The role of air transport in the tourism industry. Types of transport used in tourism activities. Motor transport in tourism

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ .. 3
1. Air Transport in tourist transportation................................ 4
1.1 International regulatory organizations air transport............................................................................................. 7
1.2 Interaction between travel companies and airlines…………… 9
1.3 Air transportation in Russia………………………………. 13
2. Characteristics of the Ural Airlines airline………….. 16
2.1 Results of the airline’s activities……………………………… 21
3. Ways to improve the quality of passenger service in air transport……………………………………………………… 27
Conclusion……………………………………………………….............. 29
List of sources used…………………………………….. 30

INTRODUCTION

Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country.
Tourism depends entirely on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, and service is important for both tourists and travel organizers.
The relevance of this topic is that air transport is the most popular mode of transport in the world. Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system.
The purpose of this course work: to prove that air transport is popular in tourist transportation, to consider tourist transportation at Ural Airlines and to identify ways to improve the quality of service in air transport.
To achieve the goal in course work it is necessary to solve the following problems:
1. Consider the features of air transportation and identify the reasons for the popularity of air transportation;
2. Study some aspects of servicing tourists by air transport;
3. Consider the work of Ural Airlines;
The object of the study is: Ural Airlines.
The subject of the study is: the place of air transport in the system of tourist transportation in the Ural Airlines airline.

1. AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION

Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any available means to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and somewhat later of various types of engines, man began to correspondingly develop means of transportation: carts, carriages, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes.
International tourism involves the movement of people from country to country. When studying its development, it is very important to determine its relationship with the transport industry. Success in tourism generating markets and adequate transport infrastructure constitute one of the most important prerequisites for the development of any tourist center. For its part, demand in tourism stimulated the rapid development of the transport industry.
Tourism depends entirely on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, service, the use of appropriate discounts and benefits during sales is important for both tourists and travel organizers. The development of tourism is hampered by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries do not meet international standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects in terms of the construction of new airports, roads and railways require huge investments and time for their implementation.
Less than half of all international travel takes place by land, with the role of air transport increasing every year.
In 1992, only 5% of travelers used the railway system for international travel (mainly within Europe) and 8% traveled by steamships and ferries (for example, between the UK and France, Italy and Greece, Sweden and Denmark), and 40% of tourists got to their destination by plane.
According to statistics, the rate of growth in the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the ever-increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing stable tendency to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (the growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes the tourism business to pay close attention to air transportation.
Airplanes are the most popular form of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism.
And there are a number of reasons for this:
- firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;
- secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;
- thirdly, aviation companies directly and through international networks bookings and reservations pay travel agencies a commission for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.
Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system.
There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1 thousand airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.
The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American “Delta Air lines”, “ Pan American", "United", French " Air France", German "Lufthansa", British "British Airways", etc. The Russian "Aeroflot" is considered a major airline.
However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.
The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries around the world.

1.1 International organizations regulating air transport

Air transport is regulated in three ways:
National regulation - licensing of air carriers operating on both domestic and international routes;
Intergovernmental regulation - when scheduled air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;
International regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines......

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. Azar V.I. Transport and tourism. - M.: Transport, 2007.
2. Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house. house "Gerda", 2008.
3. Zorin I.V., Koverina T.P., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism management. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007.
4. Nikolaenko V.N., Skorobogatova L.G. Management of transport services in the tourism sector. V2h. Part 1: Lecture notes. - Ekaterinburg: UrGUPS Publishing House, 2011.
5. Osipova O.Ya. transport services for tourists: Textbook. manual for higher students textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009.
6. Transport support for commercial activities: Textbook. allowance / Ed. G.Ya. Rezgo. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.
7. Russian tourist newspaper. - URL: www. turizm.ru
8. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. - URL: www. favt.ru/favt_new -

Infrastructure aviation transport. According to statistics, the rate of growth in the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the ever-increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing stable tendency to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency. As a result, air transport is the most dynamically developing sector of world transport. The international transportation network covers more than 150 countries.

There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1,000 airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.

However, the international air transport system includes not only international air carriers and airports, but also states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.

In almost every country in the world there is an airline that is unique business card countries whose reliability, punctuality, service and comfort meet the highest international standards. This company is called national flag carrier. Such airlines in different countries are considered: French Air France, German Lufthansa, British British Airways, Austrian Austrian Airlines, Spanish Iberia, Swiss Swiss, Finnish Finnair, etc. The Russian flag carrier is Aeroflot airline – Russian Airlines.”

Three quarters of the available airliners are located on the American continent. The largest US airlines are: Federal Express, United Airlines, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, US Airways, Southwest Airlines, TWA (Trans World Airlines), America West Airlines, Alaska Airlines. Their sales volume is up to 15 billion dollars per year. On the American continent there are also large airlines in countries such as Canada - Air Canada, Canadian Airlines; Brazil – “Varig”, “Brazilian Airlines”; Mexico (three largest airlines).

The largest airlines in Europe are: British Airways (Great Britain); Lufthanza German Airlines (Germany); Air France (France); SAS (Scandinavian Airlines System - Sweden, Denmark, Norway); "Alitalia" (Italy); Iberia Airlines (Spain); KLM – Royal Dutsh Airlines (Netherlands); "Crossair", "Swiss" (Switzerland); Sabena Belgian World Airlines (Belgium); "Finnair" (Finland). Among the countries of Eastern Europe, Bulgaria and Hungary have the largest aircraft fleets.

In Asia, the largest airlines are: ANA (“All Nippon Airways”), JAL (“Japan Airlines”) (Japan); " Korean Air" (The Republic of Korea); "Saudia - Saudi Arabian Airlines" (Saudi Arabia); Malaysia Airlines (Malaysia); China Southern Airlines, Air China (China); Cathay Pacific Airways (Hong Kong); JAS (“Japan Air System”) (Japan); Singapore Airlines (Singapore); "Thai Airways International" (Thailand); Iraqi Airways (Iraq); "THY - Turkish Airlines" (Türkiye); Philippine Airlines (Philippines).

On the African continent, there are large airlines in Libya, South Africa, Egypt, and Algeria. Australia and Oceania also have relatively large airlines. In Australia these are Qantas Airways and Ansett Australia. The Indonesian company Garuda Indonesia and the New Zealand company ANZ (Air New Zealand) have a large fleet of aircraft.

Among the airlines we can highlight public(public, that is, regulated by the state) and private(privatized and private companies). In Europe, airline operations are largely regulated by national governments. In the US, on the contrary, all airlines are privatized and private. Airlines Swiss and Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) are partly privatized and partly owned by the state. British airlines are all privatized.

In most countries, there are generally three main types of airlines that operate regularly scheduled flights:

· large– national companies operating flights throughout the country and abroad;

· regional– airlines operating within individual regions one country;

· local– small local airlines operating short-haul flights from small suburban airfields. Typically, they operate small propeller-driven aircraft with a capacity of up to 40 passengers and transport them to airports for onward connections to major airlines.

For example, the list of the best airlines in the world traditionally includes:

§ best overall impression: "British Airways" and "Virgin Atlantic" (Great Britain), "Singapore Airlines" (Singapore), KLM (Holland) and some others;

§ the best in long-distance transport: “Virgin Atlantic”, “British Airways” (Great Britain), “Singapore Airlines” (Singapore), “Cathay Pacific” (Hong Kong, China), “Qantas” (Australia);

§ best in first and business class: “Virgin Atlantic”, “British Airways”, “Singapore Airlines”, “Emirates” (UAE), “Cathay Pacific” (China);

§ best in economy class: “Virgin Atlantic”, “Emirates Airways” (UAE), “British Airways”, “Swissair” (Switzerland), “Singapore Airlines” (Singapore);

§ Best Frequent Flyer Program: British Airways, American Airlines (USA), Virgin Atlantic, Swissair (Switzerland), KLM (Holland).

The aviation transport infrastructure also includes airfields and airports. According to Air Code RF aerodrome- This land plot with a complex of engineering structures and buildings, specially allocated and equipped for takeoff and landing, taxiing, parking and maintenance aircraft.

Airfields located at an altitude of over 1000 m are considered mountainous; those located in rough terrain with relative elevations of over 500 m are considered mountainous airfields. Airfields are divided into main ones (at which landing is provided for in the flight plan) and alternate ones (intended for landing when landing at the main one is impossible for some reason; alternate ones usually include the departure airfield).

The main structure of an airfield is a runway (runway) - one or more, as well as space for taxiing and parking of aircraft. This is a specially equipped strip with a hard surface at the airfield for take-off and landing of aircraft. The runway is equipped with light and electronic navigation and flight support aids. At modern airfields with the proper equipment, the aircraft can be landed automatically without the participation of a pilot.

Airport– a complex of buildings and structures intended for the reception and dispatch of aircraft and servicing air transportation, which includes an airfield, an air terminal, ground-based aircraft maintenance facilities, as well as the necessary equipment, aviation personnel and other workers.

Airport domestic– serving domestic carriers – intended to serve domestic flights of aircraft (within the territory of a given state), the international airport serves international flights. However, in practice, international airports also serve domestic flights, although the terminals for domestic and international flights are separated. international Airport– an airport open for the reception and departure of aircraft performing international air transport, where customs, border, sanitary, quarantine and other controls are carried out.

There are about 1,000 international airports in the world. thirty largest airports send more than 10 million passengers a year, with more than half of them in the United States. Six major airports handle over 30 million passengers annually. O-Hare Airport in Chicago has the highest capacity - 60 million passengers per year. In Europe, Heathrow Airport near London (UK) is considered the most powerful. There are 76 international airports in Russia and their number is constantly increasing. Russian airlines operate flights to 175 major airports in 120 countries.

The number of airports in the world is practically not increasing, but passenger capacity is growing, their infrastructure is developing, and service technology is improving. According to experts, the airport is of the 21st century. should be and is already becoming something more than just a place to board and disembark a plane. For example, the British company BAA, which owns Heathrow (London) and Gatwick (Glasgow) airports, as well as Edinburgh Airport (Scotland), has already turned its terminals into the most profitable retail outlets in the UK.

According to IATA, most of the world's largest airports are located on the American continent. The top ten largest airports include seven American, two European and one Asian. But just because the airport is the largest in the world does not mean that it is the best in terms of passenger service. This is confirmed by IATA's annual surveys of large numbers of passengers.

The best airports for passenger service are determined by several criteria: information service, catering, availability of a variety of shops, communication services, etc. Research results have shown that best airports world located in the following cities: Dubai (UAE), Singapore, Hong Kong, Copenhagen (Denmark), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Seoul ( South Korea), Athens (Greece), Vancouver (Canada), Cincinnati (USA), Sydney (Australia).

Dubai Airport, launched in 2000, has been recognized as the most convenient and efficient in the world. Singapore Airport received top marks for its helpful staff. Copenhagen Airport was in fourth place, becoming the best in Europe. Seoul Airport was in sixth place in the ranking. None of the major airports were rated by the passengers surveyed.

Despite the expanding infrastructure and service capabilities, the airport retains its main function - it is a place for boarding and disembarking aircraft. The place of departure and arrival from the flight. Based on this, the main task of the airport is to service flights of various airlines and service air passengers.

IN airport tasks includes: services for passenger transportation, cargo and mail; ensuring flights of foreign and national airlines within the airport; ensuring regularity and safety of flights and meteorological observations; ensuring proper operation of communications and light signaling; carrying out maintenance of aircraft and refueling them; changing toilet tanks, removing garbage; An important operation is the prompt preparation and supply of compact meals for each flight.

Each airport has the following units: a squad serving the runway and field; lighting personnel; air navigation service; technical personnel for servicing passengers upon boarding and disembarking from the aircraft, as well as for loading and unloading baggage; cargo service (cargo service); aircraft; meteorological service; medical service, including a sanitary quarantine point; Help Desk.

At each airport, in close cooperation with the employees of the airport itself, representatives of airlines operating flights on the routes to which the airport belongs operate. At international airports there are control services (border, customs, sanitary and quarantine, veterinary, phyto-sanitary, etc.).

The territory of each airport is strictly divided into two zones: a) the arrival (arrival) zone and b) the departure (departure) zone. Each airport has a special place - the so-called the waiting area(for greeters, transit passengers, etc.). A special zone for everyone international airport is neutral zone. Departing passengers, after customs and passport control, before departure of the aircraft, and arriving passengers, before customs and passport control, are required to stay in this area. This neutral territory usually houses all sorts of “duty free” shops, exempt from taxes and duties.

Infrastructure railway transport. Railways with varying network densities and levels of technical equipment have been built in most countries of the world, but there are a number of countries where there are no railways. These include: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Belize, Bhutan, Brunei, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Congo (Zaire), Kuwait, Lesotho, Libya, Mauritius, Niger, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Yemen, Qatar, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UAE, Uruguay and some others.

Before the intensive development of road and air transport from the middle of the 19th century. and in the first half of the 20th century. the railroad was one of the main ways for travelers to move from their primary place of residence to another area or country. Since the intensification technical progress Road transport and air carriers took over a significant share of traffic. However, the creation of high-speed railways restored the railways' competitiveness.

Within the main European countries– Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Great Britain – travel between major capitals And tourist centers Today it is even more convenient to travel by train than by bus or plane. The journey from Milan to Rome takes just over 2 hours when traveling by train at a speed of over 200 km/h. Moreover, the train moves along a fairly straight route, which is always shorter than any road connecting two populated areas.

In the presence of high speed trains The greatest efficiency of travel by rail is observed when traveling over distances of up to 500-600 km. In this case, high-speed railways make it possible to cover this route in 2-3 hours, which is quite convenient for tourists. In addition, trains usually arrive at stations traditionally located right in the very center of large cities and capitals, which minimizes transfers and creates significant advantages compared to aviation. If we add to this several times lower (compared to air transport) fares, then the advantages of railway transport (especially when traveling over medium and relatively short distances) are obvious. For transportation distances of less than 500 km, it is more efficient to use road transport, and for greater than 1000 km, air transport.

In addition to its original purpose - transportation - the railway is actively used for entertainment purposes. Leisurely “ferry rides” on old trains(retro trains) with unique locomotives through national parks have become excellent entertainment for tourists spoiled by superhighways. All over the world, clubs for railway enthusiasts were organized, there were zealous collectors of old steam locomotives and even owners of small private roads equipped with rolling stock late XIX and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The subject of tourist interest is photo and video filming of retro locomotives with a plume of black smoke from a picture pipe against the backdrop of beautiful landscapes, and even phonograms of the original and characteristic sounds of mechanisms when moving.

The role of railway transport in Russian Federation and remains traditionally large in the post-Soviet space. This type of transport invariably enjoys great popularity among the vast majority of the country’s population and is used as the main mode of transport for both domestic (to a greater extent) and international tourist trips. Currently, in Russia, railway transport accounts for almost 50% of passenger traffic.

The structure of railway transport is based on the production-territorial principle, according to which the entire railway network of the country is divided into separate large sections - railways. In turn, railways are divided into departments, which are the main production units of railways. The departments manage the financial, production and economic activities of all production and linear divisions located within this railway: stations, terminals, railway tracks, track infrastructure, track structures, etc.

Consequently, the railway transport infrastructure is formed by linear and junction elements. Linear railways include the railways of a country or region. Nodal and point elements include passenger stations, stations, railway technical services. Let's look at them and the functions they perform in more detail.

Passenger stations– separate railway points where operations with passenger trains and wagons are carried out - formation, reception and dispatch, transit, maintenance of rolling stock, passenger service. Special stations are being built to serve passengers. Passenger stations are divided into through, hub, dead-end, combined, technical, and cargo-passenger stations.

Depending on the purpose, passenger stations have routes for receiving and departing passenger trains, performing shunting operations, temporary parking of trains; station buildings and pavilions for serving passengers and staff; platforms and transitions. The stations have technical services and parks, baggage and cargo services.

Train Station– a complex of buildings and structures specially designed and properly equipped to serve passenger trains and passengers. The station generally contains the station building itself with waiting rooms, ticket offices, catering facilities, baggage services, office premises, platforms, station tunnels and passages.

There are separate railway stations (to serve only trains long distance and suburban lines), semi-separate, when the station is structurally divided into two parts for long-distance and suburban lines, as well as single (the station is not divided into zones for long-distance and suburban trains; all platforms are located together and are used comprehensively). Depending on the location of the station buildings relative to the tracks, there are side buildings located on one side of the tracks, island buildings - the building is located between the tracks, dead-end buildings and channel buildings (underway and above the way).

Large railway stations have a huge capacity - up to 20 million passengers per year or more. At the same time, intense passenger flows are generated as trains depart and arrive. Accordingly, they are divided into departure passengers, arrival passengers, transit passengers, passengers of passing long-distance trains and passengers of tourist trains who have a long stay at this station. For each category of passengers, a zone, the area of station premises and a service system are determined.

At the stations themselves, passenger departure and arrival zones are allocated. This is important, especially at dead-end and hub stations, when more than 1000 passengers with luggage get off the train at the same time. The correct organization of service areas for passing high-speed trains is important. Station passages connect platforms, station premises, waiting rooms and the station area. Among them are transitions at the same level as the tracks, at the platform level, bridges and concourses, viaducts, ramps, tunnels, stairs, escalators.

The waiting rooms are designed for passengers of various categories, including transit, lounges for passengers with children and a comfortable waiting room for VIPs. In them or adjacent premises of the station there are toilets, shops, food outlets, bars, restaurants, ticket offices, information and service services, business centers, currency exchange offices, medical aid and security points.

Railway technical services are very diverse. In addition to the actual organization of train traffic and the technical maintenance of rolling stock, these services perform multiple responsibilities for booking and selling tickets to passengers, information functions, supplying fuel, water, bed linen, food, garbage and waste collection, and security.

Road transport infrastructure. Auto services used in the tourism industry include the following main areas: 1) organization of bus trips (including auto caravans); 2) organization of road trips: using own car; car rental at your place of permanent residence; car rental at a vacation spot.

International passenger transportation involves several modes of transport: air, international, sea and road, which includes cars and buses. At the present stage of development of international transport, road transport has a high share in the total volume of international passenger transport.

By 2007, the share of road transport decreased significantly and amounted to less than 40% due to an increase in the share of air transport in transport travel. However, road transport is still the leader in tourist transportation, fulfilling two main functions: independent type of travel and excursions; auxiliary (transfer) transport. It should be noted that 92% of all excursions are carried out using road transport.

The most popular tourist transport is the bus, in most cases it is the property of large tourism companies, associations, concerns, and associations. Other travel companies use the services of motor transport companies on the basis of long-term leases or one-time orders.

Tourist road transport is carried out mainly by bus (78%), cars (17%) and other types of road transport (5%). Possessing high maneuverability and mobility, tourist buses are unrivaled on short and medium-sized (up to 500 km) routes. Highly comfortable tourist buses are also used on long routes (tours around Europe, the Golden Ring, etc.). At the same time, tourists' rest at night is provided, as a rule, in hotels or motels (roadside hotels). According to the international classification, buses are certified according to a number of criteria according to categories (number of stars).

Tourist and excursion transportation is the most popular type of travel in our country. They are widely used by travel agencies in organizing domestic and inbound tourism. In particular, many travel agencies in the country are developing bus tours for both Russian and foreign tourists. foreign tourists. Such routes are classified according to a number of characteristics: time of implementation, duration, region, topic, travel conditions.

Most domestic tours typically range in length from one to ten days. For example, the most famous multi-day bus route (4-5 days) is the route through the cities of the Golden Ring. The themes of bus tourist and excursion routes are also very diverse. Tour operators offer religious programs (visits to monasteries and places of worship countries), pilgrimage tours, space tours (visits to cosmodromes, aviation and cosmonautics museums), theater tours (visits to the most famous theaters in Moscow and St. Petersburg), nature tours(outings, weekends, etc.), holiday tours (participation in festive events) and others. Non-traditional bus tours are also offered - sauna tour, jeeping, fishing and hunter tours, tasting and gastronomic tours.

In addition to organizing bus tourist and guided tours on domestic routes, charter unaccompanied tours and sightseeing trips are organized for independently formed groups of tourists. In the first case, buses are used for the organized delivery of sports fans, businessmen, scientists, and festival participants. In the second case, motor transport enterprises or travel agencies organize a short trip for everyone to some interesting city or suburban route accompanied by a guide.

International bus tours differ in duration, content of excursion programs and conditions of service during the trip. From the point of view of these factors, all international bus tours can be divided into economical, standard, branded and exclusive. IN economical tours the trip includes a varied excursion program, accommodation in 2-3 star hotels located on the outskirts of cities, and night transfers. IN standard tours one is expected night crossing, accommodation in 2-3 star hotels near metro stations or public transport lines, varied excursion program And free time V major cities. IN signature tours there are no night transfers, accommodation is organized in 3-5 star hotels located in the city center, a rich excursion program and free time in visited areas are provided populated areas. Exclusive Tours are formed on the basis of corporate ones; if desired, customer wishes are accepted.

Currently, international passenger transportation by bus in Russia actually represents two directions, namely, irregular transportation within the framework of international bus tourism and passenger transportation on regular basis. international lines. With the formation of the CIS, a significant change occurred in each of these areas of transportation activity.

In contrast to irregular transportation of tourists, international regular bus lines became widespread relatively recently, after Russia took the market path of development, which made it possible to provide the necessary regulatory framework and freedom of movement for Russian citizens abroad. One of the pioneers in this area was the Reichert company, which for the first time opened a regular route between Russia and Germany.

For more than ten years, the Eurolines bureau, an international association of road carriers that unites 35 of the largest European bus companies, has been operating in Moscow. For those who prefer to travel independently, bus system Eurolines is the most suitable way to travel, cheap and at the same time allowing you to see almost the whole of Europe. The Eurolines bus system currently connects more than 40 largest cities Europe: London, Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, Lyon, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, Cologne, Munich, Vienna, Basel, Madrid, Barcelona, Rome, Milan, Florence, Prague, Budapest, Warsaw, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Zurich, Bordeaux, Venice, Dublin, Krakow, Bratislava, etc.

Bus tourism. Bus tours– travel of groups of tourists on their own or rented buses. They can be carried out everywhere and with virtually no restrictions. Due to its mobility and relative independence from transport communications and schedules, bus travel allows you to organize routes according to interesting places at the most convenient time for tourists. Bus travel routes are divided into urban, suburban and intercity.

The advantages of bus tours are their relative cheapness: a bus trip costs about 1.5-2 times cheaper than a regular tour with air travel and the fact that the price of bus tours does not change throughout the season, regardless of demand. In organizing bus tourism, a lot of experience has been accumulated and there are long-standing traditions compared to other types of tourism. Possibility of inclusion in bus route small cities makes such trips convenient for family tourists and elderly people. Participation of cars and buses in international tourism reflects the ratio of individual and group tourism, since international bus tourism is mostly group tourism.

Modern bus tourism is currently characterized not only by quantitative growth, but also by constant qualitative change, expressed in a wide variety of use of buses in international tourism. A traditional type of international bus tourism is route trips, the essence of which is that programs for them are drawn up taking into account the maximum use of buses throughout the trip. Recently, combined bus tourism has developed - route tourism and recreation, attracting tourists with a combination of educational and recreational recreation.

Thus, international bus transportation is very popular among tourists in various countries. The main advantage of this type of transportation is the optimal price/quality ratio, which allows them to be used in mass international tourism. Currently, the global market for international bus transportation is experiencing rapid growth in sales volumes and quality service indicators.

There are two ways to organize irregular transportation of tourists:

1. A travel company develops a specific bus tour and entrusts transportation to a transport organization that develops the route, performs maintenance of the flight, etc.

2. A travel company rents a bus from a transport organization (or a private person) and carries out the transportation itself. However, in this case, such a company must have a license to transport passengers in international direction, necessary permits, etc.

Bus companies offer the following tour packages and bus rental service:

1. Charter tours– evening service, day trips to competitions, week-long trips - holiday tours;

2. Guided tours– trips of pre-planned groups lasting from five days to one month, accompanied by a leader;

3. Independently formed groups– the tour includes visits to cities and attractions using regular buses;

4. Flexible tours– combination bus transport with other vehicles.

The rights and obligations of the carrier and tourists are regulated by the contract of carriage, the contract for tourist services and the voucher. Bus travel can be organized on private buses owned by travel companies, as well as on rented buses owned by independent motor transport enterprises of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Currently, more than 30 carrier companies specializing in international tourism operate in Moscow alone: “ Old city", "Avtotour-Sputnik", "Avtotourtrans", "Inters", "Turtrans-Voyage", etc.

Automobile tourism and car rental. The advantage of using road transport is that it makes travelers independent in time, routes, and schedule. The main forms of autotourism are:

· individual tourism - a tourist, going on a trip, knows that no one guarantees him overnight accommodation and food (provided that it is long journey);

· organized tourism– travel of one or more cars according to a precise schedule and with a full range of services during stops;

· caravanning– a type of automobile tourism in which a caravan (caravan) is used as a means of accommodation.

A very common service among tourists, especially on stationary and resort tours. The leading car rental company in the world is Hertz. The competing company Avis in the mid-90s. XX century was named the best car rental company by the English magazine Institutional Investor.

Infrastructure aquatic species transport. The tourism industry has different forms of organizing travel, and one of them is cruises. Cruise is a tourist trip along a river or sea, usually calling at ports, on board a special passenger ship. Currently, dozens of cruise lines around the world operate hundreds of passenger ships, with a capacity from 70 to 2000-3000 passengers and offer exciting trips to almost any region of the world.

In essence, a cruise is a sea or river tour, the base price of which includes comprehensive services on board the ship. In particular: travel on the ship, accommodation in a cabin (depending on the chosen class), three meals a day, entertainment and, as a rule, a number of special events on board the ship (holidays, festivals, competitions, concerts, etc.).

The infrastructure of water recreation most often includes cruise companies and cruise ships which they own. The vast majority of the nearly fifty companies operating in the global cruise market are North American. But today there are no more than fifteen significant companies left, and due to the active process of their merger, this number is constantly decreasing. The top ten mega-companies include Carnival, Royal Caribbean, P&O Princess, Star Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Holland America Line, Festival, Crystal. Among the main market players, approximately 85% of companies are from the United States (often sailing under the flags of other states - Panamanian, Liberian, etc.). The top three leaders - Carnival, Royal Caribbean, P&O Princess and their affiliated companies - hold approximately 81% of the global cruise market.

Another feature of the modern cruise business is the emergence of giant ships. Leading cruise companies staged a real race of titans among themselves. In the next few years (2007-2010), about 50 more new-generation 4-5* class liners with a displacement of 70-100 thousand tons will be launched, which will replace ships built in the 80-90s. The new superliners will accommodate 2.5-3 thousand passengers, they are equipped with arcades of shops and restaurants, casinos, ice skating rinks and golf courses.

There are several common classifications passenger ships and cruise routes. The international association of cruise lines CLIA (Cruise Lines International Association), as well as the leading international cruise directories "Berlitz", "Fodor" divide sea routes depending on the cost of a day of accommodation into four categories: economical, classic, premium cruises and luxury cruises " First in international lists luxury companies include Silversea Cruises, the only one with a six-star category and operating on the ultra system all inclusive, and offering an upscale, but more affordable Crystal vacation.

In its turn, cruise ships classified by star rating - from 1 to 6 stars and groups: Standard (“2-4 stars”), Premium (“5 stars” - “5 stars plus”) and Lux (“6 stars”). Cruise ships are certified in 6 categories (stars). Only four ships in the world belong to the super-luxury category (6 stars). The cost of a cruise of this class is $6000-8000 per week. Here passengers are accommodated only in apartments. The price of this cruise includes everything, including tips. Vessels of this class are designed for 200 passengers and 150 crew members.

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1.3 Types and means of transport. Comparative analysis of modes of transport. The use of various modes of transport in tourism

The tourism industry uses the following types of transport: air, land and water.

The main means of transport are:

a) air - planes, helicopters, hang gliders, parachutes, paragliders, hot air balloons;

b) ground – trains, buses, cars, motorcycles, bicycles;

c) water - sea and river vessels, boats, yachts, motor boats, ferries.

Each of the listed types and means of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristic features (Table 1). To compare modes of transport, the following criteria are traditionally used: speed, comfort, safety and efficiency.

The fastest mode of transport is air. For long distances and transcontinental travel, the advantages of air transport are obvious.

Rail transport is considered the most comfortable and spectacular. This is due not only to the fact that the passenger’s movement is not limited within the compartment or carriage, and any position preferred by the person is possible (sitting, lying, etc.).

Even at the dawn of the development of railway transport, studies were carried out on the influence of train movement on the passenger’s condition.

Dr. K. Grum-Grzhimailo, after a series of studies, published the results in the popular St. Petersburg newspaper “Friend of Health,” which substantiated the beneficial effects of rail travel on blood circulation, digestion and the nervous system. Thus, with the beginning of the operation of railways, doctors began to prescribe not only sea and river walks, but also traveling by train. 1

Traveling by river and sea transport is also spectacular and comfortable. Modern ships offer an unusually wide range of modern services: superior accommodation, delicious meals, a lot of entertainment, etc. However, despite modern anti-sickness systems, due to the dependence of water transport on weather conditions, sometimes it is not possible for the liner to enter the port or comfortably deliver tourists to coast, in general, in terms of convenience, sea and river vessels are inferior to modern comfortable trains.

According to long-term statistical studies, road transport is the most dangerous. This is primarily due to the frequency of its use throughout the world and special operating conditions: the high dependence of safety on the qualifications, experience and discipline of all road users, the technical condition of vehicles, road surfaces, weather conditions, etc. At the same time, road transport is most accessible to everyone and least controlled.

Cost-effectiveness when choosing transport is determined primarily by the type of travel and its route. Sometimes, at distances of up to 1000 km, the cost of air travel does not exceed the cost of traveling by rail, while the time gain can be several hours. However, taking into account the procedures for completing formalities at the airport, the time it takes to travel to the airport and back, the time gain may be minimal. Over long distances, the speed advantages of air transport are obvious, because no amount of comfort can brighten up a multi-day trip in a confined space.

To fully characterize air transport, in addition to the listed advantages, its disadvantages should be indicated: the constantly growing cost of air transportation, the remoteness of airports, dependence on weather conditions, the complexity of passport and customs control procedures and special flight safety control, the presence of transits, and inconvenience.

Air transport, namely airplanes, are most often and traditionally used when traveling over long distances, when delivering to a destination. Helicopters – demonstration flights over cities, forests, lakes, jungles (sightseeing and panoramic excursions, air safaris). Balloons are sometimes used for these purposes. Small aircraft and helicopters are used to deliver divers and off-piste skiers (free riders) to the dive and launch site, which may be difficult to access. It is possible to use air transport for travel in the summer and on domestic routes, for example, Moscow-Kostroma, if there are people willing to travel this way.

Road transport, inferior in comfort to railway transport, allows you to make a stop along the way, does not require special stations or tracks, is practically independent of weather conditions, allows you to travel across borders and even, in combination with other modes of transport, make transcontinental travel. Its disadvantages are cost and accident rate. The disadvantages of water transport include low speed and dependence on weather conditions.

Road transport in tourism is used to organize bus tours, excursions, group and individual transfers.

Railway trains are traditionally used to transport tourists to destinations. In addition, there are the concepts of “tourist trains” and “railway tours”. For example, in domestic tourism: health trains for mushroom pickers and fishermen; on the road: “Glasser Express” (Switzerland), “Emperor” (Vienna-Salzburg); in the entry ticket: “Golden Eagle” (Russia).

Thus, a single criterion for selection vehicle for tourist travel does not exist, because each trip has its own parameters, and each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we go to Australia, then the plane is the only mode of transport that can take us to our destination. And if - to St. Petersburg, then the choice between an airplane, a train, or a car is made by the passenger, based on

due to personal preferences or circumstances.

Table 1 - Main characteristics various types transport

Advantages of different modes of transport

Disadvantages of various

types of transport

Air (aviation): 1) speed, possibilities of transcontinental travel;

2) designed for long-distance travel.

1) discomfort (limited, empty space is harmful to health);

2) the need for serious information preparedness of the passenger;

3) cost;

4) availability of transits (transfers);

5) inability to get out of the vehicle along the way;

6) dependence on weather;

7) in the event of an accident, rescue work is difficult, many people die;

8) remoteness of airports, travel time and formal procedures.

Groundth:

1) comfort (for railway transport);

2) the ability to exit the vehicle along the way;

3) for traveling a short distance;

4) efficiency;

5) relative independence from the weather;

6) in an accident, not the entire train perishes; effective rescue operations are possible.

1) accident rate (for road transport).

Water:

1) providing comfortable accommodation and high-quality service.

1) relatively low speed;

2) greatest dependence on weather;

3) high cost;

The role and place of air transport in tourism

Various modes of transport are used by tourism organizations to transport tourists during travel. The main share in the overall structure of transport services belongs to air transport. Largest quantity tourists, especially those traveling long distances, use aviation services.

Road transport can rightfully be called transport of universal use, since it is used everywhere: from transfers and excursions, intra-route transportation by buses to the rental of small cars by tourists for personal use on vacation. Buses and cars transport of local and intraregional importance. Bus excursion and educational tours with visits to several cities and places of interest are especially popular. For touristsIt’s convenient that they can travel along the route and within the city in their own transport .

The main competitor of buses in group transportation is the railway. Within our country, it has some priority over air transportation. The advantage of rail transportation is also morelow tariffs and (in foreign countries) an extensive system of discounts, travel tickets etc., allowing you to travel around much more low prices . However, neither bus nor rail transportdo not compete with aviation over long distances
Water transport, river and sea transport in themselves already evoke the image of a tourist - cruise service and are used quite actively in tourism. Water travel have a number of both advantages and disadvantages compared to other modes of transport.The most significant advantages are a high level of comfort, a large volume of one-time load, the possibility of implementing various types and purposes of tourism (educational, business tourism, educational, shopping tourism, etc.), good rest, full complex life support . The main disadvantages include the low speed of movementvehicles, high tariffs, limited mobility, and often the susceptibility of some people to “sea sickness” on sea cruises.

Air transport in tourist transportation

Airplanes are the most popular form of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

Firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;

Secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;

Thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay travel agencies a commission for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1 thousand airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation

The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, the French Air France, the German Lufthansa, the British British Airways, etc. The Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.

Air transport is regulated in three ways:

1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating on both domestic and international routes;

2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the relevant countries;

3) international regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines through the mediation of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party

One of the types of international regulation of air transportation is plans to createpool , connecting airlines operating on certain international routes.

Pool agreement connects airlines operating on the same international routes in order to optimize aircraft schedules, reduce the direction and regulate passenger flows during peak hours and periods, as well as in order to increase profits on these routes and its further distribution between airlines

A travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, working with stocks, tariffs and discounts provided by airlines.

Requirements of professional ethics when booking air tickets. To avoid additional inconvenience for air carriers, as well as to facilitate the booking process and improve the quality of service for travel agent passengers, you should adhere to the following simple rules:

Follow standard airline booking procedures as determined by your specific airline.

Never double book a passenger if they can't decide which flight to take. Moreover, never issue two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he will only be able to use one of them.

Regardless of the passenger's route, be sure to try, to the extent possible, to provide the airline with telephone numbers for emergency contact with the passenger along the route.

If the passenger changes the route, immediately cancel the corresponding reservation with the airline, and also refuse all other related services that are not required.

Strictly adhere to the deadlines and procedures for issuing tickets required by air carriers. Never issue a ticket with a guaranteed seat until the guarantee has been confirmed by the airline concerned.

All airline seat reservations must be carefully recorded and properly documented. Documents drawn up and copies remaining with the agent must necessarily contain an indication of the flight number, date and class of flight, status (guaranteed/non-guaranteed seat) of each individual flight, surnames and initials of passengers and their contact numbers or addresses. Promptly report receipt of all deposits on the prescribed form.

Agency agreement with the airline . In principle, some airlines consider as their agents all travel companies that have an agreement with them for a quota of seats. However, in its purest form, an agency agreement is work with stocks, i.e. when a travel company gets the opportunity to independently act as an airline agency selling air tickets (both for its tourists and just selling), which simplifies and speeds up the procedures for booking and issuing travel tickets documents. The travel company itself acts as a “ticket sales office” for the airline, that is, it issues tickets itself and has the appropriate computer equipment and the right to access the airline’s reservation network (for example, Gabriel at Aeroflot). This type of work with air tickets is called “working with stock of air tickets.”

Charter (aircraft rental ). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer and the airline determine the route, the responsibilities of the parties are negotiated, the compliance of the lease agreement with international rules is determined, and the cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded, which stipulates:

Type (make) of the aircraft;

Number of seats for sale;

Aircraft rental cost;

Route indicating departure and arrival airports;

Duration of the contract (season, year, etc.);

Regularity of flights;

Possibility and deadlines for cancellation (cancellation) of a flight and corresponding sanctions.

The peculiarity of charters is that one full flight (the second and penultimate flight - the first return after the first delivery and the last one there before the last delivery) is carried out without tourists: on the last flight the plane picks up the last tourists, but does not bring new ones, since it is no longer after them will return (i.e. for 10 tourist arrivals there are 11 flights). The formula N + 1 applies here. Thus, the largest number of flights during the period of validity of the air charter program reduces the costs of the “lost” flight, and therefore reduces the transportation tariff.

Soft block , in which the customer does not have any financial responsibility and has the right to completely or partially refuse his seats within a predetermined period, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal occurs after the established period, the customer will have to pay a fine. Typically, soft blocks are used quite rarely, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).

Hard block provides for strict contractual obligations regarding sales timing and payment. The customer makes an advance payment, the amount of which usually includes the cost of two paired flights. Tariffs for the sale of a hard block are approximately 5-10% lower than for the sale of a soft block. In addition, with a fixed block agreement, the operator and agent fix the price for the entire charter period, which gives sellers a good opportunity to vary prices during the “high” period of the season.

The most common sale of seats on charter flights is the so-called combined method, which combines elements of the two above-mentioned options. The total number of places included in the block being sold is divided in a certain proportion into two parts: one of which is sold according to the “hard” system, and the other - according to the “soft” system.

Often, the initiator of a charter program is not one, but several tour operators. At the same time, they agree in advance among themselves on the conditions for organizing flights.

Normal relations with airlines when leasing an aircraft provide for its payment according to the contract with a mandatory balance sheet after each flight.

Charter flights must not contradict the requirements of the Warsaw International Convention on the duties of the carrier to the passenger

When signing an agreement to organize a charter, the airline almost always puts the tour operator under strict conditions. First of all, the company requires an advance payment. Whatever its maximum amount, the airline always insists that the first and last payment be made in advance. last flights charter cycle. In this way, it insures itself and previously imported tourists against possible non-payments. Payment for flights is agreed upon in advance and is usually made 7-10 days before the start of the flight. In case of late payment, according to the contract, the company has the right to impose penalties on the customer or terminate existing contractual relations with him.

Currently, 315 airlines operate in the air transportation market in Russia. Of these, 96 have licenses to operate scheduled flights and carry 99% of the total volume of air passengers

Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian airline business. Aeroflot Russian Airlines international airlines» is the national flag carrier of Russia.