Air mode of transport advantages and disadvantages. Benefits provided by air transport. What are the disadvantages of air transport?

Aviation transport- the fastest and at the same time the most expensive type of transport. Its main area of ​​application is passenger transportation over distances of over a thousand kilometers. Freight transport is also carried out, but their share is very low. Mostly perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail, are transported by air. In many hard-to-reach areas, there are no alternatives to air transport. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site, they use helicopters rather than airplanes, which do not require a landing strip.

The main function of air transport is to transport passengers over long distances. Accordingly, it accounts for about a quarter of long-distance passenger turnover, and the average transportation distance is 1,800 km. Air transport is the only one operating year-round in the northeastern part of the country, when rivers and seas freeze there.

Air transport includes enterprises air transport transporting passengers, cargo, luggage, mail, aerial photography, agricultural work, as well as airports, airfields, flying clubs, vehicles, control systems air traffic, educational institutions, repair plants civil aviation and other enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, that ensure the operation of air transport.

Aviation transport lands include lands provided for use for:

Ø airports, airfields, separate structures (air traffic control, radio navigation and landing facilities, wastewater treatment and other facilities), service and technical areas with buildings and structures that support the operation of air transport;

Ø helicopter stations, including heliports, service and technical areas with all buildings and structures;

Ø civil aviation repair plants, airfields, helicopter airfields, hydroaerodromes and other sites for the operation of aircraft;



Ø service facilities that support the operation of air transport.

Figure 5. Advantages and disadvantages of air transport

Airplane


The rolling stock of air transport includes airplanes, helicopters, and gliders.

Airplane- this is a device whose flight becomes possible due to the interaction of the engine thrust and the lifting force of the wing, which occurs during movement. The aircraft consists of: an airframe, traction engines, landing gear, and a set of units and instruments that ensure the functioning of all aircraft and control systems.

Helicopter- a rotary-wing aircraft in which lifting and pushing forces at all stages of flight are created by one or more rotors driven by one or more engines.

According to their intended purpose, helicopters are divided into four main classes: combat, reconnaissance, multi-purpose and transport-landing. Separate machines are sometimes allocated to perform special tasks.

Combat (attack) helicopters are helicopters that carry a variety of weapons on board and are intended primarily to fight tanks, other armored vehicles and provide direct (fire) support to ground forces units in the battlefield.

Reconnaissance helicopters are, according to the modern American interpretation, light helicopters designed for conducting aerial reconnaissance, observing the battlefield, detecting targets and issuing target designation data to combat helicopters, ground-based firepower and combined arms commanders, providing control and communications.

Multi-purpose (general purpose) helicopters are designed to provide air mobility for troops, which involves their use primarily for tactical landings and their evacuation, delivery of troops and logistics supplies to the battlefield, search and rescue operations, and evacuation of the wounded.

Transport-landing (transport) helicopters are medium and heavy vehicles used primarily for transporting logistics support for troops during combat operations.

A special class includes special-purpose helicopters designed to solve specific problems using radio-electronic equipment.

Glider- a non-motorized, heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by the aerodynamic lift created on the wing by the incoming air flow. The glider or glider is also called the supporting structure of an aircraft.

Modern gliders are very diverse: from ultra-light ones, weighing tens of kilograms and flying at a flight speed slightly greater than the speed of a horse, to space shuttles, with a launch weight of more than 100 tons and an orbital speed of 28 thousand km/h - any winged spacecraft descends in the atmosphere and lands in glider mode, although in its own way flight characteristics looks a little like a regular glider.

Main elements of the aircraft:

Wing - during the forward motion of the aircraft, it creates the lifting force necessary for flight due to the pressure difference that occurs in the oncoming air flow on the lower and upper surfaces of the wing: the pressure on the lower surface of the aircraft wing is greater than the pressure on its upper surface. On the wing there are aerodynamic controls (ailerons, elevons, etc.), as well as wing mechanization - that is, devices used to control the lift and drag of the aircraft.

Fuselage - designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment, as well as for attaching the wing, tail, landing gear, engines, etc. (it is like the “body” of the aircraft). There are known airplanes without a fuselage (for example, a “flying wing”).

The tail is aerodynamic surfaces designed to ensure stability, controllability and balancing of the aircraft. To control the aircraft, deflectable surfaces are placed on the tail surfaces - aerodynamic rudders (elevator, rudder), or the tail surfaces are made all-moving.

Landing gear is a system of supports necessary for the takeoff run of an aircraft, the run during landing, as well as its movement and parking on the ground. The most common type is the wheeled chassis. Chassis designs with skis, floats, and runners are also known. In the USSR, experiments were carried out with tracked chassis and hovercraft. Many modern aircraft, in particular, most military aircraft, as well as passenger aircraft, have retractable landing gear.

The aircraft's power plant, generally speaking consisting of an engine and a propulsion device (for example, a propeller), creates the necessary thrust, which, balancing the aerodynamic drag, provides the aircraft with forward motion.

On-board equipment systems are various equipment that allows you to fly under any conditions. For approximately the last 30-40 years, on-board electronics have been the most intelligent, complex and expensive equipment, surpassing the cost of the rest of the aircraft structure.


CONCLUSION

The work examined different types of transport: railway transport, its main technical and economic properties were analyzed; the features of pipelines were studied water transport, its technical basis for pipeline transport; sea transport is considered. And its geography in the CIS countries and in the world; air transport, its technical elements and operating technology are considered.

Railway transport is a type of transport that transports passengers and goods along rail tracks in wagons using locomotive or multiple unit traction.

Among all modes of transport in many countries, railway transport occupies a leading place, which is explained by its versatility: the ability to serve all sectors of the economy and meet the transportation needs of the population in almost all climatic zones and at any time of the year. Infrastructure railway transport includes railway tracks, stations, railway signaling and more.

Pipeline transport is a type of transport that transports liquid, gaseous media and solid materials over a distance through pipelines. Depending on the product being transported, there are oil pipelines, gas pipelines, water pipes, slurry pipelines, etc.

Pipeline transport is a pipeline made of welded, usually steel pipes of various diameters with anti-corrosion coating and pumping stations located on the pipeline every 100-140 km and operating in automatic mode. When pumping gas on the pipeline, compressor stations are also installed every 200 km to compress (liquefy) the gas, which increases pumping performance.

Sea transport is a type of water transport. Maritime transport includes any vessel capable of moving along the water surface (seas, oceans and adjacent waters), as well as simply being afloat and performing certain functions related to the transportation, transshipment, storage, and processing of various cargoes; transportation and service of passengers.

Maritime transport provides 80% of transport between countries and a significant part of domestic cargo in coastal countries. The average distance of cargo transportation on it is many times higher than on railway transport. Long-distance transportation provides minimum costs per ton of transported cargo. More than 40% of the total mass of transported cargo consists of crude oil and petroleum products. The share of dry cargo (iron ore, grain, coal, bauxite, alumina, phosphates) accounts for 25%. Other cargo is mainly represented by general or packaged goods with a high degree of processing.

Air transport is the fastest and at the same time the most expensive mode of transport. Its main area of ​​application is passenger transportation over distances of over a thousand kilometers. Freight transport is also carried out, but their share is very low. Mostly perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail, are transported by air. In many hard-to-reach areas, there are no alternatives to air transport. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site, they use helicopters rather than airplanes, which do not require a landing strip.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Simonov, A.K. General transport course: tutorial/ A.K. Simonov. – M.: IVESEP, 2004. – 148 p.2. Shchukin, O.I. General transport course / O.I. Shchukin. – St. Petersburg. : GMA im. Makarova, 2007. – 96 p.3. Zaitsev, E.N. General transport course: a manual for studying the discipline and performing test work/ E.N. Zaitsev. – St. Petersburg. : SPbGUGA, 2008. – P. 67.4. Bernikov L.N., Ways to improve industrial transport, M., 1970; Konovalov V.S., Organization, mechanization and economics of factory transport, M., 1973.5. Galaburda V.G., Persianov V.A., Timoshin A.A., Unified transport system, Ed. Galaburdy V.G. - M.: Transport, 1996.6. Interaction various types transport. Examples and calculations. Ed. N.V. Pravdina. – M.: Transport, 1989.7. Methodical manual 9/5/7 General course of transport. Ed. Ph.D. E.V. Borodin. – M.:2002.8. Urban transport No. 4 (Organization of traffic), in the collection: Scientific works of the Academy of Public Utilities named after. K.D. Pamfilova, V. 45, M., 19679. http://www.transportal.by

Details Updated 07/27/2017 14:03 Author: Andrey Yarmolinsky

Air transport is one of the most developed branches of transport, but it should be chosen only in certain circumstances.

Every day we choose different vehicles. Why is this happening? When does air transport seem to be the best solution, and when should it be abandoned?

On television, we often hear about plane crashes. Due to the publicity of cases of this type in the media mass media There is a widespread belief that air travel is not a safe way to transport people or goods. In reality, however, it turns out that air transport is much safer than, for example, road transport! Safety is not the only advantage of this transport area. Another undoubted advantage is its ability to quickly reach even the most remote places. The fact is that air transport can reach significant speeds, and at the same time not be limited to creating traffic jams; airplanes can travel even very long distances within a few hours. For this reason, air transport is often chosen for transporting goods. It is very important that using air transport in many cases, you can get to places that are inaccessible to other vehicles. Where it is impossible to reach by land or sea, you can reach by plane. Due to the fact that today the issue of environmental protection is the most important, it is worth noting that air travel is characterized by a relatively low level of environmental emissions.

Unfortunately, despite so many advantages, air transport also has many disadvantages. The first and perhaps the most important disadvantage of this type of transport is the high dependence of timely delivery on weather conditions. Bad weather can significantly delay or even delay a flight. Fog, blizzard, rain showers and other unfavorable weather may significantly delay the delivery of goods to their destination. Also, to transport goods to and from the aircraft, it is necessary to use other modes of transport. This additional service and increases transportation costs. Air transport remains one of the most expensive modes of movement and transfer of goods, and this is because the same development of this mode of transport requires significant financial effort and highly qualified personnel. Thus, air transport becomes completely uneconomical for relatively short distances.

To sum it up: air transport is good option, if you need to transport moderately heavy loads over long distances in the shortest possible time, when you cannot afford any delays and when the means of transporting goods is significantly limited.

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Currently, there are several types of vehicles, without which it is unthinkable modern life:

· Railway;

· Marine;

· River;

· Automotive;

· Air.

Each type of vehicle has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.

Railway transport

Railway vehicles include long-distance trains, electric trains operating within one country or city, and subway trains.

Advantages:

1) High carrying and throughput capacity;

2) Independence of railway transport from climatic conditions, time of year and time of day;

3) High regularity of transportation;

4) Convenient organization of loading and unloading operations.

5) Relatively low cost of transporting goods by rail, as well as the availability of discounts.

Flaws:

1) Large capital investments in the production and technical base;

2) High material and energy consumption of transportation;

3) A significant disadvantage is also the low speed of movement, since freight trains forced long time stand idle to allow passenger trains to pass.

4) In addition, in some areas, cargo cannot be delivered exclusively by rail and transportation becomes multimodal.

railway sea road transportation

Sea transport

Marine vehicles are designed to transport passengers and cargo over long distances by water.

Advantages:

1) Sea transport provides intercontinental transportation;

2) Low cost of transportation over long distances by sea;

3) High carrying capacity of sea transport

Flaws:

1) Limited transportation by sea;

2) Low speed of delivery by sea transport;

3) Dependence on geographical, navigation, weather and political conditions;

5) Maritime transport places strict requirements on packaging and securing cargo.

6) Low frequency of shipments.

River transport

River transport in its characteristics is practically no different from sea transport.

Advantages:

1) Inland water (river) transport provides high carrying capacity on deep-water rivers and reservoirs;

2) Low cost of transportation by inland water (river) transport;

3) Low capital intensity of water (river) transport

Flaws:

1) Low speed of delivery by water (river) transport;

2) Seasonality of water (river) transport;

3) Water (river) transport depends on the depths of rivers and reservoirs, navigation conditions;

4) Limited opportunity delivery to points of consumption;

5) Low frequency of shipments;

6) Low geographical accessibility of water (river) transport.

Automobile transport

Cars are one of the most common means of transportation today.

For short-distance transportation, the most convenient is road transport, which has excellent maneuverability and the ability to deliver in a short period of time.

A large selection of modern vehicles of various carrying capacities allows us to regularly deliver both small and heavy and oversized cargo.

Advantages:

1) Possibility of road transportation of goods “from door to door”;

2) High maneuverability, flexibility, dynamism of road transport;

3) Possibility of using various routes and delivery schemes by road;

4) Possibility of sending cargo in small batches;

5) Wide possibilities for choosing the most suitable carrier;

6) Road transport ensures regular delivery;

7) Road transport has the least stringent requirements for product packaging.

Flaws:

1) Low productivity of road transport;

2) Dependence of road transport on weather and road conditions;

3) Relatively high cost of transportation by road;

4) A large number of environmentally harmful emissions and noise from domestic cars;

5) Urgency of unloading;

6) Cargo theft and vehicle theft are possible;

7) Relatively low carrying capacity of road transport.

Air Transport

Helicopters and airplanes are classified as air vehicles. The advantage of air transport is that it is able to deliver passengers or cargo to their destination very quickly.

In terms of speed, air vehicles are the undisputed leaders.

Advantages:

1) Air transport provides the highest speed of cargo delivery;

2) The highest safety of cargo when delivering cargo by air;

3) Air transport ensures the delivery of goods to remote and hard-to-reach regions;

4) Low costs for containers and packaging;

5) Low insurance rates.

Flaws:

1) High cost of air transportation;

2) High capital intensity, material and energy intensity of transportation;

3) Dependence of air transport on weather conditions;

4) Limited volumes and dimensions of transported cargo.

Due to the fact that certain goods cannot be delivered by any one type of transport, multimodal transportation has begun to be used in practice.

Multimodal transportation - transportation of goods under one contract, but performed by at least two modes of transport; The carrier is responsible for the entire transportation, even if this transportation is carried out by different modes of transport (for example: railway, sea and road, etc.).

The carrier does not have to have all types of transport, and in practice this is an extremely rare occurrence.

Such transport is often carried out by sub-carriers (called actual carriers in maritime law). The carrier responsible for the entire transportation is called a multimodal transport operator (MTO).

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Page 2

Advantages of water transport:

low cost of transportation compared to other types of transport (especially over long distances);

mobility. Depending on the supply and demand for tonnage, ships can easily switch from one route to another;

the large carrying capacity of vessels ensures the possibility of transporting large quantities of cargo;

unlimited capacity of sea routes;

the indispensability of water transport due to geographical features.

Disadvantages of water transport:

dependence on port operations;

limited port capacity;

dependence on climatic conditions.

Air Transport.

This type of transport is less in demand compared to others due to the high cost of transportation. Air transport can transport any cargo, mainly not on a regular basis, but in case of emergency or impossibility of transportation by other means of transport. The main types of goods most frequently transported by air are high-value and perishable goods. When the period of sale of goods is extremely limited, air transport is the most practical and profitable method of transportation.

From the point of view of technical and economic characteristics, the following advantages and disadvantages of air transport can be identified:

Advantages of air transport:

high delivery speed;

straightening the path;

high level of safety of transported goods;

Possibility of use in areas where it is impossible to use other modes of transport.

Disadvantages of air transport:

transportation costs are too high

limited load capacity;

impossibility of transporting a wide range of goods;

dependence on climatic conditions and ground infrastructure.

Pipeline transport.

Pipelines are the most important part transport system. Their main task is to transport crude oil and liquid petroleum products. In addition to oil, pipelines also transport natural gas and liquid chemicals. This type of transport has unique properties compared to all other types of transport. The pipelines operate around the clock with breaks only for changing transported products and maintenance. It should also be noted that human participation in transportation by this type of transport is minimal, which significantly reduces variable costs.

From the point of view of technical and economic characteristics, the following advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transport can be identified:

Advantages of pipeline transport:

low cost of transportation;

pipe tightness. Losses are practically eliminated;

high automation of transportation;

independence from the environment;

continuity of transportation.

Disadvantages of pipeline transport:

the complexity of pipeline construction. Pays off only in a direction with constant cargo flow;

use in one direction only;

the volume of transportation is limited by throughput;

if the deposit runs dry, the pipeline is usually useless and unsuitable for other purposes.

Relative characteristics of modes of transport:

Characteristics

Railways

Auto transport

Water transport

Pipelines

Air Transport

Speed

Availability

Reliability

Load capacity

Total score

Air travel is a method of air transport that is one of the most popular among travelers. It has both loyal fans and ardent opponents. Let’s figure out what the operating features are, the advantages and disadvantages of air transport, and which type should be preferred. Should you be afraid of airplanes and how to fly with pleasure?

Why are some people afraid to fly?

Aerophobia is one of the most common fears. People who are afraid of flying experience enormous stress when they have to board a plane. Fear intensifies during takeoff, landing and shaking, when entering a turbulence zone. Some aerophobes cannot even bring themselves to step on board an aircraft.

Of course, aerophobes have reasons to be afraid, because, logically, it is impossible to escape from a falling plane. Statistically, an airplane is the safest mode of transport. But the fact is that despite all the advantages and disadvantages of air transport, aerophobes worry that a breakdown in a plane in the air means almost inevitable death. Cars may break down more often, but there is a chance to get out of them and survive.

Why you shouldn't be afraid to fly

In fact, airplanes are really the most safe transport, and the chance of dying in a plane crash is extremely small. Knowing all the advantages and disadvantages of air transport, it is important to remember that the aircraft is not only very reliably and efficiently assembled and tested many times. The transport vessel has several backup options for the necessary systems.

To fly or not?

Having studied the advantages and disadvantages of sea and air transport, railway and generally all types, each potential passenger can decide for himself which method of transportation is closer to him. Should you choose air travel?

So, it’s time to remember the main advantages and disadvantages of air transport.

Advantages:

  1. Movement speed. On this moment Air travel is the fastest way available to get from one point to another.
  2. Service level. The standard level of customer service in airlines is slightly higher than the level of the same category of railway companies.
  3. There are no physical barriers for airplanes. They do not depend on bridges, roads and mountains.
  4. Safety. No type of transport is tested as long and thoroughly as airplanes, and does not pay as much attention to safety.
  5. Most often, the ticket price includes meals.

Flaws:

  1. Ticket prices. Due to the cost of fuel and Money, which must be spent on the manufacture of the aircraft, air tickets can be quite expensive. This is one of the most expensive types of transport.
  2. Inability to carry large loads, as they may interfere with the aircraft's ability to stay and balance in the air.
  3. There is still a possibility of an accident, albeit minimal.
  4. Some people may not tolerate takeoffs and landings, dry air or specific smells, or turbulence.
  5. The seats are not always comfortable enough, and they are also difficult to sleep in.

There are also advantages and disadvantages of Russian air transport compared to other countries (especially European ones), but overall there is no big difference. The advantages include the fact that the crew speaks their native language, while the disadvantages include slightly outdated service and entertainment equipment (for example, lack wireless internet on board).

  1. and candies, as well as lozenges and caramels, help relieve ear congestion during takeoff and landing.
  2. Airplanes have very dry air, so it doesn't hurt to bring wet wipes or moisturizer with you.
  3. On night flights, an eye mask and an inflatable pillow will not be superfluous.
  4. You should arrive at the airport early so that the bustle does not interfere with your travel.
  5. It is worth taking care of medications for motion sickness and nausea in advance. For long flights, you can use a mild sleeping pill or valerian.

Both experienced travelers and those who have flown less than many times, especially the latter, should remember the advantages and disadvantages of air transport. Of course, this is the fastest and safest form of transport, but you should not force yourself or other people to use it if the fear and discomfort are too strong.



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