Krasny Yar, now the village. Krasny Yar, Engels district, Saratov region, a German colony on the left bank of the Volga. History of the emergence of the village. Krasny Yar By the end of the 19th century. the village had two hundred households and about one and a half thousand inhabitants. The village had three churns, three

Today, the village of Krasny Yar spreads over almost 2,500 square kilometers in Samara region. It includes 10 volosts, and the distance to railway from the village of Krasny Yar - 13 km.

The history of the village of Krasny Yar began in 1732, when, after the decree of Empress Anna Ivanovna, the construction of the Krasnoyarsk fortress began on the right bank of the Sok River, the remains of which are still located in the center of this village. It must be said that this fortress at that time was a very important object of Tsarist Russia, since the extracted reserves of sulfur, which was very necessary for the manufacture of ammunition, were transported across the Sok River, since Russia was then participating in the Northern War against Sweden. In addition, near this fortress there were good agricultural and livestock prospects for a good existence in peacetime.

In the 19th century, the level of trade increased significantly, due to increased demand for agricultural products, which were mined in the village of Krasny Yar. This attracted even more residents there and strengthened the position of the settlement. And in 1861, the first school opened in Krasny Yar.
At the beginning of the 20th century, postal and telegraph offices were opened. Gradually the settlement turned into a large trading center. Throughout the 20th century, the number of industrial and cultural sites increased.

And today Krasny Yar is one of the significant administrative centers of the Samara region, on the territory of which the remains of the Krasnoyarsk fortress - a monument are located federal significance Russian Federation.

KRASNY YAR(Krasnojar, Krasnoyar, Krasnoyarovka, German Krasnoyar, Walter, Krasny Kolonok, Tsezarovka), now with. RED YAR, Engels district, Saratov region, a German colony on the left bank of the Volga, at the confluence of the Berezovka river into the Volga (the German name of the river is Pakh, from “Bach” - stream). It was located 410 versts from the city of Samara, 30 versts from Saratov, 180 versts from Novouzensk, along the trade route from Nikolaevsk to Saratov. From 1871 to October 1918 it was a volost village of the Krasnoyarsk volost of the Novouzensky district of the Samara province. After the formation of the Labor Commune of the Volga Germans, the village of Krasny Yar was the administrative center of the Krasnoyarsk Village Council of the Marxstadt Canton. From 1922, after the formation of the Krasnoyarsk canton and until 1927, it was the cantonal center of the Republic of the Volga Germans (on January 1, 1922 there were 32 settlements with a population of 19.8 thousand people, in 1926 - 36 settlements with a population of 22,099 people, of which 21,902 are Germans, 63 Russians, 3 Ukrainians, 131 other nationalities). In 1926, the Krasnoyarsk village council included the village. Krasny Yar, high. Mechetka-1 and Mechetka-2. At the end of 1927, during the administrative-territorial reform, the canton was liquidated, and the village of Krasny Yar was transferred to the Marxshadt canton. In 1935, the Krasnoyarsk canton was restored.

The colony was created on July 20, 1767, as a crown colony. According to one version, the name was given taking into account the characteristics of the picturesque hilly and ravine terrain. In the Russian language, yar was a name for tracts on the banks of rivers, a steep, elevated bank, and the adjective “red” meant beautiful. According to another version, the Russian name Krasny Yar has a German etymology: supposedly the first colonists, surprised by the abundance of meadow grass in the fields, gave the colony the name “Grasjahr” - grass year (from the German words “Gras” - grass and “Jahr” - year). According to the decree of February 26, 1768 on the names of German colonies, the name Krasny Yar was retained for the settlement. The remaining names were given to the colony in honor of the colonist commissioner Caesar - “Cesarovka” and in honor of the first foresteer - “Walter”, but were rarely used.

The first forsteger Christoph Walter, a 37-year-old farmer, arrived to the colony from Darmstadt (Riedesel) together with his wife Anna Maria and two daughters. Until 1804, Kraum was the foreman of the colony. The founders of Krasny Yar were 353 colonists (112 families), mainly from Darmstadt, Kurpfalz, Isenburg, Franconia and other German lands. Of the 112 families, the majority were Lutherans. 16 families professed Reformation.

Each householder received from the Guardianship Office in Saratov 25 rubles, two horses, one cow, four wheels, shafts, a bow, 11 fathoms of rope, two belt bridles and five fathoms of hemp rope for the reins. Poor conditions for keeping livestock and the inability of the colonists to handle them in the first years of settlement led to massive losses of livestock. In Krasny Yar in 1766, half of all the livestock allocated to the colonists died.

Among the first 74 householders were four guild artisans, a shoemaker, a hosiery weaver, as well as representatives of such rare professions as a calico printer and a glazier. The rest of the first settlers were cultivators and, by the nature of their occupation in their former homeland, were fully consistent with the main goal of attracting colonists - their development of the agricultural zone in the desert steppe outskirts of Russia.

According to the revision of 1834, the colonists were allocated land of 15 acres per capita. The litigation between the colonists and the state peasants of Pokrovskaya Sloboda, who seized the lands of the colonists, continued for several years. According to the 10th revision of 1857, 1,500 male colonists owned land in the amount of about 5.7 acres per capita. The colonists were primarily engaged in arable farming and flour-grinding. The first mill was built in the colony back in the 1770s. The colonists grew wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, and specialized in cultivating the most promising variety of wheat at that time, “Beloturka”. To a much lesser extent than agriculture, the inhabitants of Krasny Yar were engaged in crafts and trades. Tobacco cultivation occupied a significant place in the colonists' agriculture.

According to the Samara Provincial Statistical Committee, in 1910 there were 1081 households in the village, there was a volost government, a post office, a judicial investigation institution, and a pharmacy. Healthcare was at a fairly high level; in Krasny Yar there was not only a zemstvo emergency room, two doctors and three paramedics working, but also an eye clinic was opened. A brick factory was built in the village, the Schardt steam mill, built in 1907, as well as a water mill and 10 windmills operated. By 1910, a library appeared in the village.

During the years of Soviet power, a cultural center was opened in Krasny Yar, a printing house operated, and there was a telephone exchange. In the 1930s The collective farms “Frische Kraft” and “Rotfront” were created, a machine and tractor station was organized, and tobacco cultivation was revived. In September 1941, the Germans were deported from the village.

School and children's education. The church school, which appeared in the village from its founding, educated children aged 7 to 15 years. Before the construction of the first church in 1815, services and school classes were held in the school and prayer house. By the middle of the 19th century, a school was opened in the colony, and in the 1870s a zemstvo school was opened. By the beginning of the twentieth century, there were two zemstvo schools in the village, where the Russian language was studied.

In 1900, the provost of the meadow side of the Volga, I. Erbes, was approached by the inspector of public schools, who, pointing out that in Krasny Yar there was only one Russian language teacher for 600 children, recommended increasing allocations for teaching the Russian language and introducing a second position in the school. Russian language teacher. According to statistical information on the state of schools in the German colonies, collected by the Provost of the Left Bank I. Erbes, in 1906, out of 7,502 village residents, about 1,000 were children aged 7 to 15 years old, required to receive primary education. School attendance among school-age children was not 100%; 85 children could not study due to the poverty of their parents or daily employment in trades and crafts. In 1906, the first zemstvo school in the village had 120 boys, 23 girls and two teachers; the second zemstvo school was attended by 191 boys and 112 girls, with five teachers working there. The church school had 112 boys and 325 girls and two teachers. All three schools were supported by the church community. During the years of Soviet power, both schools were merged and repurposed into primary school. In 1923, a vocational school was opened in Krasny Yar, and in 1924 a school for peasant youth was opened. As of 1937, 143 village residents were illiterate; literacy courses were created for them.

Religion of residents and church. The colonists belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran denomination. Since 1767, the Krasny Yar community was part of the Rosenheim (Podstepnoye) parish. The parish of Rosenheim (Podstepnoe) was founded in 1767. It included the colonies of Rosenheim, Shved (Zvonarevka), Stahl (Zvonarev Kut), Enders (Ust-Karaman), Krasny Yar, Fischer (Telyause), Schultz (Meadow Gryaznukha), Reinwald (Staritskoe). In 1820, Reinwald and Schulz became part of the parish of Reinhardt (Osinovka), and the community of Fischer was annexed to the parish of South Ekaterinenstadt. Since 1880, the village of Krasny Yar formed an independent parish, the creation of which was approved by a decree of November 20, 1880. The parish included one church community, Krasny Yar.

In the first years after the creation of the settlement, the colonists of Krasny Yar held services in the prayer house, which had the status of a branch. The exact date of its construction is not known. It was built with public funds in the first one or two years after the settlement of the colonists. The colonists had to pay the money spent to the state over the next ten years.

The wooden church was built in Krasny Yar in 1815. It had branch status and was consecrated as the Church of the Holy Trinity. Over time, the old church became small and could not accommodate all the parishioners, who by the middle of the 19th century numbered about 5.2 thousand people. The design of the new Krasnoyarsk church was approved by state authorities in 1857. The laying of the first stone in the foundation of the church was made in 1859. By 1861, a new wooden church was built on the site of the old small church; it had benches for 1,500 worshipers. The church was consecrated on July 9, 1861.

In the external appearance of the building one could feel the imitation of the architecture of classicism. The grandness of the church was given by a porch in the form of a portico with a triangular pediment in the center of the main facade, in front of which there was a brick gate topped with three turrets. The four massive columns of the portico were arranged symmetrically and crowned with rather modest Doric capitals. Behind the columns in the center there was an entrance opening and a window above it. The four-stage, tapering tower had three semicircular windows and was crowned with a dome with a three-meter cross. On the side facades of the building there were also columns topped with massive triangular gables, behind the columns there were side entrances to the church. The temple had spacious balconies on the second floor and lush interior decoration. Next to the church there was a wooden parsonage with an outbuilding built in 1883.

Pages of the history of the church community and parish. By 1880, the village of Krasny Yar numbered more than four thousand people. The Lutheran community of the parish needed its own pastor and therefore the parishioners decided to petition for the creation of a separate parish, the foundation of which was approved in 1880. The first pastor of the parish was Karl Wilhelm Theodor Blum (1841-1906), who served until 1881 in the Fresenthal parish. In 1901-1905 Karl Blum was the provost of the meadow side of the Volga. The last pastor of the parish, Wilhelm Friedrich Feldbach (1884-1970), was ordained in the Krasny Yar church on December 26, 1919 and until 1924 served simultaneously in the parishes of Krasny Yar and Yagodnaya Polyana. In 1924-1928. he was a pastor in the Lutheran community of Baku, and in 1928 he emigrated to Germany.

In 1929, when the country began a campaign to remove the bells and melt them down “for a tractor column,” the bells from the church in Krasny Yar were removed and handed over to the Vozrozhdenie plant, which produced the first Soviet tractor, the Karlik. In 1931, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans received secret information from the regional Commission for the consideration of religious issues, according to which the church in the village at that time was not yet closed, there were 2,351 believers in the church community, of which 33 were classified as disenfranchised.

The Commission on Cults under the Central Executive Committee of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans petitioned for the closure of the church on January 15, 1934. Of the 1,373 eligible voting members of the community, 1,003 were in favor of closing the church. The Commission on Religious Affairs decided to “offer a house of worship from kulak houses to a group of believers,” and use the church for the cultural needs of the village. The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee decided to close the church on February 9, 1934. The cross was removed from the church, and a club was installed in its building. After the Great Patriotic War, a cinema operated in the former church, which no longer had a bell tower. The church was destroyed in the late 1980s.

List of Pastors. Pastors of the Rosenheim (Podstepnoe) parish who served in the Krasny Yar community. 1767-1785 - Ludwig Helm. 1786-1788 - Laurentius Ahlbaum. 1788-1791 - Klaus Peter Lundberg. 1792-1815 - Christian Friedrich Jäger. 1816-1820 - Franz Hölz. 1820-1831 - Johan Heinrich Buck. 1831-1866 - Alexander Karl August Allendorf.1867-1879. - Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer. Pastors of the Krasny Yar parish. 1881-1905 - Karl Blum. 1905-1914 - Johannes Stenzel. 1914-1916 - Albert Arthur Schön. 1916-1919 - Wilhelm Feldbach.

Population size. In 1767, 363 foreign colonists lived in Krasny Yar, in 1773 there were 460, in 1788 - 537, in 1798 - 684, in 1816 - 1036, in 1834 - 1792, in 1850 in the city - 2552, in 1859 - 3131, in 1883 - 4343, in 1889 - 4484 people. In 1878, 156 people emigrated to America. According to the General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 4,721 people lived in Krasny Yar, of which 4,622 were Germans. As of 1905, there were 7,514 people in the village, in 1910 - 7,345 people. In 1909, about 400 people left the village for Siberia and the Steppe region. The Krasny Yar parish in 1906 numbered 7,671 parishioners. According to the All-Russian Population Census of 1920, 6,569 people lived in Krasny Yar, all of them were Germans. In 1921, 296 people were born in the village, and 896 people died; in March 1921 alone, 50 people died in the village. According to the Regional Statistical Office of the Autonomous Region of the Volga Germans, on January 1, 1922, 4,724 people lived in Krasny Yar, in 1923 - 4,008 people. According to the All-Russian Population Census of 1926, the village consisted of 847 households (of which 834 were German) with a population of 4,546 people (of which 2,177 were men and 2,369 women), including 4,464 Germans (of which 2,128 were men and 2,336 women). In 1931, 5,145 people lived in Krasny Yar, of which 5,129 were Germans, in 1939 - 4,631 people.

Village today. Nowadays Krasny Yar, Engels district, Saratov region. When visiting Krasny Yar, one is still struck by its impressive size; it is no coincidence that the village was the cantonal center. Before the revolution, Krasny Yar was even larger: according to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, 3,118 people lived in the village, which is more than two times less than the number of residents of the village in 1910. In 1974, a new standard modern school was built in the village . As of 2010, in the secondary school of the village. Krasny Yar had 326 students and 29 teachers.

In Krasny Yar, the former German layout has been preserved and quite a lot of ancient buildings, brick and wooden German houses, both private and public buildings - a pharmacy, a bread store, a mill. Most of the old German houses have been preserved on Yu. Gagarin Street. Opposite the modern building of the House of Culture, just like a hundred years ago, there is a pharmacy. The former House of Culture, which today houses the Department of Internal Affairs, was built during the period of the existence of the Republic of the Volga Germans. On the site of the modern police building there was a village square where local residents gathered on holidays.

Every year there are fewer and fewer objects of German architecture left in Krasny Yar. The building of the Lutheran church in the village has not survived. Until 2008, residents of Krasny Yar, who were not indifferent to the history of Russian Germans, proudly showed visitors the buildings of the former eye hospital, previously known far beyond the village. The wooden building had not been used for a long time, but the huge two-story building, connected to the brick one-story building by an arch, still reminded of the German colonists and attracted lovers of German architecture to the village. In 2009, the building of the hospital was completely destroyed. Today all that remains is a pile of bricks and rubbish, next to which is a one-story brick building of the former eye hospital.

The pride of the village is the old building of a four-story German mill, which before the revolution produced flour for several nearby villages. It was built in 1907 and was named Schardt Mill after its owner. The date of construction of the building is posted under the roof on the side facade, and the letters with the owner’s surname, which were located there, have not been preserved. Today the mill building is still in use. After the deportation of the German population, compound feed was produced here and grain was ground for livestock. By the end of the twentieth century, the building was in deplorable condition. In 1999, private entrepreneur S. Shuvakin and his partner from Germany bought and renovated the building, restored the stairs, imported new Italian equipment, and installed a lift. Today the mill operates a threshing shop, a scattering shop, a pasta shop and a bakery. The mill grinds up to 30 tons of grain per day, and the enterprise employs 50 people.

Geography

The village of Krasny Yar is located on the left bank of the Buzan channel of the Volga delta.

Story

• The construction of the Krasny Yar fortress began in 1650.
• The district town of Krasny Yar lost its city status in 1925, becoming a village.

Ancient history

Krasny Yar was founded in 1667 on a high cape on the left bank of the Buzan at the confluence of the Akhtuba River, and was founded for approximately the same purpose as Black Yar. The main role of Krasny Yar was that “its inhabitants would watch diligently for the predatory enterprises of the Don Cossacks, who went from the Volga to Buzan, and from there to the Caspian Sea... so that they would not be allowed to go out to sea.”

The wooden-earth fortress of Krasny Yar was also built according to the Chernoyarsk type. It differed from the Chernoyarsk one only in that it originally had five towers.

The founding of the town is directly related to the turbulent events that then captured the entire Lower Volga region in their cycle. As is known, in the summer of 1667, after Black Yar, the Razins sailed freely along the Volga on their ships in the direction of Astrakhan. However, Razin did not intend to go to the city, since he was well aware of the weakness of his forces at that time to storm the powerful fortress. That is why his planes turned to Buzan. And yet, somewhere at the beginning of the Buzan channel, the Cossacks had to face a detachment of S. Beklemishev, sent to cross them from Astrakhan. The Cossacks, however, completely defeated the archers and in early June 1667 passed by Krasny Yar. Astrakhan resident Matvey Kireev reported this later from Krasny Yar: “On the second day of July... in the first hour, the days passed by the city on the other side, along the Buzan River Zarechye in 30 plows of Cossacks, according to the estimate, 30 per plow in the Cheremshansky tract I’ll go about three miles from the city to the fishermen.” Cheremshansky Stan is the current village of Cheremukha, located several kilometers below Krasny Yar. The Razins stayed here. The literature sometimes mentions the battle of the Cossacks with the Krasnoyarsk archers. But he was not there, otherwise the same Kireev would have reported about him. It could not take place for the reason that the city in the summer of 1667, in fact, did not yet exist. It was just built on the orders of Prozorovsky’s predecessor in the post of Astrakhan governor, Prince Ivan Khilkov. And there was simply no strong garrison in Krasny Yar. It is known, however, that a new, more than one and a half thousand army under the command of I. Ruzhinsky went after the Razinites, but it was late to Krasny Yar. And therefore, calmly passing by the half-built town, the Razin ships entered the Caspian Sea.

19th century

Numerous fires and the redevelopment of the city, which began in 1843, left nothing of the fortifications. Time has not preserved the Vladimir Cathedral, which stood in the center of the town - one of the best buildings of the “Naryshkin” baroque in the Lower Volga region. But this land has preserved monuments of more ancient eras. Krasny Yar was built on one of the large Golden Horde settlements. There is an assumption that the Krasnoyarsk settlement is the ruins of the first capital of the Golden Horde - the city of Saray. Local residents still find examples of Golden Horde household and architectural ceramics. Some of the finds can be viewed in a small local history museum. Judging by the stories of old-timers, the builders of the Vladimir Cathedral, which has not reached us, used decorative material from the Golden Horde city. When dismantling the cathedral, residents found many colored tiles decorating the cathedral, very similar to the Golden Horde samples, which are now kept in the local museum.

Krasnoyarsk village

• The Cossack population of the city made up the Krasnoyarsk Stanitsa of the Astrakhan Army.

Architecture

The old architecture of the town is modest and unpretentious. Several houses have survived from the time of classicism, but almost all of them have been rebuilt in such a way that it is almost impossible to guess their original forms. A two-story building of former government offices has been preserved from the late classical era. For those who have visited Cherny Yar and Enotaevka, it will be doubly interesting, since, despite the later reconstructions that distorted its appearance, it clearly resembles the Government places of Cherny Yar and Enotaevsk. And only the rectangular frame added at the end of the casing of the upper windows distinguishes the building from Krasny Yar from similar buildings in more northern towns. Having now become acquainted with all three structures, we can confidently say that the Chernoyarsk design was used in all three.

The wooden buildings of Krasny Yar are also interesting. The wooden house standing next to the Public Offices building has a classically simple composition of the main facade. Pilaster columns, a multi-broken cornice, a mezzanine with three windows - everything seems to make the building similar to that well-known type of small wooden manor house that was established in Russian cities towards the end of the classical period. But in the decoration of the windows, this composition is already greatly clouded by a touch of false Russian stylization of the second half of the 19th century.

The carving of many residential buildings in Krasny Yar is simple and unpretentious. But this unpretentiousness is sometimes compensated by the “work” of the very design of any element of the building. And here a very simple frame of a window, far beyond the plane of the wall, or an ordinary porch of a house can turn out to be plastically expressive. Such very simple inventions, which, perhaps, are not inventions at all, nevertheless convey originality residential buildings this quiet old town, lost among the countless branches of the huge delta.

Notable natives

• Aristov, Averky Borisovich (1903-1973) - Soviet party and public figure
• (1904-1976) - Soviet military leader, Colonel General
• Aldamzharov, Gaziz Kamashevich (born 1947) - Kazakh politician

Notes

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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