Tourism and air transport. Air transport, advantages and disadvantages. Organization of air transportation Air transport in tourism

Air transport is a concept that includes both aircraft themselves and the infrastructure necessary for their operation: airports, dispatch and technical services.

Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. The main area of application of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of over a thousand kilometers. Air transport is the most expensive, which limits its cargo use. Mostly perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail, are transported by air. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas), they use not airplanes, but helicopters that do not need a landing strip.

In the regions of the Far North, helicopters play an important role: they transport cargo and passengers to production facilities and provide emergency medical care. The main centers of air traffic are Moscow, St. Petersburg, resorts North Caucasus, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Tomsk, Simferopol. At the same time, the overwhelming majority of passenger air transportation is confined to the Moscow air hub: about 80% of air transportation is carried out from Moscow or to Moscow. At the beginning of 2015, there were 282 airports in Russia.

Due to the specific method of movement air Transport has both a number of advantages and significant disadvantages, which limits its use as a freight transport.

Benefits include:

1. High speed.

2. Possibility of delivering goods to isolated areas (mainly by helicopter).

The disadvantages of air transport include:

1. High price transportation

2. Dependence on weather.

3. Requires airports (except helicopter).

4. Low load capacity.

In Russia, the work of air transport is controlled by the Ministry of Transport, the Interstate Aviation Committee and Rostransnadzor.

Air traffic management is mainly aimed at ensuring that aircraft take off and depart on time on schedule, use the most preferred flight routes, and comply with established levels of flight safety and use of airspace.

The structure and management of airspace is established in accordance with the Air Code of the Russian Federation.

Intercity and international air transportation is regulated by a number of regulatory documents, which can be divided into several groups. The first of them is documents of state regulation of aviation, including relevant laws, certification standards and licensing rules. The second category is aviation regulations operating at the federal level. Third group regulatory documents- domestic Russian rules for the carriage of passengers and cargo transportation using aircraft.

Peculiarities in the operation of pipeline transport

Pipeline transport - transportation through pipes of raw materials (liquids or gases) and products (any chemically stable substances that can be transported through pipelines).

The development of pipeline transport in Russia began in the late 50s. XX century. The most important transported cargoes are crude oil, natural and associated gas. Transportation of petroleum products, liquid and gaseous chemicals is promising, but currently product pipelines are not widely used. In Russia, pipelines of large diameter (1220 and 1420 mm) and long lengths in the latitudinal direction predominate.

Large oil pipelines:

· The Druzhba oil pipeline is the largest export route in Russia (Almetyevsk - Samara - Unecha - Mozyr - Brest and further to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe);

· Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow;

· Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi;

· Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson, Snegirevka - Odessa;

· Surgut - Tyumen - Ufa - Almetyevsk;

· Nizhnevartovsk - Samara;

· Surgut - Polotsk;

· Aleksandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk;

· Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk;

· Surgut - Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent - Chardzhou.

Largest gas pipelines:

· gas pipeline Saratov - Moscow - the first gas pipeline in Russia (840 km);

· Stavropol - Moscow;

· Krasnodar region- Rostov-on-Don - Serpukhov - St. Petersburg;

· Central Asia - Urals;

· Medvezhye - Nadym - Tyumen - Ufa - Torzhok;

· Nadym - Punga - Perm;

· Urengoy - Surgut - Tobolsk - Tyumen - Chelyabinsk;

· Nord Stream;

· The world's largest gas pipeline system Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod - countries of Eastern and Western Europe (4451 km), a gas pipeline running from Orenburg through Ukraine to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe.

Large product pipelines:

· Ufa - Brest with a branch to Uzhgorod;

· Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk;

· Nizhnekamsk - Odessa.

Gas pipelines are being built: Bovanenkovo - Ukhta, Sakhalin - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok.

The gas pipelines South Stream, Altai, Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok and the Caspian gas pipeline, the oil pipelines Baltic Pipeline System-II, the Murmansk Oil Pipeline and the Polar Region-Purpe-Samotlor are being designed.

Oil and gas pipelines have the following advantages:

· pumping oil, gas and oil and gas products over long distances;

· high delivery rate and varying throughput;

· continuous operation all year round (with short-term stops in case of repairs or accidents);

· losses on the route are minimized, thanks to design features pipelines and their preventive maintenance;

· it is possible to transport oil and petroleum products, the viscosity of which varies significantly;

· effective operation in various climatic zones, including in the Far North and Siberia (for this purpose, pipes with appropriate characteristics are selected);

· high degree of mechanization and automation of construction and installation activities when creating pipelines;

· comprehensive monitoring and management of all processes.

All of the above advantages have caused the worldwide development of this method of transport. This was also facilitated by the development of new oil and gas fields, which were often located at a considerable distance from the areas of processing and consumption of these fuel products.

With the improvement of technology, not only the volume of pumped oil and gas has increased, but also the length and capacity of oil pipelines. Accordingly, the requirements for the quality and reliability of the pipes used have increased. Therefore, most high-pressure pipelines use large-diameter welded pipes that fully satisfy all requirements (due to the quality characteristics of the products).

Pipeline transport has certain disadvantages:

· high cost of initial capital investments in the construction of an oil and gas pipeline network;

· danger of environmental damage (especially when transporting underwater pipelines);

· the difficulty of laying a route in certain areas.

All the noted advantages of pipeline delivery of oil, gas and refined products are difficult to underestimate. Existing shortcomings in the use of pipelines are eliminated by improving the quality of both pipes and other pipeline elements, and by a set of measures for their prevention and maintenance.

Transport services have a significant impact on the quality and competitive stability of the tourism product for the following reasons:

transport service is a complex of interrelated services, the provision of which always occurs under the influence of random and irresistible factors (weather conditions, technical condition Vehicle, changes in the political situation in the world and in a particular country, military actions, strikes, terrorism, differences in national and cultural traditions, etc.);

any trip or journey begins and ends with the transportation of a passenger or tourists and their luggage;

the quality of a transport service depends entirely on the competence and experience of the official organizing its provision, taking into account the variety of situations that arise and the needs of the client;

transport services are the intersection of many processes that determine travel: passport and visa, customs, sanitary and epidemiological control, special inspection procedures, luggage transportation, etc.;

transport is a place of increased danger;

transport services in tourism are not only the delivery of tourists to places of recreation, study, etc., but also transfers “airport-hotel-airport”, or “train station-hotel and back”, excursions, delivery of tourists to diving or skiing areas sports, etc. Therefore, just as a flight delay at the beginning of a journey can spoil the consumer’s mood on entire vacation, so an unsuccessful return can overshadow everything good impressions. This is a consequence of a person’s psychological structure: good things are taken for granted, and bad things are remembered more sharply. This is why the sales sector is so important in the tourism industry: informational and psychological preparation of tourists takes place here. A forewarned, thoroughly informed passenger can more easily endure any force majeure circumstances, maintain health and maintain a good relationship with the air agent or tourism manager.

Thus, the complexity of the tourism industry lies in the fact that while being responsible to the client for everything, the manager cannot fully control very many things. This feature of the tourism industry is most evident in the provision of transport services. Therefore, every tourism professional must be competent in the provision of transport services: from booking a flight or ordering a transfer, to issues of passport and visa, customs control and security.

1.3 Types and means of transport. Comparative analysis of modes of transport. The use of various modes of transport in tourism

The tourism industry uses the following types of transport: air, land and water.

The main means of transport are:

a) air - planes, helicopters, hang gliders, parachutes, paragliders, hot air balloons;

b) ground – trains, buses, cars, motorcycles, bicycles;

c) aquatic - sea and river boats, boats, yachts, motor boats, ferries.

Each of the listed types and means of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristic features (Table 1). To compare modes of transport, the following criteria are traditionally used: speed, comfort, safety and efficiency.

The fastest mode of transport is air. For long distances and transcontinental travel, the advantages of air transport are obvious.

Rail transport is considered the most comfortable and spectacular. This is due not only to the fact that the passenger’s movement is not limited within the compartment or carriage, and any position preferred by the person is possible (sitting, lying, etc.).

Even at the dawn of the development of railway transport, studies were carried out on the influence of train movement on the passenger’s condition.

Dr. K. Grum-Grzhimailo, after a series of studies, published the results in the popular St. Petersburg newspaper “Friend of Health,” which substantiated the beneficial effects of rail travel on blood circulation, digestion and the nervous system. Thus, with the beginning of the operation of railways, doctors began to prescribe not only sea and river walks, but also traveling by train. 1

Traveling by river and sea transport is also spectacular and comfortable. Modern ships offer an unusually wide range of modern services: superior accommodation, delicious meals, a lot of entertainment, etc. However, despite modern anti-sickness systems, due to the dependence of water transport on weather conditions, sometimes it is not possible for the liner to enter the port or comfortably deliver tourists to coast, in general, in terms of convenience, sea and river vessels are inferior to modern comfortable trains.

According to long-term statistical studies, road transport is the most dangerous. This is primarily due to the frequency of its use throughout the world and special operating conditions: the high dependence of safety on the qualifications, experience and discipline of all road users, the technical condition of vehicles, road surfaces, weather conditions, etc. At the same time, road transport is most accessible to everyone and least controlled.

Cost-effectiveness when choosing transport is determined primarily by the type of travel and its route. Sometimes, at distances of up to 1000 km, the cost of air travel does not exceed the cost of traveling by rail, while the time gain can be several hours. However, taking into account the procedures for completing formalities at the airport, the time it takes to travel to the airport and back, the time gain may be minimal. Over long distances, the speed advantages of air transport are obvious, because no amount of comfort can brighten up a multi-day trip in a confined space.

To fully characterize air transport, in addition to the listed advantages, its disadvantages should be indicated: the constantly growing cost of air transportation, the remoteness of airports, dependence on weather conditions, the complexity of passport and customs control procedures and special flight safety control, the presence of transits, and inconvenience.

Air transport, namely airplanes, are most often and traditionally used when traveling over long distances, when delivering to a destination. Helicopters – demonstration flights over cities, forests, lakes, jungles (sightseeing and panoramic excursions, air safaris). Balloons are sometimes used for these purposes. Small aircraft and helicopters are used to deliver divers and off-piste skiers (free riders) to the dive and launch site, which may be difficult to access. It is possible to use air transport for travel in the summer and on domestic routes, for example, Moscow-Kostroma, if there are people willing to travel this way.

Road transport, inferior in comfort to railway transport, allows you to make a stop along the way, does not require special stations or tracks, is practically independent of weather conditions, allows you to travel across borders and even, in combination with other modes of transport, make transcontinental travel. Its disadvantages are cost and accident rate. The disadvantages of water transport include low speed and dependence on weather conditions.

Road transport in tourism is used to organize bus tours, excursions, group and individual transfers.

Railway trains are traditionally used to transport tourists to destinations. In addition, there are the concepts of “tourist trains” and “railway tours”. For example, in domestic tourism: health trains for mushroom pickers and fishermen; on the road: “Glasser Express” (Switzerland), “Emperor” (Vienna-Salzburg); in the entry ticket: “Golden Eagle” (Russia).

Thus, there is no single criterion for choosing a vehicle for a tourist trip, because each trip has its own parameters, and each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we go to Australia, then the plane is the only mode of transport that can take us to our destination. And if - to St. Petersburg, then the choice between an airplane, a train, or a car is made by the passenger, based on

due to personal preferences or circumstances.

Table 1 - Main characteristics of various types of transport

Advantages of different modes of transport

Disadvantages of various

types of transport

Air (aviation): 1) speed, possibilities of transcontinental travel;

2) designed for long-distance travel.

1) discomfort (limited, empty space is harmful to health);

2) the need for serious information preparedness of the passenger;

3) cost;

4) availability of transits (transfers);

5) inability to get out of the vehicle along the way;

6) dependence on weather;

7) in the event of an accident, rescue work is difficult, many people die;

8) remoteness of airports, travel time and formal procedures.

Groundth:

1) comfort (for railway transport);

2) the ability to exit the vehicle along the way;

3) for traveling a short distance;

4) efficiency;

5) relative independence from the weather;

6) in an accident, not the entire train perishes; effective rescue operations are possible.

1) accident rate (for road transport).

Water:

1) providing comfortable accommodation and high-quality service.

1) relatively low speed;

2) greatest dependence on weather;

3) high cost;

3.5. The role of transport in the development of the tourism industry

Tourism involves the movement of people from one place to another, both within a country and abroad. The legislation of a number of European countries (for example, France and Italy) classifies transport services as the main services provided to a traveler, along with accommodation services. Within tourism statistics, transport refers to the means a visitor uses to travel from his or her permanent place residence in the place visited. However, many transport enterprises and companies not only transport tourists, but also provide transportation of ordinary passengers, mail and cargo not related to tourism. Therefore, the seasonal nature of tourism creates serious problems for transport companies.

Air transport includes: air flights carried out according to the schedule of air passenger transportation along established routes; unscheduled flights (mainly charter and others not subject to the schedule of air passenger transportation), as well as rental of aircraft with a crew. In this case, charter means any passenger vehicle (aircraft, sea, river, automobile), completely rented from the carrier by a travel agency for the transportation of tourists.

Water transport includes sea and coastal transport, as well as inland water transport.

In maritime transport, cruise ships are of particular interest. The main emphasis when organizing cruises is on obtaining positive emotions from tourists’ stay on board the ship, and not on the speed of the tourist’s arrival at the destination. In some cases, to attract tourists, ferry ships are also used, carrying not only the tourists themselves, but also their personal cars (vehicles). Land transport is divided into rail, bus and road (accommodating up to 8 people). The movement of land transport must comply with the schedule of regular transportation, but transportation can also be carried out outside the schedule (special tourist trips, long-distance charter or excursion bus trips). There is also specialized road transport that carries tourists along the routes airport - city, station - city (transfer). Renting vehicles is widespread in the host country.

Tourism depends entirely on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, service, the use of appropriate discounts and benefits during sales is important for both tourists and travel organizers. The development of tourism is hampered by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries do not meet international standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects, in particular the construction of new airports, roads and railways, require huge investments and time for their implementation 1 .

1 More details about the importance of transport services in the development of tourism can be found in the work: “Service activities in tourism and the hotel business.” - Tomsk: Publishing house Tom. University, 2004.

The fastest is air transport, which successfully and at a high level carries out passenger and cargo transportation both within the country and internationally.

For transportation activities aviation transport the air environment is used, which until the beginning of the 20th century. was considered a natural public environment. The Paris Convention of 1919 declared the “full and exclusive” sovereignty of the airspace of each state. This provision was enshrined in the current normative act of international air law - the Chicago Convention on International civil aviation, adopted in 1944

In addition to the Chicago Convention, the most important acts of international law are, in particular:

Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air (1929) with subsequent additions and amendments made by the Hague (1955), Guatemala (1971) and Montreal (1975) protocols governing the operation of scheduled air services transportation;

Guadalajara Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Operated by Persons Other than Contract Carriers (1961).

Currently, the share of international air transportation in the volume of civil aviation services, according to official world statistics, is about 53%.

In the international regulation of international air transportation of tourists and passengers, the most significant are the International Air Transport Association and International Association air carriers.

International Air Transport Association (IATA) was founded in 1945 in Havana with the aim of promoting the development of safe, regular and economical air transport on an international scale, increasing its commercial efficiency and performance and studying related problems, as well as the practical development of cooperation between airlines organizing international air transport.

The governing body of IATA is the general meeting, which elects an Executive Committee with a term of office of three years. The IATA President is elected for a one-year term. The main working body - the Permanent Secretariat - is headed by the General Director.

IATA has permanent committees: financial, technical, legal, advisory, transportation organization, created as necessary in accordance with the decisions of the Executive Council. It has become a tradition to hold annual conferences on transportation, the main tasks of which are to establish the level of tariffs and prices, clarify schedules and terms of cooperation.

The day-to-day activities of IATA consist mainly of streamlining the work of airlines in terms of the formation of recommendations regarding:

The level and rules for applying tariffs for passenger and freight transportation;

Approval of uniform rules for air transportation;

Regulation of the procedure for using benefits and discounts from tariffs;

Development of common standards for servicing passengers and tourists;

Dissemination of technical and economic experience in operating airlines, implementation financial settlements between airlines - members of the association.

IATA has a large network of airline agents, which is overseen by commissions and subcommittees of the IATA Advisory Committee. By providing appropriate supporting documents and evidence of its commercial and financial reliability, any agent can become an approved IATA agent, which gives the right to represent the interests of IATA members in the sale of transportation for a fee or commission.

IATA's constant area of interest is to improve the system of payments, reservations, publication of tariffs, coordination of schedules, creation of a network of transportation sales agents and the organization of training centers.

IATA members are national airlines of more than 100 countries engaged in scheduled air transportation. The Association annually publishes statistical collections, as well as reports of the general meeting, executive committee and working bodies.

Through its legal department, IATA participated in the preparation of international conventions to combat unlawful hijacking of aircraft and unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation.

International Air Carriers Association (IACA) was created in 1971 and registered in 1983 under Belgian law. Her goals:

Expanding the basic framework of air travel tourism through connections and cooperation between international charter airlines;

Improving the quality of charter air services;

Advocating for the interests of its members before relevant governmental and international organizations on the development of air charter transportation.

The highest bodies of the IACA are the annual Assembly and the Board of Directors.

IACA's activities are focused on coordinating air charter policy development and research, as well as information exchange to improve the organization of charter operations and the quality of passenger service. IACA has close working contacts and links with ICAO and is an affiliate member of the WTO.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) founded in 1947 and received the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1948. The official address of registration and residence is Montreal, Canada. ICAO objectives:

Development of principles and technical methods in the field of international air navigation;"

Development of international air transport on the principles of safety and reliability;

Promoting the development of civil aircraft, airways, airports and navigation aids, as well as the development of international civil aerodynamics in general and in all its aspects in particular.

More than 180 states are members of ICAO (Russia's participation since 1979 through the succession of the USSR). ICAO's activities in the field of international air law consist of the development of draft regulations of international air law and the codification of international air law. ICAO bodies: Assembly, Council, special committees, regional offices, Secretariat. In addition, ICAO has a European Office for European countries in Paris (France) and an Office for countries Far East and swimming pool Pacific Ocean in Bangkok (Thailand).

The highest governing body is the Assembly, which convenes once every three years and elects from among its members a Council, which serves as the executive body of ICAO. The Council is headed by a President, elected for a term of three years.

The activities of the ICAO Council are carried out through standing committees. The main executive function is borne by the ICAO Secretariat, which has

in charge of the regional offices and headed by the Secretary General of ICAO, who is appointed by the Council.

The main legal act of Russian legislation regulating activities in the field of air transport is the Air Code Russian Federation, in which the concept of “aviation” is adopted as the main term for denoting activities in the airspace. The Air Code of the Russian Federation has determined that the air legislation of the Russian Federation consists of this Code, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal rules for the use of airspace, federal aviation rules, as well as other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them.

The RF Air Code has established some significant restrictions on the ownership of aviation property. Thus, civil aviation property: aircraft, airports, airfields, technical and other facilities intended to support aircraft flights, may be in state and municipal ownership and the property of legal entities. However, Russian citizens as individuals may own civil aircraft.

The specially authorized body in the field of civil aviation is the State Civil Aviation Service, which is responsible for providing equal rights to use of airspace for all users of airspace. Priorities in the “queue” of airspace use appear only in cases where the need arises for the simultaneous use of airspace by several users. For such cases, a gradation of state regulation of priorities has been developed, in which the implementation of regular air transportation of passengers and baggage receives higher priority (8th place in the priority table) compared even with the implementation of regular air transportation of cargo and mail (11th place) and irregular air transportation or aviation work (12th place, respectively). This gradation is legalized and approved by the Federal Rules for the Use of the Airspace of the Russian Federation dated September 22, 1999 No. 1084 and developed in accordance with the Air Code of the Russian Federation and the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The appendices to these Rules contain the Rules for the submission of applications (schedules, graphs) for the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation and messages about the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation to EU ATM authorities and air force and air defense authorities, Rules for the request and issuance of permits for the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation, Rules for the organization of communications and radio technical support, Rules for the preparation and submission of proposals for improving the structure of the airspace of the Russian Federation, Rules for the development and establishment of temporary, local regimes and short-term restrictions on the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation, Rules for conducting investigations, organizing recording and analysis of violations of the procedure for using airspace Russian Federation.

Used civil aircraft are subject to state registration in the State Register of Civil Aircraft of the Russian Federation with the issuance of appropriate certificates. An aircraft registered or accounted for in the prescribed manner acquires Russian nationality. Civil aircraft are allowed for operation if they have airworthiness certificates (certificates of airworthiness).

Requirements for aviation personnel are established by the FAP, and state control over the activities of aviation personnel in civil aviation is carried out by the authorized body in the field of civil aviation.

Air transportation is regulated by the standards set out in Chapter 40 “Transportation” of the RF PS and Chapter 15 “Air transportation” of the RF Air Code. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a passenger carrier is an operator that has a license to carry out air transportation of passengers and baggage on the basis of an agreement for air transportation of passengers and baggage. When carrying out air transportation of passengers or tourists, the air transportation agreement is certified by a ticket when transporting a passenger and a baggage receipt when transporting baggage. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the carrier is obliged to comply with when performing air transportation general rules air transportation of passengers, baggage and cargo, as well as requirements for servicing passengers, shippers and consignees, established by the FAP, which, in addition, establishes the procedure for providing services and benefits to passengers and tourists of aircraft.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education

"Altai State University"

Faculty of Geography

Department of Recreational Geography, Tourism and regional marketing

TYPES OF TRANSPORT USED IN TOURIST ACTIVITIES

(abstract on the discipline “Organization of entry and outbound tourism»)

Completed by a student

course 923-z groups

Ivanova I.I..

Barnaul 2014

INTRODUCTION

ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET

AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION

MOTOR TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

RAIL TRAVEL

SHIP TRAVEL

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the tour price structure. Depending on the duration and distance of the trip, it (in most cases) ranges from 20 to 60%. Different kinds transport used tourism organizations for transporting tourists during travel.

Transport travel is travel by organized groups of tourists with vouchers (vouchers) along developed routes using various means of transport. Transport travel is considered both as an independent type of tourism and as a component of the tourism product as a whole.

When planning his trip, a tourist takes into account such factors as the speed of delivery to the holiday destination, travel comfort, cost, the possibility of transporting luggage and its weight, the possibility of stopping along the way, food conditions, recreational conditions, noise level, the presence of harmful environmental factors and, of course , - safety.

The main objectives of this work are to determine the main modes of travel and types of transport used during inbound and outbound tourism.

.ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET

Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any available means to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and somewhat later of various types of engines, man began to correspondingly develop means of transportation: carts, carriages, steamships, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes.

Currently, transport is one of the most important components of the economy of a state, both developing and with a highly developed economic and social base. Transport ensures the normal functioning of the economy, increases the efficiency of social production, creates conditions for the rational placement of production forces throughout the country, taking into account the most appropriate approach of enterprises in various sectors of the economy to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products, specialization and cooperation of production, allows for the development of industries such as trade , agriculture and others. Transport is a leading factor in the development of tourism.

The role of transport in solving social problems, providing business, cultural and tourist trips for the population, developing cultural exchange within the country and abroad is great. Transport ensures the development of international economic relations, facilitating mutually beneficial exchanges between different countries.

.AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION

According to statistics, the rate of growth in the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the ever-increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing stable trend towards reducing travel times in favor of their frequency (the growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourism business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular view transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;

secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;

thirdly, aviation companies directly and through international networks bookings and reservations pay travel agencies a commission for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system

There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1 thousand airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.

The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American "Delta Air lines", "Pan Amerikan", "United", the French " Air France", German "Lufthansa", British "British Airways", etc. Major airline The Russian Aeroflot is considered.

However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.

Net international transport currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries of the world.

Since air transport occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system every year, there has long been a need for its global coordination and regulation. These issues are dealt with by international aviation organizations.

Within the framework of organizing tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:

booking seats and purchasing air tickets through airline agencies;

booking seats and purchasing air tickets through reservation systems;

an agreement with the airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;

agency agreement and work as an agency selling air tickets for its tourists;

organization of charter flights for tourist transportation.

In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable part of tourist transportation, as well as to competently conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular type of interaction with an airline.

.MOTOR TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

Car services used in tourism services include three main areas:

) organization of bus trips;

) organization of travel by private transport of tourists;

) car rental.

Bus travel. International bus tourism is a relatively young type of tourism. The beginning of its development can be dated back to the 70s. XX century Before this in different countries buses were used mainly for transfers, excursions and local trips.

Being an economic type of tourism accessible to the general public, bus tourism is constantly developing. There is still a tendency to increase its volumes. Priority is given to weekend bus tours - 2-3 day trips to European cities for excursion and educational purposes are quite popular. In second place in popularity are route tours lasting 1-2 weeks in European cities, also for excursion and educational purposes.

Seasonality when organizing bus tours does not play as big a role as in other trips. In fact, bus tours operate throughout the year. A slight decline in demand is observed in January-February. During these two months, usually one bus is “busy” on one route.

According to experts, despite the importance of the price aspect, competition in the bus tour market is observed in the area of variety of routes and quality of service.

Opening of traffic on regular international routes is regulated by bilateral government agreements, and transit through third countries requires permission from the Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE).

The rights and obligations of the carrier and tourists are regulated by the contract of carriage, contract for tourist services and voucher

Bus trips can be organized on their own buses owned by travel companies, as well as on rented buses owned by independent motor transport enterprises (ATEs) of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

As a rule, Russian companies work with rented buses. A travel company enters into a special agreement with such ATPs to rent a bus for tourist transportation.

Travel using personal transport tourists. Organizing a package tour car travel includes the entire range of services, with the exception of transport. However, the travel company still provides special assistance in organizing the movement of tourists along the route in their cars. This is reflected in the specifics of organizing car tours.

The process of preparing a road trip includes:

route development;

development of a traffic schedule;

preparation of route documentation.

Car rental. Car rental (or rental) is a very common and popular service among tourists, especially on stationary and resort tours. In any tourist or resort center There are many car rental companies - from large to small. The leading car rental company in the world is HERTZ. Competing with it “AVIS” in the mid-90s. was named the best car rental company in the world by the English magazine Institutional Investor.

.RAIL TRAVEL

Railway is a convenient means of communication for transporting any categories of tourists, ranging from individual tourists, large and small tourist groups on regular lines and charter trains, to the organization of special tourist and excursion trains for local and long-distance communication.

Currently, many companies that own railway lines (Wagon-Li, Accor, etc.) are making great efforts to maintain and increase tourist passenger traffic. The main directions in this regard can be called:

laying high-speed highways (to speed up transportation);

organization of special tourist trains, including “retro locomotives” (special themed trips on railway transport).

Regular trains. Suburban trains follow a fixed schedule within the region or region. The train usually accommodates up to 1,500 passengers, and seating up to 1000. Trains make frequent stops at local stations. The seats in the carriages are not numbered.

Off-schedule (charter) trains. These are specially designated charter trains outside the regular schedule. Special trains often include tourist and excursion trains, which also run outside the regular schedule on specially laid routes and schedules, compiled taking into account windows in the regular schedule and excursion and tourist purposes. Off-schedule trains also include the so-called export trains - organized outside the schedule during public holidays, national and international competitions and games, as well as for the removal of equipment and people for harvesting, agricultural and other work.

Trains and carriages are also divided into different categories.

Special tourist trains. There is a well-established opinion that any train trip, especially a long one, is tiring and unpleasant. It’s hard to even imagine that it could be not just a forced movement from one point to another, but a most exciting journey. However, this truth has long been realized by foreign travel agencies and operators offering specialized railway tours. Western specialists have brought the technology of their implementation almost to perfection.

Standard rail tours can be divided into three separate categories:

one-day;

short-term (2-3 days);

multi-day (from 5 days or more).

Day tours begin in the morning and end in the evening of the same day. On the way, tourists sit at the tables of dining cars. Along the way, they can not only have an extra snack, but also watch performances by pop and circus performers. Tourists are taken to a specific station, where a special program has been prepared for them. This could be an excursion trip or a picnic in nature. Most often, passengers have the opportunity to combine business with pleasure.

Short tours. During two- to three-day train tours, passengers live in separate compartments. Trips are traditionally designed so that at night, when everyone is asleep, the train is on its way. During the day, tourists are busy with various excursion activities.

Multi-day tours. Train schedules serving multi-day trips vary widely. Depending on the route and excursion program tourists are often on the road during the daytime. As practice shows, in order for travelers not to get tired, a tourist train should travel non-stop between two points for no more than a day and a half. Long day trips are planned, as a rule, in cases where interesting views and landscapes open up along the route. However, in some cases, short-term “green camps” are also proposed directly in the forest or in the mountains, on the shore of the sea or a large lake.

.SHIP TRAVEL

tourist market air transport train

A motor ship trip (cruise) is a tourist trip along a river or sea, usually calling at ports, on board a special passenger ship. Currently, dozens of cruise lines around the world operate hundreds of passenger ships with a capacity of 70 to over 1000 passengers and offer exciting trips to almost any region of the world.

Cruises are one of the fastest growing market sectors. In 1998, more than 8 million tourists traveled by water, and by 2004, according to WTO forecasts, this figure will reach 11.5 million.

Water cruises are organized both across the seas, oceans, and along various rivers. The organization of sea and river cruises has a lot in common. However, there are a number of differences in the capacity of ships, organizational features, service programs, as well as the location of tours among sea and river cruises.

Sea cruises. In the world today sea cruises are experiencing a happy period of recovery. The cruise fleet is growing, the designs of passenger ships are being improved, their comfort is increasing, and new sea and ocean routes are being developed. Most Popular water travel used in the USA, UK and Germany. Demand for cruise voyages is noted in France, Italy, Switzerland and other countries.

Main cruise regions:

) Mediterranean Sea - from May to October;

) Caribbean winter months;

) around Europe and Scandinavia - from mid-May to the end of August.

The largest cruise operators are American: Carnival Cruise Line Corporation (CCL), Royal Caribbean, and the British R&O Cruises Divison.

Payment on ships depends on:

on the comfort of the vessel;

River cruises. Unlike sea cruises, river cruises are less susceptible to weather influences, more informative, as they have a coastal view, and there is an excellent opportunity to use green parking lots.

Western Europe has a fairly extensive navigable network of waterways. The Seine, Elbe, Danube, Rhine and other rivers flow through its territory. All of them are connected by a complex system of canals, which provides excellent opportunities for the growing popularity of river cruise travel. Germany holds first place in river cruises, followed by Great Britain, Holland, Switzerland and Austria. The most popular routes are along the Rhine and its tributaries (Moselle, Main, Neckar, Weser). In Europe, river cruises along the Danube through seven countries are in great demand.

Tourist transportation is carried out along 80 different routes with a duration from 3 to 20 days.

The shipping companies of the Central and North-Western basins carry out about 87% of all transportation of tourists.

When serving tourists on ship tours, the following persons take part:

ship's crew;

ship restaurant workers;

cruise tourist crew.

CONCLUSION

Transportation is one of the central places as part of almost any tourism product, are an integral part of travel and tourist trips. The transportation industry is decisive in the generation of tourism activities and tourism as a highly profitable sector of the economy. Without transport there is no tourism, not to mention walking excursions and hikes, limited both by the number of tourists and by distance. Scientific and technical progress in society led to the emergence of vehicles capable of quickly delivering a person to any point globe, as well as the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services.

The competitive struggle for clients both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each mode of transport has given a powerful impetus to the process of improving service for passengers. An increase in the level of service is manifested in the modern technical equipment of rolling stock, the creation comfortable conditions travel, organizing leisure time for passengers on board vehicles, providing them with special meals, developing incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies.

Thus, we can conclude that transport and tourist complexes are in continuous interaction, constantly influencing each other’s development, especially in the context of expanding travel geography, international relations, and globalization of the world economy. In such a situation, clear coordination of activities and cooperation between the subjects of the transport complex and the tourism industry are necessary. Only in this case is it possible to effectively operate the tourism and transport sector of the world economy and fully satisfy the needs of the main object - the tourist.

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