2 voyage of columbus. Columbus's second voyage - briefly. Long working time

Set sail from Cadiz on September 25, 1493. Instead of the insignificant flotilla which he had had at his disposal the previous year, he had seventeen ships under his command; Together with him, 1,200 people sailed on the second voyage, among whom were miners, artisans, and farmers, but the hidalgos (representatives of the nobility) were especially numerous. The expedition set out with the goal of not only making new discoveries, but also establishing colonies, obtaining gold from newly discovered lands, and converting local pagans to Christianity. Columbus took with him his brother Diego and twelve clergy, including the papal vicar, Benedictine monk Bernardo Boyle.

Portrait of Christopher Columbus. Artist S. del Piombo, 1519

The whole year of the second voyage was devoted to research and new discoveries. Columbus discovered and visited the island of Dominica (November 3, 1493), Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico (during the same month). On November 27, he arrived at Fort Navidad, which he had previously founded in Haiti and was now devastated by the natives. Alonso Ojeda began to explore the interior of Hispaniola (Haiti), looked for gold there and began to develop mines. Columbus, carried away by curiosity, again sailed along the coast of Cuba; he so wanted to make sure that these were the shores of the Asian continent that he made his sailors swear before the royal notary that it was indeed not an island, but a continent. If he had time to stock up on enough provisions, he intended to continue sailing along the coast to the Red Sea and return from his second trip to Spain by the Mediterranean Sea, or to go around the southern tip of Africa in order to amaze the Portuguese. On his way back he saw Jamaica and finally arrived on the island of Isabella on September 4, 1494.

Everything there was in a bad situation. The colonists, who were among the adventurers who were not accustomed to obeying their superiors, constantly sent new complaints to Spain. The natives, who were subjected to various forms of violence and forced to work in the mines, rebelled against the conquerors. With the help of Ojeda, Columbus soon restored order there, but this brilliant navigator was such a bad administrator that he incurred general hatred. He was accused of rude treatment, of arrogance, and especially of the fact that he was not a Spaniard, but a Genoese. Fortunately for Columbus, his brother Bartolomeo, an energetic, intelligent, brave and very experienced man in everything related to navigation, came to his aid. Columbus appointed him to the position adelantado, that is, the territorial governor, but this governor was also a Genoese native. Even the clergy were so frightened by the strange antics of the admiral who had fallen into religious hypochondria that they refused to help him. In Spain, only denunciations were received about Columbus's inability and his despotism.

Spanish monarchs Ferdinand And Isabel finally they were forced to send a commissioner to investigate the case (August October 1495); this commissioner, Juan Aguado, was convinced of the pitiful situation of the colony and in this sense wrote his report to the king. Columbus, wanting to prevent the danger that threatened him, decided to go to Spain with Aguado (in March 1496). He could no longer count on the same enthusiastic reception that was given to him after his return from the first expedition. However, even after the second journey he was kindly received at court. He was again confirmed in all his honorable positions, and all the former privileges were again granted to him; he even petitioned for his brother’s confirmation to the rank of “adelantado.”

Comp. E. B. Nikanorova::: How Christopher Columbus discovered America

On September 25, 1493, admiral and viceroy Columbus set off on his second voyage. Now it was not pitiful barges with desperate thugs that were preparing to sail to the New World, but a proud fleet of seventeen large ships. A motley crowd crowded on the decks: here on there were brave nobles (hidalgos) who dreamed of glory and conquest, and merchants who calculated in advance the profit that they would get for low-value trinkets from ignorant Indians, and artisans who were ready to bring the culture of the Old World to the New World, and, finally, brave adventurers who had nothing to lose. Silent and concentrated, several Benedictines stood nearby in the clothes of their order - these were the first European missionaries.

Pious Isabella was especially concerned about saving the souls of her new subjects; Together with the king and Infante Juan, she was the recipient of the baptism of six Indians. In addition, many people who later gained fame took part in this expedition. Among them were Diego Columbus, the younger brother of the admiral, Alonso de Ojeda, the future discoverer of Venezuela, Ponce de Leon, who discovered Florida, and Juan de la Cosa, the famous compiler of geographical maps.

Finally the fleet entered the ocean, and after a short stay at Canary Islands The squadron, with a favorable trade wind, without any incident, completed the entire journey of 20 days, this time adhering to a slightly more southern direction.

On Saturday, November 2, in the evening, Columbus predicted the proximity of land by the color of the air and water, and the next morning the sailors greeted the island with cries of joy and cannon fire, which was named Dominica (Sunday) in honor of Sunday. Peaks covered with dense forest rose from the sea one after another, flocks of parrots flew from one island to another, on one of them a sparkling waterfall seemed from afar to be falling from the clouds. Columbus named this island Guadeloupe.

Heading to the northwest, Columbus discovered the islands of Montserrat, San Martin, and Santa Cruz. The inhabitants of these islands had good homes and dressed in paper fabrics; The Spaniards noticed that they kept parts of human bodies dried, and guessed that these savages had a terrible custom of killing and eating their prisoners. Columbus had heard about this before and knew that these cannibals were called, as it seemed to him, Canibs, which is where the name “cannibals” came from for such tribes.

Soon Columbus himself had to become acquainted with the wild courage of the predatory Caribs. A boat was sent to the shore for water, and an Indian canoe with six Caribs approached it. For some time the Indians looked in surprise at the wonderful foreigners, until their path to the shore was cut off. Noticing this, they grabbed their weapons, despite the fact that there were only six of them, and twenty-four Spaniards, and although they only had bows and arrows with tips made of fish teeth, but these tips were poisoned by the poison of manzanilla fruits, and the arrows flew with such force that they pierced shells and shields. Two Spaniards were wounded, one of them fatally. When the savages' boat capsized, they quickly swam to the shore, continuing to shoot from the water. The Europeans, however, managed to capture a man and a woman; the first died of a wound, and the woman was later taken to Spain, where she attracted everyone's attention with her wild tenacity, black circles around her eyes, and especially the strange custom of all Caribs wearing tight garters on their calves and arms, from which their arms and calves became ugly swollen.

At the end of November, the fleet arrived at Hispaniola (Haiti). The sailors who took part in the first voyage were delighted to recognize the places where they had spent so many wonderful days, and the newcomers listened with curiosity to their stories.

By the evening of November 27, the fleet approached the place where Navidad was built. According to the agreement, two cannon shots were fired, but they were answered only by the echo of the mountains, and dead silence continued to reign all around. Everyone was anxiously awaiting the morning. Suddenly, in the darkness, a cry was heard: “Almirante!” (“Admiral!”) Columbus approached the ship with a torch in his hand, and an Indian boarded the ship with several pieces of gold. From unclear and poorly understood and translated words, the admiral learned sad news: of the Europeans who remained here, some died, others went inside the island with several Indian women.

It's morning. A year ago there were numerous Indian canoes scurrying about here, but now not a single one appeared. There were no crowds of trusting natives on the shore, and nowhere was smoke visible, reminiscent of a hospitable roof. With fear, Columbus went ashore, where he found only the remains of a fire and the ruins of Fort Navidad. There were rags of European clothes, shards and fragments of European utensils lying around. Soon they found several graves of Europeans overgrown with tall grass, clearly indicating that the latter had died several months ago.

Only gradually did they learn the sad story of the first settlement in the New World. After Columbus sailed, some headstrong colonists rebelled against their superiors, many fell during the struggle, and others left for the newly discovered and gold-rich country of Chibao. Finally a cacique took possession of the fort and burned it. Such was the sad story of the first European settlement in the West Indies. At the same time, the trust of the natives disappeared, and Guacanagari himself behaved with restraint, almost suspiciously, and one fine morning the natives left the shore.

Columbus also did not want to stay in this unhappy place for a long time: he soon found a more convenient point for a new settlement at the mouth of three rivers with an excellent harbor and a wonderful climate, where warm winds blew even in December. Lively activity began: carpenters and craftsmen cheerfully set about building the first Christian city in the New World, with a church, a bazaar and a town hall, named after Queen Isabella. But this settlement was not lucky either: this eternal spring hid a treacherous climate. A few weeks later, a third of the Europeans fell ill with fever, and Columbus himself lay sick for three months.

Meanwhile, Columbus instructed Ojeda to explore the island, and most importantly, to penetrate the gold-bearing mountains of Chibao. Six days later, Ojeda returned with river sand containing this precious metal in abundance. It was good news amid difficult circumstances. Columbus could now prove to the Spanish monarchs that his promises were not entirely unfounded. Needing again food supplies, medicines, wines and horses - these monsters in the eyes of the Indians, who had never seen such large, strong four-legged animals, Columbus reported on the fertility of the country, on the unusually rapid growth of sugar cane and grain grains here, and at the same time sent an ill-fated proposal - catch Caribs and sell them into slavery to cover the costs of the colony.

Meanwhile, soon after the ships sailed to Spain, murmurs and discontent began to appear among the settlers, and soon a dull indifference took possession of many. The gentlemen, not used to working, but who loved to eat well, had to grind bread and eat bad pea soup. But instead of taking up the cultivation of the unusually fertile land as simple colonists and thereby providing for themselves, everyone thought only about gold and openly complained that they had been deceived. The settlers looked with hidden hatred at their master, who was not a Spaniard at that, who, meanwhile, without distinction of rank or position, demanded strict obedience from everyone, and soon a conspiracy arose to take possession of the ships and leave for their homeland. Columbus found out about him in time and chained the main instigator, Bernal de Pisa, in order to send him to Spain at the first opportunity. Calm was restored, but Columbus began to be considered cruel.

Columbus tried to forget all these troubles and strived for new discoveries, for his cherished goal - to find the land of Cathay. The ocean was his native element, and only here did his observant mind, fearlessness and firmness manifest themselves in all their strength; it was not created by the organizer of anything.

First, he decided to explore the interior of the island and in March 1494, with a small detachment, left Isabella. With incredible difficulties they passed through the high coastal mountains and penetrated through a single narrow gorge into the lovely valley of the Royal Estate, through which the detachment passed with unfurled banners and the sound of trumpets. Tall grass almost hid the riders, and majestic palm trees amazed travelers. In the highlands of Chibao, Columbus founded the strong fort of St. Thomas, designating it as a storage place for the gold mined in the country.

Columbus then left in Isabella most of his detachment, appointing his brother Diego as his commander, and on April 24, 1494, on three shallow ships that allowed him to approach the shores, he set off to explore the unknown surrounding seas.

Having passed the deserted Navidad, the squadron headed west and soon reached the eastern tip of Cuba, Punta de Manci. Having received information about a country rich in gold, Columbus sailed south and stopped at the island of Jamaica on May 5. Here the squadron was surrounded by large, 90 feet long (1 foot T is an English unit of length equal to 0.3048 meters), pirogues with armed, fearless Indians, whose heads were decorated with crowns of feathers, and the dull sounds of fighting Indian trumpets were heard from the shore. But when the dogs were released on the natives, they made peace.

Convinced that there was little gold here, Columbus again headed north with the goal of exploring Cuba. The ships carefully and with difficulty made their way between countless uninhabited islands, constantly disturbed by one or another natural phenomenon. Every evening there was a terrible thunderstorm, but it was always followed by a beautiful morning. The sea took on different colors, and one day the ships found themselves in a sea of ​​milk, a phenomenon originating from infinitesimal particles of earth floating in the sea. Our travelers carefully filled a barrel with water to show this miracle of nature in Spain. Then the color of the water turned green, and then completely black.

This difficult voyage continued for three months. The ships deteriorated and leaks were discovered, and the waterlogged provisions became unusable. Believing that Cuba was not an island, Columbus returned. If he had sailed for another two days, he would have reached the western tip of Cuba, Cape St. Anthony, from where, of course, he would have sailed further to the west and reached the mainland of a new part of the world. But he was not destined to learn the full meaning of his discoveries, and all his life he continued to think that he had sailed to Asia.

On the way back to Haiti, Columbus became very ill. He did not sleep for thirty nights, shared all the hardships with his sailors, endured even more than all of them, and his strong body could not stand it. The frightened crew brought him to Isabella's harbor half-dead and unconscious. When Columbus came to his senses, to his joy, he saw his brother Bartolomé near his bed, who, having learned about his brother’s discoveries, hurried out England via Spain to Haiti. Being himself still too weak, Columbus appointed him as his governor, thereby exceeding his authority. The King of Spain could not forgive him for this for a long time.

Bartolome Columbus had a calm and decisive character, and when one day he was robbed completely by sea robbers, he began to earn his living by drawing maps, which attracted the attention of the English king Henry VII. As a sailor and natural scientist, he was inferior to his ambitious brother, but surpassed him in strength of character and therefore always had influence on him.

Bartolome arrived from Spain in Haiti with three ships four days after Christopher's departure.

The settlers who left for Spain on these ships deliberately spread rumors about the hopeless situation of the colony, blaming the admiral for everything.

Meanwhile, the settlers - officers and soldiers, nobles and workers - mercilessly burdened the unfortunate Indians with hard work, tortured them to get gold from them, abused their wives and children, so that in the end even this patient, hospitable and gentle people lost patience and became indignant against their oppressors. There was even a conspiracy in which four caciques took part, including the warlike Caonabo, who set fire to a hospital with 40 patients and besieged the fort of St. Thomas for a whole month. Guacanagari alone remained loyal to the Spaniards and informed Columbus about the plans of his fellow tribesmen.

First of all, it was necessary to protect ourselves from Kaonabo. Columbus himself was still too weak. Then the brave Ojeda took possession of this cacique by cunning, and soon the whole island was conquered and small forts were built in many places. Each Indian was henceforth obliged to deliver a certain amount of gold dust or a bale of cotton paper. But the mountains of gold promised by Columbus did not turn out to be, and the senseless search for gold often brought the Spaniards to starvation in the most fertile country in the world. The Indian population began to die out; Day after day they dug in the gold-bearing sand or cultivated cassava fields under the scorching rays of the sun, longingly remembering their former carefree life, their songs and dances to the sound of shells. Life became torture for them, and many of them committed suicide. When they finally became convinced that the Spaniards would not voluntarily return to heaven, they decided to starve their oppressors to leave and one fine day abandoned their homes and fled to the mountains, where they hoped to feed themselves by hunting and roots. Even Guacanagari, loyal to the Europeans, retreated into the forests. But there, widespread diseases spread among them, killing several thousand Indians, and those who returned to the coast faced the same slavery.

Meanwhile, Columbus was threatened with new trouble: the royal commissioner Aguado arrived from Spain with an order to collect information about the situation of the colony, and Columbus was forced to return to Spain with him to justify himself to the monarchs. Before sailing, fate once again pampered Columbus: one of the Spaniards married the widow of a cacique, who soon noticed her husband’s longing for his fellow tribesmen, and in order to tie him to her, she showed him rich gold-bearing veins in the south of the island. Thanks to this, Columbus could bring news of the discovery of rich gold mines to Europe.

Before sailing, a terrible storm broke out, sinking four caravels in Isabella's harbor, and only on March 10, 1496, Columbus sailed to Spain on two ships. Traveling with him were 225 former settlers - sick, dissatisfied and disappointed with the promised country. There were also thirty Indian captives on the ships, and among them Caonabo. Unfortunately, Columbus veered too far to the south, where he was delayed by headwinds. Famine began on the ships, and it got to the point that the crew wanted to eat the Indians, but Columbus resolutely opposed this terrible intention and calculated with remarkable accuracy that the land should be not far away. The next day, Cape St. Vincent actually appeared, and on May 11, 1496, the ships dropped anchor in the harbor of Cadiz.

This time, Columbus did not immediately obtain an audience. Spain was at war with France over Naples, and the royal couple were busy concluding the significant marriage of their daughter Joanna with Philip of Burgundy (thanks to this marriage, Charles V, the son of Joanna and Philip of Burgundy, became sovereign of the Netherlands, Austria, Germany and Spain).

Under these circumstances, Ferdinand and Isabella had no time for the savages of the New World. Columbus and the Indians no longer had the charm of novelty, and therefore the people were also less interested in them.

Finally, the monarchs favorably received Columbus, approved his rights and privileges, and even approved the appointment of Bartolome Columbus as viceroy, but the admiral was unable to achieve the abolition of the decree, which allowed everyone to equip ships at their own expense and make discoveries in new lands.

An updated “Columbus” with an E Ink Carta display, Moon Light backlight, Android and a good set of supplies - the screen is not touchscreen, but the book also costs 8,990 rubles, which is quite affordable in these days...

Design, construction

Every time I have to write about the design of e-books, my hands freeze over the keyboard. What to say? Is there another black device in front of us? Immediately I ask myself another question - what can designers do? Here is electronic paper with or without a touch layer, here is the usual set of buttons, here is a charging connector, and here, most importantly, is the final price. Naturally, e-book producers need to make money. And that’s why, looking at the books on the display, you sometimes won’t be able to distinguish Onyx from Pocketbook or Amazon from Nook. This is a difficult task. And if a perfectionist came to the store to choose a mega-book, the most beautiful, the best - let's say, he was looking for a thin aluminum case, a minimalist design, buttons with a special feeling when pressed - he would not find anything.

Modern books are similar to each other. And that's a given. Maybe some company will dare to do something described above, but it will only turn out that only a few people need design in such devices. Good advice for such people – buy the first generation iPad Mini and don’t make things up. Well, if your eyes burn at night, resign yourself and look at ordinary modern e-books.

Moreover, you should not look at the body, but read these very books.

The book in question is a continuation of the popular Columbus, also known as C67SML. The book turned out to be popular due to its price-quality ratio, but users also liked the capabilities of Android - it is this OS that is used in both the first and second Columbus, and in other modern Onyx books. Software updates are released constantly, you can check. I’ll say right away about the library, if you have a lot of books and you want to work with the catalog in a more meaningful way, don’t hesitate to go to the “File Manager” next to the “Library”; using Explorer you can quickly find and open the book you need. For some this is a wild problem, I personally don’t think so.

But let's get back to the design. The book is in a cover, if you try to remove it, a gap may appear in the halves of the book, do everything carefully. The case looks great, the lid has magnets, they work fine. In principle, it is better not to remove it; the main failure of modern e-readers is a broken screen, but this happens because users do not use covers. But it would be necessary. The characteristics of the book are as follows:

• Display: 6", E Ink Carta, 16 shades of gray, 14:1 contrast ratio, 758 x 1024 pixels
• Processor: Rockchip RK3026, 2-core, 1 GHz
• Backlight: MOON Light
• RAM: 512 MB
• Built-in memory: 8 GB
• Expansion slot: For microSD / microSDHC memory cards
• Wired interface: USB 2.0
• Supported file formats; text: TXT, HTML, RTF, FB2, FB2.zip, MOBI, CHM, PDB, DOC, DOCX, PRC, EPUB
• Graphic: JPG, PNG, GIF, BMP
• Others: PDF, DjVu
• Battery: Lithium-ion, capacity 1700 mAh
• Operating system: Android 4.2
• Dimensions: 170 x 117 x 8.7 mm
• Color: Black, gray
• Weight: 169 g

The familiar “joystick” under the display, buttons on the sides, you need to get used to the controls - the screen is not touch-sensitive, at first you try to poke at the screen, then it goes away. The power button is located separately, the process itself takes quite a long time - sometimes it seems that the book is frozen, but no, it turns on and works. I understand that Onyx wanted to create a budget line for difficult times in our market, but I can’t put into words how strange it is without a touch screen. The size of the book is such that in winter it can fit in a jacket pocket or inside pocket, but in general it is better to carry it in a bag. Especially in public transport, someone presses you hard or pokes you with your elbow - that’s it, welcome to the service. The screens are very delicate.

Please note that in addition to the case, the kit also includes a power supply, this speeds up charging.

In general, there are no questions regarding the design, controls, and configuration - well, unless you clearly understand that you can do without a sensor.

The book comes in two colors, black and grey, I prefer grey.

Display

Unlike the first version, it uses a six-inch diagonal E Ink Carta screen (16 shades of gray, 14:1 contrast, 758x1024 pixels resolution). In real life the display is contrasty and pleasant to read. The backlight is in place, the level can be adjusted. I didn’t understand how to change the font in the default “reader”, in the sense of choosing a different one. The size can be increased by calling the additional menu. Most often I used it to quickly change the backlight level. It’s very good to read in the dark, my eyes don’t get tired, they don’t hurt, there are no tears - I read a lot on the iPhone 6S Plus, that’s where this is a real problem. Flipping is fast, there is no need to wait. Of course, this is not an ordinary book in feel, but if you are planning to give Onyx Boox Columbus 2 to your parents, they will definitely be happy. The memory (8 GB) is enough for hundreds of books, the screen is just right - not an album, and not a “pocketbook”, just like a book - you can adjust the font size, activate or turn off the bold font. What I mean is that you can build a library, customize the view together with your mom or dad, and even leave the book to your parents. A good gift, tested more than once. the main problem in the case of Columbus 2, it may appear when using buttons, but even here it’s fifty-fifty - for example, my father gets along better with buttons than with screens.

In short, the display is good, although when compared to the first Columbus, it will be difficult to notice the difference. Just know that E Ink Carta is here and it's great.

Peculiarities

The specifications indicate all supported formats, there are many of them - I especially recommend the book to students, there is no need to convert textbooks, Columbus will open them anyway. And students will also be able to play with Android to their heart's content, experimenting with installing other e-readers. There are built-in dictionaries, Russian-English and English-Russian, in the application menu, in addition to the good old OReader, there is “Gallery”, “Calculator”, “Settings” (everything is familiar there) and “Dictionaries”. There are no complaints about the work of the books during use, I didn’t notice any bugs - after switching off, the menu opens, but it is also possible to switch to the last opened document. I know many people are concerned about this aspect of the work. Well, let me remind you, stay tuned for software updates.

conclusions

In retail the book costs 8,990 rubles, now there is a promotion in the company store, they are giving a 16 GB card. A six-inch “Map” screen, a complete set (case and power supply), backlight, Android, support for all possible formats – it’s another hit. The disadvantages include the non-touch screen, but you can live with it. For people of the older generation, this is a great gift, but for students, the book is a good construction set; the “reader” can be customized to your liking.

Initially, the American continent was inhabited by tribes that arrived from Asia. However, in the 13-15th century, with the active development of culture and industry, civilized Europe set out to search for and develop new lands. What happened to America at the end of the 15th century?

Christopher Columbus is a famous Spanish navigator. It was his first expedition that marked the beginning of active travel to " New World"and the development of this territory. The "New World" was then considered to be the lands that are now called South and North America.

In 1488, Portugal had a monopoly on the waters of the Atlantic coast of Africa. Spain was forced to find another sea route to trade with India and gain access to gold, silver and spices. This is what prompted the rulers of Spain to agree to Columbus's expedition.

Columbus is looking for a new route to India

Columbus made only four expeditions to the shores of the so-called “India”. However, by the fourth expedition he knew that he had not found India. So, let's go back to Columbus's first voyage.

Columbus's first voyage to America

The first expedition consisted of only three ships. Columbus had to get two ships himself. The first ship was given by his fellow navigator Pinson. He also lent Columbus money so that Christopher could equip a second ship. About a hundred crew members also went on the trip.

The voyage lasted from August 1492 to March 1493. In October they sailed to land that was mistakenly considered to be the surrounding islands of Asia, i.e. it could be western territories China, India or Japan. In fact, it was a discovery by Europeans Bahamas, Haiti and Cuba. Here, on these islands, local residents presented Columbus with dry leaves, i.e. tobacco, as a gift. The locals also walked naked around the island and wore various gold jewelry. Columbus tried to find out from them where they got the gold and only after he took several natives prisoner did he find out the route where they got it. So Columbus attempted to find gold, but found only more and more new lands. He was happy that he opened new way to “Western India,” however, there were no developed cities and untold wealth there. When returning home, Christopher took with him local residents(whom he called Indians) as proof of success.

When did the colonization of America begin?

Soon after returning to Spain with gifts and "Indians", the Spaniards soon decide to send the sailor on his way again. Thus began Columbus's second expedition.

Columbus's second voyage

September 1493 - June 1496 The purpose of this journey was to organize new colonies, so the flotilla included as many as 17 ships. Among the sailors there were priests, nobles, officials and courtiers. They brought domestic animals, raw materials, and food with them. As a result of the expedition, Columbus paved a more convenient route to the “Western India”, the island of Hispaniola (Haiti) was completely conquered, and the extermination began local population.

Columbus still believed that he was in Western India. On the second trip, they also discovered islands, including Jamaica and Puerto Rico. On Hispaniola, the Spaniards found gold deposits in the depths of the island and began mining it, with the help of enslaving the local residents. Worker uprisings arose, but unarmed local residents were doomed. They died as a result of the suppression of riots, diseases brought from Europe, and hunger. The rest of the local population was subject to tribute and enslaved.
The Spanish rulers were not satisfied with the income that the new lands brought, and therefore allowed everyone to move to the new lands, and broke the agreement with Columbus, that is, they deprived him of the right to rule the new lands. As a result, Columbus decides to travel to Spain, where he negotiates with the kings to return his privileges, and that prisoners will live in the new lands, who will work and develop the territories; moreover, Spain will be freed from undesirable elements of society.

Third journey

Columbus set out on the third expedition with six ships, 600 people also included prisoners from Spanish prisons. Columbus this time decided to pave the way closer to the equator in order to find new lands rich in gold, since the current colonies provided modest incomes, which did not suit the Spanish kings. But due to illness, Columbus was forced to go to Hispaniola (Haiti). There, a rebellion awaited him again. To suppress the rebellion, Columbus had to allocate land to the local residents and give slaves to help each rebel.

Then, unexpectedly, news came - the famous navigator Vasco da Gama discovered the real route to India. He arrived from there with treats, spices, and declared Columbus a deceiver. As a result, the Spanish kings ordered the arrest of the deceiver and returned him to Spain. But soon, the charges against him are dropped and he is sent on the last expedition.

Fourth expedition

Columbus believed that there was a path from new lands to a source of spices. And he wanted to find him. As a result of the last expedition, he discovered islands off South America, Costa Rica and others, but never reached Pacific Ocean, because I learned from local residents that Europeans were already here. Columbus returned to Spain.

Since Columbus no longer had a monopoly on the discovery of new lands, other Spanish travelers set out to explore and colonize new territories. An era began when impoverished Spanish or Portuguese knights (conquistadors) traveled away from their native lands in search of adventure and wealth.

Who first colonized America?

The Spanish conquistadors initially tried to develop new lands in North Africa, but the local population showed strong resistance, so the discovery of the New World came in handy. It was thanks to the opening of new colonies in the Northern and South America- Spain was considered the main superpower of Europe and the mistress of the seas.

In history and literature, the period of the conquest of American lands is perceived differently. On the one hand, the Spaniards are viewed as educators who brought culture, religion, and art with them. On the other hand, it was brutal enslavement and destruction of the local population. In fact, it was both. Modern countries They evaluate the contribution of Spaniards to the history of their country differently. For example, in Venezuela in 2004, a monument to Columbus was demolished because he was considered the founder of the extermination of the local indigenous population.

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