Research and development of cultural tourism in the region. Theoretical foundations of cultural and educational tourism. General presentation and classification of cultural tourism

The emergence and development of cultural and educational tourism is inextricably linked with the history of the emergence of an understanding of cultural values, recognition of the need for their systematization and the development of regulations for protection. IN last years All over the world there are tendencies to reconsider attitudes towards natural and cultural heritage, which is associated with global processes of creating a common information space. The trend is towards displacement cultural heritage from the sphere of a predominantly decorative element of social life into the basic value of modern civilization. Monuments of nature, history and culture make up a significant share of the cultural and natural heritage of the world. They support the natural and cultural diversity of the planet and make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of the country and human civilization as a whole. The current stage in the history of the development of cultural and educational tourism. The end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century is the stage of awareness of the danger of global and uncontrolled use of cultural resources. It is characterized by the presence of the following factors: intercultural influence, creation of a unified information space, legislative regulation, development and implementation of programs for the preservation of cultural heritage. The importance of tourism in the world is constantly increasing, which is associated with the great influence of tourism on the economy individual country. The development of tourism plays an important role in solving social problems, helps to improve the level of education, improve the medical care system, and introduce new means of disseminating information.

Cultural educational tourism differs significantly from other types of tourism; it does not have a pronounced seasonal demand. This type is relevant at any time of the year, as tourists come on excursions to visit museums, see historical monuments and sights of the country

Russia has great resource potential, for example, historical, cultural and historical monuments are in great demand in Rostourism.

Also, regions must develop in the area of target audience; it is necessary to understand what category of people come in a particular season and for what purpose.

On this moment V Russian Federation not enough attention is paid to the study of social characteristics.

Development of cultural and educational tourism in the regions

Russia is rich cultural country, almost every region has resources for tourism development. In order to properly structure the work on the development of Rostourism in the region, each government agency or company must take responsibility for a specific area of activity.

For example, cultural authorities must monitor the technical condition and appearance. If something happens, they are obliged to carry out the necessary repairs, reconstruction or restoration.

Tour operator companies must look for ways to expand geography and increase routes.

In turn, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation is obliged to increase the number of domestic museums, reserves and ancient estates. The Ministry of Education and Science should also deal with workers who are in the field of cultural and educational tourism.

Specialists must constantly improve their work.

Regions must create and maintain their attractiveness through careful treatment of historical monuments, cultural sites and attractions. Also, local authorities or private individuals should take care of the comfortable accommodation of tourists.

Resources of cultural and educational tourism

Tourism resources play a very important role in a certain area and a specific region. For example, for ski holiday– these are mountains, for ecological tourism – nature reserves, parks, wildlife and much more.

For people who come for the purpose of treatment, recovery or prevention, it is very important to have healing waters, natural mineral springs etc.

As for, there are two main types:

Cultural and educational tourism has a very important advantage over other types of recreation - it is in demand all year round. All regions are different in their resources, infrastructure and target audience. That is why the development of cultural tourism directly depends on the output for a particular region.

Powers of the Federal Agency for Tourism

The Federal Agency for Tourism (Rosturizm) is a federal executive body that deals with state regulation of tourism activities. The Federal Agency for Tourism is obliged to maintain a unified Federal Register of Tour Operators and create new representative offices for the development of tourism outside the Russian Federation.

It also undertakes to inform travel agencies and guests about a possible threat to life in the place where they are currently staying. More than one appeal from citizens to the structure should not go unattended and answered. The Federal Agency is obliged to resolve issues that arise during cultural and educational tourism.

Responsible for:

Rational use of subject and non-subject resources;
Freedom of movement of citizens;
Safety of recreation and property;
Various rights of tourists during their stay in the Russian Federation.

Local authorities must resolve issues in their region and independently manage municipal property. Laws No. 131-FZ and No. 132-FZ indicate that local governments are vested with certain power in the field of tourism. They undertake:

Create municipal enterprises and institutions that will solve social problems and organize tourist holiday on the territory of the Russian Federation;
Create the necessary conditions for the development of cultural tourism;
Quickly make decisions in the event of a threat to life or property of citizens located in a particular territory. As well as providing timely services when terminating a contract with a tour operator for a valid reason.

Target tourist audience in the Russian Federation

At the moment, Russia does not pay due attention to the study of the target audience in a particular region or the State as a whole. Socio-demographic characteristics are of great importance in the development of cultural tourism. For example, for a certain category of people, only the traditions and creativity of the country are interesting, so it is necessary to pay attention to this and develop this area in the region.

As a rule, women most prefer cultural and educational tourism, so it is necessary to organize all the conditions for a comfortable stay for the female audience. Most made up of children, students and women of Balzac's age.

If we look at this from a professional perspective, it will become noticeable that teachers, doctors and people of all creative professions are most often interested in culture. It is rare to see serious entrepreneurs, office workers, and so on in this area. There is a simple explanation for this:

Creative people have the time, desire and interest to develop in the field of culture and learn something new;
Office workers do not have time for this; they prefer to work hard or visit other countries just for leisure. Visiting museums and exhibitions is not of particular interest to them.

About mentality and choice of time of year

If we consider this issue from the side of citizens living in major cities and in small villages you can immediately set priorities. Cultural and educational tourism, unlike any other type, is not popular with everyone, but has no seasonal restrictions.

For example, ski tourism in Russia is visited exclusively in winter time, and passive recreation by the sea is typical only in the summer. In this regard, cultural tourism has no framework.

You should also know that in spring there is always a large flow of tourists - schoolchildren. At this time of year, schools conduct scheduled excursions for the cultural development of the generation.

Pensioners, in turn, prefer to vacation in September, since this time is the quietest and means fewer tourists. An important factor is the favorable climate.

TO cultural development residents most often strive major cities, since they have the financial opportunity and interest in new knowledge. But residents of villages or small towns do not show due interest in self-development. The reason for this is the difference in upbringing and mentality. In small populated areas, as a rule, do not instill a love of culture.

It is not uncommon for unemployment and lack of education to prevail over motivation for cultural development.

Financing of cultural institutions

Financing directly depends on the type of activity of a particular company. A state-owned enterprise must be registered in the federal register of tour operators.

On the basis of a legal act, the issue of setting prices for tourism products, vouchers or long excursions will be resolved. Also, based on the legal act, it is possible to grant the rights to set prices to a certain body.

In the case when the owner of a tourist establishment wants to be independent from the financial support of Rostourism, he undertakes to solve all social problems independently (Part 1 of Article 123.21 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

If excursion program lasts more than 24 hours, the owner must have financial security. To do this, you must register with Rostourism.

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Along with entertainment, educational, and health tourism, a significant number of people are attracted by educational tourism. Its goal is to introduce people to the material and spiritual values of various countries and peoples. Unlike entertainment, educational tourism allows tour participants to become more deeply acquainted with both the entire culture of individual peoples and its individual manifestations. Educational tourism is an expression of a person’s desire to expand his horizons, to get an idea of how other countries and peoples live, what their achievements are in science, art, technology and everyday life. The desire for knowledge is both the content and a powerful stimulus for human activity. By receiving new impressions about known natural and cultural phenomena, a person satisfies one of his most powerful needs - the need for knowledge. In educational tourism, a person actually encounters what he has only read about or seen on television. This meeting with reality turns out to be much more memorable and has an impact on his imagination than the books he read and the films he saw. New impressions allow a person to rethink his life path, see new horizons, and receive new incentives for creative self-expression. Russia is home to architectural monuments of world significance. This architectural complexes St. Petersburg and its environs, and the architectural ensembles of Moscow and its estates, as well as the architecture of the cities of the so-called Golden Ring. Getting to know these monuments allows you to see the creative capabilities of Russians and the greatness of our country’s historical past.

Educational tourism covers all aspects of travel, through which a person learns about the life, culture, and customs of another people. Tourism is therefore an important means of creating cultural connections and international cooperation. Development cultural factors within the region is a means of expanding resources to attract tourist flows. In many countries, tourism can be included in the so-called cultural relations policy.

The level of cultural development can also be used to create a favorable image of a particular region in the tourism market. Elements and factors of culture can be channels for distributing information about the tourism opportunities of an area. The success of tourism development depends not only on the material and technical base that meets generally accepted standards and requirements, but also on the uniqueness of the national cultural heritage.

The role of educational tourism in the modern world is enormous. Tourism affects all spheres of society, including culture, economics, and social life. The intensity of tourism development and the scale of tourism largely depend on the world community’s recognition of the value of the country’s cultural and natural potential and its heritage. Currently, it is culture and heritage that determine the attitude of the world community towards the country, its attractiveness from the standpoint of not only social relations and tourism, but also business. True respect in modern conditions can be achieved not only, and not so much, through strengthening military power, growth of national territory and population, but, above all, through the contribution that the country makes to world culture, science and economics (as parts of general culture), in the development of civilized relations between peoples, countries, people. In this regard, in order to recognize the significance of a country as a great power, the role of heritage, cultural values created by the people over a long period of its existence, becomes decisive.

This also applies to Russia. After all, the fact that Russia remains today among the great powers of the world is largely due to the authority of its wonderful writers, musicians, artists, architects, and scientists. Russia is great for its artistic and scientific schools. The whole world knows modern Russian pianists, violinists and cellists, singers, ballet masters, physicists and mathematicians.

Therefore, today, when they talk about the attractiveness of Russia as a tourist space, they mean not only the outstanding creations of Russian architects, the beauty of ancient Russian cities, the depth of folk culture embodied in folklore, in the works of folk artists, but also the wonderful works of writers and poets, artists, musicians, the originality of the national culture that has developed in Russia.

Inextricably linked with an understanding of the richness and diversity of Russian culture are such large cities as Moscow and St. Petersburg, small Russian historical cities and settlements, which are carriers of a special atmosphere, where the most valuable examples of urban planning art, architectural monuments, and places associated with outstanding historical events are uniquely combined. , the lives of wonderful people, natural attractions.

The presence in Russia of unique historical, cultural and natural resources assumes that our country and its regions have the prerequisites for the development of educational tourism, which actually gives the economy socio-political and economic dividends and benefits. Meanwhile, the theory and methodology for the development of educational tourism are not sufficiently developed, which does not allow for its targeted management in practice in certain territories. Consequently, Russian organizations specializing in serving tourists traveling for educational purposes are faced with the task of finding methods for building an effective management system that would strengthen their market positions and thereby contribute to the further development of tourism and the country as a whole.

The Federal Agency for Tourism has approved a strategy for the development of tourism in Russia for the period until 2015. The 86-page document provides mainly for the development of educational tourism, as the most promising, as well as a significant expansion of the powers of Rostourism. If the second initiative can be implemented already this year, then the allocated eight years may not be enough for the development of educational tourism in Russia.

Cultural and educational tourism is the most popular and promising of all types of tourism of the 21st century, since, using the achievements of past years, it helps to establish mutual understanding between people, fosters respect for the diversity of cultures and increases the intellectual and spiritual level of the population. The article analyzes the problems of tourism in modern Russia and outlines ways to improve domestic tourism through the creation of new cultural centers with exhibition halls and a developed sphere of recreation and entertainment, complex museums under open air, training well-trained specialists in the field of tourism, introducing new forms of management. The characteristic features of cultural and educational tourism and the main factors of its development are considered. In conclusion, recommendations are given for the successful development of cultural and educational tourism in Russia. To do this, it is necessary to improve the infrastructure of tourist sites, wisely use hidden tourism resources in the province, apply accumulated experience and find more effective methods of work.

cultural tourism

attractions

cultural centers

museumification

archaeological sites

tourism resources

1. Gorbunova M.Yu. Organizational foundations of cultural tourism // Problems and prospects for the development of cultural tourism Saratov region. – Saratov, 2006.

2. Izotova M.A., Matyukhina Yu.A. Innovations in sociocultural services and tourism // htpp: // tjurlib /net.

3. Kovalev G.D. Fundamentals of innovation management. – M., 2009.

4. Likhachev D.S. Thoughts about Russia. – St. Petersburg, 1999.

5. Likhachev D.S. Russian culture. – M.: Art, 2000.

6. Otnyukova M.S. Cultural tourism and social construction of attractions // Problems and prospects for the development of cultural tourism in the Saratov region. – Saratov, 2004.

Cultural tourism became widespread in the second half of the 20th century, when many developed countries moved from industrial to post-industrial society, one of the features of which is a significant expansion of access to cultural goods. Cultural and educational tourism is currently the most popular. In the 80s, academician D.S. Likhachev emphasized that for the preservation of human life, no less important than the natural biological environment is the environment created by the culture of his ancestors and himself. Culture is the soul of a nation. At the moment main problem in tourism in Russia is the development of domestic and inbound tourism. Also, at present, the problem of finding a national idea is extremely acute. Studying our own past and using the experience and achievements of many hundreds of generations who lived before us will contribute in the best possible way to solving it.

In the 21st century, tourism business specialists recognize cultural and educational tourism as the most promising direction in tourism as the only one capable of revealing to the traveler something new, interesting and unknown. It must be emphasized that it is cultural tourism that develops different forms of human communication, establishing and consolidating mutual understanding between people, respect for the diversity of cultures and customs. Culture is the fundamental basis of the process of development, preservation and strengthening of the independence and identity of peoples. Cultural tourism is currently a completely new field cultural recreation and spiritual education. The expansion of cultural tourism in our time is facilitated by the development of all types of transport, interregional and international cultural contacts, the formation and improvement of the tourism industry in our country and in the world.

Only a few foreign tourists and a few of our compatriots imagine that on the territory of most regions and regions of Russia there are unique archaeological, ethnographic, historical, architectural and natural monuments. In recent decades, the most interesting monuments of the Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age and Middle Ages have been discovered in our country, containing cultural and artistic values that, in terms of aesthetic performance and historical significance, are comparable to the well-known treasures of world civilizations. These monuments, according to experts, represent enormous cultural potential for the development of tourism in the province. It should be noted that the introduction of local attractions into tourism will give impetus to the development of cultural and educational tourism, which is becoming popular and in demand all over the world.

There is another very important side to this issue - this is the problem of education and upbringing. Development of cultural tourism, promoting the harmonization of man and society, man and nature, in all developed countries is in the sight of the state. The main objects of such tourism are monuments of history, nature and culture, archeology. These same monuments are permanent significant sources of income, solve the problem of creating jobs, and contribute to the knowledge of their small homeland.

There are three main differences between modern cultural and educational tourism:

1) the active role and position of the tourist are of paramount importance, the possibility of choosing routes and forms of their passage is very high;

2) the attractive role not of individual monuments, as before, but of the entire cultural environment;

3) the cultural resources of a particular region of Russia act as cultural capital capable of reproduction, including through income from modern forms of tourism.

The main factors of cultural tourism, according to researcher M.Yu. Gorbunova, are, firstly, clients as consumers of these services; secondly, enterprises providing access to these services. Like other directions, cultural and educational tourism is organized around attractions, which can be divided into several types: historical, archaeological, natural, architectural, geological, sports, political, religious and complex. Educational tourism, varied in subject matter, is divided into two main types: stationary tours (include city excursions) and route tours (most of the proposed complex tourism projects and trips). In any case, educational tourism is a concentration of cultural heritage sites, such as:

1) archaeological monuments;

2) religious and civil architecture;

3) small and large historical cities;

4) rural settlements;

5) museums, theaters, exhibitions;

6) social infrastructure;

7) objects of ethnography, centers of applied creativity;

8) technical complexes and structures.

Recently, entertainment tourism has become a popular form of cultural and educational tourism. It should be remembered that the basis of cultural tourism is the need for intellectual, spiritual and communicative development of a person. Therefore, it now appears great amount completely new tourist destinations: ethnographic, archaeological, floristic; on tourist market proposals are made for photo tours, military tours, wine, religious and wedding tours. Event, educational, ecological and other types of cultural and educational tourism are developing, new museums are appearing, including private ones, for example in Serednikovo near Moscow, with the possibility of introducing individual programs. And first of all, it is necessary to note the emotional impact of such forms of cultural tourism as interactivity, role-playing games and theatricalization. In practice, these are products of entertainment tourism, but they have deep moral and cultural roots. Such projects can be periodic, one-time, or they can become permanent.

In traditional Russian culture, travel symbolizes the expectation of an unusual and emotionally rich cultural experience, primarily associated with the experience of historical and natural-aesthetic reality. Russia has powerful tourism resources, but currently it accounts for only 1% of the world's tourism product. This means that the point is in the development of tourism, the insufficient appearance on the market of a new tourist product and a new, qualitatively different from the previous, modern tourism infrastructure. Thus, increasing the level local tourism will not only significantly increase the budget, but will also play a role in instilling patriotism among young people and will draw attention to the cultural heritage of the regions of our country. To develop domestic tourism, it is necessary to develop and implement new, modern forms of work.

The state of tourism in Russia cannot be considered satisfactory. Difficult socio-economic situation, low level of income of the population, low level of management structure of Russian tourism - the list of reasons can be continued for a long time. But the main ones are inertia, as well as the reluctance or inability of government agencies and organizations involved in the field of tourism to use the experience accumulated in our country during the years of Soviet power, as well as the experience of the countries most advanced in this direction.

The implementation of new tourism goals makes necessary not only a structural restructuring of a socio-political and economic nature, but also the introduction of the latest information technologies into the tourism business.

One of the most promising directions in the development of tourism seems to be the creation of centers of cultural, scientific, educational activities on the basis of archaeological, ethnographic, historical, architectural, natural landscape monuments, and, optimally, complex open-air museums. Rich experience in creating such objects has been accumulated in foreign countries, for example Flevo in Holland, Leir in Denmark, Butser Hill in England, Düppel in Germany. In recent years, museum complexes have begun to be created in Russia, such as Ethnomir in Kaluga, Kostenki in Voronezh, Arkaim in Chelyabinsk regions etc. Such centers, in fact, represent a new model for the activities of cultural institutions with practically unlimited resources and capabilities. On their basis, a fundamentally new sphere of recreation and entertainment for many regions can be created.

Particularly interesting in this regard are museumized monuments located in natural national parks, nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries. However, the activities of such centers are not limited only to human history and culture. Communication with nature, its study, as well as solving problems of the relationship between nature and man, fostering a careful attitude towards the environment can and should also be included in the scope of activity of such a center. In general, we can say that one of the goals of such institutions should be the greening of human life in the broad sense of the word.

In addition, at the present stage of development of domestic tourism, it is absolutely necessary to return to the old, long ago and unfairly forgotten, but the most interesting routes, developed back in Soviet time. Until the 1990s in Russia, not counting local history and literary ones, there were almost exclusively traditional architectural, for example Kizhi, or literary, for example Tarkhany or Yasnaya Polyana, memorial museums.

In recent years, the museumification of specific monuments known to a narrow circle of specialists - archaeological objects - has developed. Museumification of archaeological objects allows not only to solve the problem of preserving this unique heritage, dating back many centuries and millennia, but also contributes to the emergence of fundamentally new forms of storage and display of these unique exhibits and complexes. In many regions of Russia specialized archaeological museums, as well as open-air museums. Such institutions contribute to improving the promotion and popularization of the archaeological heritage. The archaeological collections, which make up the lion's share of the available exhibits, are among the most interesting from the point of view of visitors. But in most cases they have very modest storage space and exhibition space. The lack of specialists, including archaeologists and professional museum workers, leads to the fact that the exhibition areas are very boring and uninformative.

Very interesting exhibitions are in archaeological museums or archaeological departments in local history museums in Moscow, Samara, Volgograd, as well as museum-affiliated archaeological sites, such as Tanais, Chersonesos, Arkaim and others. However, in such open-air museums, as a rule, there is no developed service sector for visitors and vacationers (there are no hotels, cafes, rental points for sports and other equipment and vehicles, boat and yacht stations, beaches, parking lots, shops, etc.). As a rule, visits to such museums are limited to acquaintance with the exhibition, since such museums were created, as a rule, for scientific research purposes, and one of the functions was assigned to serving excursionists and tourists. last places. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the infrastructure of these tourist sites.

The creation of a new type of center presupposes not only the presence of exhibition halls and complexes, but also a developed sphere of recreation and entertainment. The work of the center should be aimed at ensuring that the visitor not only gets acquainted with the existing attractions and exhibitions, but also receives the most positive emotional charge. As you know, the best indicator of the effectiveness of any institution engaged in the field of socio-cultural business and tourism is the degree of “return” of the visitor. Accordingly, the better and more varied the pastime of tourists and excursionists during a visit to the center is organized, the greater the likelihood of an increase in this indicator.

It should be noted that a major role in the development of modern cultural and educational tourism belongs to competent, professionally trained managers, in addition, tourism specialists must be good psychologists. Well-trained specialists can understand various innovations and innovations in the tourism business.

In a market economy tourist organizations There is an increasing awareness of the need to develop new products and services and the associated benefits. Forecasting the profit of a new tourism product is the task of innovation management, as a type of cultural, economic and entrepreneurial activity of tourism firms for the effective organization of innovation processes. In addition, innovative management presupposes the real and competent use of all available resources and the mandatory introduction of new forms of work.

The topic of tourism, obviously, is acquiring a new meaning and can become one of the most important dominant features of human development in the third millennium. All more people overcome spatial barriers in the hope of joining a different culture, gaining new knowledge and impressions. Thus, tourism becomes a sustainable element of a person’s leisure activity and contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and the exchange of cultural information, but its development raises many questions and problems, some of which are outlined in this article.

Reviewers:

Chepik V.D., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Service and Tourism, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Gzhel State Art and Industrial Institute", Moscow region, pos. Electrical insulator;

Loginova L.F., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Theory and Pragmatics of Culture, Educational Institution of Higher Education "Humanitarian and Social Institute", Moscow region, pos. Kraskovo.