faithful Cossacks,” and later it was renamed the “Black Sea Army” at the place of its military operations and residence.” Initially, the Black Sea Cossacks were settled beyond the Bug. Then, according to the charter of Catherine II dated January 1, 2001, they receive “for eternal possession the island of Phanagoria, located in the Tauride region, with all the land lying on the right side of the Kuban River from its mouth to the Ust-Labinsk redoubt, so that on one side the Kuban River , on the other hand, the Sea of Azov served as the border of military land.”
The area of settlement of the Black Sea Cossacks in the Kuban became known as the Black Sea Region. The most significant influence on the formation of the Slavic oikonymy (i.e., the names of settlements) of the Black Sea region was exerted by the names of the Zaporozhye kurens, which mainly formed long before the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Kuban. Most smoking names arose in the 17th-18th centuries. In the Zaporozhye army, according to the Register of 1756, there were 38 kurens. Here are their names in modern Russian transcription: Baturinsky (Baturinsky), Bryukhovetsky (Bryukhovetsky), Vasyurinsky (Vasyurinsky), Medvedovsky (Vedmedivsky), Velichkovsky (Velichkivsky), Vyshesteblievsky (Vyshesteblievsky), Derevyankovsky (Derevyankivsky), Dzherelievsky (Dzherelivsky), ( Donsky), Dyadkovsky (Dyadkivsky), Ivanovsky (Ivanivsky), Irklievsky (Irklievsky), Kalnibolotsky (Kalnibotsky), Kanevsky (Kanivsky), Kislyakovsky (Kislyakivsky), Konelovsky (Konelivsky), Korenovsky (Korenivsky), Krylovsky (Krylivsky), Sung ( Korsunsky), Kushchevsky (Kushchivsky), Leushkovsky (Levushkivsky), Minsk (Minsky), Myshastovsky (Myshastovsky), Nezamaevsky (Nezamaivsky), Nizhnesteblievsky (Nyzhchesteblievsky), Pashkovsky (Pashkivsky), Pereyaslavsky (Pereyaslavsky), Plastunovsky (Plastun) Ivsky), Poltavsky ( Poltavsky), Popovichsky (Popovichivsky), Rogovsky (Rogivsky), Sergievsky (Sergiivsky), Timoshevsky (Tymoshivsky), Titarovsky (Tytarivsky), Shkurinsky (Shkurinsky), Shcherbinovsky (Shcherbynivsky), Umansky (Umansky).
Based on their origin, these smoking names can be divided into two groups:
1. The name of the kuren is derived from the names of some settlements. It is generally accepted that each kuren was founded by people from one area or another, from which it received its name. He writes about this: “Staying on Niza, they (the Cossacks - S.S.) little by little formed into separate and small groups, communities or kurens, which at first represented a kind of community: kuren Baturinsky, i.e. community fellow countrymen who came from Baturin; Kuren Kanevsky, i.e. a community of fellow countrymen who came from Kanev; the same must be said about the kurens of Krylovsky, Pereyaslavsky, Poltava, Umansky, Korsunsky, Kalnibolotsky, Stebliivsky, Donskoy and others.”
2. Some kurens were named after a person - most often the founder of the kuren or ataman. Here is a whole gallery of outstanding figures of the Sich: Bryukhovetsky Kuren is named after Ivan Martynovich Bryukhovetsky, elected hetman in 1663 at the “Black Rada” in Nizhyn; The Popovichevsky kuren is named after Hetman Ivan Samoilovich, who was called Hetman-Popovich, so “Ivan Samoilovich was the son of a priest on the western side of the Dnieper from the village of Krasnoye”; Rogovskoy kuren - between November 1664 and February 1665 “the Cossacks... elected Ivan Zhdan or Rog to the Koshevoy”; Shkurinsky kuren is named after the chieftain Lesko Shkury. At the end of 1664 - beginning of 1665, he was removed “for the fact that he knew the Moscow governors Khitrovo and Kosagov and did not allow the Cossacks to smash the Kalmyks.” Ataman Rog becomes his successor.
Particularly noteworthy is the Plastunovsky kuren. Cossack infantry reconnaissance soldiers were called plastuns. “Due to the nature of their activity, on patrol or behind enemy lines, they often had to lie in a layer on the ground for hours, without moving, merging with the surrounding terrain and observing. Hence the name “plastuny”. One of the 38 kurens of Zaporozhye apparently had the largest number of such “hunters,” which is why it received the name Plastunovsky.” This is what the Krasnodar historian writes. According to the famous Soviet ethnographer and historian, the name of the kuren could come from the surname: “In 1649, Cossacks with the surname Plastun served in four different regiments of Bogdan Khmelnitsky’s army. Cossacks Plastun and Plastunovsky were known in Zaporozhye in 1773.” In our opinion, the point of view looks more convincing - the name of the Plastunovsky kuren can also be classified as a “nominal name”.
Upon arrival in Kuban, the Black Sea Cossacks (formerly Zaporizhian Cossacks) retained their previous Sich names of kurens, adding two new ones to them. “Thirty-eight kurens had the same names that existed in the Zaporozhye army,” he wrote, “and two were added again, the first Ekaterinovsky - in honor of the Empress Catherine, and the last Berezansky - in memory of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Berezan by the Black Sea troops.”
In March 1794, by lot, the kurens received places for settlements. Initially, these settlements were called kurens, or kuren villages, and since 1842, according to the new “Regulations on the Black Sea Cossack Army,” they began to be called villages, just like in other Cossack troops in Russia. Kuren villages received their names from the names of the corresponding kurens, which were inhabited by Cossacks.
However, the first toponyms of the Black Sea Cossacks in the Kuban were not kurens (kuren villages) and probably not even the military city of Yekaterinodar, but spontaneously created settlements. In the pre-revolutionary historiography of Kuban, there are three main points of view on the process of the emergence of Cossack settlements.
believed that “on the newly granted land, family Black Sea residents settled in camps and first formed eight temporary villages: Zakharovka, Timofeevka, Andreevka, Konstantinovka, Antonovka, Stoyanovka, Onufrievka and Alekseevka.”
indicates that initially “the military rulers assigned the residence of the population... to 24 cordons” and lists these cordons: Aleksandrovsky, Elinsky, Olginsky, Slavyansky, Prototsky, Kopylsky, Petrovsky, Andreevsky, Fanagoriysky, at the Sweet Estuary, at the wells of the river. Sasyk, at the mouth of the Kugo-Eya, Konstantinovsky, Alexandrin, Pavlovsky, Maryansky, Grigorievsky, Platonogorsky, at the Burlatsky Ford, Voronezh, Velikomarevsky, Ekaterinodar, Elizavetinsky, Novoekaterininsky. But since the Cossack population, he believes, was accustomed from time immemorial to farm settlements, they went deep into the steppes, away from the Kuban, and formed farms and small villages there. “Various kinds of Andreevka, Konstantinovka, Stoyanovka, Alekseevka, Zakharyevka, Onufrievka, Timofeevka, Antonovka and others arose, the names of which were later lost without a trace.” It should be noted, however, that not all of the named settlements were located “in the depths of the steppes away from the Kuban and Circassians.” Zakharyevka was founded on the shore of Bolshoi Karasun, on the site of the future Pashkovsky kuren.
According to the opinion, the settlement of the borderland was carried out by the military government by force. “The migrants of mixed kurens arriving to the Kuban became camps at cordon posts, for better provision in case of raids by Trans-Kuban highlanders... Soon there were ten such camps. The Koshevo administration called them villages with the name: Onufrievka, Konstantinovka, Stoyanovka, Kirgizovka, Bolshaya Kirgizovka, Zakharyevka, Timofeevka, Chernolesska and Antonovka; for better order in them, the Koshevoi ordered the residents to elect an ataman and a clerk in each village.”
Archival research by modern researchers has made it possible to identify several more similar settlements. names the settlements: Zhuravlevka, Angelinka, Vidnaya, Malaya Andreevka, Verkhnyaya, Ternovka, Shelestovka, Chernobrovka, the Burlatsky Brod settlement, the Vasyurinskaya settlement and the Nekrasovskoye village. also notes the presence of a whole group of private settlements that appeared at that time in the Black Sea region, for example, the settlement of Ataman Zakhary Chepega. Among the first Black Sea settlements he includes the Yeisk settlement, founded in 1793, and mentions the temporary Chernobrod settlement near the Eya River, where family Cossacks from different kurens lived.
When in March 1794 the distribution of places for 40 kuren villages took place, some of them received the places of former Cossack settlements for settlement. Thus, the Rogovsky kuren was assigned a place in the Vidnaya settlement, the Nekrasovskoye village of the Fanagorian district was “assigned to the Titarovsky kuren,” the Poltava kuren village was moved to Andreevka in 1795, and Pashkovskoye to Zakharovka. Sloboda Onofrievka, according to documents from 1794, began to be called Vasyurinskaya. In 1795, the Vasyurinsky kuren also “got” the settlements Verkhnyaya and Shelestevka.
believes that “the creation of smoking villages did not lead to the liquidation of all the first Cossack settlements; some of them continued to exist for several more years.” In 1799, the military ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army authorized the creation of such a settlement near the Temryuk arm. He considered the place for settlement to be very convenient and therefore recommended that the Cossacks of the Phanagorian district be involved in the settlement of the new settlement “except for the smoking villages that are part of it.” Kotlyarevsky proposed the village of Pavlovskoye, in honor of the emperor reigning at that time.
According to archival information found, the village of Zakharyevka (Zakharovka) received its name in honor of the Koshe chieftain Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega. By analogy, we can assume that the villages of Antonovka, Timofeevka and Konstantinovka were named respectively after Anton Golovaty, Timofey Kotlyarevsky and Konstantin Kordovsky. Most other settlement names are also based on someone's name. There are two possible ways of origin of the toponym: 1) the name of the settlement has memorial character, i.e. the names of a number of Black Sea foremen and Cossacks are immortalized here as a sign of respect; 2) the name of the settlement has possessive (possessive) character, that is, the names of elders and Cossacks are immortalized here precisely as landowners. It is possible that in the second case we're talking about about the private settlements mentioned.
The influence of the Turkic basis on the formation of toponymy of the Black Sea Cossack army .
In the toponymy of the Black Sea Cossacks, there was a wide adaptation of foreign (primarily Turkic) geographical names. In the overwhelming majority of the names of rivers and estuaries of the Black Sea region, the Cossacks left Turkic roots, only giving them Slavic vowels. A number of Cossack villages and farms received their names from Turkic hydronyms (names of water bodies). For example, the village Akhtanizovskaya was founded in 1812 on the western shore of the estuary of the same name, from which it received its name. Name Akhtanizovsky Estuary comes from the Turkic word Akdengis, which means “White Sea (lake)”. claims that the estuary received this name because “in a calm state it turns white and shines like a canvas.” However, in Turkic languages there is a verb ak with the meaning “to flow”, “to expire”. In this case Akdengis it would be correct to etymologize it as “flowing lake”. Considering that the Akhtanizovsky estuary is like an extended branch of the Kuban, carrying its waters through the Peresyp branch into the Sea of Azov, the latest version looks quite convincing. mentions various options for the name of the estuary: Aftanis, Akitengiz, Akhdenizovsky, Akhtanizovsky and Lower Temryuk estuaries. They got their names from the estuary village Akhtanizovskaya And Akhtanizovskaya Sopka(or Akhtanizovskaya Blevaka).
The names of the Black Sea settlements of Taman and Temryuk also have a Turkic substrate basis. The founding date of Taman is considered to be August 25, 1792, when the Black Sea Cossacks landed here under the command of military colonel Savva Bely. The date on which Taman was granted the status of a city is unknown; one can only assume that this happened shortly after the division of the Black Sea region into five districts. expressed the idea that perhaps the city initially served as the center of the Phanagorian district. After the publication of the “Regulations on the Black Sea Cossack Army” in 1842, Taman was governed by the Akhtanizov stanitsa board, and in 1849 it was deprived of city status. In toponymy, there are several main versions of the origin of the toponym Taman. proposes an interpretation of this geographical name as a Turkish modification of the Circassian word dark- "swamp". A derivative from the Turkic geographical term taman - literally: “sole”, “foot” can also be considered quite productive. In toponymy, this term usually refers to the bottom of a river or lake. The topography of the Taman Peninsula with the dry beds of the ancient branches of the Kuban speaks quite convincingly in favor of this hypothesis. According to other versions, the toponym is based Taman lies the Turkic word taman, meaning a title or rank, or a toponym derived from the name medieval city Tmutarakan. says that “Taman was previously called Tamatarkha, but the Russians changed it to Tmutarakan.” He gives an interesting legend based on a play on words: Tmutarakan- “Darkness of cockroaches” (i.e. “10,000 cockroaches”). Prince Igor, according to legend, compared Prince Izyaslav of Vladimir to a cricket that makes noise behind the stove and is afraid to go to battle. Izyaslav was offended, quickly crossed the Dnieper and completely defeated Igor’s large army. The proverb “The cricket Tmutorakan won” appeared. In fact, the connection of the toponym Tmutarakan with “10 thousand cockroaches” is the clearest example of the so-called “folk etymology”, when the name is explained only on the basis of external phonetic consonance. Linguists have proven that Tmutarakan, Tamatarkha and modern Taman are produced from one base - Tamantarkhan. The latter probably means “the city of Tarkhan Taman”. F. Arkannikov calls this city Tematarha and translates as “place of salted fish.” From the topobase Taman the following geographical names are produced: stanitsa (city) Taman, Tamansky peninsula (in the 18th – 19th centuries it was considered an island), Tamansky bay, Tamansky estuary, Tamansky(Phanagorian) district. Since 1910, the Temryuk department of the Kuban region began to be called Tamansky department.
The city of Temryuk was founded in 1860 on the site of the abolished Temryukskaya pages (). Toponym Temryuk comes from the name of the Kabardian prince Temryuk Idarovich, who in 1570 erected a fortress on this site to protect against the aggressive actions of the Crimean Khanate. His name remained behind the settlement. From this toponym come the names of many geographical objects: Lower Temryuk Estuary And Upper Temryuk Estuary(Akhtanizovsky and Kurchansky), Temryuk armo, Temryuk Bay, Temryuk Mountain(options: Temryukskaya Sopka, Temryuk vomit), Temryuk district, Temryuk department.
Name Bugazsky Girla comes from Turkic bogaz or bugaz, which means “throat”. In toponymy it usually means “passage”, “strait”. In addition to the name of the strait, several other geographical names with topographical basis are known in this area bugaz. During the period under study, modern Bugaz estuary together with modern Kiziltash estuary had a common name Southern Kuban Estuary. Modern lake Salty was called at that time Bugazsky. There are also Bugaz armo And Bugaz (Dzhemeteyskaya) spit.
It is worth special mention about toponyms directly related to the history of the emergence of Ekaterinodar. So, for example, the name Karasunsky Kut, in which Ekaterinodar arose, comes from the hydronym Karasu, or Karasun. This was the name of the oxbow of the Kuban River. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, the bed of the oxbow lake was mostly drained and all that remained of it was a garland of lakes of the same name. Karasu translated from Turkic it literally means “black water”, “bad water”. Nikonov warns against a literal interpretation of the title. “In Turkic hydronymy the term Karasu does not mean the color of the water, but the source of the river's nutrition: a river formed by groundwater; opposite Aksu(Turk. ak“white”) - a river formed by melting snow; pair black White correlated with the color not of water, but of earth and snow. There are Small Karasun and Big Karasun. Local geographical term kut, participating in the formation of a toponym, in Kuban usually means “corner”, “part”, “outskirts” of something (for example, a village, estuary, etc.). In this case kut means a corner, a cape formed at the confluence of the Kuban and Karasu.
It is appropriate here to say a few words about the hydronym Kuban. Galkin and name about 300 names of the river, counting together with variants and distortions. The most probable, in our opinion, is the point of view expressed. According to it, the hydronym Kuban is “melted” by the Slavic population with the Karachay-Balkar word “koban” - “furious”, “furious”, “rushing”.
Toponymy Old line .
Almost simultaneously with the Black Sea coast, the eastern part of the right bank of the Kuban, the so-called Kubanskaya, or Old line. Unlike the Black Sea region, where Ukrainian-speaking Black Sea Cossacks were settled, the Slavic population of the Old Line was mainly Russian-speaking. In 1794, the first six villages were founded here by the Don Cossacks: Temnolesskaya, Vorovskolesskaya, Prochnookopskaya, Grigoripolisskaya, Caucasian and Ust-Labinskaya. The villages were located along one fortified line, from where the entire territory began to be called line, and the Cossacks linear Cossacks or linemen. The first six pages were Kuban Regiment. The regimental principle was maintained in the future administrative structure Old line. Each settled or annexed group of villages formed a Cossack regiment, which had its own regimental territory.
The formation of the Slavic toponymy of the Old Line was significantly influenced by the names of fortresses and fortifications built in the period from 1788 to 1791.
By the beginning of 1792, there was the Prochnookopskaya fortress, the Pregradny Stan fortification and 17 redoubts: Barsuklovsky, Kubansky, Nadzorny, Nedoremny, Ubezhny, Derzhavny, Grigoripolis, Western, Tsaritsynsky, Kazan, Tiflis, Ladoga, Ust-Labinsky and Voronezh. “The names of some redoubts were given after the names of those regiments that were located here.”
In 1802, on the Line, at the redoubts of the same name, the villages of Ladovskaya (Ladoga), Tiflisskaya, Kazanskaya and Temizhbekskaya, and in 1804 Voronezhskaya, inhabited by Ekaterinoslav Cossacks, were founded. These pages amounted to Caucasian Regiment.
The third regiment of the Old Line became Khopersky Regiment. The Khoper Cossacks went to Azov with Peter I back in 1696. After participating in the Bulavinsky uprising, the Khoper Cossacks lived in several settlements along the Khoper River. In 1775, the Khopersky regiment was formed from them, which moved to the Caucasus from 1778 to 1781. “When the Khopertsy initially arrived in the Caucasus, they were settled in the Stavropol province and founded 4 villages here at the fortresses: Northern, Stavropol, Moscow and Don.” In 1825, the Khopersky regiment was relocated to the Old Line. The Khoper Cossacks founded four villages on the Kuban River - Batalpashinskaya, Belomechetskaya, Nevinnomysskaya and Barsukovskaya - and two on the Kuma River - Bekeshevskaya and Karantinnaya (from 1835 - Suvorovskaya).
Already at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, on the Old Line, in addition to the Cossack villages, there was a significant peasant population, consisting mainly of Great Russians. The first peasant villages were Novomaryinskoye, founded in 1794, and Staromarinskoye, founded a year later. In 1797, the villages of Rozhdestvenskoye, Kamennobrodskoye and Novotroitskoye were founded. In 1798 - Rashevatskoye, Dmitrievskoye, Ilyinskoye, Arkhangelskoye and the Malorossiyskaya or Biryuchya settlement. The high percentage of the peasant population was one of the hallmarks of the Old Line. Subsequently, many villages were transformed into villages, and the peasants were enrolled in the Cossack class.
In the 1820s-1830s, a number of transformations took place on the Old Line. To avoid striping, some villages were redistributed between the regiments. The village of Ust-Labinskaya was transferred to the Caucasian regiment, Temizhbekskaya and the newly formed Ubezhinskaya and Nikolaevskaya - to the Kubansky, and Vorovskolesskaya to the Khopersky.
In 1832, the Caucasian Linear Cossack Army was formed from nine linear regiments. By decree of December 2, 1832, a number of peasant villages were transformed into villages. The villages of Dmitrievskoye, Rashevatskoye, Uspenskoye, Novoalekseevskoye, Novotroitskoye are included in the Kuban regiment. The Old Line also included the villages of Novodonetskaya, Novomalorossiyskaya, Arkhangelskaya, Ilyinskaya, Dmitrievskaya, Sengileevskaya, Kamennobrodskaya, Rozhdestvenskaya, Novomaryevskaya and Staromarievskaya, which were formed from peasant villages.
In 1848, with the transfer of the Tikhoretsk volost to the Caucasian Linear Army, the villages of Novopokrovskoye, Ternovobalkovskoye, Tikhoretskoye and Novorozhdestvenskoye also became villages of the Old Line.
Foreign language influence on the formation of toponymy of the Old Line.
Memorial toponym s.
The term “memorial” toponymy in this case is considered as conditional, because in general all toponyms to one degree or another are “memorial”, as a special type of monuments of history, language and culture. Here, the word “memorial” should be understood as those toponyms in which information about some historical figure or memorable event was recorded.
In the memorial oikonymy (names of settlements) of the Old Line, not only the names of Russian historical figures, such as (stanitsa Grigoripolisskaya) or (stanitsa Suvorovskaya), but also the names of worthy opponents were immortalized. E. Peredelsky, speaking about the village Temizhbek, notes that the village “received its name from the village of the Circassian prince Temizh-Bek, who lived on the opposite bank of the Kuban, opposite the village itself.” Close in origin to the name of the village Temizhbek is the name Bekeshevskaya village, founded in 1825 on the banks of the Kuma River. The place of settlement of the village, as he writes, “was planned below the village of Bekechev, which was located on the Kuma River, above the place where this river leaves the stone bed and breaks into branches. To the west of this place stood the high mound Bekech. On the right side of the Kuma River it also rose quite high mountain, which, unlike the first mound, was called Zakumsky Bekech. About 12-15 versts to the north from the place cut off from the village, the Bekechevsky post was set up, which received its name from the name of the Circassian village; This is where the name of the new Khoper village of Bekeshevskaya came from; before, the old people say, it was called Bekechevskaya.”
Separately in this series we can highlight the name Batalpashinskaya village, founded in 1825. The village was named in memory of the victory won in this area in 1790 by the general over the Turkish commander Batal Pasha. What is interesting in this case is the fact that the memorial toponym here preserved the historical memory not of the winner, but of Batal Pasha, whom he defeated.
Names of villages of the Old Line, derived from hydronyms .
On the Old Line, as in general throughout the entire historical territory of the Kuban Cossacks, a settlement, as a rule, was founded on the banks of a river or stream. To a greater extent, this was caused by the economic needs of the settlers, since water was the basis for agriculture. Another factor in the founding of a Cossack settlement on a river (especially a large one, for example, the Kuban) was the military-border features of the area. Here the river is a water barrier, a border. Thus, a number of villages received their names from local hydronyms.
For example, Barsukovskaya The village was founded in 1825 on the Barsukly River, which is where it got its name. believes that “the potaponym Barsukly goes back to ancient Turkic. word boron- “to smell, stink” through the form Borsuk - “smelly, stinky.” This is what the ancient Turks called the animal from the mustelid family, since it had anal glands that emitted a strong odor. But the badger is a predominantly forest animal, so the onomastic coincidence is nothing more than an accident. In the name Barsukly, the affix -suk/-syk shows a constant sign of the verb action + the affix of possession - ly, i.e. “having a strong smell, stinking.”
In the name of the village Rashevatskaya, also derived from the hydronym - river Rashevatki, according to opinion, a “Kalmyk trace” can be traced. Initially, the river had a name close to “ Arshan”, which in the Kalmyk language is etymologized as “source”, “water”, “spring”. gives in his work some examples of “folk etymology” of the oikonym Rashevatskaya. So, according to legend, “... one party of fugitive men from the Voronezh and Penza provinces stopped at a quiet river. Ahead is a vast steppe, decorated with flowers, looking like a huge carpet embroidered with cotton wool, and next to it is a forest. People liked this place and they called it “embroidered with cotton wool.” Since then, both the camp and the river began to be called Rashevatka.” Of course, this is just a popular interpretation that has no basis in reality.
Toponymy of the New (Labinskaya) line .
In 1841, the cordon line was moved from Kuban to Laba. The plain between these rivers was called the Labinskaya, or New Line, in contrast to the Old (Kuban) Line.
Many rivers and streams flow through the territory of the New Line, the most significant of which are the Laba and Urup rivers with their tributaries. The hydronymy of this territory was to a large extent the substrate for the formation of the Cossack oikonymy of the New (Labinsk) line. Some hydronyms (mainly in the area between the Laba and Urup rivers) have Turkic roots, such as the Chamlyk River. Chamlyk - in Nogai “angry”, “sharp”. The name comes from this hydronym. Chamlykskaya village, founded in 1841.
Other hydronyms of Adyghe origin. In this series, perhaps, we can name the Urup River, the left tributary of the Kuban River. , as well as researchers of toponymy and, citing the authority of J.N. Kokov, tend to see Adyghe roots here. In 1841, a village was established on the Urup River Urupskaya.
The name of the river is not entirely clear today. Labs, the main river Labinskaya line from which it takes its name. The villages got their names from the same hydronym Labinskaya And Novolabinskaya, as well as the village Ust-Labinskaya on the Old Line (see 2.1.). Perhaps the name of the river comes from the Svan “labna”, i.e. “source”.
The villages of Zelenchukskaya and Kardonikskaya are named accordingly after the rivers Zelenchuk and Kardonik.
The process of formation of Cossack toponymy in the Trans-Kuban region (both Eastern, i.e., New Line, and Western) was most directly influenced by a foreign language toponymic substrate. If we are talking about the New Line itself, here such a foreign language substrate is Turkic toponymy, and to a lesser extent - Adyghe. This includes hydronymy (as already mentioned above), and oronymy, and the names of some other geographical objects. Substrate names also include the names of local tribes and peoples - ethnonyms. In a given territory, an example of a toponym with an ethnonymic basis is the name Temirgoevskaya village, founded on the site of the fortification of the same name. “The fortification was named after the Adyghe tribe of Temirgoys, whose ancestor was Bolotok.”
Speaking about the memorial toponymy of the New Line, first of all, it should be said about the name Zassovskaya(Zasovskaya) village, founded in 1855 on the Labe River, on the site of the former Zassovsky fortifications (years). The toponym immortalizes the name of cavalry general Baron G. H. von Sass, the founder of both the New (Labinskaya) line itself and a number of settlements on it. By origin, Baron G.H. von Sass is a Baltic German, and a German trace in the Kuban toponymy is obvious here.
Toponymy of the Kuban Cossack Army .
Some villages arise on the site of former fortifications. Abinskaya The village was founded in 1863 on the site of a fortification of the same name, built in 1834. The names of both the villages and fortifications come from the name of the Abin River. J. N. Kokov associates the hydronym Abin with the Abkhaz word abna - “forest”. The Abinsky regiment was also named after the river.
On the site of the abolished village of Nikolaevskaya (gg.) in 1862 there arose Anapa village Name of the village Anapa like the name of the city Anapa does not have a single etymological interpretation. gives six different etymologies for this toponym. In our opinion, the most convincing are the etymologies of J. N. Kokov and. According to J.N. Kokov, the toponym Anapa comes from the Adyghe words Iane (ana) - “table” and pe (pa) - “edge”, Ianape (Anapa) - “edge of the table”. believes that the word Anapa consists of two bases: ana + pa, where Ana (Anapka) is the name of the river at the mouth of which the city of Anapa is located. The second component is pa // pe means mouth. Anapa is a city at the mouth of the Ana River. The name of the village of Anapa is a secondary toponym derived from the name of the city of Anapa. indicates that at the household level at least up to late XIX centuries, the village of Anapa retained the name of the village of Nikolaevskaya, abolished in 1854. It can be assumed that the Nikolaevskaya village was named in honor of the then reigning Emperor Nicholas I.
The village takes its name from the name of the Giaga River (the left tributary of the Laba) Giaginskaya, founded in 1862. The meaning of the hydronym Giaga (in Adyghe Dzhadzhe (Gyage)) has not been established. The unofficial, popular name of the village is registered in the literature - Yaginskaya.
In the same 1862, but in the western part of the Trans-Kuban region, a village was established Gostagaevskaya. The name comes from the name of the river Gostagai (Gostagayka), which flows into the Vityazesky estuary. The hydronym Ostygay in Adyghe literally means “fir”, that is, the name of the river, in turn, is derived from the local flora. The hydronym Dakh also comes from the name of the plant. and, referring to, they talk about the meaning of the hydronym Dakh (Dakhyo) as “Hazelnut River”. However, a recognized expert in Adyghe toponymy believes that the name of the river is derived from the generic name Dakhyo (Dakho). In the same 1862, at the confluence of the Dakh River (right tributary) into the Belaya River, the village was founded Dakhovskaya.
The etymology of some hydronyms is purely descriptive (based on external features) in nature. For example, the name of the Marta River, on which it was founded in 1864 Martanskaya the village, according to opinion, goes back to the ancient Abkhaz-Adyghe word amard (d alternates with t), meaning “Steep slope”. It is known that the Martha River flows along the slope of the right-bank hill. “Slope” river. Gubskaya the village was founded in 1861 on the Gubs River, a left tributary of the Khodz River, which in turn is a left tributary of the Laba River. The etymology of the hydronym possibly stems from the Adyghe “gyopsy”, “gyo” - yellow, “dogs” - water. According to the opinion, “gyo” in a similar case can mean “cave” - “cave river”.
Other hydronyms cannot be etymologized without knowledge of local Adyghe legends and traditions. This refers to the Pshekha River, from which the name of the village comes Pshekhskaya. The hydronym Pshekha (Pshchykhye) comes, according to one version, from the Adyghe words Pshchy- “prince” and Hyeun- "carry". Legend has it that in the distant past the Adygs rebelled against their princes, defeated them and threw them into the river. According to another etymology, the name of the river comes from the word formation bees + hye, literally “spear + carry”: a fierce battle once took place in the river valley, where many spears were broken. The name of the river Neberjay comes from some battle or bloodshed. Hydronym translated from Adyghe literally means “predatory, bloodthirsty eagle.” A village was founded on this river in 1862 Neberdzhaevskaya.
Names of villages Andryukovskaya, Kuzhorskaya, Khamketinskaya And Ilskaya also come from the names of the rivers and streams on which they are based. In addition, in Transkuban there were villages, the names of which (mainly with a hydronym base) were replaced in 1867 with “regimental” ones (see 3.1.5.).
Names of villages derived from ethnonyms.
In the Western Trans-Kuban region, to an even greater extent than on the New Line, there is an active infusion of local, predominantly Adyghe, ethnonymy into Cossack toponymy. In general, this phenomenon is typical for almost all newly developed lands in Russia.
For example, Abadzekhskaya The village received its name from the name of the Adyghe tribe Abadzekhs and was founded on the Belaya River, on the border of the territories of the Abadzekhs and Mamkhegs. The village was named after the Abkhaz-Abaza tribe Bagh Bagovskaya. The names of the villages have the same character. Barakaevskaya, named after the Barakai tribe, who lived in the upper reaches of the Gubs River, Makhoshevskaya, based on the border of the tribal territories of Yegerukhay and Makhoshi, Yegerukhay, Natukhayskaya (Natukhaevskaya) and Shapsug, named after, respectively, the tribes of Yegerukhay, Natukhay and Shapsug.
The village was renamed several times Besleneevskaya. It was founded in 1861 on the Chodz River and was originally named Irisskaya along the mountain “Iris” or “Yarys”. In the same year the village was renamed into the village Intermediate. The name is quite “in the spirit of the military-functional designation of many other villages.” Finally, in 1863 the village received its final name Besleneevskaya, in which a tribe of demons was immortalized.
The Adyghe tribe of Bzhedukhs gave the name to the village Bzhedukhovskaya. The Bzhedukhs, in turn, as this tribe describes, are divided into Khamysheevites and Chercheneevites. He cites an old legend that “the Zhaneevites, the neighbors of the Chercheneevites, gave them a feast, at which the guests stole a cup from the hosts. Hence the name bzheduh, thief of the cup, from the words “bzha” - chara, cup and “dug” - thief. Most likely this is a folk, vulgar etymology of the ethnonym, based only on accidental consonance.
Names of Cossack villages with an Adyghe basis, derived from local characteristics .
This group of oikonyms can be based on a variety of geographical, geological, biological, and even archaeological features.
The name is interesting in this sense Kelermesskaya villages, which originates from the Adyghe words kelar (keler) “ramson” and mez (mez) “forest”. “Cheremshinny forest.” In this case, the oikonym is based on the botanical features of this area. also indicates the unofficial, popular name of the village - Kalarnetskaya. Here there is a case of adaptation by the Slavic population of the village of a basically foreign-language geographical name.
By its name Khadyzhenskaya the village owes an abundance archaeological sites(ground burial grounds), previously found in large numbers in the vicinity of the village. Etymology of the word Khydyzhy, from which the oikonym comes and is translated as “Valley of ancient graves” - from Adyghe hyade“corpse”, “dead man”, zhyy“old”, “ancient”. Meretukov suggests that this toponym may come from a personal name Khydy and words zhyy“big” - “Big Khydy”.
Memorial place names.
Often the basis of a memorial name is some real historical event that occurred in a given area. In Transkuban region, the most striking examples of such oikonyms can be called the village Khanskaya.
Stanitsa Khanskaya Founded in 1862 in an area called Khankhabl (Khanhabl) - the aul of the khan. Here, on the banks of the Belaya River, the Crimean khans Devlet-Girey and Kazy-Girey set up their camp in 1717, on the orders of the Turkish Sultan Murad IV, who spread Islam among the Adyghe tribes. Here we observe the Crimean Tatar trace in Cossack toponymy.
Stanitsa Prussian, founded in 1863 and received its name “in honor of the Prussian prince, who, according to legend, was in the area of this village during the military operations of the Caucasian army during the conquest of the mountain tribes of the Northern Caucasus.” was in Russian service and took part in hostilities in the Caucasus - a German trace in Slavic toponymy.
The names of famous Russian commanders are preserved in the names of Georgie-Afipskaya and Raevskaya villages. Stanitsa Georgie-Afipskaya was founded in 1865 on the Afips River (the left tributary of the Kuban River), on the site of the former Georgiy-Afipsky fortification, built in 1830 and named after the cavalry general Georgy Arsenievich Emanuel. The second part of the name comes from the hydronym Afips. “Ahuyps” comes from the common Adyghe huy/fa “white” and dogs “water”. by origin Serb - Serbian trace in Kuban toponymy.
Renaming of Trans-Kuban villages with Adyghe topographical basis in 1867 .
When studying the East Slavic toponymy of the Trans-Kuban region, special attention is paid to the issue of renaming a number of villages in the Trans-Kuban region in 1867. Before the renaming, fourteen Trans-Kuban villages bore names with Adyghe topographical basis, mainly derived from local hydronyms; after the renaming, the names of the villages became consonant with the names of Russian cities. In the Russian army, military units traditionally bore the names of cities. The villages received their names based on the names of the corresponding regiments that fought in the Caucasus.
The hypothesis about the “regimental” origin of the names of the villages is confirmed by a number of authors. For example, he writes about this using the example of the village of Ryazanskaya (formerly Gabukaevskaya). , generally adhering to the “regimental” version, claims that the villages received their names because the soldiers of the regiments of the same name were settled in these villages. Indeed, some of the retired lower ranks of the Caucasian Army were settled on the lands of the Trans-Kuban region, but, according to archival data, their percentage was not so large - the settlement of the newly formed villages was basically Cossack.
It is worth highlighting the special role in the renaming of the Trans-Kuban villages in 1867 of the Nakazny Ataman of the Kuban Cossack army, Count Elston.
While traveling through the new Trans-Kuban villages in May 1867, the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Army, Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich, “paying attention to the names of some villages, according to some of their former local meanings, deigned to express a desire to assign them other names more appropriate to the Russian population.”
In the initial list of villages submitted to His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich on June 15, 1867, the Plead Ataman of the Kuban Cossack Army, Count Elston, made with his own hand “against each proposed change in the name.” The changes in the names of the villages were as follows: Andryukovskaya - Andreevskaya, Besleneevskaya - Borisovskaya, Nizhnefarskaya - Yaroslavskaya, Psefirskaya - Kostroma, Egerukhaevskaya - Tula, Pshekhskaya - Orlovskaya, Gabukaevskaya - Ryazanskaya, Pshishskaya - Chernigovskaya, Kurdzhipskaya - Kurskaya, Pchasskaya - Suzdalskaya, Neberdzhaevskaya - Novomoskovskaya , Psebedakhovskaya - Trinity, Khablskaya - Kholmskaya, Antkhirskaya - Akhtyrskaya, Psekupskaya - Saratovskaya, Chibiyskaya - Penza, Supskaya - Kaluga, Afipskaya - Smolenskaya. Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich made his own adjustments to the list: the villages of Andryukovskaya, Besleneevskaya, Kurdzhipskaya and Neberdzhaevskaya were ordered to leave their previous names.
The final version of the list of Trans-Kuban villages was presented to Alexander II by the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Army and “Sovereign Emperor, on the 13th day of September of this year... He deigned to give the highest command: to assign new names to the villages of the Kuban Cossack army.” Thus, the renaming of 1867 clearly showed that, in general, the Kuban Cossacks were very tolerant of the foreign toponymic background that formed the basis of Cossack toponymy and, despite the proposal of the authorities, most of the villages remained with the Adyghe toponymy.
Campaign to rename settlements in Kuban.
In November 1909, a military archivist, in a report to the Nakazny Ataman of the Kuban Cossack Army, reported on the “uncertainty and even inconsistency” of the names of some villages. For the future, he recommends: “to give new names, if not in honor of the special exploits of the Cossacks, then at least in honor of our atamans-eagles, who created the gray Cossack glory and acquired this abundant and abundant land for us.”
A special commission on renaming was created at the Military Headquarters, headed by the Chief of the Military Staff, Major General. The composition of the commission is unknown, but it is obvious that in addition to the chief of the Military Staff himself and, possibly, the military archivist, it included the senior adjutant of the Military Staff, Yesaul Strinsky, and his assistant, Yesaul Zvyagintsev. “In order to educate the younger generation in the spirit of the great ancestors,” he writes in a review to the ataman of the Taman department, “as well as to perpetuate the glorious names and events from the history of the Kuban Cossack army... it is planned to rename some settlements in the army into historical glorious names, from of which very many were assigned either names based on nothing, or with the addition of “new” names of villages from whose evacuees a farm was formed, or finally by the names of ravines, rivers, etc.”
Similar reviews are sent to the atamans of all seven departments of the Kuban region, where lists of settlements “with expressionless names” were given, which it is advisable to replace with others, “names that speak more to the mind and heart of the Cossack.”
The above-mentioned reviews were accompanied by a “List of historical persons and events whose names and names it is desirable to immortalize in the (name of the department) department.”
What is of interest to us here is the appeal of the organizers of this campaign to the Zaporozhye (Ukrainian) historical heritage. During these years, such names of villages appeared on the map of Kuban, perpetuating historical names, such as Babychevskaya, Chepiginskaya, Khmelnitskaya. The appearance of such names as Ataman, Dnieper, Zaporozhye can be considered an appeal to the ancestral origins of the Kuban Cossacks.
In 1914, the wave of renamings began to decline; several more single renamings were carried out in 1915. The reason for this was both the outbreak of war and the departure from Kuban of the main initiator and organizer of the renaming, Major General, appointed Ataman of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Army.
The war with Germany introduced its own motives into the toponymy of Kuban. So, in June 1915, a meeting of elected representatives of the Prussian village of the Maykop department, taking into account that the village was named in honor of Prince Albert of Prussia, who visited these parts during the Caucasian War, and that “the Prussian kingdom is part of German Empire, which declared war on us,” decided: “to recognize such a phenomenon as undesirable and to ask the Ataman of the Maykop department to initiate a petition to assign a different name to the Prussian village, calling it “Romanovskaya” in memory of the 300-year reign of the House of Romanov.”
However, since in the Kuban region there was already a Cossack settlement with the same name - the Romanovsky farm - the Kuban Regional Board rejected this petition and ordered the village council to find a different name. This time, the village collection based the new name on the features of the area: since in the vicinity of the village “there is neither a river nor a rivulet,” the village of Prusskaya was renamed the village of Bezvodnaya. German name as undesirable for local residents during the war with Germany, it was deleted from the Cossack toponymy.
Summary
In conclusion, we can say that other peoples and languages had a significant influence on the formation of the toponymy of the Kuban Cossacks, both direct and indirect.
The names of Cossack settlements (and later non-Cossack Slavic settlements) often received names from the foreign language hydronymy of this territory. On the right bank of the Kuban, as well as in the area between the Kuban and Laba rivers, such background hydronymy was mainly Turkic hydronymy (the villages of Beisugskaya, Chelbasskaya, Kirpilskaya, Kugo-Yeiskaya, etc.). In the Trans-Kuban region and on the Black Sea coast, the background hydronymy was the Adyghe hydronymy (the rivers Psekups, Afips, Marta, Pshish, etc.).
In addition, Slavic toponymy was influenced by the names of mountains and other relief elements (oronymy), local tribes or some other characteristics derived from the languages of the non-Slavic population that previously lived here.
The memorial toponymy of Kuban presents a whole gallery of outstanding figures - representatives of various ethnic groups.
Within the framework of this message, I only touched on a small part of the toponymy of Kuban. Here it was briefly said only about those East Slavic (Cossack) toponyms in which information about various ethnic groups and their prominent representatives was accumulated. At the same time, on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory there is a large number of non-Cossack settlements with their own toponymy: Russian, Ukrainian, Adyghe, Armenian, Greek, German, Czech, even Latvian and Estonian. This toponymic layer still awaits serious scientific research.
Shcherbina of the Kuban Cossack army. T.1. History of the region. Ekaterinodar, 1910. P. 478.
Dmitrenko historical materials on the history of the Kuban Cossack army. T. 2. St. Petersburg, 1896. P. 2.
Register of the Zaporozhye army of 1756 / Comp. . Krasnodar, 1997.
Evarnitsky Zaporozhye Cossacks. T.2. St. Petersburg, 1895. P. 63.
Shkuro Bryukhovetskaya // Kuban news. 1991. September 4.
Evarnitsky Zaporozhye Cossacks. T.2. St. Petersburg, 1895. P. 469.
Right there. pp. 371-372.
Right there. pp. 371-372.
From the historical past of the Kuban plastuns // From the pre-revolutionary past of the Kuban Cossacks. Collection of scientific papers. Krasnodar, 1993. P. 23.
Lavrov - ethnographic essays of the Caucasus. L., 1979. P. 89.
Korolenko. St. Petersburg, 1874.
Felitsyn essay on the settlement of the Kuban region. B. m., b. g. S. 4.
Shcherbina of the Kuban Cossack army. T.1. History of the region. Ekaterinodar, 1910. P. 554.
Right there. P. 554.
Korolenko settlement of the Kuban land by the Black Sea Cossacks // News of the Society of Lovers of the Study of the Kuban Region. Vol. 1. Ekaterinodar, 1899. P. 57.
Right there. P. 31.
Soloviev redoubt // Encyclopedic dictionary on the history of Kuban. From ancient times to October 1917 / Ed. prof. . Krasnodar, 1997. P. 197.
Shkuro kuren // Encyclopedic Dictionary of the History of Kuban... Krasnodar, 1997. P. 544.
GACK. F. 250. Op. 1. D. 1. L. 271.
GACK. F. 250. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 107.
Frolov Cossack settlements in the Black Sea region // Antiquities of Kuban. Vol. 9. Krasnodar, 1998. P.31.
Right there. P. 31.
GACK. F. 250. Op.1. D.67. L. 3-3 vol.
Soloviev Karasun // Encyclopedic Dictionary of the History of Kuban... Krasnodar, 1997. P. 64.
Goertz topography of the Taman Peninsula. M., 1870.P.15
Murzaev of folk geographical terms. M., 1984. P.42
Hertz. op. P.15
Bondar of Kuban at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 20th century. (Experience of typological analysis) // Questions of historiography and history North Caucasus XVIII - early XX centuries. Krasnodar, 1997. P. 118
Right there. P. 118.
Gan explanations of Caucasian geographical names // Collection of materials for describing the localities and tribes of the Caucasus. Vol. 40. Tiflis, 1909. P. 133.
Murzaev of folk geographical terms. M., 1984. P. 542.
Nightly sketch of the Bosporan kingdom // Kuban collection. T.2. Ekaterinodar, 1891.
Nikonov toponymic dictionary. M., 1966. S. 406-407
Right there. P. 407
Lived on the Taman Peninsula (June 1908) // Kuban collection. T. 14. Ekaterinodar, 1908
Vakhrin of Kuban names (popular toponymic dictionary of the Krasnodar region). Krasnodar-Armavir, 1995. pp. 61-62.
Arkannikov F. The city of Temryuk // Collection of materials for describing the localities and tribes of the Caucasus. Tiflis, 1884. Issue. 4. Dept. 1. P. 250.
Kokov J.N. On posing the question of Circassian toponymy on the Black Sea and Azov coasts // Uch. zap. Kabard.-Balkar. un-ta. Vol. 7. Nalchik, 1960. pp. 70-71.
Murzaev of folk geographical terms. M., 1984. P.86.
Hertz. op. P.14.
Murzaev. op. P. 256
Nikonov toponymic dictionary. M., 1966. P.177
Gulieva geographical terms in Slavic hydronymy of Kuban // Questions of Russian language and literature: Scientific. tr. / Krasnodar. ped. int. 1968. Vol. 94.
“Pedigree” of the Kuban River / , // Kuban local historian. Yearbook. Vol. 3. Krasnodar, 1991. pp. 176-189.
On the names of the Kuban River // Toponymy of the East. Vol. 3. M., 1969.
Shcherbina of the Kuban Cossack army. T.1. Ekaterinodar, 1910. P.658.
The main administrative and territorial transformations in Kuban (city). Krasnodar, 1986. P.15.
Shcherbina of the Kuban Cossack army. T.2. Ekaterinodar, 1913. P.222.
The main administrative and territorial transformations in Kuban (city). Krasnodar, 1986. P.15.
The main administrative and territorial transformations in Kuban (city). Krasnodar, 1986. P.16.
GACK. F.396. Op.1. D.8407. L.14.
GACK. F.318. Op.1. D.125. L.1, 4-38, 131-157.
GACK. F.670. Op.1. D.34. L.39.
Peredelsky E. Temizhbek village and the songs sung in it // Collection of materials for describing the localities and tribes of the Caucasus. Vol. 3. Tiflis, 1883. Department 2. P.1.
Vasilkov customs of the Cossacks of the Bekeshevskaya village // Collection of materials for describing the localities and tribes of the Caucasus. Issue 36. Tiflis, 1906. Department 2. P.80-81.
GACK. F.396. Op.1. D.10228. L.62.
Malakhov names of the Gorkaya river // Sixth readings on the archeology of Central Kuban ( summary reports). Armavir, 1999. pp. 18-19.
Fedosov century of the village of Rashevatskaya (). To the 200th anniversary of its founding. Stavropol, 2001. pp. 63-65.
Right there. pp. 64-65.
Kozhevnikov-Steppe Thunderstorm. P.19. Quote from: , Fedosov century village of Rashevatskaya (). To the 200th anniversary of its founding. Stavropol, 2001. P. 61.
Vinogradov of Central Kuban. Armavir, 1993.. P.51.
Right there. P.46.
Ter Priurupye (methodical local history manual) / , . Otradnaya, 1998. P.39-40.
Meretukov toponymic dictionary. M., 1990. P.108.
Vakhrin of Kuban names (popular toponymic dictionary of the Krasnodar region). Krasnodar-Armavir, 1995. P.64.
PSZ. Collection 2. T.SPb., 1862. Art. 36327.
History of the peoples of the North Caucasus (end of the 18th century) / Ed. . M., 1988. pp. 212-214.
The main administrative and territorial transformations in Kuban (years). Krasnodar, 1986. P. 22.
PSZ. Collection 2. T.SPb., 1865. Art. 38256.
PSZ. Collection 2. T.SPb., 1863. Art. 37628.
GACK. F. 261. Op. 2. D. 22.
The main administrative and territorial transformations in Kuban (years). Krasnodar, 1986. pp. 22-24.
Vakhrin of Kuban names (popular toponymic dictionary of the Krasnodar region). Krasnodar-Armavir, 1995. P. 7
Kokov J. N. Kabardian geographical names. Nalchik, 1966. P. 133.
Meretukov toponymic dictionary. M., 1990. S. 24-25
Kokov J.N. Decree. op. P. 136.
Meretukov. op. P. 25.
Apostles' essay on the Kuban region. Tiflis, 1897. P. 295.
Meretukov. op. P. 59.
Apostles. op. pp. 295, 303.
Meretukov. op. P. 144.
Millstone and memorable places in the foothills of Adygea / Noklev, . Maykop, 1973. P. 48.
Meretukov. op. pp. 58-59
Right there. P. 116
Kokov J. N. Adyghe (Circassian) toponymy. Nalchik, 1974. P. 162.
Meretukov. op. P. 53
Right there. P. 172
Right there. P. 136.
Kokov J. N. Adyghe (Circassian) toponymy. Nalchik, 1974. P. 144.
Vakhrin of Kuban names (popular toponymic dictionary of the Krasnodar region). Krasnodar-Armavir, 1995. P. 15.
Guliev toponyms with ethnonymic foundations in the Kuban // Ethnonyms. M., 1970. S. 164-167.
Meretukov toponymic dictionary. M., 1990. S. 48-49.
GACK. F. 252. Op. 2. D. 629.
Vinogradov of Central Kuban. Armavir, 1993. P. 15.
Shcherbina of the Kuban Cossack army. Ekaterinodar, 1913. T. 2. P. 10.
In the mountains of the Kuban region. Life and economy of the inhabitants of the mountainous zone of the Kuban region. Voronezh, 1908. pp. 17-18.
Decree. op. P. 99.
Apostles' essay on the Kuban region. Tiflis, 1897. P. 303.
Blueberry springs / , . Krasnodar, 1965. P. 38.
Meretukov. op. P. 212.
Right there. P. 207.
Shcherbina of the Kuban Cossack army. Ekaterinodar, 1913. T. 2. P. 26.
GACK. F.318. Op.6. D.46. L.51.
Korolenko. St. Petersburg, 1874. P. 204.
Meretukov. op. P. 29.
Kirillov Ryazanskaya (formerly Gabukaevskaya). Historical and statistical description // Kuban collection. T.9. Ekaterinodar, 1903. Pag. 1. pp. 113-158.
To the study of toponymy of Kuban // Soviet ethnography. 1968. No. 3.
GACK. F.252. Op.2. D. 1950. L.1.
GACK. F.252. Op.2. D. 1950. L.1 vol.
GACK. F.252. Op.2. D. 1950. L. 2.
GACK. F.252. Op.2. D. 1950. Forehead.
PSZ. Collection 2. T. SPb., 1871. Art. 44968.
GACK. F. 396. Op. 1. D. 10228. L. 1.
Right there. L. 51.
Right there. L. 51.
GACK. F. 396. Op. 1. D. 10228, L. 52; F.396. Op.1. D. 10020. L. 4-6.
Prince Matveyev in the Caucasian War // Antiquities of Kuban. Vol. 6. Krasnodar, 1998. P.33-37.
GACK. F. 318. Op. 1. D. 46. L.ob.
GACK. F. 318. Op. 1. D. 46. L. 44 rev. - 45, 52.
Koveshnikov V.N.
Essays on the toponymy of Kuban.
Krasnodar, 2006, 252 pp.
The book contains essays on the toponymy of the Kuban (Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Territory). More than 300 hydronyms, at least 450 oronyms are considered, and 61 names of cities and regional centers are also given. Almost all toponyms are given an etymology. In addition, at least 400 more geographical names are associated with the names of mountains and rivers, i.e. There are at least 1200 terms in total. For this, the author used more than 200 different printed sources.
Intended for a wide range of readers interested in local history, as well as students, teachers, guides, and tourists.
Can be used as a manual in classes of tourism and local history clubs in institutions of additional education for children, in kindergartens, schools and other educational institutions during Kuban studies lessons.
© Layout E.A. Koveshnikova, 2006
1. TO THE READER 3
2. RIVERS OF KUBAN 4
2.1. ZAKUBAN RIVERS 6
2.1.1. INTRODUCTORY WORD 6
2.1.2. VOCABULARY PART 6
2.1.3. CONCLUSION 19
2.2. STEPPE RIVERS OF KUBAN 19
2.2.1. INTRODUCTORY WORD 19
2.2.2. VOCABULARY 20
2.2.3. CONCLUSION 25
2.3. RIVERS OF THE RUSSIAN BLACK SEA REGION 26
2.3.1. INTRODUCTORY WORD 26
2.3.2. VOCABULARY 26
2.3.3. CONCLUSION 42
2.4. AFTERWORD 42
3. CITIES AND DISTRICT CENTERS OF KUBAN 45
3.1. INTRODUCTORY WORD 45
3.2. DICTIONARY PART. 46
3.3. CONCLUSION 62
4. MOUNTAIN PEAKS AND RANGES OF KUBAN 64
4.1. INTRODUCTORY WORD. 64
4.2. VOCABULARY 72
4.3. CONCLUSION. 93
5. APPLICATIONS 94
5.1. LIST OF RIVERS AND STRIVERS GIVEN IN THE TEXT 94
5.2. LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES (TOPONYMS) FOUND IN THE TEXT, ASSOCIATED WITH THE NAMES OF RIVERS, STRIVERS AND OTHER WATER BODIES. 99
5.3. SCROLL SETTLEMENTS GIVEN IN THE ESSAY “ABOUT CITIES AND DISTRICT CENTERS OF KUBAN” 105
5.4. LIST OF PEAKS AND RANGE GIVEN IN ESSAY 106
5.5. LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES DERIVED FROM ORONYMS GIVEN IN THE ESSAY (OR THAT GAVE THEM THEIR NAME). 112
5.6. LIST OF PASSES IN THE MOUNTAINOUS PART OF THE KRASNODAR REGION AND THE REPUBLIC OF ADYGEA 113
5.7. LIST OF REFERENCES USED: 137
1. TO THE READER
The science that studies geographical names is called toponymy(from the Greek words topos - “place”, “locality” and onoma - “name”). “Toponymy is the language of the Earth, and the Earth is a book where human history is recorded in geographical nomenclature” - these winged words expressed back in 1837 by the scientist N.I. Nadezhdin have not lost their significance even now.The book publishes five essays on the toponymy of Kuban (Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea): three about rivers (steppe, Trans-Kuban and Russian Black Sea), about mountain peaks and ridges, cities and regional centers of Kuban. The appendices provide lists of: passes in the mountainous part of the Kuban; geographical names given in the text (five in total); list of used literature.
Kuban (Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Territory), as an integral part of the Black Sea-Caspian Isthmus, has been a zone of intense interaction between indigenous and newcomer ethnic groups for many centuries. A number of toponyms are represented on a relatively small area: Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Greco-Roman, Slavic, Turkic-Mongolian, Circassian, etc.
But often there are also inexplicable toponyms. This is apparently due to the fact that, in the absence of writing among local residents, geographical names were subject to distortions for centuries, which are now practically untranslatable, because the dialects in which they were given have been lost. Changes in names also occur over several decades, i.e. during one life, because New words and terms appear, some words become outdated and forgotten, which also makes it difficult to identify the initial meaning of toponyms.
Sometimes place names unexpectedly correspond to dialects from completely different countries. Perhaps travelers, settlers, or captives gave the name to a geographic feature in their own language, and it was retained by the indigenous population.
Therefore, on the map of the region there are still many geographical names, the etymology of which is difficult or has several interpretations, often dissimilar.
Often in local history publications, a toponym is presented (translated) without any linguistic, historical or geographical basis, which causes certain harm.
The etymology of place names is not an easy matter, and sometimes attempts to explain many of them are haphazard.
In deciphering the origin of the toponyms given in the text, not everything should be considered indisputable. “Even the most successful interpretation of the history of a word can be revised as soon as new data is found. Nothing wrong with that". (L. Uspensky, 1960).
It should be noted that translations of some toponyms are offered by the author for the first time and are not unconditional.
Terminological explanations for the text of the essays:
ANTHROPONYM - a name derived from first names, surnames, nicknames of people;
HYDRONIM - proper name of a river, stream, lake (water body);
OIKONIM - proper name of any settlement (city, village, village, village, etc.);
ONOMASTICS - a branch of linguistics that studies any proper names (geographical names, names of people, names of stars, etc.);
ORONYM - proper name for peaks, ridges, etc.;
POTAMONIM - from the Greek “potamos” - river, “onoma” - name, i.e. name of the river;
TOPonym - (geographical name) - the name of any geographical object;
TOPONYMY - a section of onomastics that studies geographical names (toponyms);
TOPONYMY - a set of geographical names, a region, region, etc.;
ETYMOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words;
ETHNOTOPONYM (ETHNONYMS) - names that arose from the names of peoples, tribes, clans.
To work on this collection, the author used more than 200 publications (books, articles from scientific collections, periodicals, maps). All of them were mostly published in small editions in the 20th century. and therefore inaccessible to a wide range of readers. As a rule, publications give an unambiguous answer to the question of deciphering a toponym, which is not similar in semantic meaning to the answers of other authors, which is not always what is sought (reliable). Therefore, the text of the collection contains all the etymology options available to the author.
MBOU gymnasium No. 14them. Yu. A. Gagarina
Yeisk municipal district Yeisk district.
Topic: “Toponymy of Kuban”
8th grade
Teacher of Cuban Studies:
Shelkova Valentina Viktorovna
2015, Yeisk.
Lesson topic: Toponymy of Kuban.
Audience: 8th grade.
The purpose of the lesson:
To acquaint students with toponymy as a science, with the toponyms of the Krasnodar region, their meaning and origin.
Lesson objectives:
Give an idea of science.
To develop the ability to distinguish place names of different groups and use them in speech; introduce the etymology of Kuban toponyms. Develop imagination and coherent speech.
To cultivate a feeling of love for the native land, interest in the native language; to form civil and patriotic qualities of the personality of schoolchildren.
Decor: map of the Krasnodar region, multimedia presentation.
During the classes:
Epigraph:
“The names are the folk poetic design of the country.
They talk about the character of the people, their history,
his inclinations and peculiarities of life.”
TO. Paustovsky, Russian writer.
1. Organizational stage. (1 min.)
Good afternoon, my dears. Look at each other, give each other your wonderful smiles!
Today you and I, guys, will talk about names, but not about your names, but about the names of rivers, seas, villages, cities. Today you will learn about what kind of science toponymy is, how complex and fascinating it is, we will learn how an oikonym differs from a hydronym or oronym. Where did this or that name come from on the map of our region, what language did it come from and what does it mean.
2. Checking homework: ( 6 min.) frontal survey.
What groups does the vocabulary of Kuban dialects consist of?
What are Ukrainianisms?
Give examples of dialect words, what are these words?(several students)
What dialectisms are called ethnographic, how do they differ from other types of dialectisms?
3. Geographical names (toponyms). (25 min.)
ABOUTgeographical names we will talk in class.
We will travel along the map of the Krasnodar region, marking stopping places. Are you ready to hit the road?
Guess the password for the beginning of the path: the common name of all places on Earth. Add a wordtopos (place) with the wordonima (Name).
Now we come to the topic of the lesson. What do you think, if you add up a journey on a map of the Krasnodar region and the word “toponym”, what topic will you get? That’s right, “Toponyms of the Krasnodar Territory.” (slide1)
The doctrine of geographical names is calledtoponymy, from the Greek words "topos" (place) and "onoma" (name); that is, "the science of place names." And the object of study of toponymy is calledtoponym. (slide 2)
Toponyms can be divided into 3 main groups: (slide 3.4)
Oikonyms – proper names of any settlement.
Hydronyms – proper names of any water bodies: rivers, lakes, seas, streams, springs, etc.
Oronyms - proper names of any relief elements of peaks, ridges, mountains, gorges, gullies, depressions, mounds, etc..(slide 5)
Teacher's story:
Toponyms are the “language of the earth,” a document of a long and complex human history. They tell us where people came from to a certain area of the earth, how they explored new places, how they defended their land. It happens that new ones open historical facts, archaeological finds, which force us to take a fresh look at this or that toponym. New geographical objects and new toponyms appear. This means that toponymy is a developing science.
When exploring the region, you need to turn to geographical names, which can tell a lot of interesting things about the past and present of the area being studied and serve as an excellent addition to information obtained in other ways.
Toponymy of the region
Kuban has been a zone of intense interaction between indigenous and newcomer peoples for many centuries. Therefore, the names of geographical objects, in other words, toponyms, are of various origins: Abkhazian, Adyghe, Greco-Roman, Slavic, Turkic-Mongolian, Circassian and others. Let's find out the meaning of geographical names that you know wellourthe edges.We begin our journey on the map:
PHYSMINUTE (Annex 1)
1. Oikonyms - names of settlements .
And the first oikonym, the origin of which we are exploring, is the name of the capital of our region, city?
Student answer: Krasnodar, the first name is Ekaterinodar. (slide 6,7)
It’s true that the first point on the map of our trip is the city of Krasnodar.
Krasnodar - city, regional center, located on the right bank of the Kuban; founded by Black Sea Cossacks in 1793; until 1920 it was called Ekaterinodar. The Adyghe name of the city Bzhedug-Kale is “Bzhedug fortress”. The Hamshen Armenians (Dzhanik dialect) have an outdated name Krasnodar - Gadendar, which is based on two translation options; according to the first, gaden - “lady” (cf. Turkic kadin - “lady”); dar//dere – “gorge” (Turk.), - “gorge of the lady.” The second option is more preferable, where the second part of the toponym corresponds to the Russian dar - “dar of the lady.”
Student answer: This is the city of Sochi. (slide 8, 9)
Of course, we arrived on the Black Sea coast in a beautiful city Sochi.
Sochi – for the first time the term is found (in the form Sadsha) in the famous Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi, who, accompanied by a strong Turkish detachment, while traveling in 1641 from Turkey to Azov, along Black Sea coast Western Caucasus, compiled a description that is still of exceptional interest. According to a number of researchers, this name was given by the Ubykhs who inhabited these lands, related in language to the Abkhazians. After the Caucasus War, the vast majority of the Ubykhs moved to the territory Ottoman Empire. The city of Sochi itself was founded on April 21, 1838 as Fort Alexandria. Since 1874, the settlement was called Dakhovsky Posad, and since 1896 - the city of Sochi (after the name of the river of the same name).
We are leaving the city of Sochi and heading to the north of our region, tell me, what is the name of the city in which we live?
Student answer: City of Yeysk. (slide 10,11)
- Yeysk - city in Krasnodar region, district center; is on the shore Sea of Azov at the mouth of the Yeya River, at the base of the Yeya Spit. The area where the city of Yeysk is located has been inhabited by various tribes since ancient times, as comfortable spot for fishing. The Yeisk Spit, protruding 7 kilometers into the sea, forms a convenient, albeit shallow, natural harbor. In 1792, the Black Sea Cossacks, led by their chieftain Zakhary Chepega, stopped at the Yeisk fortress town, and after spending the winter, they left 200 Cossacks here, while they themselves moved deep into the Kuban steppes to the Kuban River. In March 1848, the Russian government issued a decree establishing the city of Yeisk on the site of the Yeisk fishing settlement. The name is translated in different ways: from the Tatar yaya, which means Ivan (Russian peasants have long settled here); the second meaning also comes from the Tatar ey - “overflowing, shallow river.” The Nogais called her Yane, which translated means “Ivan”.
2. Hydronyms – proper names of any water bodies: rivers, lakes, seas, streams, springs, etc.
Our journey continues. Tell me, guys, what name of the water body will we talk about now? (the teacher reads out the etymology of the name of the river Eya):
WITHthe most abundant and longest river Azovo-KuBanskaya lowland. The river appears to have given its names to many place names. BeforeXVIIIV. on the spot modern city the village of Khansky town was located (Chebakleya - from the Turkic “bream” and “river”). Having traveled about 320km the river west of the village of Staroshcherbinovskaya, flows intoestuary
Student answer: this is the Eya River. (slide 12, 13)
Indeed, this is the Eya River. Let's find out what its name means:
Her - name of the rivertranslated differently. The most common version is from the Tatar “yaya”, meaning Ivan, since Russian peasants and fishermen have long settled here. The second, less common version, is a translation from the Tatar “ee”, meaning “overflowing, shallow river.” Strabo calls it the Greater Rhombit, i.e. big river, rich in flounder.
- Now the most beautiful lake in the Krasnodar region opens to our eyes, its name is Kardyvach.(slide 14,15)
Kardyvach - mountain lake in the Krasnodar region; located at the source of the Mzymta River. Lake Kardyvach is one of the most beautiful places in the entire Western Caucasus. According to Tskhomaria, Kardyvach is a modified Kar Bash - “snow head”. This is incorrect, because. kar (kara) among the Turkic peoples means “black”; Moreover, in this part of the highlands of the Western Caucasus, Turkic place names are not found at all. But if we make an exception, then we can assume that the translation of the toponym is based on the Turkic kar (a) - “land”, i.e. - “top of the earth.” Sh.D. Inal-Ipa calls the lake Mzymta-Adzykh, where adzykh is “an old (ancient) spring (lake)”, i.e. - “the lake from which the Mzymta flows,” which is confirmed by reality.
3. Oronyms - proper names of any relief elements of peaks, ridges, mountains, gorges, gullies, depressions, mounds, etc.
In the Western Caucasus, part of which is located within the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea (hereinafter referred to as Kuban), there are a large number of mountain ranges, in the system of which there are many peaks, with names, as well as unnamed ones. But about almost every name of a ridge or peak one can say:
All mountains, yes mountains.
And each one hides a secret.
The Caucasus is like a textbook
There is still a way to overcome.
And everything about it is so new,
That my head is spinning.
Beautiful color pictures
But how incomprehensible the words are.
And again on the road... we are in a hurry to find out the secret of the name of Mount Fisht.(slide 16,17)
Fisht - Mountain peak in the Krasnodar region; is located in the Main Watershed system, in the upper reaches of the river. Belaya, Pshekhi. Height – 2867 m. Translated from Adyghe as “white frost”, “snow-white”, “white head”, where fy – “white”; shtyn – “to freeze” (Adyghe). The westernmost glacier of the Main Watershed lies in the area of Fisht; on its southern slopes there is one of the deepest karst cavities in the Krasnodar region - the Soaring Bird, depth 525 m. Between the peaks of Fisht and Pshekho-su there is the highest waterfall in the region (165 m), which is one of the sources of the river. Pshekha.
This most beautiful place, with his rich history. Our journey continues rapidly and one more amazing place which we will visit and reveal the secret of its name isMount Tsakhvoa. (slide 18,19)
Tsakhvoa - mountain peak in the Krasnodar region; located on the territory of the Caucasian State biosphere reserve, in the Tsula Berd interfluve of Tsakhvoy and Bezymyanki (basin of the Malaya Laba river), in the Herzen ridge system. Mount Tsakhvoa – highest point Krasnodar Territory, its height is 3345.9 meters. On the northwestern slopes of the peak lies the glacier of the same name. Oronym is translated from Abkhaz-Abaza as “sharp peak.”
4. Summing up the lesson and grading. (5 minutes.)
It's time to return from the trip. Tell me, what impressions experienced along the way left you with the most vivid memories? What new did you learn in the lesson? How are you feeling after your trip?
Remind me what toponyms are, and what types of toponyms have you met?
Would you dare to take another trip like this? Which areas of the region would you go to on your own?
Those guys who actively participated in our journey receive an A for the lesson. Well done to all of you.
I took all the materials for our trip from the dictionary:Author - Tverdy A.V. Toponymic Dictionary of the Caucasus, this source will help you when preparing for your next trip to our region,and you will find out what it will be by writing down your homework.
5. Homework. ( 3 min)
We will divide into creative groups in rows, as you are sitting. And each group will carry out its task.
So,first group should prepare an information booklet for tourists about the origin of the names of resort towns(choose yourself, no more than five names) ; the second group is cooking presentation about the secret of the names of our two seas and any river in the Krasnodar Territory (no more than six presentation slides); third group prepares information sheets with a story about the history of the names of caves, gorges, gullies of the Krasnodar region (names are chosen by yourself, no more than five).
(Slide 20).
Our language is very rich, our region is amazing, and you and I are part of all this wealth and miracle. Study and take care of it all. Thanks for the work!