Abstract: Amateur tourism. Pocket guide for tourists Amateur travel
Federal Law “On the Fundamentals tourism activities V Russian Federation" defines social tourism as "travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs", while individual categories Russian tourists the state, in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, provides social benefits.
In the countries of the European Union, social tourism is associated with a clientele with low incomes, which does not allow them to receive high-quality tourism services. This category of citizens needs social benefits. This primarily includes large families, orphans, children from orphanages and boarding schools, students and working youth, pensioners, disabled people and low-income citizens. According to domestic experts, there are about 35 million pensioners and disabled people in the Russian Federation. The main sources of funds for providing targeted assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population are the federal and local budgets.
Social tourism is understood as a sector of the tourism market where buyers receive subsidies from funds allocated by the state for social needs, or other sources of coverage, in order to create conditions for travel and recreation for schoolchildren, working and studying youth from low-income families, pensioners, veterans and the disabled, i.e., persons to whom government and other organizations provide social support.
Amateur tourism
The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” interprets amateur tourism as “travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists independently,” and proclaims priority areas of state regulation of tourism activities along with domestic and outbound tourism support and development of social and amateur tourism.
Amateur tourism is subdivided.
- 1. According to the form of the event: walks, hikes, trips, rallies, expeditions, competitions.
- 2. By type of routes: hiking, skiing, mountain, water, speleo, mountaineering, cycling, motorcycle, air, combined.
- 3. By difficulty: categorical and non-categorical routes.
- 4. By organizational affiliation: tourist clubs, stations for young tourists, tourist sections, sports organizations.
One of the important features of amateur hikes is clear organization and systematic implementation. Depending on the possibilities, these can be weekend hikes, multi-day non-category and category hikes. The organization and conduct of a hike, regardless of its complexity, is regulated by the “Rules for conducting tourist and sports hikes”, “Rules for the organization and conduct of amateur tourist trips and travel”, as well as departmental instructions of the Ministry of Education, etc. These documents determine which organizations can conduct hikes and trips, how tourist groups are staffed depending on the complexity of the chosen route and type of tourism, establish the procedure for preparing itinerary documents. They clearly formulate the requirements for participants and leaders of hikes, as well as the responsibilities and rights of the leader and group participants.
Independent tourism is a specific type of tourist public (amateur) activity, carried out on a voluntary, amateur basis without the participation of tourism organizers (tour operators and travel agencies) in the main part of organizing the trip. Therefore, the success of mass tourism events - rallies, competitions, competitions, tourist evenings - largely depends on the quality of their preparation and the competence of the organizers.
(Also amateur, independent, free, “wild” tourism) is a trip made with a complete or partial renunciation of the services of tour operators and travel agents, but in most cases does not imply a complete renunciation of the use of tourist (non-agency) services. When organizing it, the traveler independently forms the route of his trip, and also selects and purchases all its components (tickets, hotel accommodation, meals, excursions, etc.).
A special type of independent (independent) tourism - independent travel, which is often identified with independent tourism. Nevertheless independent tourism is a broader concept, since travel implies the presence of a certain goal and a route to literally follow it, while independent tourism can also imply a static stay at a resort, organized independently or, for example, various forms active tourism related to independent resolution of organizational issues. Therefore, the term “independent tourism” has a broader and more applied meaning, in contrast to travel, which has philosophical overtones.
Historically, travel appeared earlier than mass tourism, which developed in the 20th century. Before the advent of mass tourism, any trip could be considered independent. Currently, it is possible to distinguish between the mass market for travel, sold as a finished product, and the market for independent travel (or independent travel). Mass tourism assumes that the trip is carried out as part of a tour organized by a tour operator. A trip (or tourist product) created by a tour operator includes a range of services for transportation, accommodation, excursion services, etc., provided to the tourist for a certain price. An independent trip includes the same components, however, these components are acquired by the tourist not in combination (that is, not as a single tourist product), but separately.
The popularity of independent tourism began to increase at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. The growing popularity of independent travel is facilitated by the development of Internet technologies (online booking, electronic tickets, various Web forums about independent travel etc.), which allow you to quickly find the necessary information and purchase travel components.
The main problem in popularizing independent tourism is the historically distorted idea that equates independent tourism with the so-called. “wild tourism” of the times of the USSR, which developed against the backdrop of a shortage of tourism infrastructure and the orientation of the Soviet tourism industry mainly towards sanatorium and resort treatment.
Soviet “wild tourism” was forced [ source not specified 508 days] character and was associated with uncomfortable conditions of stay in the recreation area - renting from local population premises not suitable for living, or living in conditions close to camping, despite the availability of material opportunities to ensure a higher quality of recreation.
Currently, “wild tourism” in its Soviet form is represented by the world-famous method of traveling in motorhomes (vans fully adapted for living, having an autonomous power plant, communications, household appliances and sewerage). Another manifestation of “wild tourism” is in many ways similar to the Soviet one and is associated with a special group of vacationers, whom marketers classify as the so-called. the “first third” of the consumer market, that is, consumers with low social needs, and, in general, regardless of income level.
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According to its internal organizational nature, tourism is divided into planned and amateur.
Planned tourism-- any types of tourism on an organized basis, developed and implemented by tourism organizers, that is, tourism enterprises. Planned tourism is regulated by the state by legislative and regulatory acts. It forms the basis of the global mass tourism industry.
Based on a long study of needs, a set of tourist services that is quite clear in its content has been formed, included in almost any tour package - booking, transportation, accommodation, meals, entertainment. These are the main components of any tour. Depending on the type and variety of tourism, the share and cost of each component may be different or even not exist at all. Planned tourism provides that all these elements of the tour will meet a single goal, harmoniously complement each other and be precisely coordinated in time, that is, follow one after another through the stages of the program. Soviet apologists for tourism science even invented so-called program tours. The tour must be strictly ideological. If a mausoleum (house-museum, house-barn, house-hut, name-rek) is visited, then the tour is programmatic and has proper priority, if not visited, then something else. The loyalty of tourism organizers to the ideas of the political system was assessed by the number of program tours.
The tour program is its essence. How good and thought out is the program down to the minutes of your stay in a particular place, including free time, used by the tourist at his personal discretion, the tour is so good and popular. The program should take into account the physical capabilities of tourists by age categories and other characteristics, changes in time zones, the body’s adaptability to climate change, saturation and the ability to perceive information, etc. Drawing up a tour program is an interesting and important part of the work of a tour operator. However, it is not uncommon for a tour operator to plan only the program in its most general form, allowing (leaving the opportunity) the tourist to slightly change individual components. So, a tourist can fly not in economy class, but in business class, take accommodation not in a double room, but single room, in a hotel of better or less class, he is given the opportunity to choose one or another excursion or attraction. So, when visiting Paris, you can go to the Louvre, but if you really want to, a tourist can choose the EuroDisney amusement park. The depth of the program and its quality depend on the experience of the organizer. All activities, including free time, must be counted by the minute. The tourist should not wait, and it is useless to waste the travel time he paid for. Such important little things as time reserve and the possibility of visiting the toilet and others are also taken into account.
Planned tourism includes group and individual independent travelers.
Group planned tourism
Purely for economic reasons, firms providing tourism services are interested in a reasonably large volume of such services and capacity utilization. The greater the flow of tourists served and the greater the turnover, the more profitable the business, it is possible to reduce prices and increase the competitiveness of services in tourist market. In order to intensify the capacity utilization of enterprises tourism industry These enterprises are introducing significant price discounts for group services for tourists.
The concept of a group of tourists, in the sense of its minimum size, depends on the type of tourist service. Thus, on some types of transport, a group ticket and, accordingly, a group discount in price can be obtained if the group of tourists consists of 5-6 people. For accommodation, hotels and inns offer group discounts for groups starting from 11 people. However, if this is an expensive business group, then the minimum number can be determined as 7 people.
With a smaller number, tourists are classified as individual tourists and normal prices and tariffs are established for them, usually accepted as basic. For example, the cost of service in a hotel: double occupancy for individuals is 55-60 USD per person, for groups of tourists the price will be significantly lower - 18-20 USD per person. Similar group discounts can be established for services in restaurants, museums, entertainment centers etc. Some carriers, for example, airlines for small groups of individuals, offer special discounts. For example, a family traveling on a trip can receive a special family discount (ticket in the name of the head of the family) family plan.
An individual tour is always more expensive than a group tour. However, there are quite a lot of tourists traveling individually, and therefore prices in catalogs of service industry enterprises are usually indicated for individual tourists. Group discounts are an important part of the contractual work of tourism organizers. Therefore, in order to save money, often clever tourists following guest invitations buy a place on a group tour, and then upon arrival leave the group, returning later on their own. This causes deep irritation to immigration services, since, on the one hand, a visitor visa usually costs more than a tourist visa, and a different, usually more stringent, procedure for obtaining and processing it has been established. On the other hand, such a tourist escapes the control of the services that control the guest’s stay (duration of stay, place of residence, hiring, obligation to leave at the time specified in the visa, etc.
Planned group tourism was started by Thomas Cook. It was he who first came up with the idea of selling tourist services in a package: transportation, accommodation, excursions and meals. It turned out that tourists liked such a comprehensive service. Initially, the goals of organizing such tourist trips were purely religious, but then the start of business prevailed. Cook created a travel company that began to develop successfully. In 1841, he organized river excursions along the Thames, then he agreed with the railway and organized weekend excursions from Leicester to Liverpool and other cities in England. By organizing planned tourist groups, he managed to get a significant discount in the price of moving across railway, for accommodation and other services. Later, the excursion services were supplemented by the service of hotel accommodation with meals, which subsequently became decisive.
These principles formed the basis of planned tourism, the theory and practice of package tours, package-tour, package holiday, package travel. Thomas Cook became a leading specialist in tourism and founded the travel company of the same name, which today is a true world-scale empire, along with the American company American Express. Note that both giant companies are more of a financial institution than a travel company, since they are involved in finance, insurance and other areas of the tourism industry.
It must be firmly understood that group prices for travel is always lower than individual rates by 50% or more. Therefore, they are more beneficial for mass tourist. Once, during the next inspection of an enterprise, an ignorant tax service employee was indignant and called travel companies parasites. “Well, what are they doing, what do they get money for? After all, I can buy a plane ticket without them, and get a visa, and I can come and buy a hotel, and I can eat anywhere.”
This judgment is fundamentally incorrect. Travel agency:
designs a tourist route,
completes a package interconnected from various services agreed upon in terms of time, level of quality and prices, destination, that is, organizes the most interesting tour,
looks for reliable partners organizing receptions in the country of visit,
achieves low prices for services by receiving group discounts,
receives visa support from his partner abroad,
accompanies the trip, bears responsibility for it and
ensures the safety of tourists.
This difference in price and hassle was quickly realized by those who bought a timeshare at Canary Islands. It seems profitable - 28 thousand USD for 25 years, that is less than a thousand dollars for two, but four people can live in their club hotel room. BUT!!!, you have to get a visa yourself (the travel company goes to the consulate without a queue, but you have to stand for days, writing the queue number on your hand every day with a ballpoint pen), buy an air ticket yourself and at an individual price (the individual tariff is three times higher than group, and club discounts are given only on foreign airlines), the airport is in Tenerife, and the club is located in Langerotta, getting there is another 100 USD per person (and the same amount back), you need to pay annually (whether you live or not) to pay for room maintenance, food in an expensive club restaurant (the poor do not live in this club, and, as you know, the income of an average-income European is much higher than that of an average Russian), rent a car and... so on ad infinitum. Specifically, the pleasure of a timeshare is good, but only for those who have plenty of money, even by Western standards. It should be noted that a timeshare is purchased for a minimum period of 10 years, or even 25 or 50 years with the right of inheritance, assignment, purchase and sale, and pledge. Buying this miracle high technology tourism must clearly understand its financial capabilities for maintaining a timeshare and the real circumstances of using its acquisition in five years and beyond, and in the case of inheritance by children, predict the same wealth for them - to cover considerable expenses, otherwise it will be an inheritance gift to the children in the form of " Trojan horse." For an ordinary Russian, even if he is capable of a one-time trip to a cheap foreign resort, this is completely inaccessible. Misunderstanding, or more precisely, inadequate assessment of one’s own real financial capabilities, leads to numerous conflicts in this area of tourism.
Individual planned tourism
A certain part of tourists prefer to travel individually, according to their own program. These are either young people traveling around the world during the holidays, or tourists who believe that they can plan their own trip cheaper. A special group consists of wealthy, rich tourists and nouveau riche who order luxurious alcazars, paradors or entire floors in hotels, limousines, yachts, and private airplanes. Among the latter there are also compatriots.
There are specialized travel companies that serve individual tourists, such as families. They order non-standard service packages, special programs are designed for them, and they book tourist services. This, of course, takes a lot of time from the organizers, and such services are not cheap. A professionally operating travel company organizes 10-15 standardized group tours in several directions designed for mass tourists, and also fulfills any orders of individual tourists.
Amateur tourism
If tourists manage to organize their trip without the participation of tourism organizers, in this case it is tourism (and all its varieties) - amateur.
Amateur tourism-- a specific type of tourist public (amateur) activity, carried out on a voluntary, amateur basis without the participation (or without participation in the main part of the travel organization) of tourism organizers (tour operators and travel agencies).
Amateur tourism is based on the activities of individuals, small tourist groups, voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, which on a voluntary basis participate in the organization and implementation of tourism, issue their own regulations governing tourist activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions, publish their own tourist methodological literature and periodicals. There is a judiciary that assigns titles to participants in categorical types of active tourism: mountaineering, cycling, water tourism on kayaks, boats, rafts, etc.
Amateur tourism is hiking and traveling along routes developed by tourists themselves or recommended by tourist clubs,
As a rule, amateur tourism is characterized by active modes of transportation. In this case, the route, the composition of the tourist group, equipment, food supply, method of transportation and financing are organized independently by the so-called amateur tourists. Such routes can be planned and prepared by tourist clubs, travel and excursion agencies, or tourist and sports organizations.
The peculiarity of such tourism is its sporting nature and the participation of youth in it. age category. The activities of this type of tourism are regulated by the “Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and travel,” as well as departmental instructions of the Ministry of Education, the State Committee for Physical Education and Tourism and recommendations of the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia, the Center for Children and Youth Tourism, etc.
The Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” provides the following basic definitions and concepts:
tourism - temporary trips (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as citizens) with permanent place residence for health, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary stay;
amateur tourism - travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists independently;
tourist - a citizen visiting a country (place) of temporary stay for health, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities for a period from 24 hours to 6 months in a row or spending at least one overnight stay.
INTRODUCTION
Tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic industries in the world
economy. It is recognized as an economic phenomenon for its rapid growth rate
centuries.
In many countries, tourism plays a significant role in the formation of gross
domestic product, creating additional jobs and ensuring
employment of the population, activation of the foreign trade balance. Tourism has
huge impact on key sectors of the economy such as transport and communications,
construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods
and others, i.e. acts as a catalyst for socio-economic
development. In turn, the development of tourism is affected by various
factors: demographic, natural-geographical, socio-economic,
historical, religious and political-legal.
The importance of tourism as a source of foreign exchange earnings, expansion of international
contacts, providing employment to the population is constantly growing.
Tourism is one of the few dynamically developing types of domestic
business. The interest of entrepreneurs in tourism is explained by a number of factors. In-
first, in order to start doing tourism business, you don’t need
big investments. Secondly, it is quite successful in the tourism market
large, medium and small (with a small number of personnel) interact
companies. At the same time, the tourism business allows you to quickly turn over capital, and
also (in the field of international tourism) to derive certain benefits due to
foreign exchange transactions.
To achieve a positive balance between money imported into the country
(inbound tourism) and exported from the country (outbound tourism) it is necessary
support and develop in every possible way domestic tourism so that money
spent within the country rather than abroad. Well planned
policy national tourism ultimately leads to benefits for the country.
If tourism development is not planned professionally enough, it may
it may happen that the country will invest more in tourism than it receives from
him. In order to succeed in the tourism business, a foundation is required
needs of the consumer of tourism services, organization of production and
sales of tourism products, good knowledge of international legal norms and regulations,
practices of tourism management and marketing, tourism conditions
There is a significant discrepancy in the level of tourism in Russia
services and package of services offered to the consumer, international
requirements and standards. This is facilitated to a certain extent
small number hotel enterprises and specialized tools
placements, the number of which is constantly decreasing. In 1999, out of the total
hotels (3386) 2750, i.e. 81.2% did not have the appropriate certificate
quality. There is also poor professional training of workers
tourism industry. This ultimately leads to capital flight from
Russia. Economic indicators of the development of Russian tourism are far from
desired. According to the Bank of Russia, the balance of payments deficit under item
“tourist services (travel)” in 1999 amounted to about 3.2 billion US dollars,
share of exports of tourism services in the total volume of exports of goods and
services 4.4%, share of imports of tourism services in total imports
goods and services was 13%. The total number of arrivals to Russia was 18.8
million people, with 7.1 million people from non-CIS countries, including
for the purpose of tourism - 1.9 million people. (26.8%). Of the CIS countries, 11.7 visited Russia
million citizens, of which 1.14 million people (9.7%) for the purpose of tourism.
3. Amateur tourism
Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”
interprets amateur tourism as “travel using active
methods of transportation organized by tourists independently,” and
proclaimed priority areas of government regulation
tourism activities along with domestic and outbound tourism support and
development of social and amateur tourism.
Until 1990, amateur tourism existed as social movement And
was implemented through a diverse system of tourist clubs of the Councils for
tourism and excursions Central Council for tourism and excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in
structure of which there was a Department of Amateur Tourism, as well as
through tourist clubs and tourist sections that existed in large
enterprises, institutions and educational institutions.
In 1989, the number of clubs in the RSFSR reached more than 700. Under the clubs
there were more than 80 regional federations sports tourism. On
enterprises, institutions and educational institutions on a voluntary basis
More than 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked. In amateur tourism
about 7 million people were involved, including all participants in tourist
hikes: recreational, weekend, sports, etc., as well as
hikes, rallies and competitions for approximately 15 million people. Wherein
number of participants in sports category hikes, giving the right to
the assignment of sports categories and tourism titles amounted to about 140 thousand.
Human. All amateur tourism events were financed from
trade union councils.
In 1989, about 6 million rubles were allocated for the needs of amateur tourism.
Hikes and routes for amateur tourism are developed by ourselves
As a rule, this tourism is characterized by active modes of transportation.
At the same time, the route, the composition of the tourist group, equipment, provision of food
food, modes of transportation and financing are organized independently,
or with the support of tourist clubs, sections, public
organizations.
Amateur tourism is subdivided.
1. According to the form of the event, walks, hikes, trips,
rallies, expeditions, competitions.
2. By type of routes, hiking, skiing, mountain,
water, speleo, mountaineering, cycling routes, motorcycle, air,
combined.
4. By organizational affiliation: tourist clubs
stations for young tourists, tourist sections, sports organizations.
One of the important features of amateur hikes is a clear
organization and systematic implementation. Depending on the possibilities it
There can be weekend hikes, multi-day non-category and category hikes
hiking. Organizing and conducting a hike, regardless of its complexity
are regulated by the “Rules for conducting tourist and sports trips”,
“Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and
travel", as well as departmental instructions of the Ministry of Education and
etc. These documents determine which organizations can conduct hikes and
travel, how tourist groups are assembled depending on complexity
selected route and type of tourism, establish the procedure for registration
route documents They clearly formulate the requirements for participants and
trek leaders, as well as the responsibilities and rights of the leader and participants
Every tourist club should have a card index that can be used
use when choosing a route. At the same time, members of the tourist section
must themselves develop and implement new routes.
The most common form of amateur tourism is trekking
day off. Such hikes are accessible to people of all ages and attract
the largest number of participants.
The simplest form of hiking is a country walk. For such walks
Everyone is welcome. The short walk does not require participants to
Tourism is the most widespread form of active recreation and health improvement for workers, one of the important means of educating Soviet people. During their travels, tourists get acquainted with the past and present of our Motherland, its natural resources, cultural monuments, perform socially useful work, observe nature, and protect it.
According to the nature of the organization, trips are divided into planned and amateur. Planned ones are carried out along a route developed in advance and prepared by some organization, with the provision of all kinds of services and accommodation at tourist centers and hotels. In amateur travel, tourists are in complete self-service, they themselves decide all issues related to choosing a route, providing equipment, developing a travel schedule, etc. A properly organized and conducted amateur tourist trip ensures good rest, physical development and sports improvement of tourists, expands their outlook, fosters collectivism, love of nature, discipline, courage and initiative.
Hiking trips are an integral part of the All-Union physical education complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR.”
The procedure for organizing travel is determined by the Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and trips on the territory of the USSR, which are approved by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and agreed with the Union Ministries of Internal Affairs, Health, Education, Geology and other interested departments and central organizations.
In accordance with these Rules, amateur tourist travel can be carried out by tourism and excursion councils, committees on physical culture and sports, councils of voluntary sports societies (VSO), tourist sports clubs, physical culture groups of enterprises, collective farms, state farms, organizations, institutions, educational institutions , recreational tourist and sports camps, stations for young tourists, secondary schools. Palaces and Houses of Pioneers and Schoolchildren.
The currently operating United All-Union sports classification divides travel depending on the method of travel and the conditions for their implementation into several types. The most popular of them are hiking, water, skiing and mountain.
In order of increasing complexity, amateur tourist trips are divided into weekend trips and multi-day trips of I, II, III, IV, V and VI categories of complexity.
The determination of the category of complexity of multi-day trips is carried out by public tourist route qualification commissions (ICC) depending on the following indicators (for categories I-III of complexity):
The duration of hikes is indicated without taking into account rest days and reserve days for bad weather. Although the maximum duration is not specified, if the number of days turns out to be significantly more than the standard without sufficient grounds, then the IWC has the right to reduce the qualifying difficulty of the hike due to insufficient intensity of the load.
The length of the route is calculated taking into account radial exits if they do not exceed a quarter of the total length of the hike. In this case, a radial exit is considered to be a section of the route lasting no more than four walking days with a return to the starting point. Distances traveled in circular radial exits (with a return along a different path) are counted in full; distances traveled in linear radial exits (with a return along the same path) are counted in half.
A prerequisite for determining the category of difficulty of hikes is their compliance with the lists of classified tourist routes and classified passes approved by the Tourism Federation of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. These lists contain the main criterion for determining complexity - the number and quality of natural obstacles on the routes.
Each type of tourism takes into account certain types of natural obstacles. For mountain trips, the category of difficulty is determined taking into account the set of passes:
COMPLETING A GROUP AND PREPARING FOR THE TRIP
A tourist group should be a monolithic team, each of whose members is united with others through friendship and unity of purpose. Therefore, it is desirable that all tourists in the group have approximately the same age and physical fitness, similar skills and knowledge, and similar interests.
It is recommended that the group be composed of tourists working at the same enterprise, institution or studying at the same school, technical school, or institute. Such groups are the most homogeneous and stable, they are easier to organize and provide with equipment.
Prefabricated tourist groups are also common, uniting people with common interests or assembled according to some other characteristics.
The number of members of a tourist group taking part in a weekend trip is not limited. Tourist groups going on routes of I-III categories of difficulty must consist of at least four people.
Requirements for travel leaders and participants:
Leaders of amateur travel. They are chosen by tourists and approved by travel organizations.
Leaders must be politically literate, cultural, strong-willed, physically developed people with organizational abilities and the necessary tourism skills. They are obliged to observe safety measures and be ready to provide the necessary assistance to their comrades, monitor the careful attitude of tourists towards nature, and tactful behavior. towards local residents.
Travel leaders of complexity category I must have experience leading weekend trips, and trip leaders of complexity categories II and above must have experience leading a trip one category lower and experience participating in a trip of the same complexity category for this type of tourism. So, if a group is going on a ski trip of category III difficulty, then it can only be led by someone who has already completed a ski route of similar complexity as a participant and, in addition, has experience leading a ski trip of category II difficulty.
Group leaders are responsible for the preparation and trouble-free conduct of trips. Instructions from group leaders during travel are mandatory for all group members.
The group leader can be a tourist who has reached the age of 18.
Participants of amateur trips. Approved by travel agencies.
All participants in trips of difficulty category I must have experience of weekend hikes.
The group for travel of categories II and III of complexity includes mainly those who already have travel experience of categories I and II, respectively, for the same type of tourism. Due to the fact that it is sometimes difficult to select an even composition of the group, the current rules allow participation in a trip of category II difficulty by beginner tourists with experience of weekend hikes, and in a trip of category III - tourists with travel experience of category I. However, the number of those who have such insignificant tourist experience should not exceed one third of all tourists in the group.
In case of temporary division of a group on the route in each subgroup (and in water travel- on each ship), senior officers are allocated to ensure the coordinated actions of tourists and their compliance with the instructions of the group leader.
Participants who are no younger than 14 years old are allowed to travel on routes of category I complexity, no younger than 15 years old on routes II complexity category, and no younger than 16 years old on routes III complexity category.
Additional requirements
Depending on the specifics of water, ski and mountain travel, additional requirements are imposed on participants and leaders.
The leader of a water trip must have experience leading trips on the same type of water tourism (raft or rowing vessel - kayak, boat).
Participants in ski trips of II and III difficulty categories must have experience of field overnight stays in winter conditions. Moreover, field overnight stays mean overnight stays outside settlements: in tents, under an awning, by the fire, in a hut, in snow cave, hunting huts, etc.
Participants and leaders of mountain trips of I-III categories of difficulty, which involve crossing high-mountain (classified) passes, must have special training:
a) if the route has passes of category IA of difficulty, then the group members must undergo pre-camp training for the “USSR Mountaineer” badge, and the leader must have the “USSR Mountaineer” badge or training in the scope of the special part of the program for instructors mountain tourism and experience of passing two passes of IA category of difficulty;
b) if the route has passes of category 1B of difficulty, then the group members must have the “USSR Climber” badge or training in the scope of a special part of the program for mountain tourism instructors and experience in passing a pass of category IA, and the leader must have additional experience in passing as a participant in the hike pass 1B and as a leader: pass IA category of difficulty;
c) if there are passes of category 2A of difficulty on the route, then the group members must, in addition to the experience of overcoming passes 1B, have experience of passing pass 1B of category of difficulty, and the leader must additionally have experience of passing pass 2A as a group member and pass 1B of category of difficulty as leader.
Distribution of duties
The distribution of social responsibilities in the group is carried out taking into account the tourist experience of the participants, their practical skills, and interest in carrying out certain assignments.
Team leader. Leads the preparation and conduct of the trip, organizes the activities of other participants, is responsible for their safety and successful completion of the route.
Deputy Head. Usually this is the second most experienced tourist in the group. He is the chief assistant to the leader in all matters, and in his absence (for example, at certain stages in preparation for a trip or when temporarily dividing a group on a route) he is the leader of the group.
Head of the farm (housekeeper). Distributes responsibilities for preparing food and equipment among participants, places them in backpacks, keeps records of food and equipment along the route, takes care of their condition and replenishment, and draws up a menu.
Medical instructor. Before the trip, he undergoes special training in providing first aid, completes and stores a traveling first aid kit, monitors tourists’ compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, and provides first aid if necessary.
Responsible for the diary. Keeps a record of marching events and compiles a timeline of marching days.
If the group is large (more than 8-10 people) or difficult route It is customary to additionally select from among the participants a treasurer, a photographer responsible for repairing equipment (repairman), a physical engineer, etc.
When carrying out certain scientific observations while traveling, responsibilities are distributed among tourists according to the types of observations. Those responsible for topographic surveying, collecting samples for the mineralogical collection, meteorological observations, etc. are identified.
In addition, responsibilities in a group can be temporary: for one day, a transition, or some kind of hiking event. These are those on duty in the kitchen, firemen, guides and trail runners, responsible for holding a tourist evening, competitions, organizing excursions, and reconnaissance of the further route.
The main thing when distributing responsibilities is not to deprive group members of useful initiative, give more personal tasks, and increase the personal responsibility of group members.
General physical and special preparation for travel
General physical training of tourists. Includes morning exercises, passing the standards of the GTO complex and exercises (training) during weekend hikes. It’s good if tourists study in one of the sports sections- athletics, skiing, etc.
In parallel with physical training, hardening of the body of tourists should be carried out. Air hardening occurs during morning exercises, which tourists should do in any weather and at any time of the year outdoors. After charging, water procedures are required.
Special training. Essential for those who are preparing for a more or less difficult trip, especially mountain, ski or water travel.
Specific exercises depend on the intended route. If you are planning a kayaking trip, then your morning exercises include slow and fast bending of the body from various positions, raising and lowering your legs while lying down, push-ups, and exercises simulating rowing. If you are preparing for a ski trip, then your exercises include long running, walking, simulating skiing, exercises to build up the strength of your arms, abdominals, and to develop mobility in the hip and shoulder joints.
For those planning a mountain trip, it is advisable to practice jumping over bumps (stones), balancing with a load on a log, walking on full feet on steep slopes, deep jumps with landing on an inclined sandy slope, and “rock climbing” with belay.
Both special and general physical training are carried out in the form of joint classes of all participants in the planned trip. This helps strengthen the team and develops a sense of “similarity” between group members.
To check physical readiness for a trip of I-III difficulty categories, it is recommended to use the following control standards:
Travel medical support. It consists of organizing, before setting out on the route, an appropriate medical examination of all group members (preferably by doctors from a medical and physical education clinic) and preparing tourists, primarily the group’s medical instructor, to provide first aid.
When determining the possibility of participating in a hike of I-III categories of difficulty after some acute illnesses, you need to focus on the following approximate dates:
| Name of the disease | Time after clinical recovery | Notes |
| Angina | 3-4 weeks | |
| acute respiratory infections, bronchitis | 2-3 weeks | |
| Acute otitis media | 2-4 weeks | |
| Pneumonia | 1-2 months | Only one-day hikes are initially allowed |
| Pleurisy | 1-2 months | Same |
| Flu (no complications) | 2-4 weeks | |
| Acute infectious diseases | 1-2 months | If the test results are satisfactory |
| Infectious hepatitis | 8-12 months | |
| Acute nephritis | 8-12 months | Control urine tests are required |
| Fractures of limb bones: upper lower |
1-3 months 3-8 months |
Depending on the severity of the damage |
| Concussion | 8-12 months or more | Same |
ROUTE DEVELOPMENT AND TRAVEL SCHEDULE
Each group, preparing for a campaign, must first of all have a good idea of its purpose, its main task. This may be a rest with minor physical activity, searching for “untravelled” places with hunting and fishing, sightseeing, completing tasks of the organization, completing a sports route, etc. Having determined the goal, the actual physical and technical preparedness of the participants, as well as the financial and other capabilities of the group, tourists begin to explore the area and route development.
Exploring the travel area
Studying the area includes: acquaintance with literature (including fiction), cartographic material, conversations with people who have visited the places of travel. It is also useful to take advantage of tourist reports and make notes about the relief, hydrography, climate, vegetation, wildlife, history, economics and everyday life of the population. A lot of valuable information, especially about specific attractions along the route, can be gleaned from correspondence with local tourism and excursion councils, tourist clubs, and individual local historians.
Working with maps occupies a special place in the process of preparing for a trip (see p. 110). By deciphering symbols, carefully measuring distances and compiling elevation elevations, tourists become familiar with the terrain's passability conditions.
Beginning tourists are recommended to use literature and maps to compile a detailed description of the route indicating distances; features of the terrain through which the route runs; with characteristics of roads; with a description of landmarks that will be visible near and far from different points, etc. Such a description will make it possible to move confidently without constantly checking the map.
Route development
The construction of the route depends on the specifics of the trip and the specific conditions of the area. It can be linear (end-to-end), linear-radial with long excursions or reconnaissance exits away from the main path, circular with a return to the starting point of the path. When planning a route, it is necessary to ensure a gradual increase in the complexity of natural obstacles and an increase in the interest of travelers in the second third of the journey. It is advisable to reserve for this part the technically most difficult sections, visits to the most interesting museums, panoramic points and other interesting objects.
The route should be built in such a way as to reduce walking loads as much as possible. It is recommended to identify points in advance where you can send some equipment and food by mail or where you can replenish your supplies. It is also advisable to create base camps from which various radial journeys can be made with minimal load. In addition to the main route, it is necessary to have a lightweight backup option in case one of them gets sick. participants, bad weather, river floods, increased avalanche danger, etc.
The route must be safe and logical. An artificial set of certain obstacles and excessive “twisting” of the path will not give tourists satisfaction and can lead to injuries.
Drawing up a calendar plan
The travel calendar, traffic schedule and calculation of daily transitions are developed depending on the complexity of the path, the physical and technical preparedness of the group members, the weight of the backpacks, as well as the presence of certain excursion sites that require stops to inspect.
While traveling on foot. On average, tourists walk 15-25 km per day. If the backpack is heavy (especially in the first days of the trip) or the route goes over rough terrain with overcoming natural obstacles, and also if the group includes poorly prepared beginners, the day's trek should be reduced to 12-18 km. The increase in loads should be gradual. So, in hiking Difficulty category I-II, daily mileage can be as follows: 15, 18, 20, 22 km, day trip, 22, 25, 25, 18 km. If the route profile is difficult, the second or third day of the hike is the hardest. Therefore, it is better not to increase the mileage in the first three days, but to take a day’s rest on the fourth day.
On a ski trip. On the ski track, even novice tourists can travel 20-30 km a day with relative ease. When moving on virgin snow with overcoming natural obstacles or in conditions of difficult orientation, the speed drops to 12-.18 km per day. The pace of movement is seriously reduced during a thaw, and it is generally better to wait out a snowstorm, sudden cold snap, or strong headwind in a populated area. Therefore, up to 1/4-1/5 of the total time on a winter hike is planned as a reserve. left for unforeseen delays along the way.
On a mountain trip. The time required for the ascent is determined by summing up the estimated time spent moving the group horizontally (average speed 3-4.5 km per hour) and ascending vertically (speed about 0.3-0.4 km per hour), Duration descent along a simple path is calculated based on a speed of 5-6 km per hour. When planning transitions, we must not forget about the possibility of worsening weather.
On a water trip. In addition to the total mileage, the quantity and quality of obstacles, excursion sites available along the route, and the necessary reserve of days for bad weather, when developing a calendar plan, such specific indicators as the slope and tortuosity of the river, and the speed of its flow are taken into account. And not only the average for the entire route, but also for its individual sections. With a river slope of up to 1 m/km (0.001) and a current speed of 4-5 km per hour, the speed of movement of tourists will be slightly less than the sum of the speed of the current and their own speed. As the slope and flow speed increase, the speed of the group may not increase, since a lot of time will be required to preview obstacles and prevent emergency situations (novice tourists should not walk on such rivers).
The actual speed of movement on oars or a towline against the current is 1-2 km per hour (with a slope of up to 1-1.5 m/km), and it takes about an hour to overcome an obstacle on a flat river that requires guiding or carrying around. On average, for calculations, we can assume that the speed of a tourist ship on a voyage of I-II difficulty categories is 4-5 km per hour.
Rice. 1. Profile of the water route (conditional data).
Route profile. When preparing a water, mountain or ski route, even the simplest one, it is useful to build its longitudinal profile. The profile of the water route is drawn on two scales: a small scale is taken to mark the length of the route, a larger scale is taken to mark the water edges (Fig. 1). Calculated slopes of the river, data on the nature of the valley, banks, and bottom are transferred to the profile from literary and cartographic sources, and places of natural and artificial obstacles are noted. This allows you to really assess the features and complexity of the route, to break it down for ease of passage into sections that require approximately the same technique and movement tactics.
REGISTRATION AND ACCOUNTING OF TRAVEL
Travel documents
All tourist groups must complete the appropriate documents before setting out on the route.
Route sheet. This is a travel document for a group setting off on an amateur trip, less difficult than a first category hike. Itinerary sheets of the established form are issued to ICC tourists and signed by the head of the organization (or his deputy) conducting a non-category trip or weekend trip.
The route sheet includes a list of travel participants, a route broken down by sections, indicating methods of transportation and social useful work, which the group plans to spend on the road.
At the end of the trip, the itinerary is returned to the organization that issued it.
Route book. Travel document for a group going on a trip of I and higher complexity categories.
The book contains the roster of the group with passport data for each participant, a detailed calendar plan for the trip by days of travel, checkpoints and deadlines for submitting telegrams from the route. The book is issued to the group leader only after the ICC has checked the correctness of the developed route and the preparedness of tourists for it.
Review and approval of the route
A tourist group preparing for a trip of I and higher categories of complexity, in order to receive a route book, submits to the ICC an application book containing basic information about the route of the proposed trip, information about the composition of the group, the experience of tourists, material support (equipment, food, first aid kit, estimate), difficult sections on the route and how to pass them. The application book is certified by the organization conducting the trip, and for national groups - by the tourist club, the council for tourism and excursions, DSO, etc.
The application booklet is submitted to the local ICC no later than a month before the start of the trip. If this commission does not have the necessary powers, then the booklet is sent to a higher ICC, but also no later than a month before the trip.
The ICC is obliged to check the development of the route and traffic schedule for the main and alternate options, the knowledge of the route leader and participants of travel conditions and natural obstacles, the correctness of the measures planned by the group in case of unforeseen deviations from the route and traffic schedule, and measures to ensure travel safety. In the process of reviewing the route, all participants in the planned trip can be called for a conversation and control checks in the field can be assigned to them.
If the decision is positive, the ICC, no later than 15 days before the start of the trip, issues to the group leader a numbered registered form of the route book, certified by the ICC stamp, and a copy of the application book with its conclusion.
At the same time, the MKK enters, if necessary, special instructions for the group into the route and application book, and notes in them the place of registration of the group before setting out on the route at the relevant control and rescue service (CRS).
Based on the conclusion of the ICC and medical certificates about the health status of all members of the group, the organization conducting the trip allows the group to go on the route and issues a route book with the signature of the responsible person of this organization and its seal.
Control over the preparation and conduct of the trip
The organization conducting the trip monitors the preparation and training of the group, equipping it with the necessary equipment, as well as the completion of the trip on time.
When conducting trips of II and higher categories of complexity, the organization conducting the trip must, no later than 10 days before the group leaves for the starting point of the route, inform the tourist office of the relevant council for tourism and excursions about the intended route and travel dates, checkpoints, the name of the leader and the number of participants groups.
During the trip, tourist groups are required to make notes in the itinerary books about the passage of the route in tourist, and in their absence in other organizations and institutions, report by telegraph about the passage of checkpoints of the organization conducting the trip, the ICC (at its request) and the tourism board and excursions in the area in which the trip takes place.
If the trip takes place in an area where there is a tourist checkpoint, then upon arrival the group is required to register at the nearest control and rescue point (detachment, post) and receive additional advice on the route.
Compilation of a report
During the trip, tourists keep a hiking diary and record the results of various observations along the route (for information on keeping a diary, see p. 205). At the end of the trip, the group leader reports to the organization that conducted the trip and the ICC within no more than 4 months.
Travel reports should generally contain the following sections:
1. Background information about the trip: type of tourism, category of difficulty, time, area, route, methods of transportation; Group members; the length and duration of the journey in general and in sections with overcoming natural obstacles; when and which IWC considered travel.
2. Information about the travel area: a brief general geographical description of the area; a tourist characteristic based on the group’s own observations and conclusions, materials collected by the group through correspondence and on the route, and aimed at providing subsequent tourist groups with specific information about natural features area, inspection sites, roads, local transport, opportunities to replenish food supplies, etc.
3. Technical description of the trip: characteristics of the route traveled, conditions and possibilities of movement; difficult sections of the route (passes, rapids, crossings, places with difficult orientation, etc.); methods and means used to overcome natural obstacles; security measures and group actions in difficult conditions.
4. A detailed table of daily marches indicating the mileage and method of movement, the number of walking hours, the mileage with overcoming natural obstacles and a brief description of the weather.
5. Lists of personal and group equipment and food, preferably with their assessment based on the experience of the trip.
6. Cost estimate.
7. List of used: literature.
The travel report is accompanied by a general map showing the route and overnight stays, as well as sketches of the most difficult sections indicating the route and timing of their passage.
The reports are illustrated with photographs characterizing difficult sections of the route and the group’s actions on them, the nature and attractions of the area, etc.
The specific volume and nature of the travel report of categories I-III of complexity, as well as the possibility of its presentation orally, are determined by the ICC. For school tour groups, a written report is required.
Travel credit and rank assignment
The completed trip is scored by the ICC, which reviewed the materials for the group’s departure on the route. A preliminary check is made of the report submitted by the group, as well as the tourists’ compliance with the current rules, norms of behavior or instructions of the commission during the trip.
When taking credit, completed trips are classified in accordance with current category standards and taking into account the conditions that existed during the trip.
Based on the route completion certificates issued to the leader and participants, they may be assigned one or another Sports category.
With a positive conclusion from an authorized ICC, the council for tourism and excursions, a tourist or sports club, the council of children's social activities or the physical education team, under which the ICC was created and operates, assigns a category to tourists in accordance with the following requirements (data are given up to the first category):
| Discharge | Hiking difficulty categories | Number of trips | |||||||
| I | II | III | IV | ||||||
| Participant | Supervisor | Participant | Supervisor | Participant | Supervisor | Participant | Supervisor | ||
| I | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | |
| II | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||
| III | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| I youth (14-15 years old) | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| II youth (13-14 years old) | Complete one five-day hike or two (13-14 years old) three-day hikes with a total length of at least 65 kilometers | ||||||||
| III youth (12-13 years old) | Complete one three-day hike or two (12-13 years old) two-day hikes with a total length of at least 30 kilometers | ||||||||
Hikes are counted regardless of what type of tourism they are made for. No more than three hikes are counted in a calendar year, unless they are higher than category III of difficulty. The interval between two qualifying trips must be at least a month.
To assign III, II and I sports categories, it is allowed to replace the leadership of hikes of I, II and III categories of difficulty with participation in hikes of III, IV and V categories of difficulty, respectively.
Hikes made along the same route, as well as repeated sections of routes, are counted if they are completed in different types of tourism or if the first time the hike was made as a participant, and the second time as a leader.
To be assigned categories III, II and I, it is necessary that tourists pass the standards of the GTO complex and are at least 14, 16 and 19 years old, respectively.
To be assigned a sports category (except for III and II youth), you must also have the “USSR Tourist” badge.
USSR Tourist Badge
The “Tourist of the USSR” badge is awarded to tourists who participated during the year in one or more trips with a total duration of at least 5 days and a total length of at least 75 kilometers on foot or skis, at least 100 kilometers on boats, kayaks, rafts, catamarans, at least 150 kilometers on bicycles or on horseback trails, at least 500 kilometers on motorcycles, 1,000 kilometers on cars (for drivers only). In very rough (mountainous) terrain, the standard for tourists hiking or skiing can be reduced, but not by more than 15 kilometers.
Persons who have a doctor’s permission to engage in physical education and who have reached the age of 14 are allowed to pass the standards for the “Tourist of the USSR” badge.
For schoolchildren, compliance with the norms is allowed for two years and only with the successive completion of five one- or two-day hikes with a total duration of at least 5 days and the total length indicated above.
When making hiking trips in the summer, participants must spend at least two overnight stays in the field.
The entry for the “USSR Tourist” badge is accepted by a commission consisting of at least three people (one third category athlete in tourism or a tourism instructor and two “USSR Tourist” badge holders).
Documents for the “USSR Tourist” badge are issued by tourist clubs, tourist sections of physical culture groups and military units, city (district) tourist clubs of tourism and excursion councils, tourist centers, stations of young tourists, Palaces (Houses) of pioneers and schoolchildren, secondary schools and other organizations carrying out tourism work and organizing tourist trips.