How Group Travel appeared, or a brief history of tourism. How Group Travel appeared, or a brief history of tourism The history of the formation and development of tourism in the world

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« History of tourism and resortography »

on this topic: “History of tourism development in Russia: main stages”

Introduction

1.The importance of tourism. History of development

2. History of tourism development in Russia

2.1 About the history of travel and tourism in Russia

2.2 Main stages of tourism development in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The first in the world travel company discovered by Thomas Cook at the beginning XIX century. However, it took almost another 150 years for tourism to develop into a powerful, well-organized movement.

The tourism industry occupies an important place in the economy of most countries. The tourism industry is one of the three largest export industries, second only to the oil and automotive industries.

The development of the tourism industry represents a vast job market. Currently, every fifteenth person on the planet works in the hotel and tourism business.

Tourism can be considered as a factor in improving the quality of life. In this case, tourism activity is associated not only with a direct economic effect in the form of additional income, the creation of new jobs, and infrastructure development, but also with the influence of tourism on a person’s socio-psychological state, improving his health and level of well-being.

The following periods are mainly distinguished: 1. Tourism until the end of the 18th century - the prehistory of tourism. a) tourism in ancient times; b) tourism during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; c) tourism in the 17th and 18th centuries. 2. Tourism of the early XIX – early XX centuries. – elite tourism; the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services. 3. Tourism of the early 20th centuries. – before the Second World War – the beginning of the formation social tourism 4. Tourism after the Second World War - the modern stage - mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

1.The importance of tourism. History of development

The importance and role of tourism in our time for the development of the economy of states, satisfying individual needs, and mutual enrichment of social ties between countries cannot be overestimated. The tourism industry occupies an important place in the economy of most countries. The number of tourist trips worldwide is approaching 600 million; according to forecasts of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), it will reach 937 million by 2010. It should be taken into account that the entire population of the planet is 6 billion people.

Such a concept as “tourism” has ancient roots and its own history. Approaches to describing the history of tourism are ambiguous. Thus, J. Walker in the book “Introduction to Hospitality” identifies “five eras of tourism”: the pre-industrial period (before 1840); the age of railroads; the age of the automobile; the age of jet airliners; century of cruises sea liners. Thus, he connects the evolution of relations in the field of tourism primarily with the development of means of transport. A similar point of view regarding the history of tourism is expressed by the Polish researcher I. Jedrzejczyk, citing a taxonomy according to which the following phases are distinguished in the tourist movement:

1. early historical phase - before 1850;

2. initial phase - from 1850 to 1914;

3. development phase - from 1914 to 1945;

4. phase mass tourism- after 1945

In my opinion, all approaches to the history of tourism cannot be taken as the absolute truth. Tourism is a multifaceted phenomenon and in different historical periods was formed under the influence of a certain group of factors. Thus, if in the Middle Ages important components of tourism were spiritual factors - religiosity, the desire for education, which stimulated pilgrimage, the emergence of “knowledge walkers”, then at present other factors are at work, in particular socio-economic ones (increasing levels of well-being, the presence of free time), demographic (increase in life expectancy, urbanization).

Thus, the history of tourism is a long, multifaceted process that was impossible, on the one hand, without the formation of the basic elements of this industry, and on the other, without the action of a certain group of socio-economic factors at each stage of historical development.

The basic elements of tourism development include: great geographical discoveries, expeditions that gave ideas about modern tourism resources evolution of accommodation facilities; evolution of transport means.

The socio-economic factors stimulating the development of tourism were individual at each historical stage. In ancient centuries, travel was the lot of the aristocracy, who made trips for medical, sports, and educational purposes. In the Middle Ages, religion was a powerful factor stimulating travel. Pilgrimage and travel for knowledge became an important feature of this era. The great geographical discoveries, the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the industrial revolution paved the way for the development of tourism in modern times. The era of modern tourism dates back to 1841, when the legendary Thomas Cook organized a mass trip “for the purpose of a walk”, in which 600 people took part.

Tourism, which arose and developed as an objective social need, gradually established itself as one of the important means of educating people. Three stages can be traced in its development: the formation of prerequisites for organized group (collective) hikes and travels; approval of hikes as a means of education; the formation and subsequent development of tourism as a social phenomenon that successfully contributes to the comprehensive solution of educational, educational, health and sports tasks.

The emergence of prerequisites for organized trips and trips is apparently associated with early periods history of mankind, when tribes or entire clans were forced to make long journeys in search of the most optimal conditions for existence. According to historians, tribes and clans even designated special scouts for new habitats.

In the later period of the development of society, the skills of people to make long and high-speed transitions through hard-to-reach places began to play an important military role. In the future, there is a public need for special expeditions to study the flora and fauna of remote areas globe, cultural values of individual nationalities, searching for minerals, clarifying geographical ideas about the Earth.

Probably, what was said served as the initial objective prerequisites for the emergence and subsequent development of organized campaigns and travel that met the needs of social labor and production relations of people.

2. History of tourism development in Russia

2.1 About the history of travel and tourism in Russia

The emergence of tourism in the vast territory of our country goes back to ancient times and the Middle Ages. The history of the development of tourism in Russia can be easily correlated with the periodization of the history of world tourism, adding to this the division within certain stages into certain substages, taking into account the specifics of the development of the Russian economy.

The geographical position of Russia, located at the center of the intersection of trade routes between the West and the East, has ensured stable international relations since ancient times, which were the basis for various types of contacts. With the adoption of Christianity, these contacts were further strengthened by church representatives, translators, book copyists, etc., who came from Byzantium, and trade relations expanded. Russian merchants had their trading rows in the most different countries Oh. Numerous pilgrims traveled to holy places.

In 1422-1472, Nikitin’s famous travels “crossing the three seas” took place to find new markets. We passed Persia, India, and on the way back Somalia, the African coast. Nikitin wrote down everything, noticed everything.

Peter I played a huge role in the development of Russian travel. Peter I sent people not only on business trips, but also for educational purposes. Peter instructed: “look, see and write down.” Peter traveled to Italy, England, Holland, he traveled not only himself for educational and health purposes, but also forced others to travel and receive treatment. Peter became the founder of balneological tourism. The first resort that Peter created was named after the god of war and iron, Mars, “Marcial Waters”. In the 18th century, travel became an important part of the life of secular society. Nobles traveled all over the world. In those days it was prestigious to visit Europe and the East. Travel was a means to tear a person out of his Everyday life, broaden your horizons, master the language.

Until the mid-19th century in Europe and Russia, travel was not an end in itself. Travel pursued trade, educational, medical, cognitive, missionary and religious purposes. At the beginning of the 19th century, excursion activities began.

Tourism and the hotel base have turned into a “service industry”, which, in combination with the “entertainment industry”, has become a source of large incomes and profits. The modern “hospitality industry” includes hotels, restaurants, bars, resorts, gambling houses, casinos, and health resorts.

In Rus', inns, the predecessors of the first hotels, appeared in the 12th-13th centuries. In them the messengers rested and changed horses. These inns - “pits”, as they were called, were located one from the other at a distance of a horse ride.

The first mass tourist trip took place more than 150 years ago in England, when in 1841 entrepreneur Thomas Cook transported 600 people for a train ride. In 1845, he also organized a trip to Liverpool with an excursion there.

In 1847, Thomas Cook organized a tourist society, which began to distribute tickets (vouchers) not only in England, but also abroad.

In 1863 Cook organized big Adventure the British to Switzerland, and in 1868 to North America.

In 1882, he organized the first round-the-world tourist trip.

Thomas Cook was the first to create a specific tourist product - a tour, concluding agreements with railway and shipping companies, hotels and restaurants to serve tourists. He was the first to systematically study the demand for tourism services, laying the foundations of tourism marketing. In those years, tourist companies served mainly the wealthy segments of the population, because tourist services were quite expensive.

In connection with the development of international resorts in Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, Czechoslovakia - these countries, along with England, are becoming international centers tourism in Europe.

A significant role in the development of tourism was played by new geographical discoveries, the voyages of seafarers, and the exploration of the American, African and Australian continents.

The first excursions were held back in the 17th century for students of schools to consolidate educational material. The great educator of antiquity, Plato, in his famous Academy, considered conversations on the road and learning while walking to be the norm for education.

The forefather of local history and excursions in Russia is considered to be Emperor Peter the Great himself, who loved to personally lead delegations of foreign guests around St. Petersburg.

In 1875, the first mountaineering club was created in Lausanne (Switzerland), which trained mountain trekking guides and rescuers. With funds from club members, huts and shelters were built on the way to the tops of the mountains.

The first mountaineering club in Russia was created in 1877 in Tiflis at the Caucasian Society of Natural History, and in 1900 the Russian Mountain Society was formed in Russia.

Since 1889, the magazine "Russian Tourist" has been published in Russia, which was closed in 1917.

In 1890, the Crimean Mountain Club was created, which, having merged with the Caucasus, became known as the Crimean-Caucasian Mountain Club with a center in Odessa and branches in Yalta, Sevastopol, Yekaterinoslavl, Gagra, Baku, Feodosia and other cities of Russia. A tour bureau was created at this club.

The first excursions for schoolchildren were held in 1870 with students from the Alexander School in Tiflis.

First Russian tourist organization There was a society of cyclists and tourists ("Russian Touring Club"), created in 1885 in St. Petersburg. The club's charter was approved by Comrade Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia N.I. Shebeko. This club had branches in Kyiv, Moscow, Kharkov, Tobolsk, Riga and Blagoveshchensk.

On the basis of this club, the Russian Society of Tourists was created in Russia in 1895, which... set as its goal the organization of travel within the country and abroad. This society was the first to conduct a journey of pilgrims to holy places. The society had a commission to organize excursions for schoolchildren around Russia. In 1911, the board of the company moved to Moscow. By 1914 the society had approximately 5,000 members. It existed until 1928 and was liquidated, and in 1929 a society of proletarian tourism was created, which in 1930 was transformed into the All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions, which included such joint-stock companies as "Soviet Tourist", "Ukrainian Inter-Share Excursion Partnership", "Tourist of Georgia". In 1929, the All-Union Joint Stock Company "Intourist" was created with branches and representative offices in many cities of the USSR and abroad.

In 1936 the leadership domestic tourism entrusted to trade unions represented by the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, in which the Central Tourist and Excursion Directorate was formed with branches in the republics and cities of the country.

In 1962, this Directorate was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism, and in 1969 - the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions.

The organization of youth tourism was entrusted to the Central Committee of the Komsomol, which in 1958 created its own tourism structure - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik".

Organization children's tourism The Central Children's Tourist Station, created back in 1918 and transformed in 1932, was responsible for the excursion.

Movement amateur tourism was subordinated to the All-Union Voluntary Sports Society of Trade Unions and the Central Tourist Club.

The Ministry of Defense and a number of other ministries and departments have also created their own tourism structure.

Currently, the former tourism monopolists - Intourist, Sputnik, the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions have transformed into joint-stock companies and holding companies, and the State Committee for Physical Education and Tourism has taken over the coordination of tourism in Russia.

Thus, the development of mass tourism during the Soviet period can be divided into 4 stages:

since 1917 until 1929 - within the framework of the former Russian Tourist Society;

since 1930 until 1936 - within the framework of the All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions;

since 1936 until 1969 - within the framework of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions;

since 1969 to 1991 - within Central Council on tourism and excursions (CSTE).

The history of tourism in foreign countries is associated with the intensive formation and development of tourist and recreational resources. Countries with such resources (Switzerland, Austria, Italy, France, Portugal, Spain, Czechoslovakia, USA, Great Britain) have focused their economies on the tourism industry. In the post-war period, the technical base of the tourism industry was restored and increased many times in these countries; if in the former USSR by 1990 the total number of accommodation places was 327 thousand, then in these countries there were several dozen times more.

Have you ever wondered when and how tourism originated? Precisely tourism, close to the version we see now? And how did tourism come to the form we see it now? Here are the answers to these questions especially for you.

2000 BC, in India and Mesopotamia

Trade travel has existed since the beginning of civilization. There was trade between the Sumerian civilization and the Indus Valley. The center of this trade was the port of Lothal.

600 BC and later

Early forms of travel can be traced back to the Babylonian and Egyptian empires. Empires attracted travelers with their attractions: the Museum of Historical Antiquities in Babylon and numerous religious holidays in Egypt. Many foreigners went to these cities to see their culture. Many common people and Brahmins traveled for religious purposes.

Greek civilization 500 BC

Athens beckoned with its sights such as the Parthenon. IN sea ports And big cities began to build hotels to provide comfort for travelers. The main entertainment offered in hotels was courtesans.

It was at this time that the first travel notes and road signs showing travelers the locations of hotels.

The Roman Empire

The first roadside hotels appeared and good roads contribute to the growth of travelers. The Romans preferred traveling to Sicily, Troy, Greece and Egypt. It was the Romans who began to evaluate the quality of hotels. In their guidebooks, they wrote down the name of the hotel and marked them with a certain symbol indicating the quality of the hotel.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, traveling anywhere was difficult and dangerous. Most people traveled for fame and fortune, or for trade purposes. Missionaries, etc. traveled to spread the sacred word. A special role was played by the Mughals, who in India laid the foundation for travel for the sake of recreation.

Grand Tour

From the beginning of the seventeenth century there appears the new kind tourism. During the time of Elizabeth I, young people, especially those who wanted to become lawyers, were encouraged to go to the continent and receive further education there. Later it became common practice for a young man to complete his education by going on the Grand Tour for three or more years with his tutor. During this supposedly educational journey, the young men usually enjoyed life in the countries to which they went. Usually these countries were Paris, Florence, Venice. True, during the Napoleonic wars it was necessary to almost completely abandon such trips as the Grand Tour for about 30 years. The traditions of the Grand Tour were almost completely lost.

Some people associate the concept of “tourism” with sand and sea, others immediately think about sightseeing... But there is a special subtype of tourism - industrial. Fans of this type of recreation are interested in exploring various industrial and military facilities, as well as abandoned buildings. They find a special aesthetic in this. If you also decide to become interested in this type of vacation, find out everything about industrial tourism in Russia - the best places to travel in 2019 will attract you.

History of development

This type of recreation began to develop relatively recently - in the 60s of the last century. In general, back in the 19th century, some factories allowed tourists on excursions a couple of times, but at that time people were not yet interested in them. But half a century ago in Great Britain a special committee was created, whose members sought to preserve industrial facilities as cultural heritage.

At the end of the millennium, in the 80s, Europeans were drawn to old plants, mines and factories, seeing them as “monuments of the industrial era.” Well, after 2000 this type of recreation became very popular. The Internet has spread, and it contains information about objects, which attracted many people tired of the usual beaches.

In Russia, industrial tourism began to emerge in the 18th century. Schoolchildren were taken to mines and factories on excursions. This practice continued in the USSR. In addition, after the release of the film "Stalker", young people and adults became interested in visiting abandoned buildings and forbidden areas, and later the name of the film became a synonym for such lovers. Well, with the beginning of the new millennium everything has only increased in the same way westward. In 2007, the computer game S.T.A.L.K.E.R. was released, and young people became even more interested in industrial tourism sites.

Now industrial tourism, although less popular than traditional tourism, still interests millions of people around the world.

Kinds

This type of rest can be divided into several types:

Stalking. This is precisely the visit to abandoned, old, unused objects that was formed after the release of the film of the same name. Stalkers are attracted to residential buildings, entire cities (), and factories. They not only enjoy exploring them, but also take photographs - just as traditional tourists take pictures of attractions.
Digging. Diggers are those who are passionate about " underground world" No, we are not talking about some esotericism here - just about various bunkers or ghost subway stations.
Roofing. From the English word “roof”, translated as “roof”. Roofers love to visit the rooftops of city buildings and look at the views. There are those who prefer to simply contemplate, those who enjoy the extreme process of “climbing” some ladders or pipes, and finally, someone even holds or attends all sorts of cultural events on the roofs.
Passive tourism. Not everyone likes to enter forbidden places; such tourists are akin to the first among industrial tourists - they prefer to go on excursions to various operating industries.
Urbanism. Tourists-urbanists get aesthetic pleasure from exploring the city's beauties. Some people “collect” buildings in a certain architectural style, others like abandoned areas.
Post-pilgrimage. It is a type of stalking and means visiting abandoned places of worship.

What is the price?

It must be said that in Russia there are not very many similar offers from tour operators yet. The West is still more interested in this type of recreation. However, there are special travel agencies who specialize in this. Vacationers are offered excursions to plants, factories, film studios and even nuclear power plants.

In the last five-year period, the direction has become more promising; many experts argue that in Russia it can be developed quite well, since the country has preserved a large number of abandoned objects.

The cost of the offer depends on the payment to the owners of the object, guides, and travel expenses. For example, in Sevastopol, a five-hour jeep tour of abandoned sites will cost around 6 thousand rubles for a group of 4 people. A visit to the factory where Belevskaya marshmallow is made will cost around 2 thousand rubles - this amount already includes round-trip travel from, guide services, and tea. But, for example, getting to Moscow brewing company and you can see the process of making a foamy drink for free - the production itself organizes such visits on weekends.

If a person wants to organize a trip on his own, then its cost will directly depend on the costs of transport, accommodation and the cost of a ticket to the site. It is clear that visiting some places will be completely free, because abandoned objects are abandoned for that reason.

Safety

By the way, about abandoned objects - there is a lot to understand here so that your pleasant vacation is not overshadowed by anything. If an industrial tourist visits an operating facility or books a tour, then, of course, this will include certain permits and guarantees, as well as safety instructions.

But as for other options, here you have to act yourself. The fact is that some old buildings can be places where people without a fixed abode, as well as marginalized people, live. Therefore, before becoming a stalker, it is best to get acquainted with experienced fans of this trend, learn everything about interesting objects, perhaps visit them with experts. In addition, when walking through abandoned buildings or areas, you should wear certain, closed clothing - after all, there may be fragments, construction debris and other things that are unsafe for direct contact.

There are objects that are even guarded and are not intended for outsiders to enter. This is the most extreme direction industrial tourism, since it may even involve breaking the law. Some people are attracted by precisely this unattainability, but here everyone acts at their own peril and risk.

As for digging and roofing, you need to do this only with full confidence in your physical fitness, as well as if you have the equipment. After all, climbing onto the roof is quite difficult - if we're talking about about entering through fire escapes, and not about going to the “open roof”. As for underground objects, for example, ghost subway stations, there may be dangers in the form of collapse of structures. It is better for beginners to join this type of tourism in an experienced company. In addition, digging as such is also often associated with breaking the law, since official areas are prohibited for outsiders.

Be that as it may, as a rule, an industrial tourist is quite a risky person. We can only urge you to carefully plan all the details of visiting the site.

Places and objects in Russia

It would take a long time to list all the objects of attention of industrial tourists, but some popular spots are worth talking about.

Stalking

On websites for fans of this type of tourism there are articles about many interesting places. Among them are such different ones as:

An abandoned naval training base on Russky Island. Previously, this place was the largest for training Soviet sailors, and is currently popular among stalkers. In addition to the base itself, you can examine the remains of the military’s “interiors” and equipment.
Olgovo estate in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region. Built at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, it was a holiday home and pioneer camp in the USSR. Currently, you can view the main house and outbuildings, the school building, utility rooms, and the garden.
Kola superdeep well in Murmansk region. Drilling the deepest hole in the earth made by human hands began in the 70s. However, in the 90s the project was abandoned. By that time, the hole had reached 12 thousand meters.
Hotel "Northern Crown" in . Construction was frozen in 1995; they had been trying to build the hotel for 7 years by that time. Currently, it is a protected object, however, especially daring stalkers get inside.
Königsberg Castle in Kaliningrad region. It was built back in the 13th century and survived glorious times as the residence of the head Teutonic Order. Unfortunately, during the Second World War the building was damaged. The Soviet authorities tried to build the House of Soviets here. Discussions are currently underway regarding the restoration of the building, but for now the place is a ruin that attracts stalkers.

Digging

Abandoned or under construction metro stations are popular among representatives of this trend. This direction is most developed, of course, in and. However, due to the fact that entry into such objects is illegal, extreme sportsmen carefully hide the details of their “tourist” forays.

Other places that diggers like to visit are abandoned bunkers. For example, one of these was found in Chelyabinsk, “tourists” found in it everything they needed in the event of a nuclear war. Such places are also found right in the center - this is how the KGB bunker was discovered.

Roofing

The favorite city of roofers in Russia is . Again, this hobby is by no means welcomed by the authorities, however, sometimes the residents of the house themselves are not against entering the roof for the completely calm purpose of inspecting the panorama. There are even special communities that organize excursions to open roofs for those interested. As their managers say, they have an agreement with the residents and ensure the safety of tourists.

Video about the roofs and courtyards of the Northern capital:

In , according to roofers, it is more difficult to get onto the roofs - due to the fact that it is not easy to get into the entrance itself. However, sometimes they find such options: a house on Entuziastov Highway, the roof of the Tea House on Myasnitskaya, the Oruzheiny business center - these are just a few popular places.

Passive tourism

This is the simplest type of industrial tourism, since everything is completely legal, safe and easy. So, the following are open to tourists:

Brewery "Baltika" in the Tula region;
Lipetsk Machine Tool Enterprise;
“Khokhloma painting” in the Nizhny Novgorod region;
Hydroelectric power station KamHPP in the Perm region;
"Art glass studio" in Sochi and other objects.

A very popular company offering excursions is Promtour. An operating nuclear power plant, Star City, the Babaevsky Confectionery Concern, Moscow City Federation Tower, Mosfilm - this is far from full list exciting objects.

The Petrotour company offers excursions to the Imperial Porcelain Factory, the Baltika Brewery, the Uzor tapestry factory, the dam, the stained glass workshop and other places.

Urbanism

As for this direction, everything is simple. If you are a fan of a certain style of architecture, you should just look for where there are many objects or entire areas of such development. In Russia there are many buildings in the Stalinist Empire style, Constructivism, as well as industrial buildings from the 19th century.

Post-pilgrimage

Among the interesting objects in Russia are such as:

Abandoned temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the Moscow region. Built at the end of the 18th century opposite the Chernyshev estate. During Soviet times, a museum was not organized here, and therefore both the estate and the temple fell into disrepair. Nowadays it is quite easy to get into it.
Tikhvin Church in Glukhovo. It was built in the 18th century and restored in the 19th century. The Soviet government destroyed the bell tower and installed a mill in the church; the temple was soon abandoned.
Church of the Nativity of Christ in Ilkodino. Built in the 19th century in the Empire and Classicism styles. During the years of Soviet power, the temple was closed.
Annenkirche (St. Petersburg). The Lutheran Church, unlike many objects of attention of industrial tourists, is very accessible to visit; in addition, it hosts cultural events - fundraising is underway for restoration.
Novotorzhsky Boris and Gleb Monastery. It was founded in the 18th century. The monumental temple, as well as adjacent buildings, constitute a fairly well-preserved complex.

List interesting places Russia can work within the framework of industrial tourism for quite a long time. Of course, in certain of its branches the “points” are not advertised due to contradictions with the law, but other sites can be accessed legally and easily - if only you had the money for an excursion. If you are interested in trying to visit such places, find communities of people who are passionate about this in your latitude or major cities- and you will definitely find something that will attract you.

The growing importance of tourism is characteristic of the 20th - early 21st centuries. Its role comes down not only to influencing the economy, but - most importantly - to recognizing the need to develop ties between the peoples of different countries of the world and for mutual knowledge of their history, culture, and traditions. Tourism has become an ambassador of friendship in international relations.

Modern tourist flows are formed under the influence of factors reaching the history of ancient eras. This is explained by man's desire to know the world, establish trade, economic, cultural and other ties with neighboring peoples. The first signs of tourism are observed in ancient times and are closely related to travel as the main means of understanding the environment.

For many centuries the population was static. It was mainly characterized by attachment to land and agriculture. As centuries passed, the need for new territories to live in grew. To search for them, entire tribes went on world travels, meeting little-known peoples who differed in language, culture, and traditions. Some of the travelers described these features, and the materials were then used to strengthen ties between peoples. Among the medieval travelers who described the culture and life, for example, of the peoples of the East, a famous navigator, a Venetian merchant of the 13th century, stood out. Marco Polo. The materials he collected served as the basis for drawing up geographical maps.

The end of the 15th - second half of the 18th century. - era of the Greats geographical discoveries, which contributed to the further development of trade and navigation. The centralized monarchies of Europe equipped expeditions to conquer new overseas territories. All this marked an increase in the mobility of the world's population. So, travelers for many centuries set out on the road not for pleasure, but to achieve some goal. Traveling for pleasure became popular only when regular passenger transportation appeared, food and accommodation facilities were organized, and the activities of travelers (XVII century), when the elements of obvious risk and everyday obstacles, which for centuries had been the main obstacle on the way of travelers, disappeared.

After the First Industrial Revolution (at the end of the 19th century), travel became more popular, but mainly among the wealthy. However, we note that people were constantly moving. They were associated with wars and other political events, with pilgrimages to holy places, job searches, and education. However, the volume of these trips was insignificant.

The large-scale growth of tourism is associated with the further development of the world economy, market relations and the classical components of demand: free time, money and consumer preferences.

Most modern tourism researchers identify four main stages (stages) of its development 1, although their timing may differ slightly. Thus, the English scientists Yu. Likorish and K. Jenkins associate the first of four stages with a long period that covers ancient times up to the 18th century, and Ukrainian researchers. Belikov, L. Ustimenko and I. Afanasyev continue it almost until the middle of the 19th century, or more precisely, until 1841. In our opinion, its upper limit coincides with the period of the development of the First Industrial Revolution, which entailed tangible changes in the social life of mankind - the emergence of the steam engine and its practical application.

So, let's name the four main stages (stages) in the history of tourism development.

First - from ancient times to the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. This is the beginning stage of the development of world tourism.

Second - beginning of the 19th century. until the end of the First World War - the period of formation of organized tourism.

Third - from 1918 r. until the end of World War II - the stage of industrialization of tourism.

Fourth - from 1945 to the present day. Associated with the massive development of tourism and the process of globalization.

Many researchers first stage The stage of the beginning of tourism is most often associated with the development of trade relations between individual cities, countries, and regions 2. The greatest traders of antiquity were the Phoenicians, who successfully used ships to navigate sea routes to unknown countries, sailing along the western shores of Europe and Africa.

A special period in the history of mankind is associated with the ancient Greek traveler, scientist, father of history Herodotus (around 485 - around 425 AD), who described the countries of the Middle East, the Scythian steppes of the Black Sea region (V century AD .). After Herodotus, Pi-fey made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the world, traveling around the shores of Western and Northern Europe in 330 before the birth of Christ, writing these countries for the Greeks. For the first time he called England Albion (White Island).

The mobility of the Greeks reached a high level during the heyday of city-states, in particular Athens, Delphi, Epidauri, and Olympia. Starting from 776 AD. e., annually on Olympic Games sports fans and art fans flocked not only from Hellas, but also from other European countries. The construction of the first specialized buildings that could accommodate athletes and spectators also dates back to this period. The military campaigns of Alexander the Great in the 4th century were of great importance for understanding the world. to n. e.

The ancient Greek geographer Strabo (63 AD - 20 AD) did a lot to understand the world. His famous “Geography” in 17 books became a noticeable step in understanding the world, countries, and individual peoples. Claudius Ptolemy supplemented previous geographers with new knowledge of the world.

After the Roman conquest of Greece, a direct path opened to places that were already considered the center of world culture in those days. The Romans studied the Greek language, philosophy, recognized cultural monuments, as well as visiting places with warm mineral waters and organized comfort in the regions of Campania and Etruria, Herculaneum. During the Roman Empire, state courts arose along the roads, where couriers and civil servants of Rome were accommodated for rest. During such trips, the Romans already used road guides.

Religious pilgrimage spread in the early Middle Ages. On the way to holy places, pilgrims used monasteries, churches, and inns for rest. The most famous centers of religious tourism in the Holy Land were Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, the monasteries of Quelushi, Lourdes, as well as the Muslim shrine - Mecca, etc.

Arab travelers of the UP-11th centuries significantly expanded their knowledge of the world. The most famous was the merchant from Basra - Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries of the world and left interesting memories.

Marine discoveries in the 8th-9th centuries made a significant contribution to the knowledge of geographical space. northern peoples, in particular the Normans, who during their campaigns simultaneously captured coastal cities, settlements, and captured merchant ships. on our lands they were called Varangians.

During the era of Kievan Rus, the contacts of our ancestors with the countries of Western Europe and Byzantium were especially close, which influenced the fateful decision to adopt Christianity in Rus'-Ukraine. This helped, through the mediation of clergy, translators, and artisans, to maintain close ties with Byzantium and with many other European countries.

In the Middle Ages, mass movements of people were observed during the campaigns of Christ. This made it possible not only to conquer new territories, but also to explore them, expand sales markets, and purchase new goods. Detailed Descriptions these countries and peoples left such famous travelers, like Afanasii Nikitin and Marco Polo, already mentioned by us.

An important milestone in the development of tourism was the use mineral waters, mud for therapeutic and health purposes, their use since ancient times is evidenced by archaeological excavations, descriptions in the Bible, for example, about the use sacred lake Benares near Jerusalem for medicinal purposes. IN Ancient Egypt medicinal properties Priests used mineral waters, which increased the wealth of local temples. Somewhat later, sacred springs, lakes and even rivers were used for treatment and pilgrimage (India, Ancient China, Persia).

“We can talk about recreational and tourism activities in the modern sense of the word,” notes V. Matsola, “only in Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome. In these countries, special centers with valuable natural resources have been formed. recreational resources, which provided a wide range of recreational services: bathing, drinking, hot baths, rubbing, treatment, household services, etc.," 8 Hot springs on the island of Evbel were especially popular in Ancient Greece, where special buildings were erected for their use. Here their owners, for an appropriate fee, rented out houses to newcomers for treatment.

In Ancient Rome wonderful places health resorts were Baia, Aqua Albula, the seaside climatic area of Sencio, as well as about. Capri is south of mainland Italy, and to this day is considered one of the most privileged tourist centers in Europe.

In ancient times, popular centers were located on the present-day Beilya Erkulans and Sinjarz Bay in Romania, Aquincula (Budapest) and Lake. Balaton in Hungary, Varajinske Toplice (Croatia), Dobrna (Slovenia), Varna in Bulgaria, Wiesbaden in Germany, Baden in Switzerland, Bath in Great Britain, Aix-les-Bains in France, etc.*

Healing mineral springs and local climatic conditions skillfully used on the American continent, in particular by the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in South America. During the era of the Byzantine Empire, some areas on the shores and islands of Mramara and Aegean seas, as well as the shores of the Bosphorus Strait. In the XII century. Mineral springs in France and Italy gained wide popularity. In the XIV century. The resort of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary) arose. At this time, the resort of Baden-Baden in southwestern Germany became popular.

With the birth of resorts, a regime of medical procedures was established. From the middle of the 16th century. Carlsbad introduced a patient tax for the first time. At the beginning of the 17th century. In France, there already existed a resort infrastructure created to supervise resorts and their operation. Similar institutions arose in Great Britain and Switzerland 5 .

In the same period (late 17th century), the term “tourist” appeared in the French lexicon. They were called representatives of the privileged nobility who, out of curiosity, visited foreign countries. Interest in Italy, the ancient monuments of Rome, Florence and other cities especially increased. With the discovery of Pompeii (19th century), Italy became a leading tourist country Europe.

The development of tourism accelerated significantly in the 18th century, when seaside resorts arose, creating a fashion for swimming in sea water. First large hotels at such resorts were known in Great Britain, and subsequently in France and other countries. First on sea resorts the wealthiest visitors were relaxing. With the growth of prosperity, representatives of the middle class became clients of such establishments. Massive travel for personal pleasure began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

So, travel carried out before the end of the 18th century cannot be considered tourism in the modern sense. they should be considered as the beginning of modern tourism.

Second stage which is also called the railway era" is associated with the first explosion of great demand for travel and its impact on social habits and the economy of countries. The increase in the speed of travel by steamships and trains, as well as the increase in the population and its financial and economic opportunities, created a noticeable tourism market. travel, and with them - tourist centers with tourist trade, agents, tour operators who offered organized tours, tour packages and even travel literature. At first glance, little has changed today, but the coordination of transport plans and tourism policies was then limited or rather imperfect.

The first passenger railway opened in England in 1830. According to researchers, in particular the English authors Y. Likorish and K. Jenkins, already in 1841 T. Cook introduced railway first package tour, carrying out a mass walk (570 people) from Leicester to Loughborough. He actively started a new line of business. The merit of T. Cook was that he began organizing all components of the trip - transport, accommodation, service at the place of stay, creating a real tourism product and satisfying specific market demand. He invented an essential service - a travel package. The invention of an enterprising Englishman began to be implemented all over the world, but primarily in the 40-50s of the 19th century. - in industrialized European countries.

T. Cook radically changed the attitude towards travel - from necessary, sometimes distant, often associated with finding work or for the purpose of education, to organized entertainment and a new understanding of leisure itself. Contemporaries valued him not only for the science of organizing tourism, but also for his advertising activities, for the travel guides. He was the first to organize international trips (tours) from England to mainland Europe, in particular to the World Exhibition in Paris (1851), and from 1856 to other European countries. From 1865 T. Cook began to use ships for cruise trips English tourists to North America, in particular SPIA. In 1882, the first trip around the world was carried out.

In 1867, he took a five-month voyage to the holy places (Palestine) together with Mark Twain, probably the first cruise on Mediterranean Sea. The cost of such a trip for a passenger was $1,200. At that time it was a huge sum, which only representatives of the rich segments of the population could pay 6 .

The expansion of demand for tourism services is associated not only with an increase in the living standards of the population, but also with the development railway transport, shipping, communications, production machinery, distribution of advertising and service.

Organized trips stimulated construction large hotels in cities near train stations and on popular resorts. The demand for tourism services stimulated the development of resorts, which were based on the use mineral springs, dirt. This happened until trips to the sea caused the rapid growth of Mediterranean centers such as Nice, Cannes in France, etc.

Hotel companies at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. They began to build not individual buildings, but hotel chains, providing holidaymakers with organized food, medical services, etc.

The development of tourism was significantly influenced by amateur tourist clubs and societies that appeared in the second half of the 19th century. They developed routes, taking care to provide tourists with the necessary comfort. The first such club arose in Great Britain (1857 p.), subsequently - in Austria (1862 p.), Italy, Switzerland (1863 p.), Germany (1869) and in other countries of Europe and the world. Advertising and marketing activities have contributed to increasing the attractiveness of tourist and health centers. Thus, in Monte Carlo in 1914, a rally was opened to intensify off-season tourism and entertainment activities. In turn, hotel companies organized an exhibition of old brands of cars. This happened primarily in London and Brighton.

Transatlantic travel since the 60s of the 19th century. began to be called Grand Tours, they were motivated by knowledge of the cultural heritage and curiosity of the population. The number of trips to the American continent gradually increased, in particular to its northern countries. This was the reason for the founding of the new company Wells Fango, Movement of passengers from Great Britain and Europe to America along with migrants in 1910 - 1914 pp. exceeded 1 million people annually 7 .

So, during the second stage of tourism development, serious changes took place in the very essence of travel: traveling for a specific purpose turned into traveling for pleasure or playing sports or hobbies. This new trend has spread to most countries in Europe. High-quality advertising booklets, brochures and guidebooks appeared. Writers who dedicated their works to travel played a positive role.

Actually modern tourism in form and content appeared on the eve of the First World War. Intensive development of tourism in the 19th century. led to the establishment in 1898 of the International League of Tourist Associations, headquartered in Luxembourg, which in 1919 was transformed into an international tourism alliance that still exists and unites more than 140 countries around the world.

Third (interwar) period relatively short; it lasted from 1918 to 1945. It is also called the stage of industrialization of tourism. This period had the most flaw - it was hit by the main world recessions (crises) of the 30s. After the First World War, tourism recovered relatively quickly, although the war did not pass without a trace. It brought the expected changes, which resulted in interest in peace and mutual understanding between peoples, increased activity in the movement for the emancipation of women, and the like. Second important factor On the way to the development of tourism there were technical improvements, accelerated by wartime needs. Thus, cars and buses became more efficient, thanks to which tour operators could provide more comfortable and cheap transport. Aviation has become a practical means of delivery. This was the beginning of the era of mobility and communications, which significantly influenced the development of tourism in all countries of the world.

In general, travel was associated mainly with state transport. Air traffic grew in the post-war years. For example, in 1938, 220 thousand passengers were recorded in Great Britain, of which 95 thousand were sent to mainland Europe. A third of British holidaymakers traveled on holiday intercity buses. The craving for new types of recreation continued. More and more popular in Western Europe camping and traveling by cars with trailers became widespread, youth tourist camps spread, the social aspect of tourism and recreation with the assistance of national states strengthened (recreation itself was still limited in time - from one to two weeks a year). Thus, in 1939 in Great Britain, out of 18 million workers, 11 million enjoyed government support. This was the period of formation of social tourism.

The number of foreign trips involving representatives of the middle class also gradually increased. This is observed in Europe and America. Experts assess the mentioned period of tourism development as a rehearsal for the takeoff of tourism after the Second World War. After all, as already mentioned, the global crisis of the 30s had a decisive impact on limiting the development of tourism and reducing the volume of transatlantic transportation. This was especially evident in Germany and Italy. Among the European countries, they had or did not have the greatest economic difficulties. The events also affected Great Britain. If in 1930 there were 1.8 million people traveling from England to Austria, and almost 1 million in Switzerland, then during the crisis these flows decreased by half or even more. Tourism suffered an even more significant blow during World War II. But the path to revolutionary changes in the development of tourism, despite the global crisis and the Second World War, has already been determined. Travel and recreation for millions of people on the planet have become an integral part of their lives.

The fourth period - the stage of mass travel - begins in 1945 and continues to this day. At this stage, a scientific and technological revolution is being introduced, which was realized by an increase in the well-being of all segments of the population, an increase in income and free time, which influenced the way of life and behavior of people. The scale of these changes turned out to be enormous.

The massive growth in travel first began in developed countries peace. This was facilitated by the development of communications, transport and other forms of communications, in particular television, which strengthened the economic factors of tourism development, as well as the population’s interest in the attractions of foreign countries. A situation has arisen that foreign trips in developed countries, interest in domestic tourism products or home recreation has outweighed.

Overall, the population of the world's rich countries has become significantly more mobile thanks to an increase in the number of cars - from 100 million in 1970 to 650 million in the first five years of the 21st century. Moreover, private cars account for almost 4/5 ground transport. A private car has become the most important means of traveling to vacation spots - 58% total number transported 8 .

Railway and public transport(bus) at this stage of tourism development, in particular in developed countries, have lost their decisive role, but the transportation of tourists on regular flights has increased by air. Since the second half of the 80s of the XX century. transportation on irregular flights (charter services) appeared. They accounted for up to 1/6 of the total transportation of vacationers by air in the world and more than 50% on European flights 9 .

The rapid and large-scale development of air passenger transport after the war was facilitated by the revolutionary introduction of multi-seat aircraft and the high efficiency of equipment, which led to a significant reduction in flight times and lower real prices. Charter flights intensively used by tour operators in European countries. The scale of expansion of tourist transportation by air, according to the WTO, already in the mid-90s reached almost 600 million people, and in 1960 there were only 69 million. In general, the volume of tourist arrivals from 1950 to 2008 increased almost by 35 times, amounting to 924 million people in 2008. Moreover, the largest share came from Europe, which amounted to 66.4% and 52.8% of the total volume of international arrivals, respectively. With the expansion of the total volume of travel, tourist flows have changed their direction. First, long-distance travel grew faster than short-distance travel. Secondly, they began to be implemented en masse tourist trips northern industrial cities in sunny southern shores. Most tourist flows during the 50s of the XX century. They became specialized in nature. Cultural and educational travel has increased significantly. Developed sports tourism, trips to visit friends, acquaintances, relatives (sentimental tourism).

In the late 1980s, the mass movement from the cold northern latitudes to the hot southern beaches of the Mediterranean weakened somewhat, in particular to Spain. This happened due to changes in demand. But from the southern countries - Spain, Italy and others, a significant share of the increase in tourists in Europe came from travel to cooler northern European countries. At the same time, reliable air traffic in the world has contributed to the redistribution of international flows to the benefit primarily of the Asia-Pacific macroregion. If their share in 1980 of the total number of arrivals in the world was 8.3%, 1990 - 12.8, 2000 - 16.0, 2005 - 19.3, then in 2008 - 20 .3% 10.

The noticeable growth rate of tourist flows could not be achieved without powerful investments aimed at developing new tourist areas, mainly in the European Mediterranean, Caribbean region Central America, countries of Eastern and South-East Asia. Some of these recreation and health centers by the sea, built in an urban style, that is, with high-rise buildings, have experienced many problems. First of all, this is a conflict with the quality of the environment and the “green” movement. However, the expansion of business related to business tourism, including conference tourism, is evidenced by the growing demand for such hotel complexes in the world tourist centers. The high efficiency of business tourism has made this market segment of services profitable, and therefore stable and promising.

We also note that the development of tourism is directly affected by global recessions. For example, the first so-called energy crisis in the post-war period (1974) influenced a significant decrease in transatlantic travel to Europe. Fortunately, the revival of travel has occurred in a fairly short period. During the second recession (1981), there was a significant economic downturn, which affected overall tourist arrivals. So in 1982, compared to the previous year, the number of international tourists in the world decreased by 1.7 million, and the average annual growth rate in the 80s was more than 3 million people.

The economic crisis of 1991 is associated with the war in Persian Gulf. It significantly affected certain structural changes in the world economy: there was a decline in the manufacturing industry, and this led to an increase in unemployment, therefore, negatively affecting the growth of tourism, in particular in Europe. Overall, the 1990s were a period of stable growth rates, from 439.5 million international tourists in 1990 to 639.6 million in 1999. 11

The global economic crisis, which began in the second half of 2008, does not yet give us reason to consider its consequences, but it is quite clear that its impact on the development of tourism in the world will be negative.

In recent decades, traditional group trips outside the home country in Europe and North America began to be implemented en masse on own cars. This led to a decrease in the duration of travel (to a maximum of five nights), but a new trend emerged - the frequency of outings and trips increased. This improved, that is, benefited, seasonality in tourism. Since then (late 80s of the 20th century), seasonality in many countries that receive tourist flows began to be viewed not as an invincible economic problem, but as a marketing problem.

In general, during the first half of the fourth period of tourism development, there was an extensive increase in recreation, the number of tourism enterprises and the volume of services they provide. Since the 80s, on the one hand, mass conveyor tourism (as V. Saprunova calls it), has been transformed into mass differentiated tourism, which is due to the diversity of needs and motivations of tourists, that is, the spread of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, the variety of services offered, expressed specialization of tourism services 12. With another sides New factors began to influence the development of mass tourism - the quality of services, the economic state of the environment and even the political situation. So, at the last stage of the fourth period of tourism development, there was a transition from the producer market to the consumer market of services, which requires their flexibility to satisfy not only the needs of the elite and middle class, but also the low-income population.