Landscapes of Crimea and landscapes of famous countries: the best places for photography. Eastern coast of Crimea Landscape of Crimea

Crimea is not only the sea coast, mountains and ancient parks with exotic plants. Few people know that approximately two-thirds of the peninsula is occupied by the steppe. And this part of Crimea is also beautiful, unique and charming in its own way. This article will focus specifically on the Steppe Crimea. What region is this? Where are its borders? And what is its nature?

Features of the geography of Crimea

From the point of view of geomorphology and landscape zoning, the territory Crimean peninsula is divided into several zones:

• Plain or steppe (number I on the map).
• Mountain (number II).
• Yuzhnoberezhnaya or abbreviated as South Coast (III).
• Kerch ridge-hilly (IV).

If you look at physical card peninsula, you can see that about 70% of its territory is occupied by the plain (or steppe) Crimea. In the south it is directly adjacent to the Outer Ridge Crimean mountains, in the north and east - limited by the shallow Sivash Bay, the shores of which are distinguished by the richest avifauna. We will tell you more about this natural region below.

Steppe Crimea on the administrative map of the peninsula

The area of ​​this region is about 17 thousand square kilometers. However, only a quarter of the total population of Crimea lives in this territory - no more than 650 thousand people.

12 districts are completely or partially located within the Steppe Crimea:

• Pervomaisky.
• Razdolnensky.
• Krasnoperekopsky.
• Dzhankoysky.
• Krasnogvardeisky.
• Nizhnegorsky.
• Black Sea.
• Saki.
• Soviet.
• Kirovsky (partially).
• Belogorsky (partially).
• Simferopol (partially).

The unofficial “capital” of the Crimean steppes can be called the city of Dzhankoy. Other large settlements in the region are Armyansk, Krasnoperekopsk, Evpatoria, Saki, Nikolaevka, Nizhnegorsky, Sovetsky, Oktyabrskoye. Almost each of them has enterprises that process one or another type of local agricultural raw material. The cities of Armyansk and Krasnoperekopsk are the most important centers chemical industry. Soda and sulfuric acid are produced here.

Geology and relief

The region is based on the Epi-Hercynian Scythian plate, composed of sediments of the Neogene and Quaternary periods. The relief of the Steppe Crimea is quite diverse. In the northern and northeastern parts it is represented by several lowlands (Prisivashskaya, North Crimean, Indolskaya and others) with absolute heights not exceeding 30 meters above sea level.

In the west of the peninsula, the Tarkhankut Upland stands out sharply in the relief. However, it can only be called a sublimity with a stretch. After all, the maximum point of Tarkankut is only 178 meters. Nevertheless, due to its coastal location, the elevation differences here are quite impressive. Some coastal cliffs rise 40-50 meters above the sea waters.

The region's topography is conducive to residential construction, the construction of roads and railways, and active agricultural development of land.

Climate and inland waters

The climate of the region is temperate continental and quite arid. Winters here are mild and with little snow, with frequent thaws. Summer is hot, with minimal precipitation. Average air temperatures in July are +24…27 degrees. The weather of the Steppe Crimea is changeable, especially during the transition seasons of the year.

Back in the 19th century, academician G. P. Helmersen suggested that it was the climate of the northern part of the Crimean Peninsula that in the future would become the main cause of poverty in this region. During the year, no more than 400 mm of precipitation falls here, which approximately corresponds to the level of humidity in the semi-desert zone. An important role in supplying the peninsula fresh water North Crimean Channel plays. The only one relatively large river Steppe Crimea - Salgir. In summer, many of its tributaries dry up completely or partially.

Flora and fauna

In summer, the steppes resemble a lifeless desert with grass burnt out from the hot sun. But in spring the region comes alive, covered in a colorful carpet of flowering plants. The main representatives of the flora of the Crimean steppes are feather grass, fescue, bluegrass, wormwood, wheatgrass and other cereals. In spring, irises, tulips, poppies and various ephemerals bloom actively here.

The fauna of the Steppe Crimea is quite poor. It is dominated by small mammals living in burrows - gophers, jerboas, ferrets, hamsters, voles. Hares and various birds are quite common - larks, partridges, cranes, quails, eagles and harriers.

Unfortunately, significant areas of the Steppe Crimea are now plowed. Virgin, untouched areas of natural landscapes can be found today only in nature reserves and on the slopes of ravines.

Main attractions

A sophisticated tourist who has traveled up and down the mountain trails of the Crimean Mountains can be advised to go to the north of the peninsula. After all, there are also many interesting and beautiful objects there. We have chosen ten attractions of the Steppe Crimea that are worth visiting first. This:

• Landscape park"Kalinovsky".
• Tyup-Tarkhan Peninsula (“bird paradise” of Crimea).
• National Park "Magic Harbor" on Tarkhankut.
• Estate "Nizhnegorye" with a park.
• Juma-Jami Mosque and Karaite kenas in Evpatoria.
• Ancient Perekop shaft.
• Neo-Gothic Church “Heart of Jesus” in Aleksandrovka.
• Tulip fields in the village of Yantarnoye.
• Abuzlar tract with mysterious petroglyphs.

Holidays in the Crimean steppes can be no less interesting and meaningful than in the mountains or on the South Coast. In the eastern part of the Steppe Crimea there are a number of excellent seaside resorts. Among them are Evpatoria, Saki, Chernomorskoe, Nikolaevka, Olenevka, Mezhvodnoe and others.

Landscape complexes are territories of different sizes, similar in their natural conditions, formed as a result of the influence of zonal and azonal factors on the earth’s surface (12, p. 18).

There are few areas on the globe where so many different types of landscapes would be concentrated in such a small area. This is explained by the position of Crimea on the border of geographical zones, at the contact of various floras and faunas, the influence of the seas washing it, and the complex history of development.

Landscapes are classified according to different criteria:

1.By the nature of the contact of geospheres (earth shells);

2.According to climatic differences;

3.By the nature of the relief;

4.By the nature of the vegetation.

The territory of Crimea is located in the southern part of the temperate latitude belt, therefore, its landscapes belong to the subboreal; in the extreme south, elements of subtropical landscapes are observed. Boreal (from Latin - northern) landscapes are formed in an area with a boreal (temperate) climate characterized by well-defined seasons - snowy winters and relatively short summers.

Landscape classification

(compiled from the textbook by L.A. Bagrov, V.A. Bokov, N.V. Bagrov. Geography of Crimea, p. 107)

Departments (the nature contact geosphere)

Terrestrial Amphibians Aquatic

Systems (according to climatic differences)

Subboreal

Subtropical

Classes (the nature relief)

lowland

foothills

mountain

lowland

foothills

mountain

(the nature vegetation)

forest

forest-steppe

steppe

forest

forest-steppe

steppe

forest

forest-steppe

steppe

forest

forest-steppe

steppe

forest

forest-steppe

steppe

forest

forest-steppe

steppe

Consequently, the main landscapes in Crimea are:

Semi-desert steppes and salt marshes;

Real steppes;

Foothill forest-steppes;

Forests of the northern macroslope;

Mountain meadows and yayl steppes;

Forests of the southern macroslope;

Open forests of the south coast.

Features of the main Crimean landscapes (compiled from literary sources No. 5, No. 6)

4.1. Steppe landscapes.

Plain-steppe landscapes occupy most plain Crimea, these are real steppes. Most of the natural vegetation has been destroyed and replaced by agricultural fields, gardens, and vineyards (70-80%). Steppe vegetation (depleted) has been preserved mainly on Tarkhankut, the Kerch Peninsula and in the Sivash region (semi-desert steppes). These areas are characterized by hot, dry summers and relatively warm winters. The amount of precipitation ranges from 450-550mm. in year. The soils are southern chernozems, in the Sivash region they are desert and chestnut. The vast majority of the territory of the Crimean plain has been converted into agricultural landscapes - alternating agricultural fields (40-50%), pastures (20-30%), orchards and vineyards (10-12%), settlements (4-5%), and transport routes. Conducted in the early 70s. XX century The North Crimean Canal made it possible to create 400 thousand. hectares of irrigated land. Among agricultural crops, grain crops predominate.

4.2. Coastal landscapes.

4.2.1..Plain-coastal steppe landscapes

These include a narrow strip (5-10 km) at the junction of the sea and flat steppe landscapes. These landscapes are characterized by relatively dissected relief. Breezes are clearly visible here. The soils are thin and unsuitable for economic use, but this also contributed to the preservation of many species of plants and animals here. The recreational load on the territory is very high here.

4.2.2.Lowland dry steppe landscapes.

They occupy a strip along Sivash and Karkinitsky Bay, small areas near lakes Sasyk and Donuzlav, as well as on the Kerch Peninsula. They are characterized by exceptional lowland, close occurrence of mineralized groundwater (often they come to the surface, forming a salt crust on it). In such conditions, the only plants that can grow on salt marshes are saltworts, as well as wormwood-fescue steppes and halophytic meadows.

4.3. Foothill landscapes.

Foothill forest-steppe landscapes are located north of the mountains at an altitude of 250-300 m to 500-600 m when crossing Main ridge to the flat part of the peninsula. Their main feature is the alternation of areas of forests, shrubs and steppe communities. Each of these types of vegetation occupies the most favorable habitat for it: forests are located on northern slopes and low river valleys, steppes are located on drier southern slopes and on surfaces with thin soils. Good water supply, favorable transport geographical position determined the development in the foothills major cities, networks of roads and railways. Agriculture has a diversified specialization: around cities - suburban farming; in river valleys there are gardens; on the mountain slopes there are vineyards and essential oil crops. The modern appearance of the foothills is characterized by alternating natural and anthropogenically transformed landscapes.

4.4. Forest landscapes.

Mountain (mid-mountain) forest landscapes are located at an altitude of 350-600m and higher (up to 1545m). They are represented by beech, oak, and pine forests and occupy most of the Crimean Mountains. The most humid areas are covered with beech forests. In drier conditions - usually at an altitude of 400-700m - oak forests grow. These areas have long been developed by people, so the forests were cut down and now almost all oak forests are coppice, characterized by low growth, often with dry tops and sparseness. Within these landscapes are the main nature reserves. These landscapes constitute the main ecological resource of Crimea. The most beneficial use of these landscapes is their conservation with moderate recreational use.

4.5. Landscapes of the Crimean yayls.

Mountain meadow-forest-steppe landscapes - landscapes of the flat-topped surfaces of the Crimean Mountains - yayl - are characterized by high atmospheric humidity (600-1500 mm per year) with evaporation - 600-700 mm per year. There are cold winters (-5-70C) and warm summers (+16+170C). This combination of meteorological elements usually corresponds to coniferous and beech forests. However, the yailas are dominated by mountain steppes, forest-steppes and meadows.

The azonal nature of yayla landscapes is associated not with climatic zonal conditions, but with the rocks composing them. Precipitation falls through cracks - due to the karst formation of the yayls, they infiltrate (seep) into the limestone layer. At the tops of mountains, the amount of moisture available to plants decreases, and drier habitats suitable for steppes and forest-steppes are formed. Isolation contributes to the development of endemism. A significant part of the river flow is formed on the yayla. Their great water conservation importance requires the prohibition of intensive economic activity here - livestock grazing, intensive recreation, military exercises, etc.

4.6. Karst landscapes.

Karst landscapes are located on the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains. The most typical karst landscapes are on the easternmost yayla - Karabi-yayla. Here, on an area of ​​113 km2, there are more than 1.5 thousand karst sinkholes and 254 karst cavities. But the landscapes of Chatyrdag ( Marble Cave, Emine-Bair-Khosar cave) and the Dolgorukovsky massif (Red Cave).

4.7. South Coast landscapes.

Mountain-coastal sub-Mediterranean landscapes are confined to the southern coast - from the sea to an altitude of 350-400m. They are characterized by warm, humid winters (the climate resembles the Mediterranean), dissected topography, a general slope of the surface to the south, strong influence of the sea (breezes, warm winters), low humidity, thin soils, and an abundance of local climates. Natural vegetation (it has been preserved on 20-30% of the territory) - juniper-oak forests, shibliaks, pistachio groves, small areas with Mediterranean species: small-fruited strawberry, butcher's broom, etc. The vegetation of the South Coast includes several hundred plants imported to Crimea, including cypress, trachycarpus palm, magnolia. The South Coast has all the conditions for the development of recreation, viticulture and winemaking. Over the past two centuries, many palaces have been built here, resort complexes, parks have been created. Resort towns and the villages (Alushta, Gurzuf, Yalta, Alupka, Simeiz, etc.) form an almost continuous strip along the coast. A special landscape has formed here, which combines small cozy towns, parks, sanatorium buildings, vineyards, surrounded by sparse oak, pistachio and juniper forests, which are replaced by pine and oak forests higher up.

The modern landscapes of the peninsula are largely the result of human activity. On the South Coast it is difficult to imagine the appearance of the coast without parks, palaces, resort complexes and resort towns. The vast majority of the territory of the Crimean plain has been converted into agricultural landscapes. Residential landscapes have formed in cities, towns and villages. These landscapes do not form a background, but are interspersed with the background landscapes listed above. In Crimea, they occupy 2-3% of the territory. A significant part of urban areas is occupied by asphalt concrete pavements and stone buildings. There is almost no natural vegetation in cities; it is replaced by park vegetation. There is practically no natural soil cover left in cities; here a special local climate With big amount fogs and precipitation, less solar radiation, higher temperatures, lower wind speeds. Urban landscapes are characterized by high transport pollution (especially cars), littering of the territory (garbage dumps), and landscape pollution (primitive architecture).

The interconnection of components in the landscape (rocks, relief, climate, soils, waters, vegetation, wildlife) makes it necessary to handle any of them very carefully. You should remember the principle formed by B. Commoner: “Everything is connected to everything.” Even the processes that we call unfavorable: water and wind erosion, abrasion, landslides, floods, etc. - to a certain extent are necessary for the functioning of the landscape, maintaining its dynamic balance. The cessation of all processes means the death of landscapes.

Topic No. 5 Natural protected areas

The problem of protecting the natural environment acquired particular relevance in the second half of the 20th century due to the catastrophic consequences of the development of production and population growth on the planet. Scientists around the world rightly claim that two thirds of existing plant species and huge number animal species are at risk of extinction, which may occur in the next 100 years. In order to preserve landscapes, genetic funds of plants and animals of various geographical zones, populations of rare and endangered representatives of flora and fauna, reserves, sanctuaries and other specially protected areas are created, completely or partially withdrawn from direct economic use. This fully applies to the nature of Crimea, which is distinguished by particularly valuable qualities and very high vulnerability. The first state-protected territory in Crimea appeared in 1923, when the decision was made to create the Crimean State Reserve. Now in Crimea there are over 150 territories and objects of natural reserve fund with a total area of ​​1415.3 square meters. km., including 47 territories of national importance and 105 objects of local importance. In general, the reserve fund in Crimea accounts for 5.4% of the peninsula’s territory. This is 2.5 times higher than the similar average for Ukraine, but 2 times lower than the UN recommended optimal level of reserve saturation for regions of the world.

There are several categories of protected areas:
1. reserve- a specially protected area where all types of economic activity are excluded;
2. national park - a vast territory with preserved natural landscapes, where certain types of activities are allowed within limited limits;
3. reserve- territory where certain types of economic activity are prohibited (hunting, construction, etc.).
4.reserved tract- a small section of a protected area with a remarkable object (a waterfall, a pistachio grove, a habitat for rare fauna, etc.).
Reserves of Crimea

The basis of the Crimean reserve fund is made up of 6 state natural reserves (5, pp. 135-137):

Crimean with a branch of Lebyazhy Islands, Yalta, Cape Martyan, Karadag, Kazantip, Opuk.

Reserves of Crimea

Name	Year of formation	Total area, ha	Including			Number of plant species, pcs.		Number of fauna species, pcs.
			Area covered by forest, ha	Meadows, ha	The area occupied by reservoirs ha	Total	Including rare ones	Animals	Birds	Fish
1. Crimean	1923	44 175	28 373	2 451	9 629	1 165	58	37	250	7
2.Yalta	1973	14 523	10 976	---	1	1 363	138	33	91	8
3.Cape Martyan	1979	240	120	---	120	50	27	28	146	66
4. Karadag	1949	2 874	1 232	---	1	1 103	37	42	204	48
5.Kazantipsky	1998	450,1	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
6.Opuksky	1998	1592,3	---	801,7	534,4	325	45	5	53	15

Compiled from the book by Beidik O.O., Padun M.M. "Geography. Directory
for those entering higher educational institutions." - Kyiv: Lybid, 1996.

5.1.Crimean nature reserve

Located in the center of the mountainous Crimea, it is considered the oldest on the peninsula. The reserve began in 1917, when 3000 hectares of former royal hunting forest were declared National Nature Reserve. In 1923, a decree “On the creation of the Crimean State Reserve and Forest Biological Station” was issued. Forests covering an area of ​​16,350 hectares were transferred to the management of the reserve. Now the area of ​​the reserve has been expanded to 44,175 hectares (with the Lebyazhye Islands branch).

In the middle of the reserve there is the Central Basin, which is sandwiched between the Babugan, Bolshaya Chuchel, and Chernaya mountains. The territory of the reserve closely approaches the Chatyrdaga plateau, the peak of which Eklizi-Burun (1525m) dominates the entire eastern part of the reserve. To the west of the Chuchelsky Pass there are dense beech forests. They climb the slopes of the most high peak Crimea - Roman-Kosh (1545m). Here are also the second and third highest peaks of Crimea - Demir Kapu (1540m) and Kemal Egerek (1529m).

The reserve is home to 1,165 species of higher plants (and 84 on the Lebyazhye Islands), 39 species of mammals, and 120 species of birds (on the Lebyazhye Islands - 20 and 230, respectively). Of particular value are relict beech, hornbeam, oak and pine forests(6, p.172).

The forests of the reserve are represented by a wide variety of tree and shrub species. The most widespread species here are pedunculate oak, sessile oak, downy oak, beech, Crimean pine, hooked pine, hornbeam, common ash, Steven maple, field maple, Crimean linden, Caucasian linden, black alder, juniper, as well as shrubs: hornbeam, dogwood , hazel, hawthorn, blackthorn, euonymus, etc.

All trees are characterized by a zonal distribution depending on the height above sea level. Thus, pedunculate oak grows in the valleys of the Alma and Kacha rivers and rises to a height of 450m above sea level. On the northern slopes sessile oak predominates at an altitude of 450-700m. The age of oak forests is 150-250 years. The height of the trunks of individual trees is 28-30m, diameter 30-40cm.

The belt of beech forests begins at an altitude of 450-500m and reaches 1300-1400m above sea level. In the zone of beech forests, in the Uzen-Bash gorge, where the clear waters of the Golovkinsky Falls constantly fall, a section of birch forest has been preserved as a witness to the harsh nature of the distant past. Birch does not grow naturally anywhere else in Crimea. One of the most valuable representatives of relict vegetation, the yew berry, has also been preserved here.

The protected forest is valuable for its role in water conservation. There are about three hundred springs that arise in rock faults. The most important rivers of Crimea - Alma, Kacha, Ulu-Uzen - originate from them.

The fauna of forests is an integral part of the protected natural complex. The original inhabitants of the mountainous Crimea are deer and roe deer. Deer were hunted 5,000 years ago and were almost exterminated at the beginning of the 20th century. Currently, there are more than 1,000 deer in the reserve. They are swift and easily overcome forest debris, dense wilds, rocky outcrops and steep slopes. During the day they can be seen in clearings and forests. In the evening, deer usually go out to high mountain pastures. In the reserve, work is being carried out to study the physiology of deer and its impact on the environment.

Roe deer is the smallest representative of wild ungulates in the reserve. The animal is amazingly elegant, slender and graceful. Roe deer live everywhere in the forests of Crimea, but their numbers are small. The reserve is home to about 300 animals.

Mouflon is an animal acclimatized in Crimea. The European mouflon is a wild relative of the domestic sheep. His homeland is the island of Corsica. It was brought to Crimea in 1913 and 13 individuals were released on the slope of Mount Bolshaya Chuchel. Currently, mouflons are found on the peaks and slopes of the Black and Bolshaya Chuchel mountains, on the slopes of Babugan-Yayla. Their food is herbaceous and shrubby vegetation.

In addition to them, the reserve is home to: wild boar, fox, stone marten, badger, squirrel, etc.

5.2.Yalta mountain forest reserve

Located east of Cape Sarych, up to Mount Ayudag, it covers mainly the wooded slopes of the western South Coast and partly the forest-meadow-steppe landscapes of the western yayls of the Crimean Mountains. It was created in 1973 with the aim of preserving the forests of the southern slope of the Main Ridge and the Yaila natural complexes. The area of ​​the reserve is relatively small - 14,523 hectares, which is 0.5% of the territory of the peninsula (6, p. 172) But the flora of this reserve includes 1,363 species of higher plants (more than 55%), which is more than 55 of all species living in Crimea . Plants from the Caucasus, the Balkan Peninsula, and Asia Minor are quite widely represented here; more than half of the flora of the Yalta Reserve (55%) is of Mediterranean origin. (18, p54). Tall forests are common here, mainly pine (they make up 56% of all forests in the reserve), as well as beech and oak, in places with evergreen sub-Mediterranean undergrowth. Of exceptional value are the populations of the only indigenous evergreen tree of the Crimea - small-fruited strawberry. 37 species of mammals and 113 species of birds live here.

Within the reserve there are many independent natural monuments of great scientific and educational interest. This is a refuge for the small-fruited strawberry on the slopes of the Baidaro-Kastropol wall (at an altitude of 500-700 meters above sea level); Ifigineya rock, Pilyaki mountain; Kuchuk-Koi landslide and rock flow in the area of ​​the village. Opolznevogo, Mount Nishan-Kaya; Mount Koshka, Cape Ai-Todor and others (18 p54-59).

5.3. Cape Martyan Nature Reserve

The state reserve is located in the center of the Southern Coast of Crimea, on the southern slope of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains. Cape Martyan was established as an independent State Nature Reserve on February 20, 1973. His total area– 240 hectares, of which 120 hectares are in the Black Sea, 120 hectares are occupied by the Martyan tract, partly by the Ai-Danil tract. Geomorphologically, Cape Martyan is a continuation of the Nikitsky spur of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains.

The main purpose of the reserve is to preserve the southern coastal landscape of the sub-Mediterranean type - a relict pine-juniper-strawberry forest with more than 600 species of plants, and a quarter of the entire flora of the mountainous Crimea grows in this small relict forest. Among them are 14 endemic species that are not found in natural conditions anywhere except Crimea. Three species are listed in the International Red Book as being in need of protection; These are tall juniper, small-fruited strawberry, and goat's rose petal.

Juniper is almost everywhere accompanied by downy oak and the evergreen tree small-fruited strawberry. Under the light canopy of these trees, shrubs develop: Crimean cistus, bush jasmine, Pontian broom, emerial elm.

As an indigenous type of vegetation in the coastal zone of the southern macroslope of the Crimean Mountains, juniper forests successfully perform a runoff-regulating and anti-erosion role, and they also play a role in resort area the role of a kind of filter: one hectare of juniper forest can purify the air big city. Essential oils contained in juniper needles and cones are used in medicine and light industry. Despite the small territory, the reserve contains the typical Crimean fauna, which is depleted of species widespread in neighboring mountain forest areas and in the continental part of the mainland.

Mediterranean species also include scorpions, large poisonous scolopendra centipedes, large cicadas, polyxena butterflies and numerous lizards. Spiders and ticks are found in the reserve. Rare reptiles are of significant value. In Crimea, there are 2 ethnic species: the Crimean rock lizard and the Crimean bare-toed gecko. A Leopard Snake was also discovered in the reserve.

Endemic species are found here: Crimean jay, Crimean grosbeak, Crimean crossbill, Crimean mountain bunting, Crimean long-tailed tit. Few birds nest. Among them is the black-headed gull from the gull family.

There are no large mammals in the reserve, however, very valuable species live: Crimean stone marten, Crimean mountain fox, Crimean forest mouse. In the reserve there are hedgehogs, squirrels, hares, the Crimean small shrew, etc.

Cape Martyan is not only a unique corner of the Mediterranean landscape, a monument ancient nature Crimea, but also a kind of laboratory under open air, in which complex processes of land and sea can be studied.

5.4. Karadag Nature Reserve

Kradag Nature Reserve is located in the east of the Crimean sub-Mediterranean region. Since 1947 it has been a natural monument, since 1979 it has been a nature reserve. Created to protect the ancient volcanic landscape and rare botanical and zoological objects. This is the only Jurassic volcano in the entire European part of the CIS that has preserved the external features of its origin. Lava flowed here at the bottom of the sea. Over the course of thousands of years, volcanic rocks have been subject to movement and faulting, which is reflected in the modern relief. Karadag is essentially a mountain group, which includes several ridges and independent peaks.

100 mineral species and varieties have been found on Karadag, semi-precious stones are found: carnelian, opal, agate, rock crystal, amethyst.

On this mountain you can observe all the attributes of a volcano: lava flows and breccias, dikes, mineral veins, volcanic bombs and even a channel that once served as a conduit for lava to the surface.

From the sea side, Karadag is cut off by a fault; its slopes plunge almost vertically into the depths of the sea. One of the vents of the volcano, cluttered with pieces of hardened lava, is clearly visible - the Devil's Fireplace.

Opposite the Khoba-Tepe ridge, 85 m from the coast, a basalt arch topped with a spire rises directly from the depths of the sea; this is the famous Golden Gate of Karadag.

Writer S. Elpatievsky noted that “Karadag is the end, the last word of that wonderful mountain fairy tale that stretches from Sevastopol... And, as it happens, it is at the end that the fairy tale flashes with the most bizarre images, the most unbridled imagination.” (18 p73)

The vegetation of Karadag is unique. Woodlands and bushes predominate here. Common tree species include downy oak, sessile oak, hornbeam, and tall juniper; Among the shrubs are dogwood, sumac, bladderwort, dwarf tree, etc. On Karadag there is an extraordinary combination of forest, forest-steppe and Mediterranean flora. About 60 endemics are found here.

Various vegetable world The reserve changes its appearance greatly throughout the year. Already at the end of January, Colchicum Bieberstein and Suznan saffron are in bloom. Then the folded snowdrop blooms, in March - two-leaved scillas and goosebumps - Calle, as well as tulips. In April, the common primrose blooms; in May, peonies in the forests and Crimean asphodelina bloom. In June, the reserve resembles a multi-colored lilac-yellow-blue carpet, which is formed by species of thymes, sunflowers, buttercups, flaxes, etc.

Diverse animal world reserve. Home to 30 species of mammals (steppe ferret, fox, squirrel, bats, etc.), 80 species of birds (including peregrine falcon, crested cormorant), 15 species of reptiles (leopard snake, yellowtail, rock lizard), many rare insects (mantis, Crimean ground beetle). (18 p74)

In the dense oak forests of the Holy Mountain you can meet roe deer, wild blue deer, tiny shrews, and bats. The richness of the forest fauna is especially emphasized by the abundance of bird species. These are the imperial eagle, the short-tailed snake eagle, the griffon vulture, the blackbird, etc. The Karadag Nature Reserve is a unique comprehensive museum of land and sea. The protection and restoration of the natural resources of Karadag is the most important task of the reserve.

5.5. Kazantip Nature Reserve

Located in the north of the Kerch hills, on the shores of the Azov Sea. Created in 1998, the area, including the adjacent water area, is 450.1 hectares. The Kazantip Peninsula is an interesting geological and geomorphological object - it is an ancient reef formed by colonies of bryozoans and bryozoan limestone. Light gray, with a yellow tint, the stone consists of firmly cemented tiny tubes - the skeletons of bryozoans. Colonies of these marine animals lived on the bottom during the Sarmatian and Meotic centuries of the Neogene period (11-12 million years ago). With the slow rise of the seabed, a sandbank appeared, well warmed by the sun, where colonies of bryozoans, outwardly similar to moss or shrubs, developed in abundance. After the death of the bryozoans, skeletal calcareous tubes remained, new colonies settled on the dead bryozoans, then they died off, and so on. As a result of this process, a ring ridge of bryozoan limestones - a reef - surrounded the sandbank. Then the reef began to rise, and then lateral limestone ridges stretched from it towards the retreating sea. The space between the side ridges is occupied by clays and marls. The uplift ended with the reef turning into an island. Later, a sand bar made it a peninsula.

In terms of relief, the Kazantip Peninsula looks similar to a ring reef - an atoll. As a result of weathering, numerous coves and rocky capes of bizarre shapes were formed here. Landslides are typical for the peninsula: huge blocks of bryozoan limestone in huge cracks like ditches break away from the ring ridge and slide down the underlying clays. (37, p. 176)

Areas of virgin feather grass and mixed-grass steppes, fragments of rock vegetation, and typical Crimean shrubs have been preserved. The flora of vascular plants includes more than 628 species.

5.6. Opuk Nature Reserve

Located in the southern part Kerch Peninsula on the shores of the Black Sea. Was created in 1998. Its area is 1592.3 hectares, including the sea area and small islands of rock-Ships. The reserve was created with the aim of preserving the unique steppe natural complex “Urochishche Opuk” and the complex of marine coastal biogeocenoses.

Mount Opuk is one of the highest on the Kerch Peninsula. Its height is 185m. It is composed of limestones. The mountain looks like a typical remnant massif, with a flat summit plateau, limited by large ledges and broken into separate blocks, separated from each other by tectonic cracks.

Mount Opuk was formed long time in difficult geological conditions. They acted next door mud volcanoes. Then, in place of the mountain, Koyash Lake, and the Korabli-kamen rocks, troughs and depressed synclines formed (Gubanov, 1961; Shlyukov et al., 1986). Later, the trough was replaced by an uplift in the form of a horst. The tectonic block of Mount Opuk is small. It extends from north-east to south-west for 3.5 km. It is bordered on 4 sides by the shores of the Black Sea and Kayashsky Lake. Mount Opuk is located at the junction of several large structures. Here the meganticlinorium of the Mountainous Crimea ends and the young transverse Kerch-Taman trough begins, separating the uplifts of the Mountainous Crimea and Greater Caucasus. There are living and deep faults nearby.

Landslides are common on steep slopes. Small deposits of native sulfur and gypsum were explored on the territory of the reserve. The territory is famous for the mineral salts and healing mud of the Kerch salt lake. Opuk is also famous for its building materials – white shell rock. The climate of this part of the peninsula is very arid, moderately hot, with very mild winters (8). The amount of precipitation is 300-400mm per year. The aridity of the climate determines the poverty of the territory in fresh surface and groundwater. The largest water bodies are salt lakes: Uzunlarskoye and Koyashskoye. Typical representatives of the Crimean steppe and shrubs - hawthorn, buckthorn, privet - are well preserved on the territory of the reserve. The vegetation of Mount Opuk is more similar to the Crimean Mountains than to the steppe flora. It is home to 325 species of higher plants, 45 species of rare and endangered Crimean, Crimean-Novorossiysk, Crimean Mountain and Kerch endemics. Of these, hairy woodruff is endemic to Mount Opuk. On the slopes of the mountain there are shrub communities of rosehip, hawthorn, dogwood, blackthorn, and elderberry, unique for the steppe zone. They contain wild figs, grapes, and hops, probably preserved from antiquity.

The fauna of the reserve is presented various types. There are few amphibians and reptiles. Typical representatives are: green toad, lake frog, sand lizard, water snake, yellow-bellied snake and four-striped snake. Among the birds found here are: crested cormorant, gray heron, mute swan, gray goose, mallard, imperial eagle, gray partridge, bustard, herring gull, rock pigeon, blackbird, chaffinch, crested lark and others. Of all the birds, 13 species nest directly on the territory of the reserve, 10 species nest in the adjacent territory, and the rest are migratory. Of the rare species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, 11 species have been identified in the reserve and adjacent territories: crested cormorant, ogre, saker falcon, bustard, little bustard, roseate starling, black-headed bunting, imperial eagle, gray crane and demoiselle crane. Among the mammals found in the reserve are: brown hare, ground squirrel, steppe mouse, common fox, white-breasted hedgehog. One of the rare and protected species is the bottlenose dolphin.

5.7. Nikitsky Botanical Garden

In 1811, at the request of the military governor A.E. Reshelye, a decree was signed on the establishment of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Most suitable place A territory located 6 km from Yalta in the vicinity of the villages of Magarach and Nikita turned out to be suitable for establishing a garden. Subsequently, the garden began to be called Nikitsky. This scientific institution of Crimea was founded in 1812 by the outstanding botanist H.H. Steven. It was H.H. Steven who planted the famous groves of cork oak, strawberry, blue cedar, cypress, and pine in the garden. Over the course of 12 years, he collected a unique collection of ornamental plants, created a valuable herbarium, founded a scientific library, a museum and a school of gardeners.

Since 1826, N.A. Gartvis became the director of the garden. He contributed to the rapid development of horticulture and viticulture on the South Coast. During his time, evergreen magnolias, fan palms, and wisteria were brought to Crimea. Gartvis N.A. collected a magnificent collection of conifers. These were giants - sequoiadendron and sequoia from California, Atlas cedar, Himalayan and Lusitanian cypresses, Montezuma and Gerarra pines. Their three expeditions to the Caucasus brought: Caucasian fir, oriental spruce, Caucasian linden, rhododendrons.

In 1912, to commemorate the 100th anniversary, the Primorsky Park was founded. The most heat-loving subtropical plants settled there from 1914 to 1940. Scientific research was carried out and collection plantings were replenished. So in 1940, over 2000 varieties of peaches, apricots, cherries, cherries, plums, cherry plums, almonds, apple trees, pears and other crops were collected in the garden. During the Second World War, a large number of plants were destroyed, valuable scientific equipment and a rich herbarium were taken away. And only in 1944. After the liberation of Yalta, work began to restore the garden. The exported herbarium was found in Germany and delivered to Crimea.

Now the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, together with its branch, occupies about 100 hectares of land. Its territory consists of four sections - Upper, Lower, Primorsky parks and Montedor park.

The Nikitsky Garden collections include 15 thousand species, varieties and hybrids of plants. The garden maintains scientific relations with institutions from 80 countries. The departments of flora and vegetation work here; nature conservation; dendrology and ornamental horticulture; floriculture; fruit crops; subtropical and nut crops; new technical plants; plant biochemistry; plant physiology; agroecology and plant nutrition; plant protection. Garden scientists provide assistance in protecting the environment of Crimea, preserving and decorating its green outfit. (41, p197)

5.8. Wildlife sanctuaries

1. Ayudag mountain range landscape reserve, created in 1974. on the territory of Zaprudnenskoye forestry, with an area of ​​527 hectares. Ayudag or Bear Mountain is one of the largest “failed” volcanoes in Crimea.” In the distant geological past, in medieval times, igneous rocks were introduced into the thickness of clay shales. Unable to break through to the surface, they cooled, which is why such formations - igneous diapirs - are called “failed volcanoes”. Over many millions of years, the cloak of sedimentary deposits was eroded, and igneous rocks were exposed, forming a dome-shaped mountain on the seashore more than half a kilometer (572 m) high. Numerous outcrops of grayish-green gabbro-diabase can be seen on the rocky slopes. Veins of rare minerals are visible in places. Ayudag is called one of the natural mineral museums of the South Coast.

The peaks and slopes of Ayudag are covered with coastal south-coast forest. Here you can find downy oak, hornbeam, tall juniper, and pine tree. Occasionally, small-fruited strawberry is found alone or in small groups. Everywhere under the trees you can see typical representatives of the Mediterranean tropics: cistus, broom, jasmine. The closer to the top, the higher and shady the forest. Hornbeam, oak, ash, rowan, and maple grow there. Of interest is a small grove of keva trees on the isthmus between the “body” and “head” of Bear Mountain. There are many rare herbaceous plants on Ayudag. (18, p. 65)

2. Grand Canyon Crimea(a landscape reserve created in 1974 on the territory of the Bakhchisaray district, with an area of ​​300 hectares.) The canyon is located on the eastern side of the Kokkoz valley. This wild, majestic gorge, located deep in the northern slope of the Ai-Petrinskaya Yaila, 4 km southeast of the village, is called a miracle of nature. Sokoliny. The depth of the gorge is 250-320 m, in the narrowest places the width does not exceed 2-3 meters. The main creator of this miracle is water. The stormy Auzen-Uzen River flows along the bottom of the canyon. Using an ancient fault, fracturing and karsting of limestones, water over the course of thousands of years permeated the rock mass and, with a deep gorge, separated the table-shaped Boyku massif from the northern outskirts of the Ai-Petrinskaya Yayla. For centuries, blocks and boulders moved by water drill out peculiar cauldrons and baths at the bottom of the gorge. There are more than 150 of them in the canyon. The water in the river and in the baths in winter and summer has almost the same temperature of about 11 degrees. River trout live in running water.

Crimean pine grows on the slopes of the canyon. In the lower part of the gorge, trees form continuous thickets. Hornbeam, beech, ash, maple, mountain ash and linden grow here. The undergrowth is formed by shrubs: hazel, dogwood, barberry, buckthorn, mackerel, and hornbeam. More than one and a half thousand specimens of yew berry in the canyon. Old trees of this relict species here reach 1.5 meters in trunk diameter and 10-12 meters in height. Of great interest are rare ferns, relict butcher's broom, endemic saxifrage, lady's slipper orchid (18, pp. 29-31)

3 Mountain karst of Crimea(a geological reserve created in 1989 on the territory of the Belogorsky district, Karabi-yayla, Novoklenovsky and Privetnensky forestries, with an area of ​​4316 hectares). Covers most of the 254 karst cavities and thousands of sinkholes located on the largest Crimean yayla (the so-called “lunar landscape”) (6, p. 174).

The main ridge is the edge of classical karst, karst of the Mediterranean type. The Yaili massifs of the ridge consist of a thick layer of Upper Jurassic limestone, on the basis of which unique karst relief forms are formed. Here there is a special complex of forms of surface and underground karst, which arose as a result of the dissolution of limestones by water. These are small grooves in limestone, tar fields, funnels, basins, wells, mines, grottoes and huge caves with wall-mounted forms of calcite - stalactites, hanging like icicles from above, and stalagmites, the same in appearance, but directed upward. The classic area where you can see the wealth of karst forms is the Karabi area. The following are known in Karabi: Gvozdetsky mine (191m), Molodezhnaya (261m), Soldatskaya (470m), Krubera (280m); as well as the Tuakskaya cave.

The karst waters of the Karabi mountain range give life to the entire Belogorsky, most of the Sovetsky and Nizhnegorsky regions. The rivers that originate in Karabi are Karasu, Kuchuk-Uzen, Orta-Uzen, Alachuk, Suat, etc. At the same time, there is practically no water on the plateau.

Karst cavities are not only original forms of underground relief formed over thousands of years, but also important sources of the formation of water resources on the peninsula (40, pp. 26-27).

4. Karabi-yayla tract(a botanical reserve created in 1978 on the territory of the Belogorsky district, Novoklenovsky forestry, with an area of ​​491 hectares), a standard area with medicinal plants is protected.

The reserve is located on the eastern outskirts of Karabi-yayla, in one of the vast basins where thickets of Bibershtein's moth were found. In total, there are over 500 plant species in the tract, including more than 50 medicinal species. Among all the floristic wealth, the Biberstein's cherry (Crimean "edelweiss") is of great interest. Its silvery-white leaves, as if felt like from the thick hairs covering them, really resemble the leaves of the Alpine edelweiss. However, the similarity is purely external. This plant belongs to the clove family; it is a relict of the Upper Tertiary period endemic to Crimea. It blooms in May-August with delicate white flowers. In the Karabi reserve basin, the Crimean “edelweiss” forms cushion thickets (18, pp. 44-45).

5.New World(a botanical reserve created on the territory of the Sudak City Council, Sudak forestry, with an area of ​​470 hectares), a relict forest of endemic Stankevich pine and high juniper on the cliffs of the coast is protected. The main value of the Novy Svetsky coast is the endemic Stankevich pine, which here, as at Cape Aya in the west of the South Coast, has been preserved in the form of natural relict thickets. In the New World region, there are 5,000 specimens of this species of pine, reaching a height of 10-12 m. This pine has dark green needles and large, mostly vertical, single cones. It was first described in 1906 by the botanist V.N. Sukachev, and named after its discoverer, the forester V.I. Stankevich. In the past, this pine, preserved from ancient times, was much more widespread in Crimea; in the pre-revolutionary period, large areas of forests formed by it were cut down, because Its wood was very highly valued. Here you can find tall juniper, centuries-old trees that reach 80 cm in diameter. On sunny places there are capers (capernik prickly) - low-growing creeping shrubs. They bloom beautifully and produce fruits that resemble cucumbers.

In addition to the Stankevich pine and tall juniper, the Novy Svetsky coast is famous for the massive Sokol Mountain and the domed Koba-Kaya ( cave rock). These rocky cliffs are reef-like masses of marble-like limestone.

Mount Falcon(472m) from a distance it really resembles the figure of a huge bird with folded wings. Below it there are two cliffs - Sokolyata. On the way from the mountain to the Koba-Kaya rock there is a high grotto, carved out by the sea surf. The bay penetrating deep into the grotto is called Razboinichaya. Its other name is Blue Bay. From the grotto to the west, past Cape Kapchik, there is a path to the Blue Bay. Behind the Blue Bay, the original Karaul-Oba massif (Watch Mountain) comes out into the sea with a jagged peak. This extreme western part of the New World is called Paradise (Paradise), a kingdom of wild stone chaos and juniper thickets (18, pp.72-73).

5.9. Natural monuments

1. Kizil-Koba tract and cave (geological monument, created in 1963 in the territory Simferopol district, Dolgorukovskaya yaila, Perevalnenskoye forestry, with an area of ​​33 hectares) is the longest (more than 21 km), six-story system of karst cavities in Crimea with an underground river and lake.

On the western slope of the Dolgorukovsky massif, 3.5 km from the village. Perevalny, there is a tract and a cave Kizil-Koba (Red). A circus-shaped gorge cut into the thickness of the Upper Jurassic limestone leads to the cave. It was created by the waters of the small mountain river Kizilkobinki, which, carrying dissolved lime from the depths of the Dolgorukovsky massif, deposited it in the form of calcareous tuffs. Gradually, not far from the entrance to the cave, a vast tuff platform formed, the high ledge of which, like a dam, blocks the gorge.

The upper parts of the slopes are almost vertical. They are composed of pinkish-red limestone (hence the name of the gorge and the Red Cave located in it). The total length of all known passages of Kizil-Koba reaches 13,100 m. This is the largest limestone cave in the country. There are a total of six floors in the Kizil-Koba system. The upper floors are dry, where the water has almost stopped working. The lower ones are flooded and are experiencing an era of active karst development. There are several particularly beautiful halls in the cave. These are Indian and Chinese. Individual stalactites here reach 5-8 m in length. And in the Griboedov corridor, an underground lake and river have long been known. Kizil-Koba is also known as an archaeological monument: bones of cave bears and material traces of people of the so-called Kizil-Koba culture were found here (18, pp. 39-40).

2. Soldatskaya karst mine(landscape and geological monument, protected since 1972). The mine is located on Karabi-Yayla. This is the deepest karst mine in Crimea - 1800/500 m. It was discovered by Feodosia speleologists and named after the victorious Soviet warrior. At the bottom of this mine there is a constant watercourse. This mine is also the deepest cave in Ukraine (517 m).

3. Demerdzhi tract(a geological monument created in 1981 on the territory of Big Alushta, Alushta forestry, with an area of ​​20 hectares) - original forms of weathering of the conglomerates that make up the city of Demerdzhi: Valley of Ghosts, Big Demerdzhinsky stone chaos. The slopes of Mount Demerdzhi (from the Crimean Tatar “demerdzhi” - blacksmith) are dotted with bizarre stone sculptures, reminiscent of either people or animals, but more often than not, towers, mushrooms, columns. These sculptures are the result of centuries of weathering. Demerdzhi is not composed of limestone, like other massifs of the main ridge, but of Upper Jurassic conglomerates. Under the influence of weathering, they form bizarre, semi-fantastic figures. Tourists call one of the rocks “Catherine’s profile.” However, up close, this 20-meter rock has completely different outlines. There are especially many bizarre pyramids, pillars, mushrooms, and towers on the southwestern slope of Mount Demerdzhi, in the Valley of Ghosts. One of the pillars is the Giant - a stone mass with a diameter of 5 m, rising 25 m high. On its sides are piled pillars and columns of smaller sizes, up to 10-20m high. There are more than a hundred similar stone “ghosts” here.

At times, as a result of earthquakes, huge landslides occur on the eroding slopes of mountains, forming huge stone chaos. Such is the chaos that arose in the neighborhood of the Valley of Ghosts as a result of the collapses of 1894, 1965, 1966. A vast area along the steep slope of Demerdzhi turned out to be cluttered with a chaotic pile of pointed conglomerate blocks; some of them are as big as a three-story house. The total volume of blocky chaos exceeds 4 million m3. The pebbles and boulders of the local conglomerates are of great scientific interest. These are the oldest rocks, the age of which is estimated at 800 million - 1.1 billion years (18, pp. 68-69).

4. Remnant mountain Mangup-Kale(a complex monument, created in 1975 on the territory of the Bakhchisaray district near the village of Zalesnoye; with an area of ​​90 hectares), the natural complex of the original dining room of the city of Mangup-Kale (581 m) on the internal Crimean ridge with deciduous forest on the slopes is protected.

Mangup is a large outlier composed of bryozoan limestones, rising almost 600m above sea level. It rises like an island among three adjacent valleys - Karalez, Dzhan-dere, Aytodor. On three sides, the vast Mangup plateau ends with rocky cliffs, reaching 70m vertically in the western part.

Mangup was one of the most large fortresses medieval Crimea, which, if necessary, took significant masses of the population under the protection of its walls (11, pp. 75-76).

It is clear that capturing such a natural fortress, protected by high walls and battle towers, was not an easy task. In the 40-meter cliffs of Mangup there are many artificial cave-crypts that have economic or religious purposes. In the XIII – XV centuries. here was the capital city of the Principality of Theodoro, large at that time.

The plateau-shaped peak of Mangup is pushed out to the sides by its original capes. From the foot of the mountain, a forest climbs up its slopes: downy oak, hornbeam, hazel dominate here, ivy is abundant, and Crimean pine is found. On the flat top of the mountain there are sparse thickets of trees and bushes (18, p.80).

5.10. Parks-monuments of landscape art

1. Alupkinsky (Vorontsovsky) park(founded in the first half of the 19th century, the reserve regime was established in 1960, area 40 hectares) - part of the exquisite palace and park complex, a masterpiece of architecture and landscape art, located in the city of Alupka.

Alupka Park stretches from east to west for about a kilometer. The creation of the park began in 1824. Count M.S. Vorontsov even before the construction of residential premises. The author of the park's compositional plan was the German gardener Karl Kebach. The volumetric-spatial composition of the park was created taking into account the natural topography of the area. In the Alupka region it is an amphitheater, bounded by hills on the west and east, mountain spurs on the north, and the sea on the south.

The palace part of the park with white marble sculptures and fountains looks especially solemn and festive. The rest of the park is conditionally divided by the road connecting Yalta and Simeiz into Upper and Lower parks.

The upper park was laid out simultaneously with the construction of the palace. The terrain here is hilly, with ups and downs. This is the area of ​​​​the Lesser Chaos, starting directly from the palace and extending north to the grandiose Greater Chaos - free-standing rocks, small scatterings of stones and their heaps. All the plantings here for the most part serve only as a green background for the natural piles of stones and grottoes. IN boxwood grove a cascade was created, falling from a three-meter height. Waterfalls, cascades, streams are shaded by tall trees, the rocks around are covered with ivy and moss. Everything here resembles a wild mountainous area. Maple, ash, almonds, evergreen boxwood bushes, holm oak groves, small-fruited strawberries, junipers, and downy oaks grow here.

The lower park was created on the principle of regular parks with a clear layout and shaped trimming of plants. There are flat terraces, calmly descending to the sea. A wide staircase made of diabase, decorated with sculptures of lions, approaches the entrance to the palace. On the second terrace, near the library building, there is a “Fountain of Tears”. There are many waterfalls in this park, an abundance of various flowers blooming in different time of the year.

Now there are about 200 different plant species in the park. Many of them were imported from America, Italy, China, Japan, Russia and other countries.

2. Livadia Park founded in the first half of the 19th century, now located on the territory of the Yalta City Council in the urban settlement. Livadia. The park is part of an outstanding monument - the Livadia palace and park complex. Its area is 15 hectares.

Livadia Park was founded in the 30-40s of the last century by the famous gardener Delinger. By the nature of the layout, the park belongs to the landscape or landscape type. This style was especially common in Russian park construction at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. Landscape parks are usually based on natural nature, ennobled, according to the gardener’s plan, by the inclusion of picturesquely arranged groups of various plants. A significant addition to such parks are reservoirs, ponds, lakes or cascades.

Near the palaces it is laid out in a regular style. Retaining walls decorated with climbing plants and parterres with low trimmed bushes of laurel, cherry laurel and thuja successfully combine with the architecture. There are many roses on the terraces below the walls. At the south-eastern corner of the palace there begins a magnificent pergola, 80 meters long. Its metal frame is completely covered with roses, wisteria and vineyards. The special charm of the park is given by skillfully arranged viewing platforms and gazebos - unique viewing points of palaces, mountains and the sea. Such corners as the Pink Gazebo and the Turkish Gazebo with a silver dome are also good.

There are 200 species of shrubs in Livadia Park. In the center of the park there is a shady grove of mighty oaks. It serves as a backdrop for blue atlas cedar. A giant sequoia with a superbly developed crown grows nearby. The height of the giant is 35 meters. The powerful curved branches of sequoia resemble the tusks of a mammoth, which is why it is called a mammoth tree. Also interesting is the yew tree that grows near the eastern façade of the palace. There are many plane trees, Lebanese and Himalayan cedars, several varieties of pine, fir, and magnolia in the park.

3. Gurzuf Park(founded at the beginning of the 14th century; the reserve regime was established in 1960; with an area of ​​12 hectares.) is now located on the territory of the Yalta City Council in the urban settlement. Gurzuf. The park was created in 1803 on a seaside cliff. Olives, palm trees, laurels and other exotic plants grow here. A total of 140 types and shapes. There are many monuments and sculptures in the park. Not far from the southern gate you can see a whole sculpture gallery: busts of Adam Mickiewicz, Lesya Ukrainka, Fyodor Chaliapin, Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Vladimir Mayakovsky. These people visited Gurzuf at different times, leaving a bright mark on the cultural history of Crimea. The park has preserved original old sculptures and fountains. Among them, the “Night” fountain stands out for its fabulous beauty. His sculptural group was made by famous Russian masters and is a copy of the sculptor German professor Berger, presented at the international fountain exhibition in Vienna in late XIX V. Here you can feel the motifs of ancient mythology: the goddess of the night Nyukta is depicted as a naked woman with a torch above her head; she is accompanied by the god of sleep Hypnos and the god of love Eros. In the center of the sculptural group is a ball surrounded by the signs of the Zodiac and symbolizing the Universe. Below the “Night” fountain is the “Bather” fountain; in the western part of the park there is a fountain “Rachel” or the Girl with a Jug” (based on the ancient biblical legend about the beautiful Rachel).

Not far from the entrance gate there is a group of olive trees - this is one of the places in Gurzuf associated with the name of A.S. Pushkin. Now in the park, in the “house of Richelieu” there is a museum of A. S. Pushkin. Near the museum, the “Pushkin cypress” has been preserved, about which the poet wrote in a letter to Anton Delvich; the tree is more than 170 years old (41, pp. 190-193).

In the park you can see Lebanese cedars, pike perch pine, magnolia, bay laurel, cypresses, chestnuts, evergreen viburnum, Japanese sophora, sequoia, and spruce. On the outskirts of the park there is a grove of olive trees.

4. Massandra Park(founded in the first half of the 19th century, the reserve regime was established in 1960 with an area of ​​44.1 hectares; now located on the territory of the Yalta City Council in the urban settlement of Massandra).

The park was laid out back in the 40s of the last century on the instructions of M.S. Vorontsov. Several gardeners took part in the work, including Karl Kebach, the creator of Alupka Park. There are more than 250 types of tree and shrub forms. These are shady spreading beeches, Himalayan and Lebanese cedars, evergreen laurel, mighty oak and tall resinous pine. Here are Italian pine trees, bamboo thickets, yew berries, and mammoth trees. Walnut and dogwood bushes and evergreen magnolias hide under their shade. Steep cliffs are entwined with creeping juniper bushes. Wild jasmine grows in rock crevices. On the mountain slopes you can see peonies, rose hips, and belladonna. Crimean edelweiss grows on mountain lawns (34, p. 77).

5. Foros Park(founded in the first half of the 19th century; the reserve regime was established in 1960, with an area of ​​70 hectares) - an ancient landscape park in the urban settlement. Foros with the famous “paradise” among picturesque reservoirs, 200 species and forms of plants grow here.

Foros is located 40 km from Yalta. There was a Greek colony here, and later, in the Middle Ages, the Genoese fortress of Fori.

Now Foros is home to one of the best on the South Coast - Foros Park. It is divided into three parts. The lower, seaside part is separated from the middle by a garden road. In the middle part of the park there is a “Paradise” with six miniature lakes, built at different levels and connected into a single cascade with miniature waterfalls. Above the “Paradise Corner”, a forest park rises along the slope towards the highway.

Adjacent to Forossky Park is the Tesseli dacha (silence), associated with the name of A. M. Gorky. Behind the dacha there is a juniper forest and a forest of Crimean pine. Behind them you can see a remarkable geographical point - Cape Sarych (the southern tip of the Crimean Peninsula and Ukraine). From Cape Sarych (44o 23’ N) to Cape Kerempe on the Anatolian coast of Turkey is the narrowest point of the Black Sea - 142 miles (41, p. 259).

6. Miskhorsky Park(founded at the end of the 18th century, the reserve regime was established in 1960, with an area of ​​23 hectares) - a monument of landscape art on the territory of the Yalta City Council, in the urban settlement. Koreiz.

Miskhor, stretching along the coast for 7 km, is the warmest place on the South Coast: the average temperature of the coldest month in winter is + 4.4 ° C. The fact is that Miskhor is located under the shadow of the Aypetrinsky Yaili massif. The mountains shield Miskhor from the cold northern winds.

Miskhor Park was founded at the end of the 18th century. in landscape style, it was created by the serfs of the princes Naryshkin, Dolgorukov and Count Shuvalov. 100 species and garden forms of exotic trees and shrubs are concentrated on a small area of ​​23 hectares.

At the beginning of the park on the coast there is a sculptural group - the fountain “The Girl of Arza and the Robber Ali Baba”, and a little further into the sea on a rock there is a sculpture of a mermaid with a child in her hands; this is a single composition. Its author is Estonian sculptor Amandus Adamson. The composition is based on the legend of the kidnapping of a girl by a robber for the Sultan’s harem (9, p. 82).

The history of the park is rich. Many writers, poets, composers, and artists have visited here. In 1984, a monument to A. M. Gorky was erected in the park, depicting the writer during his stay in Miskhor in 1901-1902, when he worked on the play “At the Depths”.

7. Park "Cliff"(founded in the mid-19th century; the reserve regime was established in 1960, with an area of ​​5 hectares) - located on the territory of the Alushta City Council, urban settlement. Utes, sanatorium "Utes".

The "cliff" is located at the exposed tip of Cape Plaka, which means "flat stone" in Greek. In 1907 a palace was built here by the princes Gagarins. There is a park around the palace. 100 species and garden forms of trees and shrubs are concentrated here.

Section II. Economic development of Crimea Ai-Petri

Crimea is a place where there are many non-man-made objects that have an unusual shape or content and are valuable for the ecosystem and for all humanity in general.

These non-man-made objects are called landscape monuments. Landscape monuments include mountains, nature reserves, forests, rocks, caves, trails, etc. A feature of the Crimean landscapes What is also unusual is that ordinary European plants grow next to typical Mediterranean and Asian ones.

Our peninsula is an area where plants that grew here in the pre-glacial period are still found - small-fruited strawberry, tall juniper, and Comperia Compera orchid. Scientists have identified 142 species of plants that are not found anywhere except Crimea.

Landscape peninsulas can be divided into northern part, which is occupied by a plain in size that is approximately three-quarters of the entire area of ​​Crimea, and the southern part, which accounts for ¼, where the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains (external) passes.

The Crimean ridge can be divided into internal (northern) and external (southern). The 125-kilometer-long internal ridge starts from the Meckenzi Mountains, near Sevastopol, and runs in the Belogorsk region, to Mount Agarmysh, in Old Crimea.

The internal and external parts of the Crimean Mountains are separated by flat areas and natural basins - these are the Baydar Valley, the Kyzyl-Koba Valley and others. These valleys surrounded by mountains create a unique natural landscape. The Crimean mountains are rich in vegetation and their slopes form beautiful mountain forest landscapes.

2. Landscapes of the southern coast of Crimea

Waterfall and cave in the valley near the Red Cave

Perhaps the most famous and one of the most beautiful landscape monuments is Greater Yalta, which represents 80 kilometers of the Black Sea coast. The winding coastline, approaching close to the sea, as well as the unique main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, plus a dry, warm climate, attract many connoisseurs of natural earthly beauty with their landscape.

There are many most unique and unusual extreme places here. Crimea and even Ukraine. Cape Sarych is located on this territory - this is the most southern point country, Alupka is the warmest place in Ukraine, here, according to scientists, there are the largest number of sunny days a year, and Mount Ai-Petri is considered the windiest mountain, here there is the most wind. The highest mountain of Crimea is also located here - Mount Roman-Kosh.

And not only the big Yalta, over many millions of years the entire Black Sea coast has taken on such bizarre shapes, stunning in their beauty in the form of rocky cliffs, pebble and sandy beaches, cozy bays.

The fabulous landscape changes along the entire coast of Crimea, washed first by the Black Sea, then by the Azov Sea, and then by Lake Sivash. Palms, laurels and cypresses, which were brought to Crimea much later and give harmony and beauty landscape of Crimea.

The main ridge of the Crimean mountains stretches along the coast of Crimea from southwest to east, and has a length of about 160 km and a width of 40 - 50 km. The mountains descend like an amphitheater towards the sea, forming beautiful “yayla” - this is the Yalta yayla, reaching a height of 1406m, where the city of Yalta is located.

Ai-Petrinskaya Yayla reaches an altitude of 1320 m; Alupka and Simeiz are picturesquely spread out here. Gurzufskaya yayla has a height of 1540 m - Gurzuf is located, Nikitskaya yayla has a height of 1470 m, the Nikitsky Botanical Institute, famous far beyond the borders of Crimea, is located here garden.

Babugan-yayla has the highest point in Crimea 1545m, located on Mount Roman-kosh. The amphitheaters of these villages have been inhabited by people since ancient times; ancient human sites have been discovered here.

Crimean pine

On the southern side of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, two vegetation belts stand out: at the top, Scots pine is more common, and below, at an altitude of 300-400 m above the sea, Crimean pine forests are located. Then, going down towards the sea, there is the so-called shibliak belt.

Here the vegetation is of the Mediterranean type - tall juniper, downy oak, butcher's broom, strawberry tree, wild pistachio, etc.
In the forests of the southern coast of Crimea, relict coniferous plants have been preserved - yew berry and tall juniper, Juniperus excelsa, individual specimens reach 3-5 meters in volume.

Some specimens of these relics are up to 1000 years old. They can be found in the Laspi tract, on Cape Sarych, Ai-Todor, Martyan, Montedor, in the Kanak gully. Thanks to the relief, in Crimea you can see a wide variety of landscapes and different vegetation.

3. Landscape of the inner ridge of the Crimean Mountains

The northern part, the inner part, of the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains descends to Bakhchisarai, and is called the Crimean foothills. Her landscape cut up amazing canyons, mountain ranges and table-shaped mountain plateaus, as if by nature intended for human settlements. This is evidenced by the most ancient cave cities.

The Crimean Mountains were formed over millions of years, being excavated from the bottom of an ancient sea, where sedimentary rocks such as limestones, sandstones, marls, clays and shales accumulated. Rising from the days of the sea, the mountains were exposed to wind, water and different temperatures.

In places of geological faults, under the influence of water, river valleys, canyons and mountain ranges appeared. A characteristic feature of the interior of the Crimean Mountains is gentle slopes called cuesta (slope). The dense limestones of the upper layers of the cuesta formed ledges-cornices. In the process of erosion of rocks, the most bizarre figures appeared on the inner ridge: “sphinxes”, “mushrooms”, “ribs”, grottoes, mountains - outcrops.

4. Landscapes of the steppe part of Crimea

Landscape The flat part of Crimea is relatively monotonous; a steppe plain stretches to the north, and sometimes there are small hills. In the west is the Tarkankhut Peninsula, it is also treeless, and in spring and early summer it is covered with green vegetation and beautiful flowers, which fade under the hot Crimean sun by mid-summer.

The seashore is steep and high, there are caves and grottoes. Moving inland from the Crimean mountains and the sea, you find yourself in the steppe zone, where unusual and fast rivers become calm, large tracts of gardens and vineyards appear, and large strips of meadows with bright poppies and other vegetation are found.

The plains gradually decrease from south to north, occupying the northern and central parts. The nature of Crimea is unique with its combination of flat landscapes and mountain ranges. In this part of Crimea there are many garden and park complexes built after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, natural landscapes as if they are decorated and exalted by the landscapes of parks created by human hands. I wrote about one such park complex here.

5. Seas washing Crimea

From the south, Crimea is washed by the Black Sea, and from the east is the Sea of ​​Azov. Between these two seas there is the Kerch Strait, with a width of 5 to 15 km. The depth of the Black Sea in some places reaches 2200 meters and has no noticeable tides. The depth of the Azov Sea is about 13.5 meters.

6.Rivers of the Crimean Peninsula

Crimean rivers, as a rule, are not large and full-flowing; they are winding and fast. Most rivers almost dry up under the scorching rays of the summer sun, or go underground into karst cavities. The largest Crimean river is Salgir, and the deepest is Belbek.

Crimean rivers, passing through constantly changing mountainous terrain, canyons and gorges, sometimes falling, sometimes rising, sometimes spreading across the plain, often form entire cascades of waterfalls, attracting large groups of tourists.

Crimean rivers are small mountain streams that resemble streams. In summer, most often, drying up rivers expose their bed, which is strewn with boulders and stones of various sizes and shapes. Sometimes a thin trickle of a stream makes its way through these boulders, then hides underground and suddenly reappears on the surface of the earth.

But if there is heavy rain in the mountains, the rivers instantly fill with water, overflow their banks, breaking into numerous streams, rush down rapidly, then uniting into one stream, capturing both large stones and uprooted stones. trees.

Tourists need to know this when choosing a place to stay overnight and place their camping equipment away from seemingly harmless streams. Crimea is also rich in salt lakes.

7.Caves of the peninsula

Caves of the Crimean Peninsula

In Crimea Many karst caves have been discovered, which, in their beauty, are attractive to speleologists from all over the world. On Mount Chatyr-Dag, a cave called “Marble” is open and equipped for tourists to visit. This name was given to it because of its unique beauty, reminiscent of the complex pattern of marble.

The cave has several halls and galleries equipped for visitors, with a length of about one and a half kilometers. The depth of the cave is 60 meters, and the explored length is more than two kilometers. The unique Marble Cave ranks fifth in the world among the most beautiful caves on the planet.

Well, the longest karst cave Crimea is Red, its length is 16 thousand meters. The record for depth is set by the Soldatskaya Cave, which goes 517 meters deep. The Emine-Bair-_Khosar cave, which is located near the Marble Cave, is also considered one of the unique caves in Europe for its unusual underground coloring.

It is quite possible to organize a visit to many landscape monuments of Crimea on your own, since the infrastructure in Crimea is developed and you can get everywhere by public transport, the roads are not bad.

Visit llandscape monuments can be paid or free; as a rule, visiting monuments is available from April to October, but there are also winter visits. Many landscape monuments are protected by the state or great assistance is provided to private individuals who make the landscape of Crimea unique, such as .

Categories:/ from 02/12/2013

Crimea is characterized by great landscape diversity, which, according to leading experts, is a prerequisite for high biodiversity.

Landscape diversity is a consequence of the unique border location of the peninsula:

-on the border of the temperate and subtropical zones;

-at the junction of the platform and geosynclinal zone;

-on the border of the ranges of many floras and faunas.

Many features of the landscape structure are associated with its peninsular position - Crimea is almost an island (and in certain geological eras it was a real island) within the Azov-Black Sea basin, and the latter is a kind of island within Eurasia. The island position determines some climate features, contributed to the emergence of a significant proportion of endemics, and for some classes of animals - a depletion of the species composition.

In Crimea, the interaction of mountains and plains plays an important role. Mountain Crimea is a megaanticlinorium consisting of two structural floors and a number of large structures. The foothills consist of cuesta ridges located on the elevated edge of the Scythian platform. The latter is located at the base of the Crimean Plain. The geological history of Crimea dates back more than 200 million years. During this period, a variety of geological structures, loose sediments and landforms were formed. Among the genetic types of relief, erosion-denudation, erosion-accumulative, accumulative (divided into sea, lake and river), abrasion, karst, landslide, and in many cases structural forms of relief are well expressed. The contrast in heights reaches one and a half kilometers in Crimea, and in the Ai-Petri-Koreiz area the difference in heights is 1.2 km at a distance of 3 km.

Morphological types of relief are represented by lowland (undrained and drained) and elevated plains (with subtypes of ridge, undulating, hilly, outlier, plateau), foothills, low mountains, middle mountains. At a lower level, ravine, hollow, beam, valley, basin-shaped, and saddle-shaped are distinguished. There are various types of slopes: from gentle to steep; open and closed; convex, concave, stepped, straight.

More than two thousand years of history of economic development of the peninsula has led, along with the destruction of many natural landscapes, to the emergence of various natural and anthropogenic landscapes: agricultural landscapes, residential, recreational, mining and industrial landscapes, as well as natural and technical systems - irrigation, urban, transport and communication, etc.

The soil cover has a variegated spatial pattern, reflecting lithological, orographic, and microclimatic differentiation. More than 400 types of soils and several thousand varieties have been identified in Crimea.

Habitats of communities of organisms are formed on the basis of landscape systems. Preserving the landscape also means preserving biodiversity. The most preserved landscapes are those located in hard-to-reach areas due to terrain conditions, poor transport accessibility, and in areas unfavorable for the development of certain types of activities (infertile soils, unfavorable living conditions for the population, etc.). Crimea is characterized by areas that occupy small areas, but concentrate within their boundaries a wide variety of habitat conditions, species of organisms and communities. It's about contact zones of different geosystems, river valleys, ravines, ravines, steep areas, ecotones, shores of reservoirs, and places where groundwater flows out there create the prerequisites for increasing diversity:

1) ecotone zones where species diversity increases;

2) hard-to-reach areas where economic activity and tourism have not received widespread development;

3) areas where the living conditions of organisms are improved due to the presence of water sources, additional nutrition or for other similar reasons.

When describing the landscape structure of Crimea, experts used the identification of physical-geographical regions of different levels. The most widespread and recognized system of units is: physical-geographical country - landscape zone - physical-geographical province - physical-geographical region - physical-geographical district - physical-geographical region.

Crimea is located within two physical-geographical countries - Eastern European and Crimean-Caucasian. The northern lowland part of Crimea makes up the Crimean steppe province, which belongs to the dry-steppe subzone of the steppe zone. Within its boundaries, four physical-geographical regions are distinguished: the North Crimean lowland steppe, the Tarkhankut upland plain, the Central Crimean lowland steppe and the Kerch hilly-ridge steppe. Within their boundaries, physical-geographical regions are distinguished - 12 in total. Mountainous Crimea forms a physical-geographical province within the Crimean-Caucasian country. It is divided into three physical-geographical regions: the foothill forest-steppe, the main mountain-meadow-forest ridge and the South Coast sub-Mediterranean. Within these areas, 9 physical-geographical regions are distinguished.

The landscape structure of Crimea is most fully revealed on landscape-typological maps of Crimea (M 1:200,000) and Mountain Crimea (M 1:100,000), compiled by G. E. Grishankov as a result of detailed field work in 1965-1975. and generalizations of extensive empirical material. He used the following mapping units: landscape levels, zones, belts, tiers, groups of areas. Landscape levels are zonal systems formed on a geomorphological basis that is relatively homogeneous in relief and ground moisture, and has a planetary distribution. Zonal systems of Crimea are formed within the hydromorphic, upland, foothill and mid-mountain landscape levels.

The hydromorphic level of Crimea is represented by coastal lowlands - North Crimean, Sasyk-Sak and fragments on the Kerch Peninsula. The lowlands have a relative height of 0 to 40 m above sea level, are exceptionally flat and are represented by one zone - the zone of semi-desert low-grass steppes.

The plains stretch from the Tarkhankut Peninsula, through the plains of Central Crimea and to the watershed plains of the Kerch Peninsula. Their height ranges from 40 to 150 m. They are characterized by dissected valley-beam and denudation-remnant relief. One zone is expressed - typical low-grass steppes.

The foothill landscape level of Crimea occupies both the northern foothill plains and hills, and the low mountains of the southern coast of Crimea. The height reaches 600 m, the dissected and mosaic nature of the relief and landscape increases. Two natural zones are expressed - foothill forest-steppe and pistachio-oak and oak-juniper forests of the southern coast of Crimea. The characteristics of the climate, soils and vegetation of these zones are determined by changes in the position of individual territories in relation to the mountains and incoming air masses. Differences in soils and vegetation reach the latitudinal-zonal level.

The mid-mountain landscape level in Crimea is represented by the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains, which stretches from Balaklava to Old Crimea at an altitude of 400 to 1500 m. The relief is dominated by moderately steep and steep slopes, and on the flat tops there are fragments of plains with numerous karst forms. The basis for the differentiation of the mid-mountain landscape level into natural zones is a change in the position and height of the relief. There are three zones at this level. The most significant differences are observed between the mountain forest-steppe zone yayla, on the one hand, and the forest zones of the slopes, on the other. The differences between the mid-mountain zones barely reach the latitudinal-subzonal level.

Specially protected areas have been formed in each region of the peninsula. At the zonal-belt level of the structural organization of biodiversity, the number of protected areas varies depending on the area of ​​the zone and its biocenotic structure, but does not reach international criteria. In general, calculations show that the minimum number of protected areas within the zones of Plain Crimea should reach 14-26%, foothill - 14-30%, mountain - up to 60%, which is consistent with a number of expert estimates. Natural zones of Crimea are distinguished by patterns of intraregional organization, which change when moving from one landscape level to another. On hydromorphic plains, the leading organizational factor is the depth of groundwater. Taking this into account, a hydromorphic zone is formed, associated with a change in saline groundwater from 0 to 6-8 m. The landscape structure of these plains is determined by a combination of three main hydromorphic zones: undrained, poorly drained and relatively drained plain belts. In the belt of undrained plains, groundwater (saline sulfate-chloride) is located at a depth of 0.2-0.5 m; salt marshes and halophytic meadows are widespread here. In the belt of poorly drained plains, the groundwater level (saline chloride-sulfate) ranges from 0.2-0.5 m to 2.5-3.0 m; the vegetation cover is dominated by wormwood-fescue steppes in combination with halophytic meadows. In the belt of relatively drained plains, groundwater drops to a depth of 3-8 m from the surface, salinity is sulfate, the vegetation cover was dominated by depleted variants of feather grass-fescue true steppes, characteristic of upland plains, but the soil profile retains the features of its former hydromorphism. On upland plains, the leading factors of landscape organization are relative height, lithology, degree and nature of relief dissection. In accordance with the vertical differences in landscapes associated with changes in geomorphological conditions (the degree and nature of dissection, lithology of rocks, speed and direction of geomorphological processes, etc.), landscape tiers are formed. Landscape tiers appear where a slight fluctuation in altitude above sea level does not affect climate change and, consequently, the structure of the landscape.

In Crimea, there are three-tiered plains of the Tarkhankut Upland and two-tiered central plains of Crimea. The upper tier of the Tarkhankut Upland is represented by structurally weakly dissected plains with poorly developed chernozem-type soils and sod-grass low-forb steppes. The second tier is located on lower eluvial-denudation plains. It is characterized by thicker chernozem-type soils and mixed-grass steppes. The lower tier of the Tarkhankut Upland is formed by denudation-accumulative valley-beam plains. These plains are characterized by relatively variegated soil and vegetation cover, which varies from petrophytic steppes on steep slopes to meadow steppes on ravines.

The landscapes of the central Crimean plains are represented by a two-tier structure in the form of real rich-forb steppes in combination with savannoid steppes on loess weakly dissected plains and real poor-forb steppes in complex with rich-forb meadow steppes on accumulative-denudation gulch-gully plains.

Within the piedmont landscape level, the main factors of landscape organization are the position of the piedmont plains in relation to the mountains and the direction of the prevailing winds and the altitude above sea level, and in some cases, the depth of groundwater. Due to the change relative height slope microzonation is formed. In Crimea, slope microzonation is clearly manifested on the plains, in the foothills and on the southern coast of Crimea. For example, on the southern coast of Crimea, in conditions of low-mountain relief, two genetically isolated groups of microzones are clearly distinguished. The lower group includes the bottom of ravines and near-ravine slopes, where brown clayey-cartilaginous soils are common on colluvium and proluvium of clayey shales and sandstones. The vegetation cover is dominated by shiblyak-forest complexes.

Behind historical time There was a significant reduction in natural landscapes and widespread development of derivatives formed as a result of the interaction of newly created (constructive) and weakly transformed landscapes. Natural, slightly transformed landscapes occupy only 2.5% of the territory. These are, first of all, mountain broad-leaved forests, mountain forest-steppe on yailas, salt marshes and halophytic meadows of the Sivash region and the Kerch Peninsula.

Most of the territory of Crimea (62%) has been developed for constructive landscapes: arable lands, gardens, cities, roads, etc. They require the constant introduction of additional energy according to a specific plan to maintain their new structure and functioning. This is the widest type, including residential, water management, recreational and beach, road and transport, industrial and communal, mining and industrial classes. This includes park classes of land, which include the following types: gardens, vineyards, arable land and plantations of tobacco and essential oil plants, nurseries, greenhouses, greenhouses, warehouses, shelterbelts, livestock complexes. Terraced complexes stand out in particular.

The remaining territory (35.5%) is represented by derivative landscapes. Derived complexes are natural complexes reflecting different stages of digression or one of the stages of their denaturalization. They were formed during the spontaneous use of forest landscapes for pastures and during random logging and fires. This type includes classes of digressive (from polydominant shibliak to erosive badland) and renaturalized lands (from phryganoid petrophytic steppe to regenerated forest). Currently, in most of the territory of the South Coast, natural forests have been replaced by shrub thickets of the shiblyak type, in which shrubby forms of downy oak, hornbeam, mackerel, dwarf tree, sumac and rose hips dominate.

Destructive land areas are negative territorial by-products of human activity. They are the last stage of landscape degradation.

In Crimea, terrestrial and amphibious landscapes are distinguished. The latter include landscapes of rivers, lakes and coastal areas of the sea, in which the functioning of bottom complexes is directly related to the surface layers of water and sunlight. Zonal conditions (position in the temperate zone on the border with the subtropical with insufficient precipitation) determine the dominance of subboreal semiarid landscapes in Crimea. The Crimean mountains introduce disturbances into the structure of zonal circulation processes: altitude and barrier effects lead to changes in the thermal and water regime within the mountains. Along with subboreal conditions, boreal conditions are formed; in addition to semiarid conditions, semihumid and humid conditions appear.

In Crimea, there is one zonal type of landscape - semiarid steppe, occupying the flat part of the peninsula. In this part of the peninsula, arid (semiarid) conditions are observed: with a evaporation value of 850-900 mm/year, precipitation falls 400-450 mm/year. In the Sivash region, the amount of precipitation decreases to 350 mm/year, and the humidification coefficient decreases to 0.35-0.40. This brings the conditions in this area closer to subboreal arid semi-desert. But the soil and vegetation cover here is more influenced by other factors: the proximity of groundwater and the residual salinity of the soil. They lead to the formation of complexes of wormwood-fescue steppes, halophytic meadows and salt marshes here.

In the foothill and mountainous parts of the peninsula, other types of landscapes are formed, which is associated with the superposition of exposure circulation differentiation (pre-ascension precipitation, an increase in precipitation on windward slopes and a decrease on leeward slopes), altitude above sea level (decrease in temperature with height), meridional sectorality, position in relation to the sea. Geographically, these factors manifest themselves within tens of kilometers. Mountains introduce disturbances into the structure of meteorological fields, as a result of which the amount of precipitation increases by 1.5-3 times, and spatial differentiation of the thermal regime occurs. Therefore, in different parts of the mountains and foothills, conditions of heat supply and moisture supply were formed close to subboreal-semi-humid forest-steppe (central and eastern parts of the Foothills), subboreal humid forest (Northern macroslope of the Main Ridge and the upper part of the Southern macroslope - up to approximately a height of 800 m), subboreal southern humid forest (lower forest part of the Southern macroslope of the Main Ridge - at an altitude of 400-800 m), subboreal "southern semi-humid forest-steppe (southwestern foothills - the region of Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai, Baydar Valley and the southeastern part of the south coast, with the exception of the most arid coastal part - see below), subboreal southern semiarid steppe (Meganoma region, Koktebel, Ordzhonikidze) In the extreme southwest of the peninsula in the coastal zone (up to an altitude of about 300 m) heat conditions are close to subtropical (Miskhor: sum of temperatures). above 10 degrees is about 4000, the temperature of the coldest month reaches 4.5 degrees). From west to east, the amount of precipitation decreases, and its maximum shifts to summer, which reduces its effectiveness and brings conditions closer to semiarid conditions (east of Alushta to Sudak and Karadag).

At altitudes of 900-1000 m and more, humid boreal and boreal-subboreal conditions prevail. According to the conditions of heat supply, three groups, or series, of landscapes have been identified: boreal, boreal-subboreal and subboreal. Subboreal can be divided into subgroups - typical and southern. Within the subboreal southern forest-steppe group, a sub-Mediterranean variety is distinguished. According to moisture conditions, semiarid, semihumid and humid series are distinguished.

Thus, based on the analysis of the situation on the scales of heat supply (sum of temperatures more than 10 degrees) and moisture supply (Vysotsky-Ivanov humidification coefficient), it was revealed that in Crimea there are prerequisites for identifying 8 zonal (levels 1 and 2) types of landscapes: boreal, boreal- subboreal, three subboreal, three subboreal southern.

Within the typical steppe landscapes in the Crimean Plain, semi-desert steppes and halophytic meadows are common in the Sivash region. Their appearance is associated not so much with the deterioration of moisture conditions (which goes in the northeast direction), but with the influence of saline soils and groundwater, that is, with factors of an edaphic and hydrogeological nature.

On the yayla, the climatic conditions correspond to boreal (taiga) and boreal-subboreal (subtaiga) landscapes, however, hydrological-lithological and geomorphological conditions lead to a sharp decrease in the amount of moisture that can be used by plants, as a result of which meadow steppe and forest-steppe were formed. The growth of tree species is also hampered by harsh microclimatic conditions: high wind speeds in winter with high air humidity. Landscapes are also affected by evolutionary factors associated with the laws of self-development of landscape components. After the removal of anthropogenic pressure, successional changes begin, ending with the formation of communities more or less close to the original ones. Since anthropogenic influences have been manifested over the past millennia (and especially centuries), the peninsula has developed a patchwork system of plant communities from different stages of successional series of vegetation types.

Many factors differentiate landscapes within local territories. River erosion leads to the formation of valleys and meso- and microscale slopes of varying steepness and aspect. The formation of slopes is influenced by many other factors. Slope differentiation contributes to the uneven supply of solar radiation due to different steepness and exposure, and the redistribution of solid (snow) and liquid precipitation falling on the surface. There are effects of shielding solar radiation by ridges, reducing the flow of radiation to the bottoms of river valleys. All this creates significant territorial differentiation in the moisture content of landscape complexes over a very short distance, often within hundreds and even tens of meters, and a sharp change in temperature conditions and soil moisture is observed. This causes a change in the nature of soil-forming processes, the formation of loose surface sediments, the migration of chemical elements and the formation of the geochemical environment as a whole.

Particularly noticeable territorial changes occurred within the foothills, since here steppe complexes are replaced by forest ones (that is, the landscape system has the character of an ecotone), and any differentiation of conditions within the ecotone causes a rather sharp change in complexes. Changes in landscape complexes often occur within short distances.

According to hypsometric properties, classes and subclasses of landscapes are distinguished. In Crimea there are three classes of landscapes: flat, foothills and mountain. They are divided into subclasses. Plain landscapes are divided into lowland (Near Sivash) and elevated (Tarkhankut Peninsula, Central Crimean Plain, Kerch Peninsula). The class of foothill landscapes is divided into cuesta monoclinal and interridge. The class of mountain landscapes in Crimea is represented by two subclasses - low-mountain (the main part of the mountains) and mid-mountain (yayls and the highest ridges). Within the low-mountain subclass, a mountain-coastal variety can be distinguished (south-coast regions).

According to positional properties, groups, subgroups, families, subfamilies, categories and varieties of landscapes are distinguished.

A semi-desert variety of semiarid steppe landscapes occupies the Sivash region. This is a low-lying plain, gradually rising from the coast of Sivash and the Karkinit Bay of the Black Sea to 40 meters. It is composed of eolian-deluvial loams and clays. The valleys of rivers and ravines are filled with alluvial loams and sandy loams, estuary sands and clays. Within the territory, climatic and geomorphological differences are weakly expressed; the depth of groundwater is of primary importance in differentiating landscape conditions. Directly near the coastline, in the lower reaches of rivers, groundwater is located several tens of centimeters from the surface. Therefore, salt marshes and halophytic meadows predominate here. Wetlands with thickets of reeds and other hydrophytes have formed along the coast, serving as a habitat for numerous birds. The higher areas are dominated by wormwood-fescue steppes. Even higher they are replaced by feather grass-fescue steppes.

The flora and fauna of these landscape areas have been preserved small areas, since 50-70% is occupied by arable land and 20-30% by pastures with strong manifestations of pasture digression. Desertification processes can be observed here. At the same time, the widespread development of irrigation (approximately 30% of the area of ​​Prisvashya) led over the last few decades of the 20th century to the formation of landscape complexes of a humid type. During the irrigation process, many areas were flooded. Most of the territory is occupied by agroecosystems. The areas of greatest interest from the point of view of biodiversity conservation are the areas in the central part of the Sivash region, which serve as a temporary habitat for migratory birds. The wetlands formed as a result of the desalination of Sivash by waste waters are also characterized by local bird species.

The greatest problems for the biological and landscape diversity of this zone are the change in the hydrological and hydrogeological regime under irrigation conditions, the deterioration of the quality of surface and underground water due to the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Until the early 90s of the 20th century, there was a reduction in the area of ​​natural biocenoses due to an increase in the area of ​​arable land, but in recent years a reverse process of abandonment of agricultural land has begun, accompanied by the formation of ruderal and segetal vegetation and weed biocenoses on them. Chemical pollution is largely associated with rice cultivation. There is a task of gradually replacing rice cultivation with other types of land use. However, it would be wrong to simply stop rice cultivation and abandon these areas. In this case, weed phytocenoses will inevitably form on these lands and the process of strong secondary salinization will begin.

Subboreal steppe typical landscapes are the only zonal first-level type of landscape in Crimea, which occupies approximately 60% of the territory of the peninsula, stretching from the Tarkhankut to the Kerch Peninsula and occupying the entire flat part of Crimea with the exception of the Sivash region. The natural vegetation of these landscapes has been preserved in small areas. It has been replaced by fields, gardens, vineyards, pastures and is characterized by a greatly depleted species composition. This territory is more dissected compared to the Sivash region - elevated plains dominate here. Irrigation of fields led to the formation of complexes that differ significantly from zonal ones.

Within this zone, experts distinguish three landscape areas, characterized by a different set of landscape areas and tracts:

1. 1. Tarkhankutskaya elevated plain, composed of limestones, red-brown clays, and loess-like loams. On the peninsula, rugged hills are combined with deeply incised valleys (dry rivers). The area is characterized by hot, dry summers and relatively warm winters without a clearly defined period with negative air temperatures. Humidification is insufficient - evaporation is approximately twice the amount of precipitation. The territory corresponds to the subboreal semiarid steppe type of landscape. Almost no original vegetation has been preserved. Arable lands occupy approximately 50% of the territory. Grains predominate among agricultural crops. Quite significant areas (about a third of the territory) are occupied by pastures represented by poor forb steppes, often their petrophytic variants.
2. 2. The Central Crimean territory is composed of brown continental clays and loess-like loams, covered in many places with layers of anthropogenic proluvial-deluvial deposits. The prevailing undulating-valley relief with elevations from 50 to 120 m. The climate differs from the Tarkhankut Upland in a slightly higher amount of precipitation: up to 500-550 mm per year and somewhat more severe winters. The territory is dominated by plain-hollow, valley-gully, flat-plain, valley-dry-river and coastal-halogen areas. This is the most plowed area - 75% (the predominance of grain crops, part of the land is occupied by vineyards and orchards, industrial crops). Natural steppe areas have been preserved in small patches.

The largest number of habitats is observed in river valleys. Here are the most contrasting conditions in terms of moisture, geomorphology, and lithology. At the same time, most of the settlements are confined to the river valleys, that is, in the valleys there is a peculiar juxtaposition of small-area natural and contrasting landscape complexes and settlements.

3. The Kerch zone occupies the Kerch Peninsula. There are two main parts of the peninsula: the southwestern part, made up of heavy saline Maykop clays, and the northeastern part, composed of clays, sands, marls and limestones. Arable lands occupy 35% of the peninsula. The southwestern part is dominated by desert steppes, halophytic meadows, and typical low-forb-grass steppes. In the northeastern part, petrophytic shrub-forb-grass steppes predominate in remnant-watershed areas, feather-grass-fescue steppes on sloping plains, and fescue-wormwood-desert steppes in basins. These areas are mostly used for pastures and are in various stages of pasture digression.

Special ecotopes are formed in the coastal parts of the zone of typical steppe landscapes. Here, in many areas, abrasion processes led to the formation of dissected steep banks, processed by water erosion. Great dissection determined the poor suitability of the areas for economic use, which contributed to the preservation of plant and animal species and biocenoses here. The contrast of the relief, and thereby the microclimatic conditions, favors the survival of animals in conditions of weather fluctuations and changing seasons. In many areas of the coast of the peninsula, high biodiversity has been preserved (the extreme western part of the coast of the Tarkhankut Peninsula - the Dzhangul, Atlesh areas; sections of the Azov and Black Sea coasts Kerch Peninsula - areas Karalar, Osoviny, Opuk).

Subboreal forest-steppe typical landscapes are landscapes of the second level zonal type; they occupy the Foothills. Here the landscapes change from flat to mountainous. The Outer and Inner cuesta ridges, separated by an interridge depression, pass through the territory. The ridges are composed of limestones, marls and clays, the interridge depression is composed of marls. The climate of the territory becomes wetter and cooler compared to the steppe part: the amount of precipitation here increases to 550-650 mm/year, and the humidification coefficient - to 0.55. It is distinguished by a more significant territorial differentiation of landscapes, since a dissected relief is observed here, and a sharp change in meteorological fields occurs due to the transition from the flat part to the mountainous part.

Large differences occur between the northern and southern slopes of the cuestas due to the different amounts of incoming solar radiation. But in many cases, it is the southern steep slopes of the cuestas that are forested, while the northern gentle slopes are usually plowed. This is explained by the practical impossibility of using the steep southern slopes for agricultural activities. Treeless slopes were previously used for grazing, while forested slopes have retained a relatively natural appearance. In the 1960s to 1980s, many of the treeless southern slopes of the cuestas were terraced and planted with pine, with very different effects on landscape and biodiversity in different areas. Steep slopes of cuestas have the greatest number of location and habitat types. This area has been significantly transformed. This is the most urbanized part of the peninsula with the presence of many transport arteries. There are quite a few quarries here building materials.

Subboreal typical forest zonal landscapes of the second level occupy the main part of the Northern macroslope of the Crimean Mountains. Forest landscapes in this area have received the most vivid manifestation and are best preserved. The following factors are of primary importance for the formation of ecotope diversity:

Altitude above sea level (altitude difference is 500-600 m). Here the altitudinal zonation is demonstrated quite well (better than in other areas of the peninsula): downy oak forests, rocky oak forests, hornbeam and beech forests;

Exposure differences: between the slopes of northern and southern exposures there are very significant differences in the amount of solar radiation (up to 50-60%);

Effects of closed slopes.

This is the most forested part of the peninsula. Along with relatively favorable climatic conditions, this was favored by the poor accessibility of many areas for humans (for example, the Central Crimean Basin). Settlements and agricultural land occupy only narrow strips of river valley bottoms.

Yaily - by background climatic conditions correspond to boreal and boreal-subboreal: precipitation is 600-1500 mm/year, the temperature of the coldest month is from -2 to -5 ° C, the temperature of the warmest month is from 12-13 to 16-17 ° C. The amount of evaporation varies between 500-700 mm/year, background climatic moisture is normal or excessive. Yaila landscapes have a pronounced azonal character, associated with lithological and geomorphological conditions. Falling atmospheric precipitation falls through cracks and moves through underground cavities to the flysch aquifer, unloading on the slopes of the village. The differentiation of ecotopes is associated with lithological differences (limestones have different degrees of fracturing and susceptibility to karst manifestations), the existence large quantity karst sinkholes. The steppe and forest-steppe landscapes of the Yayls form a kind of islands among the surrounding forest landscapes, which determines their well-known isolation and contributes to the formation of endemic species of organisms.

Forest open forests on the southern steep slopes of the yayla are azonal communities. The latter are associated with lithomorphic and geomorphological factors. Precipitation is poorly retained in place due to the high steepness of the surface; slope processes are strongly manifested: rockfalls, screes, washout of soil and loose sediments. These are very unstable landscapes. No anthropogenic load is recommended here.

Subboreal forest southern landscapes occupy the lower part of the Southern macroslope of the mountains - from 800 m to 400 m. They are characterized by a significant participation pine forests. Within this zone, a fairly high percentage is occupied by sloping and steep slopes, which determines the intensification of erosion processes and a significant occurrence of rockfalls and screes. More favorable forest conditions are formed on gentle slopes. The territory is located in close proximity to settlements South Coast, to recreational complexes. It is permeated by numerous hiking trails, despite the protected status of many areas. Therefore, it is subject to quite significant anthropogenic impact. Tourist-related fires are especially dangerous for these fires. Subboreal forest-steppe southern landscapes occupy the southwestern Foothills (Sevastopol region, the lower part of the Belbek and Kacha river basins), the entire southeastern part of the South Coast (from Alushty to Karadag with the exception of Meganom and Kiik-Atlama. This zone is characterized by large territorial contrasts associated with a variety of topography and rocks. Mild winters are of great importance - the temperature in the cold period here does not fall below 20 ° C, and the average temperature in January is 2-3.5 ° C. Thanks to the mild winter, the proportion of winter-green plants increases in these areas. .

The Mediterranean version of the subboreal typical southern forest-steppe landscapes approximately corresponds to the sub-Mediterranean type of landscape.

The landscapes of the region of the western part of the South Coast are already forest-steppe type - subboreal southern forest-steppe, but they have a more pronounced heat supply (sum of temperatures above 10°), a well-defined winter maximum precipitation, evaporation 900-950 mm/year, annual precipitation 450-650 mm . The moisture coefficient is 0.5-0.7, which corresponds to the forest-steppe. The heat supply does not reach the sum of temperatures of 4600, which is characteristic of the lower limit of the subtropical climate. Therefore, this area is a special variant of subboreal southern forest-steppe landscapes. These landscapes are characterized by the presence of a relatively large number of evergreen species. This area has undergone a major transformation. There are quite a few parks with introduced plants, part of the territory is occupied by vineyards. On the other part, natural communities have been preserved, but they have been greatly transformed. The ruggedness of the relief is very great, which determines the presence of a large number of habitat types associated with the bottoms of river valleys (with steeply falling channels), slopes of different steepness and aspect. Transformations are associated with the construction of roads, cities, and water pipelines. Landslides intensified, a restructuring of groundwater flows occurred, which led to large changes in soil moisture and the formation of new plant communities. The latter adapt to high recreational loads, which is reflected in the species composition.

Subboreal semiarid southern landscapes are distributed in small areas in the Meganom, Kiik-Atlamy region in southeastern Crimea. They are characterized by increased evaporation values ​​- up to 1000 mm/year or more, and a decrease in the annual amount of atmospheric precipitation to 350 mm. Landscape complexes of the coastal strip of the mountainous part of Crimea are formed in connection with the salt influence of the sea and the special nature of the microclimate, the large role of abrasion processes. The greatest contrast in landscape conditions here manifests itself within a narrow coastal zone.

Landscapes of river valleys in the mountainous part are a specific type of landscape that forms in eternal valleys. Its specificity is associated with the following factors:

1) location below other landscape complexes, which leads to the transfer of additional water here; the formation of accumulative deposits here - alluvial, proluvial;

2) watercourses reshape the bottoms and slopes of valleys, which leads to constant restructuring of landscapes;

3) in Crimea, where moisture is the main limiting environmental factor, river valleys have more favorable conditions for plant growth;

4) landscape complexes of valleys have a very small width and a large length; the small width of the complexes determines the territorial proximity of the landscape complexes, the opportunity for animals to migrate from one landscape to another depending on need.

Ecotones are boundary systems, which are transition zones between neighboring landscape systems, characterized as tension bands with maximum gradients of changes in the parameters of landscape systems. When analyzing biodiversity, it turns out that it is in ecotones that its value is most often greatest. In addition, ecotone landscape systems are characterized by specific properties and a more complex, diverse territorial structure, which creates conditions for the formation of more diverse and favorable habitats for biota than in adjacent landscape systems. Ecotones are more dynamic and always more unstable in space-time. It is ecotone systems that are the first to respond to changes in external conditions and therefore are indicators of changes in the ecological state of bordering landscape systems. They act as a kind of buffers on the path of natural and economic influences. Ecotones often play the role of refugia.

Crimea can be seen as a complex ecotone. The peninsula is located at the junction of the temperate and subtropical zones and represents a climatic ecotone. The proximity of land and sea for kilometers led to the formation of various aquatic-territorial landscapes of the coast.

Four aquatic-territorial landscape macroecotones are distinguished: Yuzhnoberezhny (from Cape Aya in the south to Cape Ilya in the northeast); Kalamitsky-Karkinitsky (from Sevastopol to Karkinitsky Bay); Kerch (covers the coast of the Kerch Peninsula); Sivashsky. Similar in origin (at the contact of contrasting land-water environments), they are very different in landscape terms.

The landscape diversity of the South Coast ecotone is greatest (up to an altitude of 350-400 m above sea level), in which 9 types of landscape areas are distinguished. The Sivash ecotone is interesting because several factors are involved in its formation: the influence of the sea, changes in the degree of halohydromorphism, and the climatic factor. Moreover, the action and overlap of factors occurs as if in one direction, which affects the formation of a significant width of the ecotone (from 10 km in the area of ​​the Arabat Spit to 30 km). The landscape diversity of the ecotone is quite large, although less than that of Yuzhnoberezhny. It identifies 7 types of landscape areas. The Kalamit-Karkinit landscape ecotone is a coastal strip 4-6 km wide, including a system of shallow salt lakes. It is characterized by the least landscape diversity. Within this ecotone, 5 types of landscape areas are distinguished. The Kerch ecotone is formed by the interaction of different tectonic structures of the Crimean mountains and the Crimean plain, which formed the macroecotone of the foothills. The entire Mountain Crimea is a phytoecotone, formed on the border between the Circumboreal and Mediterranean floristic regions and concentrating most of the phytodiversity of Crimea - 92.7%. The boundaries of the physical-geographical regions of Crimea, landscape levels and belts are associated with these ecotones. Under anthropogenic influence Divergent ecotones are formed, in which the abundance of species and individuals decreases compared to the bordering natural community.

A special situation is developing in the Crimean Plain. Here the degree of anthropogenic transformation of the landscape structure is greatest, and the territory is an almost continuous agricultural landscape. Suffice it to say that the percentage of arable land exceeds 80%, and there are practically no forests or protected areas. Under such conditions, areas with preserved natural vegetation (as well as forest belts) themselves become ecotones between different types of land use.

Literature

1. 1.Biological and landscape diversity of Crimea: problems and prospects. Simferopol: Sonat, 1999. – 180 p.
2. 2. Podgorodetsky P.D. Crimea: Nature. – Simferopol: Tavria, 1988.

"Landscapes of all planets, ruins of all empires"

Igor Rusanov

The landscape diversity of the Crimean peninsula is comparable to an entire country in Central Europe or the Mediterranean. This also applies to the complex geological structure and relief forms of various shapes. The flora of Crimea is incredibly rich, for example, on Bear Mountain alone there are about 900 species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants - this corresponds to the floristic richness of large regions of Central Russia. The altitudinal zone of the Crimean Mountains forms landscapes very similar to the tundra, and even to Arctic plant species. There are no glaciers or highlands on the peninsula. But there is such a phenomenon as aspects - short-term states of natural communities. This is, for example, the massive flowering of wild tulips in the Opuk Nature Reserve, or the drying out of estuaries to a bright pink color with the banks of a rich burgundy color due to salt-tolerant plants. Such landscapes appear more than once in Soviet science fiction films. Steppes and deserts are also Crimea. But like everything and always on a peninsula with fertile and peaceful nature.

It is quite clear that the main part of the Crimean Peninsula is located in the Moderate climatic zone, so a birch grove, a pine forest and all sorts of beloved Russian classics are not uncommon in Crimea. The southern coast of Crimea (SC) is a Sub-Mediterranean region with an abundance of evergreen vegetation. The foothills surprise with the expanses of the American Chalk Prairie, familiar to everyone from Westerns. And in the mountains it’s not difficult to find classic alpine landscapes.

We recommend your first trip through the “world in miniature” along a circular route Golden ring Crimea and we recommend a mandatory long stop in Alupka. Most of the Crimean attractions are located in the southwest, on the ring Simferopol - Bakhchisaray - Inkerman - Sevastopol - Balaklava - Laspi - Simeiz - Alupka- Miskhor - Yalta - Gurzuf - Partenit - Alushta - Angarsk Pass - Salgir Valley - Simferopol. You can get an overview of the Golden Ring of Crimea from any point in 1 day! Of course, you can go in any direction. But we recommend your first trip so that you get to Alupka early. You can return to your place of residence in the dark.

Filming in Vorontsov palace and park complex will allow you to create an incredible number of scenes from different historical eras in different parts of the globe. The grandiose stone chaos of the Upper Park is quite suitable as an alien landscape for star wars. The architecture of the palace was originally created as a strict medieval Gothic on the western and northern facades and lush eastern luxury in the south and eastern sides. Upper landscape park - in English style and with corners wildlife SC, and the lower one is regular with a combination Italian terraces and French techniques of park art.

Plan diagram of the Vorontsov palace and park complex in Alupka

The beautiful setting of the palace and park in Alupka is the famous mountain range Ai-Petri in the sky blue, and below is the bright blue of the Black Sea with picturesque coastal cliffs.

The most spectacular area car travel along the Golden Ring of Crimea this is the Sevastopol - Yalta highway . Watching the changing landscapes from Laspi To Yalta, one famous artist from Germany (with extensive travel experience) formulated a very simple idea: " Yes, you have a highway around every turn - new country! We just saw Italy, and now Greece. Yeah, and here it is Austria, and just 15 minutes ago there was Switzerland"Something like that...

One can, of course, say that in Soviet times Africa or the Arctic were filmed in Crimea because of the economy and the inability to travel abroad. But everything is much more complicated, and most importantly - more interesting!

CRIMEA – THE WHOLE WORLD ON SCREEN

EUROPE:
- Italy.
The film “Gadfly”, scenery and filming in Yalta.
Film "Anna Karenina", filming in the New World.
Film "Romeo and Juliet", scenery in Yalta.
Film "Twelfth Night", scenery in Yalta.
The film "Othello", scenery and filming in Yalta.
Film “Moscow-Genoa”, filming on the South Coast.
The film “The Royal Hunt”, set and filming in Artek.
Film “Marco Polo” (produced in Canada), set design
“Streets of Venice” and filming in Yalta.

- Spain.
The film "Don Quixote", scenery and filming in Yalta and Ai-Petri.
Film “Dog in the Manger”, filming at the Livadia Palace.
Film "The Adventures of the Royal Archer Sharpe"
(produced in Great Britain), scenery and filming
under Mount Demerdzhi, in the Baydar Valley, on Ai-
Petrie and in other places.
The film "Pirate Empire", scenery and filming in
Sudak and Yalta.

-France.
The film “Sky Swallows”, filming in the Vorontsov Palace and Yalta.
The film “Prisoner of Europe” (produced in Poland), sea filming in Artek.
Film “The Prisoner of the Castle of Yves” (“The Count of Monte Cristo”), filming
marine scenes with the sailing ship "Comrade" in Gurzuf.
Film “Napoleon Kaput”, filming in the Vorontsov Palace
and in the Mountain Crimea.

- England.
Film "Ten Little Indians", rocky island with a castle
(Swallow's Nest, Diva rock in Simeiz).
Film "Captain Blood's Odyssey", scenery and sea
filming in Artek and Gurzuf.
Film "Hornblow" (produced in Great Britain),
scenery and marine filming in Artek.

- Germany.
Film “In the Empire of Eagles”, sea filming in Artek,
decoration on Ai-Petri.

- Poland.
The film "Pan Blob's Academy", filming on the South Coast.

- Denmark.
The film "Hamlet", filming at the Swallow's Nest.

- Norway.
The film “And Trees Grow on Stones”, set and filming in Gurzuf.

- Greece.
Film "Ships storm the bastions", Corfu island
(Genoese fortress in Sudak).
Film "Sapho", Lesbos island (set and filming in
Balaklava and Chersonese).

- Yugoslavia.
Film “Reporter”, filming in Sevastopol.

ASIA:
- Arab East.
Film "Aladdin's Magic Lamp", set
“Ancient Baghdad” and filming in Omega Bay (Sevastopol).
Film “And Another Night of Scheherazade”, filming
in Yalta, in the Three-Eyes cave on Ai-Petri, in Nikitskaya
crevice, in the Beketovsky quarry, above Foros.
- Volcanic island.
Film “Wind of Hope”, filming of a volcanic eruption at Cape Sarych.
- Island in the Pacific Ocean.
The film "Pirates of the 20th Century", filming in the bays of the New World, on Tarkhankut, the scenery "Native Village" in Quiet bay(Koktebel).

- India.
Film "The Black Prince", scenery eastern city V
Yalta.
- Near East.
The film “The plane flies to Russia”, the setting “Military Base” in Blue Bay.
- Japan.
The film “Dreams about Russia”, scenery and filming in Artek and Utes (Alushta).
- Pirate Island in Indian Ocean . The film "Pirate Empire", scenery under Mount Demerdzhi, in Artek and
Yalta (Republic of Libertalia).
- Türkiye.
The film "Roksolana", filming in the Khan's Palace of Bakhchisarai, in Chufut-Kale and on the southern coast of Crimea.
- Afghanistan.
The film “9th Company”, the scenery “Afghan village” in the area of ​​the village. Ordzhonikidze (Feodosia).
- Israel.
Film "The Master and Margarita", biblical Jerusalem.
- China(Hong Kong).
The film "Passenger", the scenery "Port Street" in Balaklava, a hotel near Yalta (the estate of Count Ustinov).

AMERICA:
- USA.
Film "The Mexican" (based on Jack London).
The film "The Headless Horseman", decoration and filming under
Ak-Kaya rock (Belogorsk).
Movie " Business people"(according to O. Henry), one of the short stories
filmed in the Crimean Mountains.
Film "The Man from the Boulevard des Capucines", set and

Film “Chingachgook the Great Serpent” (GDR production),
filming under Mount Demirdzhi and in other places of the Crimean Mountains.
Film "The Star and Death of Haokino Murrieta", scenery and
filming under the Ak-Kaya rock (Belogorsk).
- Flint the Pirate Island.
Film "Treasure Island", set in Sosnyak, filming in Nikitskaya Cleft, on Red Stone, in Malorechenskoye, under the Shaan-Kaya rock, in
Partenite and in Laspi Bay.
- Chile.
The film “This sweet word is freedom”, scenery and filming
in Yalta (Ignatenko St.) and Koktebel.
- Cordillera.
Film "Captain Grant's Children", filming a scene
“Avalanche in the mountains” (in winter on Ai-Petri).
- Caribbean Sea. Film "Captain Blood's Odyssey", scenery and
marine filming in Artek and Gurzuf.
- Haiti. Film “The Age of Enlightenment”, set “City Embankment”
Port-au-Prince" in Utes (Alushta), sea filming in Artek.
- Caribbean Islands . The film "Hearts of Three", scenery and filming in
Cliff, under Mount Demerdzhi, in Artek, on Lake Kastelskoe, on
Ai-Petri.

AFRICA:
- South Africa, port of Cape Town. Film "Maximka", filming in
Yalta port with the participation of the sailing ship "Comrade".
- Equatorial Africa. Film “The Rape of the Savoy”, filming
at the Angarsk training ground (Perevalnoe village).
- North Africa . Film "Fire Drums", scenery and
marine filming in Artek, Blue Bay, at the Swallow's Nest.

USSR (Russia)

Arctic tundra:
- The film “Trace of the Wolverine” (the action takes place on
Taimyr) - filming was carried out in winter on the Ai-Petrinskaya Yayla.
- The film “Korolev” (the action takes place in Kolyma) –
The filming took place in winter on the Ai-Petrinskaya Yayla.

Siberian taiga:
- The film “What was the taiga silent about?” was held in the forests above Yalta
filming scenes that took place in the Altai Mountains.
- The film “King of the Ringmaster”, filming took place in the area
Wuchang-Su waterfall with a live bear.
- The film “The Lost Expedition”, filmed under Mount Ai-Petri
scenes in which the actions took place in the Sayan Mountains.
- The film “The Sixth”, the action takes place in a small Siberian
town, filming took place under Mount Ai-Petri and in other
places in the Crimean Mountains.

Far East:
- Film “Let's Talk, Brother”, filming of the transition
Far Eastern partisans through a rocky ridge
were produced on the Ai-Nikola rock (Upper Oreanda).
- The film “The Right to Shot”, the action took place off the coast
Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, filming took place in Kamyshovaya Bay
(Sevastopol) and at Cape Aya.
- The film “Admiral”, filming scenes of naval battles from Russian times
Japanese war (filming took place in the Sevastopol area).
- Film “Korolev”, filming scenes of S. Korolev’s sailing from Magadan
took place in Sevastopol.

Middle Asia:
- Film “The Taste of Halva” (about the childhood of Khoja Nasreddin), filming
were produced in Feodosia.
- The aforementioned film “Aladin's Magic Lamp”.
- Film “Officers”, railway station in Turkestan, filming
in Inkerman (Sevastopol).
- The aforementioned film “And Another Night of Scheherazade.”

Caucasus:
- The film “Vertical”, a number of Caucasian scenes were filmed in
Crimea (in the rocky Nikitskaya crevice).
- The film “Taman”, filming at Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, filming took place in
Alushta, under Mount Demerdzhi and other places in Gorny
Crimea.
- Film “Sportloto-82”, filming in Feodosia and Gorny
Crimea, on Ai-Petri, the run of the main characters through
burning suspension bridge.
- The film “Thieves in Law”, the action takes place in the Caucasus,
filming took place in the Crimean Mountains, on the embankment
Yalta and on the streets of the city.
- Film “The Feast of Belshazzar”, filming the hijacking of a passenger ship
militants led by the young Dzhugashvili, and scenes on
Stalin's Caucasian dacha (san. "Ukraine" in Miskhor) were produced in
Crimea.
- Film “Marco Polo”, on the Swallow’s Nest and in the Crimean Mountains
scenes were filmed that took place in
medieval Armenia.
- The film “I-Doll”, filming scenes of the attack of Chechen militants on
village in the Stavropol region (village Tylovoe in the Baydar Valley).

Filming underground:
- The film “Ordered to Survive”, filming took place in
Trekhglazka cave on Ai-Petri.
- The film “And Another Night of Scheherazade”, filming took place in
Three-Eyes Cave on Ai-Petri.
- The film “Yalta” over Yalta”, filming in the newly discovered
cave on the Ai-Petri plateau.

Filming underwater:
- The film “Amphibian Man”, filming in Laspi Bay.
- The film “Scuba Tanks at the Bottom”, filming in the New World.
- The film “The Little Mermaid”, filming took place at Cape Sarych.
- The film “Pirates of the 20th Century”, filming in the pool and at Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film “Aquanauts”, unprecedented in volume and complexity
underwater filming (scenery and various technical
products) were produced on the shelf of Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film “Through Hardships to the Stars”, for the first time in space
weightlessness was filmed underwater (in the pool).

Filming fairy tales:
- Films by Alexander Row: “Marya the Mistress”, “Kingdom”
crooked mirrors", "Morozko", "Fire, water and copper pipes",
“Varvara is beautiful, long braid.”
- Films by Alexander Ptushko: “Sadko”, “Ilya Muromets”,
“The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, “Scarlet Sails”.
- Films by Boris Rytsarev: “Aladdin’s Magic Lamp”, “On
they were sitting on the golden porch.”
- Pavel Arsenov’s film “The Deer King”.
- Films by Mikhail Yuzovsky: “Merry Magic”, “There, on
unknown paths”, “After the rain, on Thursday”, “One, two -
grief is not a problem.”
- Films by Gennady Vasiliev: “Finist – Clear Falcon”, “Bye
the clock is striking", "The New Adventures of Captain Vrungel", "Black
prince".
- Films by Leonid Nechaev: “The Adventures of Pinocchio”, “About
Little Red Riding Hood", "Peter Pan".
- Films by Vladimir Bychkov: “City of Masters”, “The Little Mermaid”.
- Film by Irina Povolotskaya “The Scarlet Flower”.
- Film by Vladimir Grammatikov “Mio, my Mio.”
- Alexander Mitta’s film “The Tale of Wanderings.”
- Film by Tahir Sabirov “And Another Night of Scheherazade.”
- Films-fairy tales of Boris Nebieridze (“The Red Shoes”, etc.).
- Polish film fairy tale “Pan Blob’s Academy”.

Filming fantasy films:
- “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin.”
- "Amphibian Man".
- "Andromeda's nebula".
- “Treasures of the Flaming Rocks.”
- “Moscow – Cassiopeia” and “Youths in the Universe”.
- “Sannikov Land”.
- “Aquanauts”.
- "Through hardship to the stars".
- “Comet”.
- “It’s hard to be God.”
- “Purple Ball”.

Filming in ancient policies, fortifications, fortresses and architectural and historical ensembles (the number of films cannot be counted):

Cave cities Chufut-Kale, Eski-Kermen, Kachi-Kalyon, etc.

Genoese fortress in Sudak.

Palace of the Crimean Khans in Bakhchisarai.

Massandra Palace.

Yusupov Palace.

Note:

The idea for this review probably belongs to Crimean journalist Mike Lvovsky.
Just in case - an exact copy of the “eyeliner” from Valery Pavlotos’ letter:
"I was asked by Segodnya newspaper special correspondent Mike Lvovsky to compile a list of films (filmed in Crimea) whose action takes place in different countries and on different continents."