Travels and geographical discoveries. Great travelers of our time The most important geographical journeys
A) 54 B) 9 C) 30 D) 18
A) Nile B) Congo C) Amazon D) Cupid
A3. The topography of Africa is dominated by:
A) lowlands (0 – 200m) B) high mountains (from 2500m)
C) high plains (200 - 1000m) D) depressions (below sea level)
A4. In the Congo River basin, on both sides of the equator, there is a natural area:
A) deserts B) equatorial forests
C) savannah D) taiga
A5. The Sahara Desert is inhabited by:
A) pygmies B) Bushmen
C) Berbers D) Russians
A6. Driest continent:
A) Africa B) Australia C) Madagascar D) Antarctica
A) Kosciuszko (2230m) B) Kilimanjaro (5895m)
C) Fuji (3776m) D) Elbrus (5033)
A) Amazon B) Volga
C) Murray D) Congo
A9. Australia is home to the most primitive mammals:
A) echidna and platypus B) zebra and elephant
C) parrots and kangaroos D) koala and emu
A10. The capital of Australia:
A) Sydney B) Melbourne C) Canberra D) Cairo
IN 1. Indicate the capitals of African states:
A. Egypt 1. Algeria
B. Algeria 2. Cairo
B. Nigeria 3. Addis Ababa
G. Ethiopia 4. Abuja
Put your answer in a table.
A
B
IN
G
AT 2. Please indicate the match:
A. Madagascar 1. river
B. Congo 2. island
V. Tasmania 3.lake
D. Eyre – North
C1. Why is Australia the driest continent?
C2. Describe the natural areas of Africa.
(Thank you)
the rivers do not freeze, are deep in winter, and become very shallow in summer: what type of climate?
the rivers do not freeze and often dry up in summer: what type of climate?
rivers do not freeze, warm winters, rain floods and floods in the summer season: what type of climate?
rivers may partially freeze, winters are cool or cold, rain floods and floods in the summer season: what type of climate?
rivers freeze in winter, flood in spring, and become shallow in summer: what type of climate?
Why do people travel? Is it really just to take a 2-week break from work, spend the money accumulated over six months and create the illusion that “they can afford it”?
You've been planning for a long time. But work-home-family-responsibilities-loans and other excuses don’t even allow you to breathe to understand what changes you need. You continue to run at the usual crazy pace of life, without doing anything.
Stop!
Think, look at your life from a different angle, decide what you lack now and what prevents you from living in harmony with yourself. Does not work? Then here’s some working advice for you: leave the house and go a little further than the usual home-work-shop-home route.
By leaving your usual environment, even for a short period of time, turn your life into a journey full of uncertainty, and you will be able to get to know yourself from the most unexpected sides.
Why travel if it's good at home?
Does the unknown scare you? This is fine. Fear of the new is a common occurrence in the life of every person. But weigh all the benefits of travel and your fear – are they on the same scale? Let's figure out what travel teaches us and whether we should actively look for excuses to defend our fears.
What travel can teach you
1. You will look up from the couch.
Thinking about the upcoming voyage, we begin to worry about the difficulties that await tourists. We are worried that we will not find a place to stay for the night, that we will not be able to communicate with the residents of another country in our broken English. What do travel teach? Because all the fears listed above are in vain. Gather your courage, focus on your goal and hit the road. It is a mistake to think that traveling is either a “round the world” trip, where you burn all your bridges, or a package holiday that limits you to an all-inclusive system. How much do you know about the surrounding areas of your city? About the life of residents of neighboring villages? Surely there are a lot of interesting things near you. Start discovering the world small.
2. Travel changes your worldview.
The first thing he learns after visiting different countries is that exotic places not as dangerous as it seems. You can feel comfortable in any city. This rule also applies wildlife: By following basic safety rules, you are guaranteed to avoid trouble. Moreover, in a metropolis a person is more likely to die (for example, by getting hit by a car) than in a desert or forest.
3. You will constantly expand your horizons.
What are travels for? To get to know the world and get acquainted with the culture of other peoples. Don't worry about the friendliness of people: the locals always treat travelers politely and try to help them. If you are not one of the “Tagil” fans, don’t spoil their heritage and don’t laugh at the culture of the country in which you are a guest, then traveling will definitely bring you new acquaintances and faith in people. Many people will be happy to provide you with an overnight stay, show you the way, and tell you about the interesting sights of their country.
4. You don’t have to be a millionaire to see the world.
Travel more and you will realize that you don't need to spend millions to do it. Big money is necessary only for those who dream of sea cruise By exotic islands. Although, if you make friends with local residents, and these expenses can be easily avoided. When organizing your travels yourself, you only need to have a small amount of cash to buy food, pay for transport and hotel rooms or places in hostels. Living in the latter, by the way, despite its cheapness, can give you a huge amount of experience and impressions.
What kind of travel should I do if I have a modest budget?
Vacationing on a grand scale, which the Russian soul requires, in fact turns out to be completely unnecessary: without wasting money, you will spend time much more interesting than buying and ordering everything you want. And the main trophy will be the emotions and discoveries that you make for yourself. A two-day hike with backpacks in the forest will bring more benefits than you won’t get by relaxing in a five-star hotel with “all-inclusive” for two weeks.
5. Things are just things.
First-time tourists consider it their duty to take 10 suitcases on the road with outfits for all occasions and full equipment in case of the end of the world. But over time, travel teaches that an abundance of luggage only gets in the way. A person on the road (as in life) needs a minimum of clothing, two pairs of shoes, hygiene products, money and documents.
You can’t decide which of the two T-shirts you have is better to take with you, but you end up putting both in your backpack. Why do you voluntarily complicate your life? Learn to make choices, starting with little things like this.
Once you start traveling, you will realize that you absolutely do not need most of the things you have, and you can painlessly get rid of them by freeing up space in your closet. The same applies to unnecessary emotions, unnecessary worries, uninteresting people and habitual obligations - by getting rid of such “junk”, you will make room for new things.
6. Find out how a tourist differs from a traveler.
Travelers and tourists are not the same thing. The first ones communicate with local residents, get acquainted with traditions, make new acquaintances, change their worldview and improve their lives. The latter fearfully glance at everything that is happening from the windows of the bus. Locals scam tourists out of money, and share food and shelter with travelers. Travel changes people and teaches them that they need to be simpler and not be afraid to learn new things, teach them to be open with others and appreciate every person who comes into life.
7. Travel is not a vacation.
You've probably heard more than once how traveling changes many people, making them stronger and more resilient. And you actively travel to Cyprus and Turkey, but you don’t notice any changes... And this is not because hiking in the mountains or tundra with a heavy backpack is a workout for the body. Not because in the most harmless resort city you can be left without money or find yourself in a difficult situation. It’s just that when traveling, you don’t set the goal of “lying down” under a palm tree, relieving stress from work or family. You change your lifestyle from the usual to an improved version of it. Traveling can be physically difficult, but it also relieves the mind. Therefore, they are not looking for physical relief; they provide much more than relaxed muscles.
8. You are your best friend and travel companion.
Can't find travel companions to go on the road with a fun group? This will only benefit you. No the best way understand yourself, the world, and cultivate fortitude than solo travel. Traveling alone is an incomparable experience. By relying only on your own strengths, you will begin to believe in yourself more and learn to make responsible decisions on your own. This will make it easier for you to meet new people, try unusual things and take on unfamiliar roles, since you won’t have to look up to anyone and won’t be afraid of anyone’s judgement.
The heroine Reese Witherspoon went on a similar journey in the film “Wild” after upheavals in her life: overcoming the difficulties of the route on a solo trip, she was able to save herself from mental suffering. If you can't figure it out, maybe solo travel is what will help you now?
9. It's a small world.
Long journeys have changed the opinion of millions of people that our planet is vast. It only seems like this when you watch about other countries on TV. In reality, it is possible that you will meet your friends when you go to Cambodia, India or Kamchatka. Or in a quiet remote corner world, meet a person from your hometown.
Travel more and don't be afraid to communicate with people, search. Perhaps one of the billions of people who will change your life will meet you in a place you never thought possible.
10. The joy of returning.
No matter how good it is along the way, returning home is a joyful moment for every person. Arriving in hometown, you will be glad to meet your loved ones and work colleagues. And the changes that happen to you on your journey will certainly affect your life. And if you want to change your life now, try to start with at least a short trip to an unfamiliar place.
Each era has its own people who are not limited to the idea of the world given to them. Their whole life is a search. It was thanks to such restless natures that America, Australia, New Zealand and many other points on the map were discovered. And Europe became the richest in travelers in the 15th-16th centuries - the time of colonization.
Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888)
The future traveler and ethnographer was born in St. Petersburg into the family of an engineer. He was very quickly expelled from the university for participating in the student movement. So he finished his education in Germany. From there he set off on his first trip to Canary Islands, then to Madeira, Morocco, the Red Sea coast. I went there as a fauna researcher, and returned as an ethnographer. He was more interested not in animals and flowers, but in people.
Miklouho-Maclay explored the indigenous population South-East Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Lived for several years on the northwestern coast of New Guinea, visited the islands of Oceania. Made two expeditions to the Malay Peninsula. Studying the indigenous inhabitants of these little-explored lands, the scientist came to the conclusion about the species unity and kinship of different races. Last years He spent his life in Indonesia and Australia and even proposed a project for a Papuan Union in New Guinea. According to the researcher’s idea, he was supposed to resist the colonial invaders. One of his latest ideas is Russian artel communities in New Guinea - an ideal version of a government system.
The scientist died in his native St. Petersburg in a hospital bed; by the age of 42, numerous expeditions had completely worn out his body. Collections and papers of Miklouho-Maclay - sixteen notebooks, six thick notebooks, plans, maps, own drawings, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, diaries different years- were transferred to the Imperial Russian To the Geographical Society and placed in the museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)
Christopher Columbus became a real navigator thanks to his father-in-law, the owner of one of the islands in Portugal. While studying geography, Columbus decided that the treasured India could be reached through Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, in those days, strong Türkiye blocked the routes to the East, and Europe needed new road to this land of spices. Only the Spanish crown agreed to sponsor Columbus, and in 1492 three caravels "Santa Maria", "Nina" and "Pinta" set sail open water. First, the ships headed for the Canary Islands, then to the west. Several times the crew demanded to return, but Columbus insisted on his own. As a result, they landed on the island of San Salvador (Guanahani). Then the islands of Juana (present-day Cuba) and Hispaniola (Haiti) were discovered. True, the traveler was sure that they were on the coast, washed by Indian Ocean. He returned to Spain in triumph, and a squadron consisting of 14 caravels and three merchant ships set off on a new journey.
But Columbus was not a scientist, but pursued completely selfish goals: to provide for his family and himself. And it affected him future fate: The indigenous population rebelled. In the colonies, where the main principle was acquisitiveness and greed, even the colonialists themselves wrote complaints to Spain about Columbus and his brother. But he did his job - he opened the Greater Antilles archipelago, the mouth of the Orinoco River, and Central America to Europe. True, until the end of my life I was sure that all this was adjacent to India.
Columbus, in illness and poverty, and even after death, did not find peace. His remains were transferred from city to city several times.
Vasco da Gama (1460 – 1524)
P was the first to travel across the ocean from Portugal to the East. The future discoverer grew up in a noble family in Portugal. He went on an expedition to the East instead of his father, a traveler, who died suddenly. In 1497 his ships left the port. Few people believed in the Portuguese's success. But he did it. Da Gama rounded the cape Good Hope and headed for India. Sailors died from scurvy and in skirmishes with Muslim traders who flooded Africa. They saw the traveler as a competitor. And for good reason. Two years later, the Portuguese brought back ships of spices - one of the most expensive goods at that time.
The second expedition was also successful. Da Gama already had warships at his disposal to protect himself from ill-wishers.
The third expedition was the last for Vasco da Gama. He was appointed as the royal family's representative in India. But he did not stay in this position for so long. In 1954 he died from a serious illness.
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)
Born in 1480 northern Portugal. The first time he went to sea was as part of the fleet of Admiral Francisco Almeda. He took part in several expeditions before setting off on his own to look for new routes to Malay Archipelago in Indonesia. Spain supported Magellan - it sponsored a journey across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1519, five ships reached South America. The expedition made its way south along the coast of America with sweat and blood. But in 1520 the strait Pacific Ocean was found - later it will be called Magellanic. A year later, the traveler had already arrived at his destination - the Moluccas. But on Philippine Islands the traveler was drawn into a local war among the leaders and was killed. The return of the rest of the crew to their homeland was not easy. Only one ship out of five and 18 people out of 200 made it.
James Cook (1728-1779)
Cook was born into the family of an English farm laborer. But he made a career from a simple cabin boy to the leader of an expedition. Skill, intelligence and ingenuity were quickly appreciated. James Cook's first expedition began in 1767 on the ship Endeavor. Official version- observation of the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun. But actually colonial England new lands were needed. In addition, among the tasks was research east coast Australia. During the voyage, Cook did not stop studying cartography and navigation. The result of the expedition was the information that New Zealand- that's two independent islands, and not part of an unknown continent. The scientist also compiled a map of the eastern coast of Australia and discovered the strait between Australia and New Guinea.
The results of the second expedition (1772 - 1775) became even more impressive. Were mapped New Caledonia, South Georgia, Easter Island, Marquesas Islands, Friendship Island. Cook's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle.
The third voyage took 4 years. Several others have also been explored. Exactly on Hawaiian Islands During one of the conflicts between the natives and the British, James Cook died - a spear pierced the back of his head. But evidence that the aborigines ate Cook has not been found.
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It is impossible to measure the value of what travel gives to a person. Traveling has great benefits for every person. Let's find out in the article.
What does traveling really do for a person?
People always ask me – why do I travel? Why travel at all? Why do I want to leave home so much? Why spend money on travel when you can buy a car or something equivalent? Do I miss anything or anyone? Do I feel lonely? What does travel give to a person?
There are many reasons to travel - wanderlust, love of culture, the desire to just leave it all behind, the desire to forget, or the need to meet new people. Traveling becomes a way for people to cope with various situations, to experience new experience, find yourself. This is why people love to travel.
For every person, traveling has a certain charm. St. Augustine is famous for his quote: “The world is a book, and he who does not travel reads but one page.” I keep this quote and another one by Mark Twain about the lack of regret in my head all the time.
In the book of the world, all the pages are different. Everything is new, everything is changing. It doesn’t matter if you’re going to see the pyramids or experience a new culture, it doesn’t matter if you want to escape from something or learn something, whether you’re going for a month or a year, we all travel because we’re looking for change. We are looking for something new, a change in daily routine or impressions of another culture, change - that’s what traveling gives a person.
Why do people travel?
Recently, people have begun to travel more and here's why - in the modern world of 9 to 5 employment, mortgages, loans and constant bills, our days become like an eternal race, almost indistinguishable from each other and very boring. Under the weight of such a life, a person often forgets about what is really important to him and what he would like from life. We become hostages, sandwiched between the journey to work and back, and the need to take the children to the school, that we forget what the sky looks like and how to breathe in general.
When people ask me why I want to travel so much, I talk about how I live at home and can plan my life months in advance. Ask why? Because all days are similar to each other - traffic jams, work, gym, sleep, repeat. While on a journey every moment promises a new beginning. Not a single day is like the previous one. You cannot plan in advance what will happen to you today, because it is simply impossible. No traffic jams, no errands, no business meetings. Just you and your whim. Travel gives freedom. That's why people travel.
Over the past few years, my life has been constantly changing. Places, cultures, cities, countries are all different from each other. Not a single day was similar to the previous one. In fact, every day is so different from the others that sometimes it seems to me that I have already lived 3 lives instead of one, my days are so busy. Your life will seem longer to you - that's why travel is needed.
People may have many reasons to travel, but everyone is looking for some kind of change. We want to see the world, to see something different, something changeable. Travel brings changes to a person's life and adds spice to it. Exciting, completely different and full of adventure - that’s what traveling provides. Your day will not be subject to working hours, only to the dictates of your heart.
In the ocean of freedom, without a compass to show us the direction, without anything that forces us to do anything, we all float forward.
We want something different from our everyday routine, something that challenges us. We always strive for something new, different, different from what we already have (whatever one may say, this is the spice of our life), this is an integral part of any person. No one jumps up in the morning with joy and gratitude that he has to sit in a stuffy office for 8 hours today. No. We're just talking about how we can get out of this. Break through the walls of everyday life and experience something different. This is why you need to travel.
A person is always looking for something new, something previously unseen - the next page in the book of the world, even if it is temporary. This makes travel so interesting, intriguing and desirable for all of us. This calls us to go towards new places and experiences. Allows us to take a break from office routine and touch the mysterious chaos. Shows us new places, people and cultures. Travel always gives us new experiences - not necessarily outside, but inside us.
This is the benefit of travel for humans.
I live my life as a traveler and don’t know what awaits me ahead, but I can only read one sign that says “Changes are ahead” - and I have no choice but to smile. Looking around at other travelers, I see that they are smiling too. We smile all together, knowing that a new experience awaits us just around the corner - an unexpected adventure, useful experience, a daring challenge, a loyal friend or the love of your life.
The correct idea of the Earth and its form did not develop among different peoples immediately and not at the same time. People's ideas about the Earth were influenced by the nature around them. Thus, the inhabitants of Babylon imagined the Earth as a mountain, on the western slope of which Babylon was located. The ancient inhabitants of India imagined the Earth in the form of half a sphere resting on elephants, which, in turn, stand on a huge turtle. The ancient Greeks believed that the Earth has the shape of a convex disk, which is washed on all sides by the Ocean River. A copper firmament stretches above the Earth, along which the Sun moves, rising and plunging daily into the waters of the Ocean.
With the development of technology and shipbuilding, people began to travel ever longer. And gradually evidence of the sphericity of the Earth began to accumulate.
The development of navigation and long-distance travel not only made people think about it, they gave great amount information about newly opened territories. This information had to be somehow recorded and transferred from one person to another. This is how the first images of the area appeared, which began to be improved and subsequently turned into.
The ancient Greeks were outstanding travelers. The historian Herodotus traveled through Asia Minor, the Balkans, and also through the southern regions of the East European Plain - the lands of the legendary Scythians. He compiled descriptions of nature, collected interesting, sometimes semi-fantastic information about the peoples who lived in the north and northeast. Another traveler from the Ancient One was the astronomer Pytheas. He explored the north of Europe, reached Britain, and was the first to establish the relationship between geographical latitude and the length of day and night. (Trace the route of Herodotus and Pytheas on the map.)
But the real time of geography became (XV-XVII centuries). An amazing journey preceded her. In 1271, he, along with his father and uncle, set off on a long trading journey. Their path ran through, then along the Tigris River valley to Persian Gulf, then through the deserts and mountains of Central Asia to China. The Polo family traded there for 17 years and then sailed back. The path ran through the islands, around, past Ceylon. In total, the Polo family traveled for 22 years.
Stories from travelers about distant countries, their wealth and luxury prompted Europeans to look for a convenient sea route to the countries of the East. The expedition set out to find a route around Africa in . This expedition lasted for more than two years, and a new sea route from Europe to India was opened.
Following this, the idea was born to sail from Europe to India not to the east around Africa, but to the west and reach India on the other side. managed to convince the Spanish kings to equip an expedition, and in 1492 three ships set sail. Columbus reached the islands Central America, but they learned that this was a new part of the world, and not Asia, much later.
First trip around the world committed . In 1519, his flotilla of five ships left. Only one ship returned back in 1522. Magellan himself died.
Russian travelers contributed to the discovery of the last unknown continent -. In 1820, ships under their command came very close to the shores of the ice continent.
Nowadays, all land areas have been sufficiently explored and described. Now the attention of scientists has turned to the upper, depths of the Earth and Ocean. For research, sounding balloons are launched, space satellites transmit signals about processes occurring on Earth, ultra-deep wells are drilled, and special devices are lowered to the bottom of the World Ocean. Results geographically; research is used in all spheres of human life.