Traditions, culture of Great Britain and language. Natural and cultural monuments of Great Britain. History of British culture. Culture of Great Britain Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland

The island, proudly fenced off from the continent by the English Channel and Pas de Calais, is small in area. But it’s not for nothing that they call it “Great Britain”: the history of the island is full of greatness. Few states can compare with the United Kingdom in terms of influence on the development of European civilization. It is no wonder that millions of tourists strive to see the sights of Great Britain and the historical and cultural monuments located here.

It is difficult to grasp the immensity. To experience the spirit of Britain, you need to live here.

But even a short acquaintance with the sights of Great Britain will give the inquisitive traveler a lot of unforgettable impressions. The main thing is to choose from a long list interesting places the most attractive and think through the route well.

Proud England, London and other cities

England is the largest part of the United Kingdom by area. It is here that the capital of the state is located: crowded London, the first of the attractions of England. Tourists love to wander the streets of the historical part of the city, where every stone breathes antiquity. The royal dungeon, the gloomy Tower, still remembers its crowned prisoners. Walking along Tower Bridge, it is so easy to imagine historical events familiar from school years. The royal family still lives in Buckingham Palace. Tourists can see how the royal dogs walk in the garden, how the brave guardsmen in the famous bearskin hats take turns at the guard post. And hear the ancient clock chime on the majestic Big Ben tower guarding the walls of Westminster Abbey...

Tourists also enjoy visiting the new quarters of London - the City, where they can see real masterpieces of modern architecture.

The list of London attractions also includes:

  • St Paul's Cathedral;
  • Trafalgar Square;
  • the famous Ferris wheel called the London Eye;
  • Wembley Stadium.

Nature and animal lovers will enjoy a visit to London Zoo, one of the best in the world. The gardens and parks of London are worthy of attention, perfected over centuries by the hands of masters of landscape art.

The museums of London deserve special mention. This National Gallery and the British Museum, Baker Street Sherlock Holmes Museum and Museum wax figures Madame Tussauds. The Natural History Museum and the Tea and Coffee Museum offer interesting exhibitions.

And shopping lovers will definitely check out the Harrods store, which, according to Londoners, has almost everything. Unless, of course, appearance tourists will comply with the strict rules of this unique trading establishment.

Outside London, it is worth visiting Windsor Castle with its magnificent parks - the summer residence of the royal family. An hour and a half train ride away, near Salisbury, stands a silent group of Paleolithic megaliths - the world famous Stonehenge. In Lincoln, the attention of travelers is attracted by the majestic gothic cathedral, and in seaside Brighton it is impossible to miss the beautiful Royal Maritime Pavilion. The Shakespeare Museum is worth a visit in Stratford, and the university complexes in Oxford and Cambridge. In Nottinghamshire, it's a pleasure to wander the paths of Europe's most famous woodland: Sherwood Forest. However, the sights of England are only part of the cultural and natural wealth of Britain.

Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland

The country of proud highlanders and whiskey has a rather harsh climate. In Edinburgh, tourists enjoy visiting the Whiskey Museum, the buildings of the ancient university, the royal residence of Holyroodhouse, and Edinburgh Castle soaring above the city. In Glasgow, the Gothic Cathedral, the Transport Museum and the luxurious Botanical Garden are noteworthy. But this is not where the attractions of Great Britain end.

In the north-eastern part of Wales, travelers can marvel at the ancient, active and still navigable Pontcysyllte Aqueduct. In Northern Ireland, it is worth visiting an amazing natural monument - the listed stone Giant's Causeway World Heritage UNESCO. And if you cross the expanse of water to the Orkney Islands, you can explore the ancient and mysterious Tomb of the Eagles, discovered not so long ago by archaeologists. Ancient people lived in this inhospitable land, prayed to their harsh gods and sacrificed eagles to them. These are the conclusions that scientists made based on their research. And on the island of Jersey there is a wonderful zoo founded by the famous zoologist and writer Gerald Durrell. The zoo, which houses rare and endangered species of animals and birds, is rightfully considered one of the most interesting attractions in Britain.

Britain is rich in stunning beauty ancient castles and palaces that make up most of its attractions. But to see them, you usually have to deviate a little from the well-trodden tourist routes.

Most visited tourist sites

The city is considered the most attractive for tourists London, where is it concentrated a large number of architectural monuments, museums, theaters, etc. In the metropolitan South Kensington area there are the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum (the largest collection of decorative arts and design). The collection of the British Museum includes about 7.5 million exhibits. The London National Gallery, Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, Sherlock Holmes Museum, etc. are world famous. The symbols of London are the Tower, Westminster Abbey(English Gothic, XIII century), St. Paul (early 18th century), neo-Gothic Parliament building with Big Ben and Victory towers, classical ensembles Trafalgar Square and Bugingham Palace (19th century), neo-Byzantine Westminster Cathedral, etc. At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries. The Swiss (Gherkin) skyscraper and New City Hall were built in London. Excursion tours Periodically they are held at Buckingham Palace - the current royal residence, at the buildings of parliament, the Tower, London cathedrals, etc.

A number of famous theater scenes are concentrated in the capital. The West End area is home to several major theaters specializing in musicals, comedies and dramas. Among the classical theaters it stands out National Theater, the new Globe Theater and the Royal Court Theatre. The Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, the Royal Albert Hall and the Elizabeth II Theater are globally popular. Popular are the Hard Rock Cafe, which was visited by the Beatles, Elvis Presley, Elton John, Mick Jagger, etc., Club 100 - the famous oldest jazz club in England, as well as the Rock Secure Museum, in which presents an exhibition dedicated to the history of rock and pop music.

Tourists are attracted daily by the traditional changing of the guard at the royal Buckingham Palace and the ceremony of the keys - the ritual of closing the Tower. London amazes with the abundance of parks, the most famous of which are Hyde Park, Regent's Park with a zoo, Kew Haydns with a greenhouse, an aquarium and the Butterfly House, St. James's is the most old park capital Cities.

Durham is famous for its Norman cathedral, which was built on a wooded river cape. The cathedral is adjacent to an ancient castle. IN Stratford There is the Shakespeare House Museum and the Royal Shakespeare Theater. Cambridge And Oxford famous for their universities. On Salisbury Plain in the county U ILTSHIRE located Stonehenge- most famous megalithic structure Europe. Interesting in Northumberland Hadrian's Wall- remains of the border structures of the Roman Empire, and Northumberland National Park. County L ANCASHIRE famous Lake District- The Lake District with abundant green valleys, low mountains, picturesque lakes and villages. The region contains lakes Ullswater, Grasmere, Windermere, West Water and others. The capital of the county Sh ROPSHIRE - Shrewsbury- famous for its Romanesque buildings and medieval streets. Gorge Museum Iron Bridge(south of Telford) offers a display of British industrial archaeology.

Glasgow- most Big City Sh OTLAND- has a distinctive architectural appearance, combining Gothic, Italian Renaissance, Gregorian and Victorian styles. Here is the rich one Art Gallery Glasgow and Kelvingrove Museum, the famous "Burella Collection" - one of the largest private art collections in the world, Gallery of Modern Art. The Cathedral of St. gives a special flavor to the city. Mungo's, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow Botanic Gardens and Zoo.

Capital of Scotland - Edinburgh- famous for Castle Rock Castle, the majestic Church of St. Margaritas, royal palace Holyroad House ( former palace Mary Stuart). The city has preserved numerous ancient squares and shopping streets: Royal Mill, Princess Street, etc. The picturesque church of St. Gilles, the building of the Scottish Parliament, the home of the Protestant reformer of the 16th century. John Nonce. Here are the National Gallery of Scotland and the Portrait Gallery, the Royal Museum, the Museum modern history and history of Scotland.

Tourists are eager to visit Inverary to see a well-preserved 12th-century Gothic castle. on the shore of Lake Fine and the remains of a 4th century fort. Island worth visiting Arran, where the museum "Scotland in Miniature" is open. Located in the Edinburgh area Stirling- a beautiful old university town. They call it the "Edge of Waterfalls" Vale of Neath close National Park Brecon Beacons. The mountainous landscapes of Scotland have given it the reputation of being the most picturesque region of Great Britain. There are about 800 islands here, legendary lake Loch Ness, in whose waters the prehistoric monster Nessie allegedly lives, numerous whiskey factories.

Cardiff- historical, commercial and Cultural Center U ELSA. In the city it is worth visiting Cardiff Castle, Castle Coch Castle with a working drawbridge and cone-shaped turrets, Landaf Cathedral and the Church of John the Baptist (15th century). It is believed that there are more castles per square kilometer in Wales than anywhere else in the world. The most famous castles of the "defensive ring", built during the time of King Edward I: the castle Harlech, Conwy, Beaumaris on the island of Anglesey and the impressive castle Karanarvon.

From natural attractions WITH NORTHERN IRELAND can be distinguished "Giant's Causeway"- a rock formation consisting of thousands of hexagonal basalt columns reaching 6 m in height.

“On the grounds of the Stowe estate there is a magnificent garden, created by order of Lord Cobham, and today famous throughout the world. The landscape park at the Stowe estate was created in three stages, the first of which...”

Audley End Mansion and Garden « Audley End Mansion was built in the 17th century as a country house for fun. The Victorian-style service wing has a separate kitchen, laundry facilities, ..."


Mount Stewart “Mount Stewart House is a lovely 19th century house with a superb interior. The estate gained its fame due to its beautiful gardens. Today Mount Stewart belongs to the National Trust, but previously it belonged to the seven...”


Holyrood Park "Holyrood Park is royal park with many hills, dams, valleys, mounds and cliffs, occupying more than 650 acres of land. There are many historical and archaeological sites in the park...”


Petworth House and Park Petworth House is a mansion built at the end of the 17th century. In 1688, the mansion was rebuilt by Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, and in the 70s. XIX century reconstructed by Antoni Salvi. ..."


Regent's Park "Regent's Park" literally means Regent's Park. This is one of the main royal parks in London. It is located in the northern part of the capital, on the border of the districts of Westminster and Camden. Most of territory..."


Tatton Park Tatton Park is a large and picturesque 2,000-acre park located in Cheshire, UK. The park was planned by designer Humphrey Repton in 1791. Originally it belonged to...”


Whipsnade Zoo “Whipsnade Zoo, owned by the Zoological Society of London, is spread over 600 acres. This is the largest zoo in the UK, which is located, moreover, in a very... "


Thorpe Park The Thorpe Park theme park covers 500 acres of land and is located in Surrey, near London. One of Europe's leading holiday parks has entertainment for people of all ages. The seekers of the rest...”


Leeds Castle: Yew, Turf Maze and Grotto "You can truly enjoy plunging into the intricate Yew Maze, created in 1988, and returning to civilization through an underground grotto full of mystical creatures and beasts carved from..."


Dewstow Gardens and Grottoes “Dewstow House was built before l804. The gardens spread out on its territory after 1895, but were destroyed after the Second World War. Only in 2000, upon completion of large-scale restoration...”


Woodhenge “Woodhenge is a Neolithic monument dating back to around 2300 BC. It was discovered in 1925 during an aerial photographic survey led by Alexander Keiler. It consisted of a central burial...”

The outstanding Russian and Belarusian musicologist, TV presenter, musician Mikhail Kazinik will give the only concert in London “Music of Eternal Bloom”! An incredible interweaving of bizarre baroque, reasonable classics and crazy romance will sound in masterpieces of music of the 17th-19th centuries. The program includes works by Carelli, Bach, Mozart, Schumann and others. Musician and artist, virtuoso and amazing storyteller! Mikhail Kazinik’s concerts all over the world are always sold out and an aesthetic pleasure for spectators of any age.

Lyrical comedy “And it’s bitter again!” Cast: Marina Dyuzheva Sergey Stepanchenko Valentin Smirnitsky Olga Miropolskaya This is a story about how friends help spouses who have been married for 25 years to reunite their family, returning love and happiness. An eternal and topical story about the difficulties of a long family life, when routine destroys reverent relationships and you already want to run away headlong. Easily and with humor, the authors of the play will show the audience how to get the key to understanding each other, regardless of the number of years they have lived together.

The English irregular verb trainer will help you remember their spelling and meaning. Fill in the empty cells. If you spelled it correctly, the word will change color from red to green. Refresh the page or click the "Start Again" button and you will see the new order of empty cells. Train again!

Modal verbs in English language is a class of auxiliary verbs. Modal verbs are used to express ability, necessity, certainty, possibility or likelihood. We use modal verbs if we talk about abilities or possibilities, ask or give permission, ask, offer, etc. Modal verbs are not used independently, but only with the infinitive of the main verb as a compound predicate.

World Heritage Sites in the UK

In 2012, the British government submitted an application to UNESCO for the Scottish Bridge, which connects Edinburgh and Fife, to be included in the list. world cultural heritage list. This is a slow process - within 18 months, UNESCO representatives will assess the significance of this site for world culture. The Forth Bridge was the first significant steel structure - it is more than a mile and a half long. Its construction, which began in 1883, took more than 7 years and required the efforts of thousands of people to complete. There are now 12 more sites on UNESCO's pending list of UK heritage sites.

There are 28 sites in the United Kingdom on the current UNESCO World Heritage List, located on both British Isles, and in overseas territories. Let's take a short trip to these wonderful places.

Blaenavon Industrial Landscape. Industrial landscape of the Welsh town of Blaenavon . A major producer of coal and iron in the 19th century, the town has become a symbol of South Wales' contribution to the Industrial Revolution. The protected complex includes: coal and ore mines, primitive Railway, blast furnaces, miners' houses, etc.

. Blenheim Palace , located near Oxford, is surrounded by a romantic park created by the famous landscape master Brown. This palace was given as a gift from Queen Anne to John Churchill, the first Earl of Marlborough, for his victory over French and Bavarian troops in 1704. The palace is a magnificent example of 18th century English architecture.

Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church. Canterbury Cathedral . Canterbury is a city in the county of Kent, for many centuries it has been the seat of the supreme ecclesiastical authority - the Bishop of Canterbury. The main monument of the city is the Church of St. Martin - the oldest surviving church in England. The complex also includes the ruins of the monastery of Sant'Augustin, reminiscent of St. Augustine's role in the baptism of the Anglo-Saxons, and the Cathedral, a unique combination of Gothic and Romanesque styles.


Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd. Castles and fortresses of King Edward I in the ancient principality of Gwynedd (North Wales) . The castles of Beaumaris and Harlech were built under the direction of the famous medieval military engineer James of St. George. The complex also includes the fortresses of Caernarfon and Conwy. All buildings are well preserved and represent monuments from the era of England's colonization of Wales during the time of King Edward I (1272–1307).


City of Bath. City of Bath . Built like a Roman thermal resort, Bath has become important center wool production in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, under King George III, it became an example of Palladian architecture, with magnificent neoclassical palaces and Roman baths complementing each other wonderfully.


. Mining landscape of Cornwall and West Devonshire . The discovery of significant copper and tin reserves in Cornwall and Devon in the 18th century transformed the rural landscapes of these counties. The cultural heritage monument now includes the mines and machine rooms, blast furnaces, towns, ports and harbors of this industrial area. At the beginning of the 19th century, 2/3 of the world's copper production came from this small English region. Cornish copper mining and processing technology became a world classic, and when copper reserves in the region became depleted by the mid-19th century, workers and engineers dispersed throughout the world. For example, in South Africa, in South and Central America The machine rooms of the ore mines still function according to the Cornish model.


. Textile mills in the Derwent Valley. This historical-industrial complex includes several cotton textile factories from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as workers' houses surrounding the factories. The complex reflects the socio-industrial development of the region during the Industrial Revolution.


Durham Castle and Cathedral. Durham Castle and Cathedral. Durham Cathedral was built in the late 11th and early 12th centuries as the site of the relics of St Cuthbert (the baptist of Northumbria) and the Venerable Bede. This cathedral is a magnificent example of Norman architecture. During its construction, innovative vault design technology was used - a harbinger of the Gothic style. The complex includes the ancient Norman castle of the Prince-Bishops of Durham.


Frontiers of the Roman Empire.Roman era fortified line. This complex includes preserved parts of the border fortifications of the Roman Empire, built in the 2nd century. AD In ancient times this border line was known as the Roman Limes. In Great Britain there is only a part of these fortifications - 550 km - the so-called Hadrian's Wall. The complex includes: the remains of ramparts, walls and ditches, about 900 watchtowers, 60 forts and civilian settlements.


. Neolithic monuments on the Orkney Islands. This is a group of Neolithic monuments dating back to the third millennium BC. It is a complex of funerary, ritual and domestic structures and reflects the socio-cultural development of the Orkney Islands (north of Scotland).


Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda. Historical city St. George and its fortifications, Bermuda . The city of St. George, founded in 1612, is a magnificent example of the first British settlements in the New World.


.Iron Bridge in Shropshire - the first metal bridge in the world. The complex also includes the Coalbrookdale Blast Furnace, built in 1708, and the Hay Brook Valley Museums. The site illustrates the industrial development of the West Midlands region in the 18th and 19th centuries.


Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City. Liverpool - a center of shipping and trade. The complex includes 6 historical districts Liverpool, which reflect the city's role in the expansion of the British Empire and the development of new territories. In the 16th to 19th centuries, the city became a center for the slave trade, with ships transporting emigrants to North America departing from here.


Maritime Greenwich. Marine Greenwich (London). Complex historical buildings 16-18 centuries and a park in Greenwich, a suburb of London. The site includes the Royal Maritime Academy, designed by Christopher Wren, and Queen House, designed by Inigo Jones, the first Palladian building in England. In the park, which was organized according to the sketches of Andre Le Nôtre, there is the Old Royal Observatory.


New Lanark. New Lanark - a picturesque village in Scotland. In the 19th century, there was an ideal industrial community founded by the utopian socialist Robert Owen (1771-1858). This is a complex of textile factories powered by water engines, spacious workers' houses, institute buildings and schools for workers.


Old and New Towns of Edinburgh. Old and New town in Edinburgh . Old city includes medieval buildings and a fortress, and the buildings of the New Town are an excellent example of classicist architecture. The uniqueness of Edinburgh, which has been the capital of Scotland since the 15th century, lies in the harmonious combination of medieval and classical architecture.


Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret's Church. Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church (London).

The Palace of Westminster, rebuilt during the reign of Queen Victoria, is an outstanding example of neo-Gothic architecture from the mid-19th century. The site includes the small church of St Margaret's, built in the Perpendicular Gothic style, as well as Westminster Abbey, where all British monarchs have been crowned since the 11th century.


.Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal. Located in north-east Wales, the 18-kilometre aqueduct is a triumph of engineering from the Industrial Revolution. The project was led by a famous engineer of the time, Thomas Telford. The aqueduct's metal structures, monumental and elegant, have become a source of inspiration for many engineers around the world.


Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Royal botanical gardens to Kew . A monument to landscape art of the 18th-20th centuries. The gardens were founded in 1759, and since then they have painstakingly collected herbariums, documents and living plants from all over the world.


Saltaire. Saltair. Factory village in West Yorkshire. A monument to the Industrial Revolution, including textile factories, public buildings and residential buildings, all built in the same style. The village was founded by businessman and mayor of Bradford, Titus Salt, and is a magnificent example of Victorian philanthropic paternalism.


Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites. Megalithic monuments Stonehenge, Avebury. Megalithic monuments in Wilshire County are perhaps the most famous buildings this period in the world. The objects consist of vertical stones – menhirs. And the megalithic circle of Avebury is the largest monument of its kind in the world. The circumference of the structure exceeds 1.3 km. It consists of 180 vertical parallel stones. Silbury Hill, part of the site, is the largest mound in Europe. Built around 2400 BC. BC, the mound is 39.5 m high and contains half a million tons of limestone. Scientists around the world are still arguing why the ancestors of modern Britons built these structures.


Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey. Studley Royal Park and Fountains Monastery ruins. The ruins of the Cistercian monastery of Fountains, founded in 1132 and destroyed in 1539, and Fountains Hall Castle in Yorkshire. Fountains Hall was built from stone quarried from the destruction of the abbey. The complex includes the neo-Gothic church of St. Mary at Studley Royal and magnificent parks.


. Tower of London. A typical example of Norman military architecture. The White Tower was built by William the Conqueror as a symbol of the conquest of Britain. In the 13th and 14th centuries, a wall was added to the tower, which became one of the symbols of London. In the history of the country, the Tower played a sinister role, becoming an unwitting witness to countless tortures and executions.


. Dorsetshire and East Devonshire coast. The coast of southern England is of geological, paleontological and geomorphological interest. The fossils found here reflect virtually the entire biological evolution during the Mesozoic era (251-66 million years ago), and date back to the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. South coast England became one of the first objects for study by paleontologists and many of the discoveries made here are textbook ones.

The site includes a number of coastal areas where Mesozoic natural resources are well preserved: a variety of vertebrates, invertebrate animals and plants. Among the finds are dinosaur footprints, including flying and marine reptiles. This area is a rich source of ammonites. The Isle of Portland has well-preserved remains of an ancient forest from the Late Jurassic period.

The area is also studied by geologists, and the beaches of Chesil are among the best studied in the world.


Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast. Causeway Coast. According to legend, the giant wanted to cross the sea separating Northern Ireland and Scotland, and for this he built a stone pavement. The Causeway Coast is a basaltic stretch of coastline in Northern Ireland, at the northern tip of the Antrim Plateau. About 40 thousand huge basalt stones ( average height– 100m) rise out of the water, resembling a paved road. Geologists claim that this miracle appeared in the Tertiary period, about 50-60 million years ago, as a result of numerous volcanic eruptions. This is the largest volcanic plateau in Europe (more than 3800 sq. km).


Gough and Inaccessible Islands, located in the South Atlantic, are some of the most untouched by human activity on Earth. The marine ecosystem of the islands is unique, represented by numerous marine mammals and birds (some of them are endemic).


Henderson Island. Henderson Island located in South Oceania, in the central part Pacific Ocean. An atoll virtually untouched by human activity, where nature and many endemic species of plants and birds have been preserved in their original form.


St Kilda. St Kilda Islands. A picturesque volcanic archipelago northwest of Scotland. The islands' highest sea cliffs in Europe are home to countless colonies of seabirds. People lived here for 2 thousand years, and for more than 80 years people have not lived on the archipelago, but traces of their life are well preserved: stone buildings, stone-fenced fields, a church.

Britain had colonies all over the world for decades. to the globe, and therefore its contribution to culture can be considered one of the most significant in the world. English traditions have become a household name, and the culture of Great Britain influenced the development of music and painting, architecture and theater, fashion and literature among many nations.

Build to last

One of the main cultural features of the United Kingdom is its famous architectural monuments. England once became an influential architectural center, and many styles were reflected in its buildings. The famous Caterbury Cathedral, now under the protection of UNESCO, was built on the site where St. Augustine of Canterbury conducted mass baptisms local residents- the first Christians on the territory of the future Great Britain.
The architecture of Foggy Albion is closely connected with the history and political initiatives of the country. The Renaissance did not bring the same magnificent prosperity as on the mainland, but classicism took root and became the main direction in the construction of buildings and structures at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Gothic and neo-Gothic styles of architecture turned out to be no less popular on the islands. Among the main cultural monuments of Great Britain are Westminster Abbey, the Tower, the ensemble of Trafalgar Square, the castles of Scotland, and Buckingham Palace.

Shakespeare House

Literary researchers can argue for as long as they like whether Shakespeare existed, but his contribution to the world cultural heritage no one doubts it. Those who dream of going to the theater from which the victorious march of famous productions began around the world should book a tour to London. The Globe building is located here and a troupe of actors performs in which Shakespeare himself played four centuries ago. Other venues in the UK are no less popular among theatergoers:

  • Royal Opera theatre.
  • Edinburgh Theater Festival.
  • New Cardiff Theatre.
  • London Coliseum.
  • Irish Literary Theatre.

Many productions are performed in languages ​​and dialects adopted in Ireland and Scotland, which greatly contributes to the preservation of the unique culture of Great Britain.

Literary heritage

The United Kingdom has given the world several dozen poets and writers who have become beloved by millions of readers in different countries. The list of literary giants includes D. G. Byron and Agatha Christie, Lewis Carroll and Walter Scott, Oscar Wilde and Bernard Shaw.