Moscow water transport: Traffic jams, private yachts and musical programs of ships. Water transport Examples of VT and brief description

What types of water transport are there?
What could it be more romantic than a walk on water? To this day, there remains something special and attractive about sea travel. Perhaps this is connected with danger, perhaps with some mystical phenomena on the open sea. But the shipbuilding industry is developing as actively as everyone else. Therefore, on this moment we know what types of water transport there are, and what we need to achieve our goals.
Types of water transport are classified according to the type of reservoirs on which this transport travels and the type of cargo that is transported. It is logical that such transport can be river and sea. Moreover, it can be cargo or passenger. We also know underwater transport, which are submarines that primarily transport dangerous goods or perform military missions. Sea vessels always arrive and moor at sea or river ports. Ferries are a separate type of water transport.
Tourist transport is a vessel that is designed for travel and sea (river) trips. These are, first of all, yachts, boats, sailboats, boats, etc.

Water transport in the photo on the Internet
Water transport, photos of which we see on the Internet, are vessels capable of transporting goods and passengers. But we forget that there are also special, narrowly focused types. These are rescue boats, fire boats, for a special purpose. Research vessels can also be created and used. It is rare to see such water transport in photographs. It is also interesting to look at military ships, which are landing sites for aircraft at sea. They not only amaze with their size, but also with their power and technical equipment. Freight transport is divided into those that carry dry cargo, tankers, container ships and ro-ro ships. Let’s also not forget about a separate type of vessel - icebreakers. Aircraft carriers, destroyers, cruisers - this terminology is used in military affairs.
On travel websites we often see offers for trips to water buses or even gondolas. They can also be safely classified as water transport, because they are capable of transporting people and objects, but still the main functions of such vessels are slow movement across a body of water in order to explore local attractions.

Water transport - conqueror of the sea elements
Water transport is designed to move goods and passengers across a specific body of water. Depending on its intended purpose, structural features, as well as technical capabilities, water transport has its own subtypes and classes.
Water passenger transport- These are tourist or route vessels that move groups of people from one point of land to another via a water route. Vessels with cargo on board have their own types, depending on the carrying capacity and the type of product that can be transported.
Special representatives of water transport are specialized tourist objects: yachts, liners, cruise ships, boats, boats. They are capable of staying on the high seas for a long time and providing passengers on board with everything they need. Also a separate class of water transport is military super- and submarines, which perform strategic missions and are absolutely specialized carriers of people and special equipment.

River transport transports goods and passengers along waterways of natural and artificial origin, and is relevant for local transportation within the borders of the country.

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It occupies an important place in transport system Russia. Most often, freight and passenger transportation takes place along the Volga, Lena, Amur, Yenisei, Ob and Angara.

Statistics

According to general statistics that do not take into account distances, inland water transport services are used by 0.11 percent of the population, which is negligible compared to other types ( public transport- 90.52%, railway - 8.54%).

Type of transportation	2015		2016
	million people	%	million people	%
Railway	1 024,60	8,29	1 040,00	8,54
Bus	11 221,00	90,78	11 027,40	90,52
Inland waterway	13,2	0,11	13,1	0,11
By sea	9,6	0,08	13	0,11
Aviation (transport aviation)	92,1	0,75	88,6	0,73
Total	12 360,50	100,00	12 182,10	100,00

If we take into account the transportation range and capacity, the statistics will not change much: the same 0.11 percent, compared to railway (27%) and public (25%) transport.

Type of transportation	2015		2016
	million passenger km	%	million passenger km	%
Railway	120 644,20	25,88	124 619,60	27,23
Bus	118 061,50	25,33	116 885,20	25,54
Inland waterway	492,3	0,11	525,1	0,11
By sea	61,7	0,01	88,1	0,02
Aviation (transport aviation)	226 849,20	48,67	215 593,90	47,10
Total	466 108,90	100,00	457 711,90	100,00

In general, we can conclude that passenger river transportation has a very small share among popular modes of transport, surpassing only sea transport. There is a tendency for the number of passengers using this type of transport to increase, but it is not significant.

In transporting useful resources to remote riverine areas, this type of transport plays a more important role.

Inland water transport has been teetering on the brink of unprofitability for many years: many years of problems with financing the industry have played a huge role in this.

Most of the ships currently in use are outdated, still Soviet. Currently, only a quarter of hydraulic structures are in good condition to ensure safe transportation.

Advantages and disadvantages

Despite the sad statistics described above, river transport has enough advantages and remains relevant today.

The advantages of this type of transportation include the following:

1. Paths of natural origin are used: they do not require the same costs as for arranging roads or laying rails.
2. Transportation costs are cheaper than using trains.
3. Energy consumption is less than that of land transport.
4. High carrying capacity.

But river transportation also has its downsides. Among them are:

1. Low movement speed.
2. Seasonal: not relevant when rivers freeze or become shallow (depending on the climate of the region). In the northern regions, 120-150 days a year are used, in the southern - 200-240, in areas with a mixed climate - something in between.
3. Use is limited by river format: sinuosity, direction, length.
4. Highly dependent on weather conditions.
5. River pollution.
6. Step depth; leads to additional passes when using large vessels.

Rules for safely transporting children along the river

In any case, when traveling on water with children, do not forget about the safety rules and official instructions reflecting the rules of behavior when traveling on water:

1. Firstly, the basic rules will be the same for both adults and children.
2. It is necessary to make sure that the ship has evacuation instructions, an exit plan, and determine the location of life jackets and lifeboats. If they are not available, it is not recommended to use this water transport.
3. Once on board the ship, you move to territory controlled by the ship's crew, including its captain. Their instructions and disciplinary duties must be followed. Your safety and navigation will depend entirely on the crew on board.
4. After settling into the cabin, carefully read the instructions on the safety of passengers and the ship again.
5. Make sure you have a swimming vest and that it is suitable for use. Read the instructions for use in advance so that emergencies do not take you by surprise.
6. It is worth making sure that the vessel is fully ready for work from the documentary side, and has all the necessary licenses. It is worth finding out whether the

Don't forget that when you buy a ticket, you are making a deal with the company that owns the ship.

If we take the rules relating specifically to passengers with children, we can highlight the following points (in accordance with and):

1. Children under 5 years old are entitled to free travel (one child), and children from 5 to 10 years old are entitled to reduced travel (Inland Water Transport Code).
2. Minors under 14 years of age do not have the right to travel unless accompanied by a legally capable passenger. (Chapter 1, Clause 8 Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated 05.05.2012 No. 140).
3. The ship must have individual children's life jackets, one for each child on board. (Chapter 1, paragraph 12, Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated 05/05/2012 N 140).

Separately, you can make the requirements from the Rules for the provision of services for the transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo for personal (household) needs in inland water transport, approved.

According to this Resolution, an accompanying person with a child under 7 years old can use the services of a mother and child room:

• sleeping places and bed linen for children and adults;
• accepting extraordinary orders for all types of services provided;
• use of bath, shower, towels and bathing accessories;
• health care;
• provision of children's games.

bypassing these rules is:

Passenger river transportation along the Volga

Passenger transportation by river transport is in demand in large rivers, which includes the Volga.

Mainly they are used for:

1. River cruises: trips on boats and high-speed vessels.
2. Passenger transport: in some populated areas this method is the only way to arrive.

Major ports and transshipment points on such routes will be:

• Moscow;
• Yaroslavl;
• Kostroma;
• Kaluga;
• Kolomna;
• Serpukhov;
• Rybinsk;
• Samara.

The main passenger flows are concentrated in the Volga-Kama river basin. River stations of cities in this area offer many options for intracity, transit, local and suburban travel directions along the Volga by transport, both simple and tourist.

The longest lines are Moscow – Astrakhan/Perm/Rostov/Ufa:

The largest river station is the capital one.

In the Volga-Vyatka basin the largest river stations located in the following cities:

• Nizhny Novgorod;
• Volgograd;
• Moscow;
• Permian;
• Astrakhan;
• Kazan;
• Yaroslavl.

Main ports in the Volga basin:

• Kalininsky;
• Cherepovetsky;
• Rybinsky;
• Yaroslavsky;
• Gorkovsky;
• Kazansky;
• Ulyanovsky;
• Kuibyshevsky;
• Saratovsky;
• Volgogradsky;
• Astrakhan;
• Permian.

Price

Prices for river transportation vary greatly, depending on the distance and duration of the journey, ending with the number of stops. Also, the price is strongly influenced by the type of trip - tourism or easy transportation. Plus the price for each kg of luggage is added to the ticket price:

A simple journey will cost about t 60 to several hundred rubles, with tourist and entertainment flights the situation is more interesting. Depending on the format and content of the trip, prices vary from 5 to tens of thousands of rubles.

For example, the cost of travel on the route Krasnoyarsk - Dudinka will be from 7 to 30 thousand rubles(depending on the category of space and weight of luggage).

How to choose the best value for money? Please note the following points:

1. Decide what is more important to you - comfort or the price of travel, because depending on the level of the cabin, the payment can vary by 4 times.
2. Seasonal discounts, especially for pre-booked reservations. The earlier you buy a ticket, the cheaper it will cost you, and the easier it will be to choose the most comfortable option.
3. It is worth studying the available offers from shipping companies and choosing the best option.
4. Selecting the ship on which you will sail. Today, in Russia there are ships with 2-4 decks, the number of which determines the capacity of the vessel. For some big size will be a plus, but since this leads to an increase in the number of people on board, this option is not suitable for everyone.
5. Study photographs of the ship, the interior, read reviews on various sites to make sure that the territory is sufficiently comfortable.
6. Peak tourism and sailings usually occur in June-July, which causes a jump in cruise prices. Try to take a closer look at the tariffs in May or August - the demand will be lower, as will the price. You can, of course, try to find a ticket for October and April - but the weather is unlikely to facilitate comfortable travel.
7. The choice of direction and length of the trip also plays a big role:
   • As surprising as it may be, the Moscow-St. Petersburg, Moscow-Arkhangelsk and, for example, Naryan-Mar-Salekhard roads will differ significantly in price.
   • The main thing at this point is to decide on the departure city, because the prices for the route depend on it.
   • In addition, due to the fact that large waterways in our country flow either from north to south or from south to north, it is not always possible to find a direct river route even with nearby cities, such as Khabarovsk and Birobidzhan.

Compensation for losses

Transportation of passengers by this method is regulated by the Inland Water Transport Code Russian Federation” 2001.

According to this document:

1. The carrier bears full responsibility for passengers and accepted baggage, from the moment of boarding until the moment of disembarkation at the destination.
2. Loss, damage or incomplete delivery of items caused by the fault of the crew must be compensated to the passenger, as well as payment for the carriage of cargo in full, unless the carrier proves that the loss was a consequence of circumstances beyond his control.
3. Baggage will be considered lost if it does not arrive at its destination within 30 days after the designated date.
4. Also, the carrier is responsible for the lives of passengers and the safety of the ship.

Transport companies

The director of the Moscow River Shipping Company told The Village about the development of water transport as an alternative to the metro, how yachts are becoming more accessible and about the new route from Bolotnaya.

• Olga Zhurkova April 28, 2012
• 9847
• 5

On April 20, the passenger navigation season opened in Moscow for the 79th time. The Village spoke with general director"Moscow River Shipping Company" by Konstantin Anisimov.

TRAFFIC PROBLEM

However, this year we will launch two transport routes. One in the Crocus Expo area, next to the Myakinino metro station. There, a residential area is located on one side of the Moscow River, and a metro station is on the other. There is no bridge yet, the bypass route is taking time. This is where river transport is necessary and, I think, will be in demand. We also decided to conduct an experiment and open one water metro route on the high-speed motor ship "Raketa": from the Pechatniki pier to the Ustinsky Bridge on Kitay-Gorod. For now, we will launch two or three morning and evening flights. Pechatniki can be reached in just 20 minutes. “Rocket” reaches speeds of up to 60 km/h - this is a very noticeable speed on the water, passengers will ride like a breeze.

In this experimental mode, we plan to evaluate all the risks and prospects, as well as the commercial side of the issue. Now we will set the price at 30–50 rubles, this is approximately the same price that was discussed at the mayor’s office. In general, we would like to take part in a state competition, if one is announced, we have ready-made transport, a route, and experience. In general, it seems to me that by developing this direction further, we will not go wrong: the city has long been in need of alternative transport routes, at least in the summer.

ABOUT DISCOS ON THE WATER
AND THE ROUTE FOR THE SWAMP

The Moscow River does not remain desolate: search the Internet for “rest on the river” - there will be a lot of offers. There are restaurants on the water, discos on the water, just walks. II understand perfectly well that many people do not like the music that comes from the decks, but this is a matter of taste. Moreover, according to my observations, the temperature on the ship is higher than on the shore, people drink more and relax more. But we have a marketing department, they are trying to come up with some new offers, jazz cruises for example.It’s difficult to come up with new routes: you can’t turn the river back; all the routes were basically invented in the 50s. But last year we launched a new walk from the pier on Bolotnaya Square with access to the Moscow River near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.

During the 2012 navigation they plan to transport 800 thousand passengers on pleasure navy and near 35 thousand people on a cruise

The ship passes by the Kremlin, goes to Staroe Zamoskvorechye and returns to the Luzhkov Bridge. There, as you know, the bridges are very low, and our usual ship will not pass along this route. But recently we presented a new class motor ship “Stolichny” - this is a low vessel with a glass retractable roof, a convertible on the water, capable of passing under the bridges of the Obvodny Canal. It offers a wonderful panorama.
By the way, last year the route was not particularly popular. But now that Bolotnaya Square has become a symbolic place in Moscow, we hope that the demand for our walk will increase.

ABOUT TOURISTS

Moscow - not very tourist town. For the last four years, the tourist flow has been declining. At the same time, in recent years, hotels in the capital have been demolished - in general, a lot has been done to ensure that no one comes here. Now this trend seems to have reversed, and the situation must change. If you look at Paris, there are a lot of ships sailing along the Seine, and they are jam-packed with people, but 90% are foreigners or French who came to Paris to get to know the capital.

Pool area 17,600 square kilometers.

Water is primarily a tourism product.All our new ships are equipped with simultaneous translation facilities in many languages, have excursion program. Cruises from Moscow to St. Petersburg are very popular among tourists.Two ships are insured by foreign companies, there are VIP cabins, satellite TV, Wi-Fi.

This year we launched a medical cruise, or rather a dietary cruise. The entire menu is written there by day; tourists are accompanied by nutritionists. There are ethnographic cruises - this applies to more routes along the Volga. Many nationalities live there: Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians. They talk about their history and life.

ABOUT BOATS WITH FLASHING LIGHTS

Young, rich... But several people die on cars every day, compared to one or two incidents on the water during navigation - this cannot be avoided. Moreover, just Last year There were fewer such cases, and there was a fierce fight against this. Fifteen years ago, drunk people on jet skis in beach areas simply drove over the heads of vacationers, many people died - they simply didn’t write much about it, but now every case is resonant. And the state inspection for small vessels - it is part of the Ministry of Emergency Situations - closely monitors the whole situation: they have their own boats, they have more or less restored order, there is no more such impudence.

ABOUT MIDDLE CLASS YACHT

I am absolutely confident in the socialization of yachting. Naturally, until now the majority of yacht clubs concentrated in the Moscow region are an expensive pleasure. Some of these clubs belong to private cottage villages, where the yacht club is a means of increasing capitalization. And yet, if you believe the statistics, the vast majority of yachts are scattered across various boat parking lots; people take yachts home, put them in garages or on closed water where there is no shipping. This suggests that yachting is becoming interesting not only to very rich people. It is the middle, affordable segment that is developing: the number of million-dollar yachts is decreasing, they are leaving Russia abroad, and 7- and 10-meter yachts are appearing, the cost of which ranges from one hundred thousand to several million rubles.

ABOUT PERSONAL BOAT IN EUROPE

In Europe, yachting is a common thing. France, the Netherlands, and Belgium are literally cut up by small rivers and canals; large ships(up to 20 meters). Anyone can take the helm - just show your passport and leave a deposit. We, of course, are very far from these countries, primarily in terms of infrastructure: gas stations, boat stations, services - we don’t have all this. At the same time, the problem is that in Russia the rivers are much deeper and wider, large-scale shipping is developed, and maneuvering a small yacht through such bodies of water is much more dangerous. Therefore, in Russia, in order to take the helm, you need special rights. And not everywhere you can rent a yacht; for example, we only let yachts with their own crew.

They flow into the Moscow River 92 tributaries, and they themselves feed a huge amount rivers, rivers, streams, springs; adjacent to the Moscow River basin 362 rivers and about 550 streams.

Water transport is a type of transport that is used for freight and passenger transportation along waterways. These can be either natural (rivers, lakes, seas and oceans) or artificial (canals, reservoirs) waterways. The main transport is the ship.

The history of water transport begins with Ancient Egypt. Up to the second half of the 19th century centuries, when transcontinental railways were created, the most important mode of transport was water transport (both river and sea). And today this type of transport plays an important role: from 60 to 67% of global cargo turnover is accounted for by river and sea vessels.

Seaworthy vessel of the ancient world.

Vessel structure

In the classical concept, water transport is a ship, boat, yacht. But the category of vessels also includes kayaks, inflatable boats, barges, catamarans, hovercraft, as well as drilling rigs, ekranoplanes, ekranoplanes, seaplanes.

For most sea and river vessels there are a number of common design elements:

• Frame
• Superstructures, deckhouses
• Vessel power plants
• Ship devices
• Vessel systems and piping
• Equipment and electrical equipment of premises

Part of the cargo ship's hull

But there is also distinctive features for some categories of vessels, such as ekranoplan and seaplane. For the most part, the designs are airplanes, only their hull is designed like a boat.

A ship's hull is the waterproof shell that allows a ship to float on water. The end of the body is equipped with beams, which are called stems. The stem is a beam that is installed in the bow of the ship's hull. Also, not stems, but vertical end walls can be installed at the ends - towing or pushing vessels are equipped with them. The hull of a ship is usually made of steel.

Passenger ships have decks, river and mixed navigation, have one deck - the main one. Marine passenger ships They are distinguished by the presence of several decks - upper (main), middle, lower. Large passenger ships sailing on lakes have two decks.

To make the ship unsinkable, its hull is divided by internal watertight transverse bulkheads. This creates several rooms - compartments.

Use of watercraft

River transport

Depending on the water area in which this type of transport is used, river and sea transport are distinguished.

The first type of water transport is also called IWT (inland water transport). These are vessels that carry out cargo and passenger transportation along inland waterways - rivers, canals, reservoirs, lakes.

By river transport ancient history. Also in Ancient Egypt built river ships, rowing or sailing type. Later they used the traction of horses or people (barge haulers) who walked along the shore. The first river steamboats appeared in the 19th century. And in 1903, the history of the ship begins - this ship was built in Russia and became part of the river fleet.

In freight transport river boats occupy an important place. Despite such disadvantages as seasonal operation and low speed (from 10 to 20 kilometers per hour), water freight transport is profitable due to the fact that the cost of transportation is quite low. There are self-propelled vessels and barges - the second type of river vessels is not self-propelled; a tugboat is used for pushing. Self-propelled river transport transports either trucks with one or another cargo or containers - such vessels are called river container ships. Barges transport either liquid cargo (for example, petroleum products or crude oil) or bulk cargo (for example, grain, coal, sand).

River vessels occupy a relatively small share of passenger transportation. This is due to the fact that the usual speed of such transport reaches 20 - 30 kilometers per hour, which is why a river boat cannot compete with faster buses and trains. With the help of so-called hydrofoils and air cushions, the speed of ships can be increased to 80 kilometers per hour. However, in this case, the cost of transportation increases significantly due to high fuel consumption. But recently, hovercraft (hovercraft) for transporting people have begun to appear more and more on rivers. The hovercraft has amphibious properties, so the vessel does not require specially equipped berths. During the spring thaw, this is the only transport capable of transporting people and cargo from one bank to the other.

Hovercraft SVP-50

River passenger ships are used for tourist cruises or for transporting passengers to places that are not connected by land transport.

Sea transport

Maritime transport is vessels moving across the seas, oceans and adjacent water areas, capable of maintaining buoyancy, as well as serving passengers and participating in various operations with cargo.

The largest share of global freight traffic is accounted for by sea transport. In terms of transportation volume, the first place is occupied by a variety of liquid cargo: vegetable oil, liquid products of the chemical industry, crude oil and its refined products.

The second place in terms of cargo transportation volume is occupied by container transportation. Specialized ships called container ships have become an alternative to their predecessors, the general purpose ships. This is due to the fact that in a regular container (20-foot or 40-foot) you can transport various cargoes - both small and quite large, such as cars.

Bulk carrier

There are other types of sea transport:

• Lighter carriers
• Livestock transport vessels
• Heavy vessels
• Towing vessels
• Refrigerators
• Bulk carriers for transporting bulk cargo - such as coal, grain, sand

Some ships move on schedule between several seaports, adhering to a certain route. These are liner ships - passenger, cargo, and ferries.

Other vessels are not tied to specific geographical points and transport incidental and incidental cargo; this type of sea transport is called tramp. When carrying out tramp cargo transportation, a so-called charter agreement is carried out, in which both the carrier (charterer) and the sender of the cargo participate. Trump shipping is carried out in cases where it is necessary to transport piece goods of low value.

A mixed type of water transport, in relation to waterways, is also known. Such vessels can navigate both rivers and lakes, and seas and oceans.

For river transport, as well as ships plying the Northern Sea route, characterized by seasonality. Freight transportation by water transport is the cheapest, but is tied to geographical objects. When carrying out intercontinental cargo transportation, water transport is used, because delivering goods by air is too expensive, and the carrying capacity of aircraft is significantly lower than that of a sea vessel.

Examples of VT and brief description

Modern water transport can be divided into sports ships, cargo and passenger ships. IN sports courts traditions that came from antiquity have been preserved, for example, kayaks, canoes, sailboats, rowing boats. Often the production of such water products is a real art; as a result of the work of masters, unique works are created. But from the beginning of the 20th century, motorized vehicles became a widespread type of water transport - steam engines were replaced by gasoline engines (in motor boats) and diesel engines.
Features of VT, main differences from other types Vehicle.

Water transport has many varieties. There are small vessels (most often personal), medium and large vessels. First of all, it is worth noting personal vessels - boats, motor boats, yachts.

Blohm & Voss GOLDEN ODYSSEY II

Personal water transport is used for various purposes: fishing, tourism, recreation, various events. For recreation and tourism, vessels such as motor boats and speedboats are used. Fishing enthusiasts use inflatable motor boats. Yachts are used for events.

Unlike boats, whose engines are stationary, motor boats are equipped with easily removable outboard gasoline engines. Also, motor boats usually have rowlocks for oars, which can be useful if for some reason the boat’s engine fails, or it is necessary to make silent (or slow) movements.

For distant hiking trips Transport and tourist motor boats are used along the rivers. These ships carry both passengers and their luggage. The hulls of such motor boats are made of light metal material - aluminum or its alloy with magnesium.

It is interesting to note that many types of motor boats are planing type water transport - such vessels can glide along the surface of the water and in this way safely navigate shallow water areas. In order for the engine power to be sufficient to switch to planing, the motorboat must be moderately loaded.

Motor boats are used for hunting, fishing, tourism and recreation, as well as search and rescue operations. Depending on the scope of application, the dimensions of such a vessel, as well as its contour, vary. For example, sports motor boats are small in size and weight and have a hull contour that allows them to move at high speeds.

Boats were originally called light vessels with one mast. Today this is the name given to small vessels equipped with a stationary engine. In the Soviet Union, a boat of the Amur type was produced for retail sale to a wide range of buyers. Nowadays, Tom LLC produces boats. This shipbuilding enterprise produces both the boats themselves with a lightweight aluminum hull, and trailers for transporting these vessels.

Boats are used for boating and recreation, water tourism, fishing, hunting, and sporting events. In addition to a stationary motor, boats are usually equipped with water jet propulsors. It is the jet propulsion that allows the boat to enter planing mode and easily overcome shallow sections of the river.

Advantages and disadvantages of water transport

Freight transportation by water transport has a number of significant advantages:

• The capacity of sea trade routes is practically unlimited
• The presence of a unified legal framework with a 400-year history
• The cost of such transportation is quite low
• High carrying capacity, thanks to which the ship can be transported a large number of cargo

These advantages, especially the last one, are especially important for intercontinental transport large quantities cargo (for example, oil or petroleum products). At the same time, water transport has a number of serious disadvantages:

• The ship moves at a relatively low speed
• It is necessary to have specially equipped port facilities
• The construction of ships and ports requires serious financial expenditures

Motor boats are very popular view small water transport, thanks to a number of advantages:

• Such small vessels are cheaper than yachts and boats
• Simple design
• Operation is simple, thanks to which the motor boat can be operated by persons without special education
• The service life is long, which is due to the possibility of storing the vessel on shore
• Speed
• It is possible to ensure safe anchorage of the vessel near an unprepared shore
• A motor boat can be transported by a passenger car by placing it on a special trailer.
• Due to the fact that the engine is outboard, it is easy to remove and replace; also, if necessary, the motor can be removed and stored safely

Motor boats also have disadvantages:

• Low load capacity
• Small volume of cabins (livable space)
• The outboard engines of these vessels are uneconomical compared to stationary boat engines.

Paths of VT evolution

The first large ships were built in Ancient Egypt, using wood as a structural material. The ships were equipped with a simple sail that caught the tailwind. If there was no favorable wind, the strength of the rowers was used.

In the 15th century, large seagoing vessels with several sails appeared. At first XIX century The first steamship was built and used as a river vessel. Metal - iron - began to be used as a material for the hull of such a ship. And the driving energy is steam. The next stage in the development of water technology was the discovery, made in 1876 by Nicholas Otto, of an internal combustion engine running on gasoline. It was internal combustion engines that began to appear more and more en masse on boats, yachts, ferries, and ships. At the moment, this is the main engine, but not the only one installed on the VT. Another stage in the development of technology was the rapid development of the petrochemical industry. At the moment, many water vessels are made of plastic polymer materials. Firstly, plastics and polymers are lighter than metal, secondly, their strength is either close to, the same or stronger than metal alloys, and thirdly, they are corrosion-resistant.

At the moment, the greatest interest in water technology is generated by the ekranoplan, hovercraft and planing boats, because... they develop the highest speeds. The fastest is the ekranoplan; on it you can reach ground speed of up to 700 km/h. It is also characterized by an absolutely smooth ride and allows you to overcome small obstacles (isthmus, shoal). The only drawback is its high power supply to transfer the vehicle and maintain it in ground-flight mode, which leads to high fuel consumption. A hovercraft and a boat have a lower speed, about up to 150 km/h, the smoothness of the VSP is also at the level of an ekranoplan, but the smoothness of a boat suffers, but the hovercraft and the boat consume much less fuel compared to an ekranoplan.

At the moment, the crown of technical thought is the ekranoplan. With the development of new materials and increased efficiency of power units, ekranoplanes may well replace private passenger air travel. And in the future, they will become private vehicles for long-distance transportation and world travel, displacing yachts and cars.

1. Complete the tasks.

1) Mark (fill in the circle) land, water, air and underground transport in different colors on the page. 74-75.

2) Mark passenger, cargo and special transport on the same pages with the first letters of these words (write the letter in the box).
Within this framework, decipher the symbols, that is, show what color or letter each type of transport is indicated by.

2. Give examples of transport that is also:

a) ground, passenger, personal: a car;

b) ground, passenger, public: bus, passenger train, tram, trolleybus;

c) water, passenger, personal: boat, cutter, jet ski;

d) water, passenger, public: motor ship, water bus.

3. Write down the phone numbers you call:

a) firefighters - 01

b) police - 02

c) "Ambulance" - 03

Write down a single emergency phone number:112

4. Compare the sizes of the vehicles shown in the picture. In the red squares, number them in order of increasing size, and in the blue squares, number them in order of decreasing size. Ask your deskmate to check on you.

5. Make and write down a general plan for a story about the history of various types of transport.

1) Transport in ancient times.
2) Invention of the steam engine.
3) The appearance of transport using an internal combustion engine.
4) The emergence of aviation.
5) Flights into space.
6) Electric motors are the future of transport.

History of various modes of transport

In ancient times people also used different kinds transport. Most of them people still use today. For example, even now you can see a horse pulling a cart, and wooden boats hollowed out from tree trunks take part in sports competitions. People also rode and transported goods on dogs, camels, elephants, donkeys and other domestic animals.

In the 19th century, an event occurred that dramatically changed transport - the steam engine, invented in the 17th century, began to be used in transport. So in 1801, the first steam locomotive in history was built and several steam-powered carriages were built. It was also around this time that the first steamship was built.

At the end of the 19th century, a more advanced engine was invented - the internal combustion engine. The first motorcycle was built in 1885, and the first car was built in 1886. A little later, motor ships that were more advanced than steamships began to be produced en masse. A few decades later railways The diesel locomotives also went.

In the 20th century, the development of transport went by leaps and bounds. In 1903, the Wright brothers first flew an airplane. Airplanes improved quickly. The most different types aviation transport: sports, passenger, cargo, military. The engines that powered the planes also quickly became more and more powerful. Airplanes now fly using jet engines, some of which are capable of breaking the speed of light.

On April 12, 1961, the greatest event took place - the first manned flight into space. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made one revolution around the earth on the Vostok spacecraft and landed safely. This event marked the beginning of the era of space transport.

Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, humanity uses a variety of types of transport, powered by different engines. The speed of their movement, ease of use and environmental friendliness (safety for nature) increase. By the way, special attention is now being paid to the environmental safety of transport. That is why now on the city streets the most the best transport trolleybuses and trams are considered, in railway transport electric locomotives and electric trains are used, and as personal transport There are more and more electric vehicles.

6. Our cheerful Parrot invites you to color the balloon so that it becomes beautiful and cheerful. You can hold a competition in class for the funniest balloon.
Have you ever seen real Balloons? If yes, tell us about your impressions. In the frame on the right you can paste a photo of the balloon.