Presentation on the topic of the Crimean peninsula. Crimea has a huge number of attractions. A month is not enough to examine everything carefully. View from outside
The Crimean peninsula has attracted the attention of travelers since ancient times. In Crimea, in addition to stunning natural beauty (steppes, mountains, sea coast, high mountain plateau and deep caves), there are also historical and architectural monuments of all historical periods.
When traveling to Crimea, I recommend visiting the Alupka Palace Museum. The palace was built by the English architect Edward Blore. The palace harmoniously entered the landscape of the southern coast of Crimea. We'll start our tour of the palace from the wide front courtyard. You can get here on foot from Miskhor or by sea along the southern coast.
Our next visit will be to the city of Bakhchisaray or “Palace-Garden” (the capital of the Crimean Khanate located in the Churuk-Su valley). Here is the Bakhchisarai Palace, built at the beginning of the 16th century by order of Adil Sahib Giray. The architectural style of the palace was defined as “Asian Baroque” with architectural elements. Seljuks and the peoples of Asia Minor, as well as the Baroque and Renaissance styles.
Our next visit will be the Livadia Palace (the summer residence of the last emperor of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II), which is located in Yalta. The archit was built. Nikolai Krasnov. Italian Renaissance style. The palace is a whole complex - the Great Livadia Palace, a building for the retinue, a palace for the minister Baron Fredericks, the Church of the Exaltation and an Italian courtyard. It was in this palace that the Yalta conference of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition took place and the decision was made to create the UN.
Be sure to visit the Massandra Palace, which is located between Alushta and Yalta on the highway " Big Yalta"And a trolleybus runs from Yalta towards the palace (stop "Upper Massandra"). The palace is surrounded by a park of 6 hectares. When built, the palace was intended only for recreation.
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History of Crimea Compiled by: history teacher MBOU secondary school No. 26, Krasnoyarsk Besedina E.V.Slide 2
Ancient history The oldest inhabitants of Crimea are the Cimmerians (XII century BC). In the middle of the 7th century. BC e. part of the Cimmerians was pushed back by the Scythians. Here, in the foothills and mountains of Crimea, the Tauri lived. (Tavria) remains of fortified shelters and residential buildings of the Taurians, their cromlechs - ring-shaped fences made of vertically placed stones
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Greek past In the VI – V centuries. BC e., immigrants from Hellas founded their trading colonies on the coast of Crimea. In the first half of the 5th century. BC e. on the shores of the Black Sea two independent Greek states. Republic of Chersonese (peninsula) Tauride, which included the lands of western Crimea. The other is the Bosporan autocratic state, whose capital was Panticapaeum (“the way of the fish”).
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Change of tribes The Scythian state in Crimea existed until the second half of the 3rd century. n. e. and was destroyed by the Goths. Under the powerful onslaught of the Huns in the 4th century. AD they were forced to leave for the mountainous regions of Crimea, where they gradually mixed with the descendants of the Tauro-Scythians. TO historical monuments that period include the so-called cave cities, located in the Bakhchisarai region and in the Sevastopol area. In the second half of the 4th century, the invasion of Asian barbarians - the Huns - began.
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Byzantium and Crimea After the collapse of the Roman Empire (VI century), Crimea fell into the sphere of influence of Byzantium. The Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527–565), trying to strengthen his position in Tauris and protect the Byzantine possessions on the coast from steppe nomads, built fortresses
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Kievan princes in Crimea At the end of the 8th - beginning of the 9th centuries, after the emergence of the state of Kievan Rus, the Kievan princes, pursuing political goals that were related to trade, organized campaigns in the Crimea, to South coast. In 988 (according to other sources - in 989), the prince of Kievan Rus Vladimir, having occupied Korsun, was officially baptized here.
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Mongol-Tatars in the 12th century. most of the peninsula became Polovtsian. The Mongol-Tatars first entered Crimea in 1223. Tavria was conquered by the Mongols in the first half of the 13th century. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the remnants of the Tatar-Mongols in Crimea were influenced by Turkic speech and were Turkified.
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Ottoman Empire Since 1475, Crimea was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. The main occupation of the Crimean Tatars (as they began to be called much later) in the south was gardening and viticulture. In the Middle Ages, located at the crossroads of the most important trade routes, Crimea played a prominent role in international trade. Goods went to Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Constantinople, Syria, Iran, the Caucasus, and Khorezm.
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The struggle for access to the sea From 1575 to 1637. Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks made about 20 trips across the Black and Azov Seas. In 1628, a 4,000-strong Cossack army led by Hetman Doroshenko broke into Crimea. In 1637, the Don Cossacks, with the participation of the Cossacks, captured the Turkish fortress of Azov. (temporarily)
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Campaigns of Sophia and Peter I The Crimeans raided the lands north of the Black Sea region, captured prisoners and sold them to Turkey. Princess Sophia organizes trips - unsuccessfully. Peter I decided, instead of going to the Crimea, to strike at the Turkish fortress of Azov. And he made the Azov campaigns in 1695-1696 However, to gain access to the Black Sea through Kerch Strait Peter failed: he remained under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
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Catherine II The Russian-Turkish War of 1768-74 put an end to Ottoman rule and, according to the peace treaty of 1774, the Ottomans renounced their claims to Crimea. But the raids continued. The Second War with Turkey in 1791. In 1792, the Treaty of Iasi was signed, which consolidated Russian influence in Bessarabia and Transcaucasia, as well as the annexation of Crimea.
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Crimean War In June 1854, the Anglo-French flotilla began shelling Russian coastal fortifications in the Crimea, and already in September the Allies (Great Britain, France, Ottoman Empire) began landing in Yevpatoria. In October the siege of Sevastopol began. On September 11, 1855, Sevastopol fell, but was returned to Russia at the end of the war in exchange for certain concessions.
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1917 Pro-Soviet forces from among soldiers and workers proclaimed the Taurida SSR as part of the RSFSR at the beginning of 1918, April-June 1919 - the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR; The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is a state entity on the territory of Crimea formed from part of the former Tauride province of the Russian Empire, which occupied the area of the Crimean peninsula. Existed in 1921-1946. as part of the RSFSR
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Crimea during the war In November 1941, the Red Army was forced to leave Crimea. On April 11, 1944, the Soviet Army began an operation to liberate Crimea. The war sharply aggravated interethnic contradictions in Crimea, and in May-June 1944, people were evicted from the territory of the peninsula Crimean Tatars(183 thousand people, Armenians, Greeks and Bulgarians.
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Post-war Crimea Since 1946, instead of autonomy, the Crimean region existed. In 1948, Sevastopol received the status of a city of republican subordination of the RSFSR, which was equal to the status of the Crimean region.
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Transfer of Crimea In 1954, due to the difficult economic situation on the peninsula, the Soviet leadership decided to transfer Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR with the following wording: “Taking into account the commonality of the economy, territorial proximity and close economic and cultural ties between the Crimean region and the Ukrainian SSR.” On February 19, 1954, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a Decree “On the transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR.”
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1990s On August 24, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR adopted the Act of Independence of Ukraine. On September 4, 1991, the session of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic, which speaks of the desire to create a legal democratic state within Ukraine. On May 5, 1992, the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea adopted the declaration “Act on the Declaration of State Independence of the Republic of Crimea,” but then, under pressure from Ukraine, he reversed this decision. At the same time, the Russian parliament voted to cancel the 1954 decision to transfer Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR. On May 6, 1992, by decision of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the position of President of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was introduced. In May 1994, the situation escalated when the Crimean parliament voted to restore the 1992 constitution, effectively making Crimea independent from Ukraine. However, the leaders of Russia and Ukraine prevented violence from breaking out. In March 1995, by decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the President of Ukraine, the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Crimea was abolished and the presidency in Crimea was abolished. Crimea at home On March 16, a referendum was held, more than 90% voted “For the reunification of Crimea with Russia as a subject Russian Federation» On March 17, 2014, the independent Republic of Crimea was proclaimed, in which the city of Sevastopol has a special status. On March 18, 2014, an agreement was signed on the entry of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol into the Russian Federation as subjects of the Russian Federation. Slide 20
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“There are corners of our earth so beautiful that every visit to them evokes a feeling of happiness, fullness of life, and tunes our entire being to an unusually simple and fruitful lyrical sound. This is Crimea... Everyone who has visited Crimea takes with them regret and slight sadness, which is caused by memories of childhood, and the hope of seeing this midday land again.”
K.G.Paustovsky
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Geographical information
Crimea has a unique combination of reliefs - there are steppe plains and Mountain peaks, cooled volcanoes and mud hills, cozy bays and steep cliffs.
The most picturesque part of Crimea is the Southern Coast of Crimea (SC). The nature here itself is rich, unique and romantic. It’s not for nothing that the southern coast is called the Crimean paradise.
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The southern coast of Crimea became known as resort area from the middle of the 19th century. Due to its popularity among the aristocracy of the Russian Empire in late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, intensive construction of light palaces and villas was carried out here, of which the most famous are the Livadia, Massandra, Vorontsov, Yusupov and Dulber palaces.
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The Crimean rivers are small, but truly: the spool is small, but expensive. There are more than 150 rivers and streams in Crimea. Most of them are no more than 10 km long. Almost everything starts in the mountains. There, in damp and gloomy gorges, bright springs emerge into the wild. Their waters merge with each other and run merrily down the rocky steep riverbeds.
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Kara-Dag
On the southeastern coast of Crimea, between Sudak and Feodosia, is located one of the rarest and most amazingly beautiful corners - mountain range Kara-Dag. The name “Kara-Dag” came to us from the Middle Ages and in Turkic languages means “black mountain”. This mountain range first attracted the attention of scientists in the 18th century. In terms of the expressiveness of the landscapes, the outstanding geologist, academician A.P. Pavlov compared Kara-Dag with the world-famous Yellowstone National Park.
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Baydar Valley
In the suburbs of Sevastopol there is the well-known Baydar Valley.
The valley looks like a volcano crater or a UFO landing site. It is located in a natural amphitheater, surrounded on all sides by mountains. The height of the valley is about 260 meters above sea level, length 16 km, width 8 km. The Chernaya River flowing through the valley is blocked by a dam before entering the Chernorechenskoye Gorge. The result was the Chernorechenskoe reservoir, which feeds fresh water Sevastopol and Foros.
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Mount Ayu-Dag
Mount Ayu-Dag is located on the southern coast of Crimea, east of Gurzuf. The height of the mountain is 565 meters, length 2.5 km, age 161 million years. By origin, Ayu-Dag is a “failed volcano” - laccolith. Once upon a time, magma rose from the depths of the earth, but did not find a way out and froze in the form of a huge dome. The sediments eroded over time and the dome was exposed. The mountain is made of diorite. Its resemblance to a bear, which, as if overcome by thirst, fell to the sea to drink, has long been surprising and has given rise to many legends about this natural monument.
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National composition
According to estimates for 2014, in terms of population, the Republic of Crimea ranks 26th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Russians are the predominant nationality in both cities and villages. However, in rural areas their predominance is relative, since among the villagers there is a higher proportion of Ukrainians and especially Crimean Tatars.
By the way, today, out of 2 million 200 thousand inhabitants of the Crimean peninsula, there are almost one and a half million Russians, 350 thousand Ukrainians, and about 290-300 thousand Crimean Tatars, who predominantly consider Russian their native language. And this once again proves the inextricable connection between Crimea and Russia.
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Dzhankoy district (Ukrainian: Dzhankoy district, Crimean Catholicate. Canköy rayonı, Dzhankoy districts) is one of 14 districts of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Located in the steppe Crimea, in the Sivash region in the north of the republic. The relief is flat, most The area is occupied by plowed steppe. The city of Dzhankoy, which is the center of the region, is not itself part of it. The North Crimean Canal, the main water artery, passes through the territory of the Dzhankoy district northern Crimea, which supplies the republic with water from the Dnieper. Dzhankoy
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Krasnoperekopsk
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SEVASTOPOL
Sevastopol is a resort city on Black Sea coast Crimea, in Ukraine, a hero city. Population - 379,200 people, area - 1079 sq. km. Founded in 1783 after the conquest of Crimea by the Russian Empire as a fortress and, subsequently, a port. Sevastopol today is the largest ice-free sea trade and fishing port, industrial, scientific, technical, recreational and cultural-historical center of Crimea and the South of Ukraine. The bases of the Russian and Ukrainian navies are located in Sevastopol. COUNTY pier
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BAKCHISARAI
Several settlements have long existed on the territory of present-day Bakhchisarai. By the time the city was formed in the first half of the 16th century. among them there were three main ones: the fortress city of Kyrk-Era on a mountain cape (now known as Chufut-Kale), the village of Salachik in the gorge at the foot of Kyrk-Era and the village of Eski-Yurt at the exit from the valley. Since the time of the Golden Horde, administrative centers have existed in Salachik and Kirk-Era. At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, Khan Mengli I Giray launched urban construction in Salachik, planning to turn it into a large metropolitan center.
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ALUPKA
This city is located 17 km west of Yalta. It stretches 4 km along the sea. Its palaces, villas, and healing places face the gentle sea. And from northern winds they are reliably closed by the gigantic wall of the Ai-Petri plateau. Air humidity does not exceed 70%, the number of sunny days per year reaches 246. There are 14 sanatoriums. For 200 years, the most severe ailments - bone tuberculosis and lung diseases - have been cured here.
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Alexander Pushkin “Tavrida. 1821.”
Who has seen the land where the oak groves and meadows are enlivened by the luxury of nature, where the waters rustle and sparkle merrily and the peaceful shores caress...
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Geographical location is the location of any geographical feature(natural or man-made) in relation to the surface of the Earth and in relation to other objects with which it interacts.
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Crimea is an amazing treasury, a natural museum keeping the secrets of thousands of years. A.S. Griboyedov
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Crimea on the map
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The Crimean Peninsula occupies a relatively small territory - its area is 20 times smaller than the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, and 15 times smaller than Kamchatka and Asia Minor. But Crimea became famous, significant and attractive largely due to the peculiarities of its nature, and above all its unique geographical location. The most southern point Crimea (44° 23") - Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost (46° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. The westernmost point of Crimea (32°29") is Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula. The easternmost (36°39") is Cape Lantern on the Kerch Peninsula. The area of the Crimean Peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km.
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Crimea is rightly called a natural pearl. Here, at the junction of temperate and subtropical latitudes, a variety of landscapes have formed, including mountains and plains, ancient volcanoes and modern mud hills, seas and lakes, forests and steppes, stretching from the South Coast sub-Mediterranean to the semi-desert Sivash region...
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Crimea is located in the latitudinal zone Globe, located at equal distances from the equator and the North Pole (approximately 5 thousand kilometers each). In the north, the peninsula is attached to the mainland by the narrow (7-23 km) Perekop Isthmus. From the west and south, the peninsula is washed by the Black Sea, from the east by the Kerch Strait (the border with Asia!) and in the northeast by the Sea of Azov and its Sivash Bay.
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The CLIMATE of most of Crimea is a temperate climate: mild steppe - in the flat part; more humid, characteristic of deciduous forests - in the mountains. South Coast Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate of dry forests and bushes.
Crimea, especially its mountainous part, thanks to its comfortable climate, rich clean air, toned with phytoncides, sea salts, and the pleasant aroma of plants, also has great healing powers. The depths of the earth also contain healing mud and mineral waters.
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Reservoirs of Crimea
In Crimea there are 1657 rivers and temporary watercourses with a total length of 5996 km. Of these, about 150 rivers are dwarf rivers up to 10 km in length. The Salgir River alone is more than 200 km long. The river network is developed extremely unevenly on the peninsula. There are also more than 300 lakes and estuaries. Almost all the lakes are saline and are located along the coast, in the low-lying steppe part and several desalinated lakes. Koyashskoye Lake Churbashskoye Chokrakskoye Terekly (Salty) Ak-Mechetskoye Liman and others.
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MOUNTAINS OF CRIMEA Mount Demerdzhi
Mountain system formed by three mountain ranges stretching from Cape Aya in the vicinity of Balaklava in the west to Cape St. Ilya near Feodosia in the east. Length Crimean mountains about 160 km, width about 50 km. The outer ridge is a series of cuestas, gradually rising to heights of about 350 m. The inner ridge reaches a height of 750 m. Highest point stretching along the Southern Coast of the Black Sea Main ridge- Mount Roman-Kosh with a height of 1545 m, located on Babugan-yayla. Mount Ai-Petri
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Vegetable world The Crimean peninsula is extremely diverse: according to some sources, it has 2,400 wild species of higher plants, according to others - 2,775. You can find plants such as: walnut, hawthorn, beech and others.
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The connection between uniqueness geographical location Crimea and the uniqueness of the fauna of the peninsula is no less obvious than for the flora, although the animals are more dynamic. In addition to the species characteristic of the nearby southern regions, we find animals of the Mediterranean range everywhere on the peninsula. You can meet such animals as: stingray, owl, dolphin, red deer and others.
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Evpatoria Diana's Grotto Rock of the Holy Apparition Catherine's Mile Ocheretai Bay
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Sudak Simeiz Yalta Gurzuf Kerch Peschanoye
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According to the 2001 census, the population of Crimea is 2.031 million people, of which the four largest major cities autonomy - Sevastopol (365.8 thousand people), Simferopol (364 thousand people), Kerch (157.2 thousand people) and Evpatoria (122 thousand people) - 41%. The share of the urban population of Crimea is 63%, living in rural populated areas– 37% (according to the previous census of 1989, this ratio was 70% to 30%).
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Over 80 nationalities live in Crimea, the most numerous of them are Russians (65-70%), Crimean Tatars (18%), Ukrainians (10-15%). According to official data compiled as a result of the census at the beginning of 2014. The population of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol is 2 million 734 thousand people.
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1. The length of the longest trolleybus route in the world is 86 kilometers, and it runs in Crimea between Simferopol and Yalta. 2. Another interesting animal of Crimea can be considered the South Russian tarantula. Its bite can cause anaphylactic shock, and besides, the bite itself is very painful, despite the fact that the size of the spider is only 3.5 cm. 3. The shallowest sea in the world is the Sea of Azov. It washes the shores of Crimea. Maximum depth Sea of Azov- 15 meters.