Formation of organizational and economic conditions for the development of cultural and educational tourism. Theoretical foundations of cultural and educational tourism Problems of development of cultural tourism

INTRODUCTION

Excursion tourism is today an important object of study, since it is an essential object of the world economy. Over the last decades of the twentieth century, international tourist relations have become an integral part of the socio-economic relations of the world community. In this regard, the process of studying tourism as a science is of great importance. A region interested in attracting tourists should plan and develop special programs and events that promote interest in its culture to attract potential tourists. The historical heritage of the region needs to be promoted to the tourist market. Therefore the locals tourist organizations should be involved in disseminating information about their region.

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that using the data obtained and analyzed in this work it will be possible to determine the compliance excursion tours in Krasnoyarsk GOST.

The main goal of the work is to check Krasnoyarsk excursion tours for compliance with GOSTs.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were formulated:

1. Understand what excursion tourism is
2. Make a list of main criteria based on GOSTs
3. Check the compliance of excursion tours of Krasnoyarsk tour operators with the compiled criteria

The object of the study is excursion tourism.

The subject of the study is excursion tour programs.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL TOURISM

Concepts of cultural and educational tourism

The cultural self-expression of a people is always of interest. The natural curiosity of a tourist regarding various parts of the world and the peoples inhabiting them form one of the most powerful motivating tourist motives.

Tourism - the best way getting to know another culture. The humanitarian significance of tourism lies in the use of its opportunities for the development of personality, its creative potential, and expanding the horizon of knowledge. The desire for knowledge has always been an integral feature of man. Combining recreation with knowledge of the life, history and culture of another people is one of the tasks that tourism is fully capable of solving. Seeing the world with your own eyes, hearing, feeling are important parts of the restorative function of tourism; they carry great humanitarian potential. Getting to know the culture and customs of another country enriches a person’s spiritual world.

Culture is the fundamental basis of the process of development, preservation, strengthening of independence, sovereignty and identity of the people. The identity of the paths of historical evolution of culture and tourism predetermined the commonality of new methods of approach to their further development. In most countries of the world, there is a process of democratization of culture and tourism, which form an integral part of social life. Self-awareness and knowledge of the surrounding world, personal development and achievement of set goals are unthinkable without acquiring knowledge in the field of culture.

At a conference in Mexico City (1981), two definitions of culture were proclaimed. The first definition is of a general nature, based on cultural anthropology and includes everything that man has created in addition to nature: social thought, economic activity, production, consumption, literature and art, lifestyle and human dignity.

The second definition is of a specialized nature, built on the “culture of culture”, i.e. on the moral, spiritual, intellectual and artistic aspects of human life.

The cultural heritage of any nation consists not only of the works of artists, architects, musicians, writers, works of scientists, etc., but also of intangible assets, including folklore, folk crafts, festivals, religious rituals, etc.

This type of tourism, such as cultural or educational, has long emerged and become independent. Its basis is the historical and cultural potential of the country, which includes the entire sociocultural environment with traditions and customs, features of everyday life and economic activity. Minimum set of resources for educational tourism can be provided by any area, but for its mass development a certain concentration of objects is required cultural heritage, among which are:

archaeological monuments;

religious and civil architecture;

monuments of landscape architecture;

small and large historical cities;

rural settlements;

museums, theaters, exhibition halls, etc.;

sociocultural infrastructure;

objects of ethnography, folk arts and crafts, centers of applied art;

technical complexes and structures.

When visiting another country, tourists generally perceive cultural complexes, of which nature is an integral part. The attractiveness of cultural complexes is determined by their artistic and historical value, fashion and accessibility in relation to places of demand.

The cultural characteristics of different regions of the world are increasingly encouraging people to spend their holidays traveling. Objects visited by tourists contribute to their spiritual enrichment and broadening their horizons. Culture is one of the main elements of tourist interest.

The level of cultural development can be used to create a favorable image of a particular region in tourist market. Elements and factors of culture can be channels for distributing information about the tourism opportunities of an area. The success of tourism development depends not only on the material and technical base that meets generally accepted standards and requirements, but also on the uniqueness of the national cultural heritage.

National cultural heritage sites must be presented intelligently and creatively. Scientific and technical progress did its job: the products of one country are practically no different from similar products of another country. Uniformity is unacceptable in culture. A region that wants to become a popular tourist destination must have unique cultural complexes and offer them to the tourist market.

The assessment of cultural complexes for tourism purposes can be carried out using two main methods:

ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture;

necessary and sufficient time for sightseeing, which allows you to compare different territories according to the prospects of their historical and cultural potential for tourism.

These methods are largely subjective: cultural complexes, highly valued by experts, do not always evoke an adequate reaction from tourists. The necessary and sufficient time for inspecting objects is to a certain extent determined by their accessibility and construction excursion routes. Finally, the idea of the value of cultural complexes depends on the level of education, national characteristics tourists. In most cases, interest in cultural objects is determined by fashion.

Important characteristic cultural complex is the stability of its compliance with the value criteria formed among the population. This factor is associated with the long-term interest of tourists in a particular cultural site. Tourists' interest in such world cultural heritage sites as Egyptian pyramids, ancient architecture, etc. At the same time, a number of objects, for example Lenin’s places, the most visited in Russia during the Soviet period, lost their attractiveness with the change in ideological attitudes in society. Therefore, one of the main tasks of tourism organizers is not only the creation of a cultural complex for tourism, but also its preservation for a sufficiently long historical period.

Despite the fact that almost any information can be obtained from printed periodicals, fiction and other sources, the old truth never gets old: “It’s better to see once than to hear a hundred times.” Therefore, a region interested in attracting tourists must wisely plan and develop special programs and events that will increase interest in its culture, disseminate information about its cultural potential in order to attract potential tourists.

In practice, there are seven types of cultural tourism, each of which is aimed at visiting certain cultural and historical places. Main types of cultural tourism:

Architectural tourism - visiting architectural forms of cultural significance;

Historical is a special type of tourism, the main direction is visiting sites of historical battles, museums, ruins and other types of historical and military architecture;

Literary and arts tourism - theaters, galleries, houses and museums of artists and writers;

Musical tourism - concerts, festivals, carnivals;

Tourism of cultural parks - study of landscapes;

Excursion tourism - architecture and city panoramas;

Rural - countryside, clean air, culture and folklore.

Cultural and educational tourism is aimed at broadening the tourist’s horizons. Tours must include a program with specific objects according to the theme. This distinguishes it from other types of tourism.

Introduction

Cultural tourism: essence and classification

General presentation and classification of cultural tourism

Factors influencing cultural tourism

Problems of development of cultural tourism in Russia

Cultural heritage sites

The main problems of Russian cultural tourism

Potential for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

Assessment of cultural complexes

Criteria for assessing cultural tourism objects in Russia

Development of cultural tourism using the example of the tourist and recreational zone “Golden Ring of Moscow”

Prospects for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

More than a third of a century ago, the “International Convention for the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage” was promulgated in Paris, dictated by concern, if not fear, for the safety of the objects of material culture of human civilization.

They are threatened not so much by natural disasters, but by natural aging - the inevitably destructive passage of time. And not even acts of vandalism or the negligence of individual, in general, single, irresponsible members of society. And much more serious, more destructive forces are the changing mass consciousness in a changing world.

Culture is the fundamental basis for the process of development, preservation, strengthening of independence, sovereignty and identity of the people. The identity of the paths of historical evolution of culture and tourism predetermined the commonality of new methods of approach to their further development. In most countries of the world, there is a process of democratization of culture and tourism, which form an integral part of social life.

One of the main indicators of the effective work of the Tourism Committee on the development of inbound tourism is the annual increase in the flow of foreign tourists to Moscow. According to the Border Service of the FSB of the Russian Federation, about 3.5 million foreign guests visited the capital through the airports of the Moscow air zone in 2006, which is 19% higher than the final figure for 2005 (2 million 919 thousand). Indicators for the 1st half of 2007 - 1 million 427 thousand foreign tourists show an increase in the flow of guests by 7.5% compared to the same period in 2006 (1 million 327 thousand).1

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in the light of the formation of democratic principles in Russia, integration into pan-European and world cultural processes is necessary, incl. processes of development of cultural tourism as one of the most promising areas of social and economic cooperation.

There are many definitions of the concept "cultural heritage". One of them says that cultural heritage is a reflection of the interaction between human society and the natural environment. Cultural tourism, unlike, for example, sports or beach tourism, is aimed at mastering cultural heritage, exploring the life experiences of other people, their customs, intellectual and creative achievements.

Today, as humanity enters the era of the Information Society, the requirements for the nature and completeness of available information have sharply increased. This also applies to cultural tourism.

The relevance and insufficient degree of theoretical and practical elaboration of the problems of the development of historical and cultural tourism in Russia and its regions predetermined the choice of topic, purpose and objectives of the study.

The purpose of the thesis is to consider the problem and prospects for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

In accordance with the intended goal, the following tasks are defined:

formulate the methodological basis for analyzing the socio-economic nature of cultural tourism;

consider the role of cultural tourism in the development of the regional economy;

identify general global trends and prospects for the development of cultural tourism;

assess the current state of cultural tourism in the Russian Federation,

identify economic and organizational features and opportunities for the development of historical and cultural tourism using the example of the Golden Ring;

determine a set of measures for the development of cultural tourism as one of the promising areas.

The subject of the study is cultural tourism

The object of study is a set of organizational, economic, socio-cultural and legal relations that arise during the formation, functioning and development of historical and cultural tourism in Russia at the regional level.

The theoretical foundations and research into the problems of development of historical and cultural tourism were developed in the works of a number of foreign authors: C. Landry, D. Pierce, R. Prentice, G. Richards, etc. In the domestic literature, the features and trends in the development of historical and cultural tourism are reflected in works: O.I. Genisaretsky, V.E. Gordina, B.V. Emelyanova, V.A. Kvartalny, E.A. Kotlyarova, N.I. Podunova,
O.V. Rakhmaleva, T.V. Rumyantseva, V.B. Saprunova, V.T. Ustimenko and others.

In preparing the work, the author analyzed the legislative and regulatory documents underlying the state policy for regulating tourism activities in Russia, statistical materials: publications of the UN Tourism Commission, the World Tourism Organization, the WTO Commission for Europe, materials of the European Community Commission, international conferences on the development of historical heritage; national statistical publications, reports, reports, reviews of government tourism departments, periodical data.

In the process of research, general scientific methods were used: analysis and synthesis, analogy, abstraction, induction and deduction, principles of unity of quantitative and qualitative measurement, historical and logical methods. The work also used methods of comparative assessments, forecasting, graphical and economic-statistical analysis, and expert assessments.

Structurally, the thesis consists of an introduction, in which the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the purpose and objectives of the research are formulated; three logically interconnected chapters, revealing the conditional aspects of the topic under study; conclusions, which present general conclusions about the study; list of used literature and applications. Chapter titles reflect their content.

1 Cultural tourism: essence and classification

1.1 General presentation and classification of cultural tourism

Cultural tourism means traveling with the aim of getting acquainted with material and spiritual objects of culture, participating in cultural events. Together they influence the spiritual sphere of a person, his value system, knowledge, influence social behavior, and in one way or another affect his behavior as an economic subject.

In the context of globalization, cultural tourism as a leading sub-sector of tourism has new functions. It is no longer considered only as a type of tourism activity, but also an important and effective mechanism for managing the intercultural dialogue of peoples in a globalizing world; a way to implement the principles of social partnership at the level of various subjects of interaction.

One of the most attractive resources for tourism in the Russian Federation is cultural heritage. Russia is traditionally perceived as a country that has made a huge contribution to world culture. It is necessary to implement a competent heritage policy.

Heritage policy can be understood as a system of complex interactive interaction between various institutions and individuals: organizations at global, national and regional levels of government, public and third sector organizations, educational institutions, scientists and heritage specialists, simply “heritage consumers” (museum visitors , tourists, etc.), as a result of which the very essence of the concept of heritage is determined, as well as strategy and tactics in relation to it.2 Management in the field of heritage, or as it is often called, cultural resource management, is rather a technological concept, it also includes elements of strategy and tactics, but refers, as a rule, to the activities of government organizations at various levels. Let us give several foreign definitions of this concept. It is very clearly, although very narrowly formulated in the American methodology: it is “state-funded conservation and study of archaeological and historical resources including archaeological monuments and historical buildings. Often used in a narrower sense to refer to work in the field of archeology and history that is carried out in anticipation of various large government-funded projects, such as the construction of dams or highways." Another definition, somewhat similar but different from the first, can be given: Cultural resource management or archaeological cultural resource management is generally federally or state-funded archaeological research that is carried out because a certain portion of private property has been acquired for use or construction of a road, bridge or other public works. For example, in order to begin construction of an interstate highway using federal funding, an archaeological resource assessment of the area is required. This assessment, reflected in the technical report, is similar to, and sometimes forms part of, the conclusions of the assessment of the project's environmental impact. It must evaluate all available cultural resources, historical and prehistoric, that may be affected by the project. Cultural archaeological resource management is typically broken down into three phases or implementation stages: Phase One: Identification of archaeological sites. The goal is to find and describe archaeological sites within a given territory. Phase two: implemented for a small percentage of archaeological sites when the first phase determines that a better understanding of the site is needed in order to determine mechanisms to avoid or mitigate the impact of the project on the sites. Phase Three: Mitigation and Data Acquisition. Implemented when all or part of a monument is planned for demolition or destruction, and in this case the goal is to obtain as much scientific data and information as possible.3

The process of changing paradigms of attitude towards heritage was ambiguous and often depended on national and regional characteristics.

While in Russia, researchers and managers in the field of culture only approached the active use of this concept and associated terminology in the theory and practice of cultural policy only in the early to mid-nineties, in the West they have long been using heritage tools to develop economic and social development of a particular region or even an entire country, where heritage is sometimes the main, if not the only, resource for development. Very soon, such a connection led to the fact that, on the one hand, heritage began to be considered as an extremely important resource for regional and international development, and on the other hand, that from the category of abstract cultural concepts, it became a real economic and managerial category.

At the same time, here too the internal dialectical essence of heritage is manifested, in which the unity and opposition of the global and local, which largely determine the logic of modern development, are very well manifested. On the one hand, of course, “heritage is a factor in the formation of the cultural identity of a nation, its spirituality and historical memory”4, on the other hand, its use is a very important element of the policies of global structures such as UNESCO, the World Bank, etc. Therefore, the process of formulating heritage policy increasingly involves a variety of global and national governmental and non-governmental organizations, groups of people and individuals, cultural and world heritage information networks.

A striking example of the consistent use of tangible cultural heritage as an essential component of policy at the international, global level was one of the “pillars” of globalization - the World Bank.

The World Bank's policy towards tangible cultural heritage "has a long and extensive history... dating back to its role in the reconstruction of post-war Europe"5. The research “identified 217 Bank loans, credits and grants dating back to the 1970s that included activities related to cultural heritage”6.

In the mid-eighties of the last century, UNESCO specialists formulated the main positions of modern policy in relation to cultural heritage, which became the basis for the World Bank policy in this area; moreover, they were developed and acquired a more practical connotation. They contained the following important messages: first of all, the presence of two dialectical poles in relation to heritage: do no harm in relation to heritage, which, in fact, is synonymous with the policy of protecting and preserving heritage “to do good,” i.e. include heritage in the development process and treat it as a resource.

Other important tenets include: “Do no harm to heritage”; limiting the policy to exclusively heritage protection; identifying the economic value of heritage sites; poverty reduction through the use of heritage sites; identifying the educational value of heritage sites7.

This strategy is being implemented with varying degrees of success by World Bank specialists and government agencies in the Middle East and North and Central Africa, Albania, Georgia, and other parts of the world.

Recently, very often, bank specialists have replaced the term “tangible cultural heritage” with the term “cultural resources”, which is also synonymous with the concepts of “cultural property”, cultural potential”, “cultural property” and is used exclusively in relation to material cultural resources.

A special Guide developed by World Bank specialists defines the basic principles of operational policy in this direction: “Tangible cultural resources are of great importance as a source of valuable scientific and historical information, potential for economic and social development and an integral part of the cultural identity and traditions of the people. Throughout the world, tangible cultural resources are under threat of destruction, partly due to processes of modernization and development. The loss of these resources is irreversible, but fortunately, in many cases it can be avoided. The Bank helps countries prevent or reduce negative impacts on cultural resources from development projects it finances...”8.

Another important means for integrating heritage into global information and economic and political flows, as well as sustainable development strategies, is tourism. Recently, tourism is considered as the most effective means of mass demand and accessibility of cultural values.

At the same time, the development of tourism is a way to promote globalization in the field of material and spiritual heritage. As Croatian researcher D. Jelincic notes, “since tourism is not a static phenomenon, but a dynamic process, it influences traditions (cultural heritage). In certain local communities, tradition is changing due to tourism. Or if a tradition does not exist, it is invented or created.”9 A similar situation is observed in the sphere of material heritage, when regions and territories that do not have objects of material heritage can create them, as they say, “out of the blue,” as, for example, they did in South Africa, creating the entertainment city of Sun City based on those existing in this area of legends and traditions. Thus, if the media is called the formula for globalization in general, then tourism can well be called a catalyst for globalization in the field of heritage use. At the same time, tourism undoubtedly causes a reverse process of searching for national, regional and other identity among the “hosts,” and this is impossible without the presence of a material heritage.

As the Serbian researcher M. Dragicevic-Sesic writes in this regard, “cultural tourism as a “journey into history” is especially developed in those countries that emphasize the values of cultural and historical traditions, as well as where great attention is paid to the development of national identity, especially among small peoples fighting against cultural assimilation. In this sense, the time of the 19th century was very important for the history of tourism, when national self-awareness awakened in Europe, when travel, excursions, and pilgrimages were associated with this. On the other hand, cultural tourism takes advantage of people’s desire to get to know “others” - other customs and cultures, and the desire to compare what they see with the situation in this area in their own country. Travel agencies (especially in some European countries) organize specific trips for their clients to other countries, making it a kind of cultural and historical event for them. For history buffs, contact with the places of certain historical events, familiarization with documents and exhibits in museums, etc. is truly a big event."10

She also proposed the following classification of cultural tourism: Historical travel, among which we can highlight:11

- “journeys into history”;

- “travel - reconstruction of historical events” (French Revolution, great battles of Napoleon, etc.);

Study of the historical period (California in the era of pioneers, Byzantine Greece, etc.);

Religious travel (pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Mecca and Medina, Hilandar, etc.).

She included geographical travel in another group, the purpose of which is to introduce tourists to a foreign country, a certain region or city. Such trips can be complex (when the object of acquaintance is one country or its capital, their cultural and historical attractions, modern socio-economic life) or specialized (when tourists get acquainted only with certain attractions, most often cultural and historical monuments , nature or certain sectors of the economy).

Travel of the third group, the so-called “cultural”, is not associated with trips to any country or familiarization with any religion, but with the study of any direction in art, most often in the fine arts (for example, “From Istria to Ravenna” , “Baroque Winter” - Vienna, Salzburg, Prague, Munich, etc.), or in the field of musical or theatrical art. Travel can also be organized to pay tribute to an artist. In Germany, a tourist guide “Goethe” was published for this purpose, and in France a lot of tourist routes are organized related to famous writers: George Sand, Lamartine or their works (Paris in the works of Balzac or Zola).

In addition, specific forms of “ecological and “congress” tourism are highlighted in a separate position12.

To this fairly complete classification we can add specific forms of “nostalgic tourism”, which is associated with a feeling of loss of a certain identity, connection with a certain heritage. For well-known political and social reasons, one should expect the successful development of this type of tourism in the Russian Federation and the countries of the former USSR.

However, there is another serious aspect when organizing heritage tourism that deserves special attention. It is clearly evident in Europe. As the French researcher K. Perrier-D "Iteren13 notes, extensive activity has developed in Europe on methodological and organizational support for tourism in the field of heritage. “Scientific and educational institutions, often with the support of the European Commission, are developing all kinds of programs. Seminars, round tables and discussions, the participants of which consider this topic from different points of view. Special studies are ordered, old ones are revised, new documents are put into effect.” to heritage, which in reality should be brought to the fore. Currently, heritage is viewed either from a purely hedonistic point of view, or “as a product of consumption.” This position creates obvious and hidden threats to the very existence of heritage sites. protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage, it is "increasingly threatened by destruction caused not only by traditional causes of damage, but also by the evolution of social and economic life, which aggravates them with ever more harmful and destructive phenomena."

Let's ask ourselves a simple question: how is the tourist route planned? Regardless of whether this work is done by a tour operator from a major agency or simply by a private individual who decides to go on vacation in his own car, this person (let’s call him a route writer) must have information about the cultural landscape. How can one find it if it was published little, incompletely, with huge bills? Currently, museums and specialists in the field of Russian culture have accumulated a fairly large amount of information that needs to be systematized, published and made to work for a specific person and society as a whole.

It would be a big mistake to consider that we are talking about creating yet another guidebook (even in a modern, electronic form) containing exclusively information about historical and cultural monuments. Our goal is not limited to satisfying the scientific and educational interests of antique lovers. This task will be solved along the way, but it is not at the forefront. We are talking about cultural tourism - one of the most profitable areas of the world economy. It requires information not only about individual objects, but also about the cultural landscape as a whole.

There is a common misconception: “We have such a good museum in our city, such ancient churches, such historical places... Why don’t tourists come to us?” The answer is simple: what is important for tourism is not individual cultural sites, but the cultural landscape.

Let us clarify this idea with a simple example: a highway is not a historical and cultural monument, but it is an important part of the cultural landscape. An architectural historian describing an ancient temple will not dwell on whether the access routes to it are good. And for organizing tourism, this information is absolutely necessary. Especially in Russia, where even regional roads, not to mention local ones, are not always passable for a tourist bus in bad weather.

So, for the purposes of cultural tourism, it is important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the cultural landscape.

It is clear that to accurately determine the parameters of a cultural landscape, special studies conducted on site are required. The paradox is that the starting point for such studies (and they are not cheap) should be a hypothesis about their feasibility. In other words, you need to have a considerable amount of information in advance and at least an approximate assessment of the cultural resources of the region in order to allow yourself the luxury of spending on expensive developments. A vicious circle arises: no primary information - nothing to offer the investor, no investment - no tourism infrastructure, no infrastructure - no tourists coming, no tourists - huge losses in the form of lost profits.

The only way to break through this vicious circle is to centrally create a primary catalog of the cultural landscape of Russia and make it available for general free use. The technologies used to create such a catalog may vary. The basis around which the information content will be built up can be taken as existing infrastructure, architectural monuments, museums.

It is clear that no matter how important infrastructure is, for cultural tourism it is a means and not an object of interest. As for the choice between architectural monuments and museums, the latter are clearly preferable for the following reason. Unlike architectural monuments, museums are able to independently supply a significant amount of information about themselves and the surrounding cultural landscape. Thus, the task is significantly simplified and largely comes down to the competent formulation of the request.

This brings to the forefront efforts to create a system of strong links between heritage and tourism, primarily through the implementation of educational programs

C. Perrier-Diterin believes that deliberate efforts are needed to “achieve a fair balance between the needs of tourism, the legitimate interests of governments associated with their desire to maximize the use of heritage sites for tangible economic benefits, the prerogatives of the tourism industry and, finally, the objectives of heritage conservation in the broad sense of the word - in other words, all physical and intangible objects containing the memory of the past. The implementation of the concept of sustainable tourism - another fashionable term - is unthinkable without intensifying appropriate programs for the conservation of heritage sites, since heritage is an important factor in the regional, social, economic and cultural development of any country"14.

Interesting in this case is the experience of the Netherlands, where, by government decision, since 1991 a national program for the protection of museum collections has been implemented (the so-called “Delta” plan), which is based on the concept of heritage conservation and the idea of “preventive conservation.” But this was not always the case, which is why Art centers, cultural sites, buildings and collections of outstanding works around the world suffered. Indifference, neglect, disastrous museological conditions, lack of funds, and also, and above all, the influx of tourists, the number of which is constantly growing - all this hung like a sword of Damocles over the cultural heritage. That is why, even if today we can talk about the improvement of the situation due to the growing, albeit belated, awareness of the value of cultural heritage, a huge amount of work remains to be carried out based on coordinated efforts of study and analysis.

A somewhat different, although similar in many aspects of the relationship between heritage and tourism, concept was presented by V.A. Kvartalnov. He notes that “national cultural heritage sites must be presented intelligently and creatively. Scientific and technological progress has done its job: the products of one country are practically no different from similar products of another country. Uniformity is unacceptable in culture. A region that wants to become a popular tourist destination must have unique cultural complexes and offer them to the tourist market”15.

1) ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture;

2) necessary and sufficient time for sightseeing, which makes it possible to compare different territories according to the prospects of historical and cultural potential for tourism.

At the same time, however, it is noted that these methods are subjective in nature: cultural complexes, interesting from a professional point of view, are not always attractive to ordinary tourists. In addition, accessibility, construction of excursion routes, level of education, national characteristics and even fashion are of great importance.

So, due to the increased need of people to expand knowledge in various areas, to increase their intellectual level, in the modern world the leading role among the main types of tourism is occupied by cultural tourism, which is of great importance in the socio-economic sphere (smoothing out the seasonal cycle of main industries, creating jobs , uniform distribution of tourist flows across the territory, revival of decadent industrial centers, formation of a favorable image of the regions) and cultural development (preservation of historical and cultural heritage, promotion of the creation and support of ancient monuments, architectural ensembles, museums, theaters, etc.). According to various estimates, cultural tourism ranges from 10% to 35%, and even 60% of the world tourist flow. 16

Table 1.1

Shares of types of tourism in the total volume of tourism services

As a result of the analysis of existing definitions of cultural tourism, three approaches to its definition are identified, each of which, separately and in combination, seems useful in solving the problems of development of cultural tourism, as affecting various complementary aspects of the organization of tourism activities (technical, based on the description of the resources of historical and cultural tourism of territories that attract tourist flows; a conceptual approach, which is based on a description of the motives and aspirations of people to visit historical and cultural centers; an approach in which the main aspect is the result received by tourists - impressions).

The cultural heritage of territories must be considered both as a tourist resource, arousing interest and motivation to travel, and as a resource for the socio-economic development of territories, their economic potential.

Organizational and economic support for activities in cultural tourism is a set (complex) of measures and means, creating conditions conducive to the normal flow of economic processes, maintaining the stable functioning of the economic system and its objects, preventing failures, violations of laws, regulations, contracts, and includes the following : legislative support (development of legislation that facilitates the normal flow of tourism activities); infrastructure support (the presence of a set of material and technical elements that create and provide general conditions for the organization of cultural tourism); financial support (identifying investment sources and creating a favorable investment climate in the field of cultural tourism); information support (creation of an information system that facilitates effective work on the organization of cultural tourism and information support for tourists, including the use of new information technologies); staffing (timely and constant training and retraining of qualified personnel at senior, middle and lower levels capable of providing high-quality tourism services).

Cultural tourism, as a broad and diverse phenomenon, has many classifications. We propose a clarification of the most significant criteria - the “level of cultural component”, which determines the volume of the cultural component in the tourism activities of certain categories of tourists and the “topic of the tour”, based on the characteristics of the tourism product and the topic of the proposed tours, by combining them within one classification.

To classify the products of cultural tourism in the region, we will create a kind of matrix of its types and levels. It identifies subtypes of cultural tourism both by level and topic. The classification is presented in the form of a table, where each cell contains: certain tourism products; organizations that have the opportunity to participate in the creation of certain tourism products; sources of financing, etc. depending on the task (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2

Classification of cultural tourism products by level and thematic type

Level	Professional	Specialized	Non-specialized	Related
Historical	Scientific tourism: conferences, expeditions	Historical, military-patriotic	Excursion to historical places, places of military battles, animation program
Ethno- Graphic		Ethnographic tours	Ethnographic excursion, animation program, tasting of traditional cuisine
Architecture-		Architectural tours	Architectural tour
Archaeological	Participation in excavations	Archaeological tours	Excursion to excavation and burial sites
Folklore	Professional groups in festivals, etc.	Folklore tours, visiting festivals	Folklore concert, folklore program
Religious	Pilgrimage	Religious tour	Tour of holy places

It should be noted that this classification does not pretend to be comprehensive, since for each subtype of cultural tourism a huge variety of different tourism products can be created. At the same time, it is emphasized that professional historical, ethnographic, archaeological, architectural, religious, etc. Historical and cultural tourism is closely intertwined with scientific tourism and will mainly take the form of scientific expeditions and conferences. Professional folklore tourism is the participation of groups in various kinds of performances and festivals. Specialized cultural tourism is characterized by detailed thematic tours. For example, a specialized architectural tour introduces the tourist in detail to the architectural features of the region, etc.; ethnographic tour - with the peculiarities of culture, traditions, way of life, cuisine of the people or peoples of the region, country.

Non-specialized cultural tourism involves various thematic excursions, animation programs, which are more of an informational nature, the same applies to accompanying tourism.

It is concluded that cultural tourism is a mechanism for preserving the country’s heritage, which is considered not only as cultural, but also as the economic potential of the territories, as an unclaimed resource for their socio-economic development, which is very important to use to the fullest. The development of cultural tourism in the regions can be considered as a means of coordinating the activities of federal and territorial government bodies and numerous participants in the process of reviving territories by attracting funds from various investors, including business entities, business structures, and public organizations.

1.2 Factors influencing cultural tourism

Solving one of the key tasks in the development of domestic historical and cultural tourism requires large-scale investments. However, in this respect, Russian cultural tourism finds itself in a kind of vicious circle: the low level of production of services, due to weak investments in historical and cultural monuments, leads to weak demand and small income received as a result of the provision of these services. Low income and, as a result, low cash savings lead to weak investment in the cultural tourism industry.

Activities in the field of cultural tourism, which is an integration component of the national economic system, must be planned, directed and coordinated comprehensively, affecting all aspects of its development - legal, economic, organizational, social, historical and cultural, scientific, educational, environmental. It is noted that each of these areas should implement its own regulatory tools (Table 1.3).

Table 1.3

Instruments for regulating the development of cultural tourism

Region regulation	Regulatory instruments
Legal	Regulation of norms and rules for the exploitation of cultural resources; Regulation of the rules of activity of tourism industry enterprises, their rights and obligations in relation to cultural heritage sites; Regulating the rules of entry and exit into the country for foreign and domestic tourists; Establishment of moratoriums and sanctions; Development and adoption of concepts and programs for the development of cultural tourism
Economic	Creating favorable conditions for private investment in cultural tourism; Direct government investment in cultural tourism infrastructure; Preferential lending; Preferential taxation; Foreign trade benefits; Regulation of prices and tariffs; Insurance
Organizational	Development and formation of a regulatory system for the cultural tourism industry at the national and regional level; Development and implementation of measures to shape the image of the country and its regions; Development and implementation of consultative and conciliation schemes for interaction between subjects of regulation and enterprises of the cultural tourism industry, public tourism organizations; Development and implementation of activities to promote the cultural tourism product of the country and regions; Establishing and maintaining international relations in the field of cultural tourism; Development and formation of a system for monitoring and monitoring the state of cultural tourism resources
Social	Subsidizing job creation; - investments in the development of human potential; - protection of the rights and interests of tourists

Region regulation	Regulatory instruments
Scientific and educational	Organization and financing of personnel training in the system of secondary and higher education; Funding of scientific research in the field of cultural tourism; Organization of international and domestic internships
Cultural	Protection and restoration of historical monuments; Organizing cultural festivals; Attracting and organizing tours of popular creative groups; Carrying out activities for the research, restoration and development of folklore of the local population; Supporting the activities of cultural institutions and creative groups
Ecological	Development and implementation of environmental protection measures; Elimination of damage and restoration of natural resources; Stimulating the introduction of environmentally friendly, harmless production technologies

State, regional and local budgets, targeted extra-budgetary funds form the financial base of the state, ensuring that state and local authorities perform their functions (powers), including regulating the economic life of society. The use of many of the above methods of government regulation is based on public finance. Methods of budget regulation occupy a special place. For example, methods of direct government financing and lending aimed at meeting current and long-term government needs (government procurement of material resources, public investment). By spending funds from state and local budgets, there is a targeted impact on the volume and structure of tourism supply, on the distribution of investments and capital across industries and regions.

The development of cultural factors within the region is a means of expanding resources to attract tourist flows. In many countries, tourism can be included in the so-called cultural relations policy.

The level of cultural development can also be used to create a favorable image of a particular region in the tourism market. Elements and factors of culture can be channels for distributing information about the tourism opportunities of an area. The success of tourism development depends not only on the material and technical base,

Geographical location of the region. Popular places tourism and recreation, established resorts and tourist excursion centers (historical, cultural, religious, ethnographic). Characteristics of the main economic and social recreational resources.

Ecotourism in Russia as a means of supporting protected natural areas. Formation of special databases, creation of a reference and information system on natural, historical and cultural attractions. Development of tourism infrastructure.

Historical and cultural heritage and features of educational tourism in the Tver region. Interaction between tourism and cultural heritage. The role of legislative and economic aspects in the development of tourism. Prospects for educational tourism in the Tver region.

Role historical heritage in tourism development. Types of cultural and historical tourism resources. General information O tourist centers Golden Ring. Tourist infrastructure and features of tour operating in the direction Gold ring.

The concept of innovation, its essence and features, classification and varieties, characteristics and distinctive features, significance in the economy of the state. The essence and basic principles of innovation in tourism. State support for tourism innovations in Russia.

Concepts, subject and method of studying regional economics. Factors of development and objectives of the economy of regional tourism. Main goals and directions of state policy of regional tourism. System economic analysis and process modeling.

Socio-economic prerequisites and features of the history of tourism development in France. State policy in the field of tourism and organization tourism activities. Geography of tourism, places that are especially popular among foreign tourists.

The essence and organization of inbound tourism. Using historical and cultural resources when creating tours for tourists from China using an example Khabarovsk Territory. Problems and prospects for organizing this tourism product. Characteristics of Chinese tourists.

Goals of creating museums and development problems legal status museum organizations. International legal regulation of tourism and tourist services. International tourism organizations as a form of coordination of states' efforts to develop tourism.

The concept of tourism development in Irkutsk region for the period until 2010, its goals and objectives. Stages of development of the Irkutsk region as a tourist region. Tourism as an area for developing small businesses and providing employment for the population. Support for tourism development.

The hospitality industry is a complex field of activity of workers who satisfy any needs and desires of tourists. Key growth factors for the tourism industry. Economic entities in the modern tourism system. Structure tourism industry.

Changes in socio-economic and political conditions as a development factor international tourism. Current trends in the development of MT in the CIS and Baltic countries. International cooperation in the field of tourism. Contribution of the WTO to the development of international tourism.

Basic concepts and state regulation of tourism in Russia. Tourism industry in Russia, state and problems. Features of the domestic Russian tourism market at the present stage. Assessment and forecasts for the development of domestic tourism in Russia.

Tourism is one of the most profitable businesses in the world economy. Unique natural resources and cultural and historical monuments of Siberia. The role of tourism in solving social problems. Development of the tourism and recreation industry in the Siberian region, its directions.

The development of tourism is one of the priority areas of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus. The tourism potential of Belarus is based on the diversity, beauty and pristine nature, the uniqueness of the historical and cultural heritage.

National and regional factors influencing the development of tourism in the Tver region. Natural healing resources. Development of recreational resources and tourism infrastructure in the region. Development of a long-term tourism development program.

Analysis of the process of state regulation of tourism development as the impact of the state on the activities of subjects and the market in order to implement a unified concept for the development of the tourism sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Government bodies and legal framework.

The essence of tourism and the basic concepts of organization and management in the field of tourism. Specifics of organization and management in the field of tourism. Use of new technologies. The importance of marketing in the tourism industry. Uniqueness of the tourist service.

Cultural tourism as a promising component in development historical city. Tourist representations of modern urban space. The state of the regional tourism institute. Constructing the image of the territory for the purpose of tourism development.

Theoretical basis assessment of the cultural-historical tourism and recreational potential of the territory. Features of educational tourism. Characteristics of historical and educational resources of the Voskresensky district: Lake Svetloyar, Krivyakino and Spasskoye estates.

Cultural tourism: essence and classification

General presentation and classification of cultural tourism

Factors influencing cultural tourism

Problems of development of cultural tourism in Russia

Cultural heritage sites
The main problems of Russian cultural tourism

Potential for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

Assessment of cultural complexes
Criteria for assessing cultural tourism objects in Russia
Development of cultural tourism using the example of the tourist and recreational zone “Golden Ring of Moscow”
Prospects for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

Today, as humanity enters the era of the Information Society, the requirements for the nature and completeness of available information have sharply increased. This also applies to cultural tourism.

The purpose of the thesis is to consider the problem and prospects for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

In accordance with the intended goal, the following tasks are defined:

formulate the methodological basis for analyzing the socio-economic nature of cultural tourism;

consider the role of cultural tourism in the development of the regional economy;

identify general global trends and prospects for the development of cultural tourism;

estimate current state cultural tourism in the Russian Federation,

identify economic and organizational features and opportunities for the development of historical and cultural tourism using the example of the Golden Ring;

determine a set of measures for the development of cultural tourism as one of the promising areas.

The subject of the study is cultural tourism

1 Cultural tourism: essence and classification

1.1 General presentation and classification of cultural tourism

Heritage policy can be understood as a system of complex interactive interaction between various institutions and individuals: organizations at global, national and regional levels of government, public and third sector organizations, educational institutions, scientists and heritage specialists, simply “heritage consumers” (museum visitors , tourists, etc.), as a result of which the very essence of the concept of heritage, as well as strategy and tactics in relation to it, is determined. 2 Heritage management, or as it is often called, cultural resource management, is a rather technological concept, it also includes elements of strategy and tactics, but, as a rule, refers to the activities of government organizations at various levels. Let us give several foreign definitions of this concept. It is very clearly, although very narrowly formulated in the American methodology: it is “state-funded conservation and study of archaeological and historical resources including archaeological sites and historical buildings. Often used in a narrower sense to refer to work in the field of archeology and history that is carried out in anticipation of various large government-funded projects, such as the construction of dams or highways." Another definition, somewhat similar but different from the first, can be given: Cultural resource management or archaeological cultural resource management is generally federally or state-funded archaeological research that is carried out because a certain portion of private property has been acquired for use or construction of a road, bridge or for other purposes public works. For example, in order to begin construction of an interstate highway using federal funding, an archaeological resource assessment of the area is required. This assessment, reflected in the technical report, is similar to, and sometimes forms part of, the conclusions of the assessment of the project's environmental impact. It must evaluate all available cultural resources, historical and prehistoric, that may be affected by the project. Cultural archaeological resource management is typically broken down into three phases or implementation stages: Phase One: Identification of archaeological sites. The goal is to find and describe archaeological sites within a given territory. Phase two: implemented for a small percentage of archaeological sites when the first phase determines that a better understanding of the site is needed in order to determine mechanisms to avoid or mitigate the impact of the project on the sites. Phase Three: Mitigation and Data Acquisition. It is implemented when the entire monument or part of it is planned for demolition or destruction, and in this case the goal is to obtain as much scientific data and information as possible. 3

The process of changing paradigms of attitude towards heritage was ambiguous and often depended on national and regional characteristics.

While in Russia, researchers and managers in the field of culture only approached the active use of this concept and associated terminology in the theory and practice of cultural policy only in the early to mid-nineties, in the West they have long been using heritage tools to develop economic and social development of a particular region or even an entire country, where heritage is sometimes the main, if not the only, resource for development. Very soon, such a connection led to the fact that, on the one hand, heritage began to be viewed as an extremely important resource for regional and international development, and on the other hand, that from the category of abstract cultural concepts, it has become a real economic and managerial category.

At the same time, here too the internal dialectical essence of heritage is manifested, in which the unity and opposition of the global and local, which largely determine the logic of modern development, are very well manifested. On the one hand, of course, “heritage is a factor in the formation of the cultural identity of a nation, its spirituality and historical memory” 4, on the other hand, its use is a very important element of the policies of global structures such as UNESCO, the World Bank, etc. In addition Therefore, the process of formulating heritage policy increasingly involves a variety of global and national governmental and non-governmental organizations, groups of people and individuals, cultural and world heritage information networks.

Currently, the tourism industry is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the international economy.

Over the past twenty years, the average annual growth rate in the number of tourist arrivals in the world was 5.1 percent, and the growth rate of foreign exchange earnings from tourism was 14 percent. World Forecast tourism organization(WTO) shows that by 2020 the number of international tourist arrivals will be 1.56 billion. The WTO also shows that 1.18 billion people will travel within their own regions, and only 377 million will travel to other regions of the world. At the same time, the following distribution of tourists by region is expected: the leading place will remain with Europe - 717 million tourists, the second place will be taken by East Asia/Pacific region with 397 million tourists, the third America - 282 million tourists, followed by Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Russia, according to the WTO, is one of the countries in which high rates of tourism development are predicted, subject to government support for this industry. According to these forecasts, by 2020 Russia will be among the top ten countries both in terms of receiving tourists (47.1 million people per year) and in terms of outbound tourists (30.5 million people).

At the same time, domestic tourism in Russia should exceed inbound and outbound turnover. Potential for the development of domestic and international tourism in Russian Federation is huge, the resources of our country allow us to develop almost all types of tourism, including the most popular among consumers, including cultural and educational tourism.

The tourist complex of our country consists of more than 144 thousand historical and cultural monuments, 477 historical cities, 108 museums, nature reserves and 142 national parks.

The historical and cultural heritage of Russia is the most important competitive advantage of the tourism industry. On the territory of the Russian Federation have developed as traditional tourist centers with specialization on a certain, most often excursion and educational, type of tourism (Moscow, St. Petersburg), as well as interregional tourism products and routes (Golden Ring, cruises on the Volga).

Today, the main problems hindering the development of inbound tourism are:

The high cost of tours, which consists of the high cost of transport and hotel services; In most regions of the country there is a small number of tourist class accommodation facilities - 3* and 4* hotels, modern comfortable tourist buses, cruise ships and others Vehicle;

Infrastructure (low quality of automobile and railways and level of roadside service);

The need to obtain tourist entry into the Russian Federation for citizens of most countries;

Unfavorable image of Russia abroad, which is largely formed under the influence of Western media;

Unfavorable economic conditions for attracting investment in tourism infrastructure, lack of ready-made investment platforms, presence of administrative barriers.

From the point of view of the ratio of price and international offers. The price of a standard week-long tour for foreigners with a visit to Moscow, the Golden Ring or St. Petersburg exceeds the acceptable level for most European tourists of 1.5 thousand euros.

Rail transport is expensive. This is mainly explained by rising fuel prices. However, in Europe this trend is being reduced by low-cost air travel and high-speed rail services. In Russia all this is developing slowly. In addition, the shortage of three-star hotels, the increase in operating costs for their maintenance, utility bills and taxes lead to an annual increase in prices for hotel services by 15% or more. Hotel construction in last years somewhat intensified, mainly in relation to business class hotels and small hotels. But for now, this competitive hospitality industry in Russia is only possible with the participation of the state and improvement of the investment climate in general and in the tourism sector in particular.

In the majority developed countries The majority of tour operators are engaged in domestic and inbound tourism. In Russia there are about 5 thousand tour operators included in the federal register, only about 1.5 thousand are registered as tour operators according to domestic tourism. And of those registered as international tour operators, less than a percent are actually engaged in inbound tourism. That is, the main part of the Russian tourism industry is engaged in outbound tourism, since it is easier to work in this area than in the domestic Russian market, or to receive foreign tourists.

One of the main stages of the transition to a modern socially oriented type of economic development of the country is ensuring the quality and availability of services. And as a result, increasing the competitiveness of the Russian tourism industry. This is facilitated by the improvement and diversification of the existing tourism product, the development of new promising types of tourism, and the quantitative and qualitative development of tourism clusters.

The main areas that increase the profitability of the tourism industry:

Increasing the length of stay of guests in the country;

Increasing the number of repeat visits to the country;

Uniform distribution of tourist flows in terms of geography of visits;

Reduction of pronounced seasonality;

Promotion of the country's tourism offer in domestic and international markets.

Today, a necessary factor for the competitiveness of tourism is its wide presence on the Internet. International network It is needed not so much for marketing purposes, but for actually doing business in the online environment. In the area of promotion of Russian tourism products in international markets, a qualitative leap has been made in previous years, however, the intensity of promotion of national tourism products remains low in comparison with European analogues.

Promising directions for the development of excursion and educational tourism in Russia:

Development of the tourist and recreational complex;

Promotion of tourism products in the domestic market;

Preservation of the cultural and historical heritage of our country, as well as the appearance of historical settlements;

Support and development of traditional folk arts and crafts;

Supporting innovations and priority areas in the field of tourism;

Development of information and service infrastructure in historical and cultural zones of cities and settlements;

Creation of tourist and recreational complexes in relatively undeveloped regions (republics of the South of Russia, regions of Siberia, Far East and Transbaikalia);

Formation of museum and tourist complexes as an effective form of interaction between museums and tourism;

Introducing young people to history and culture by organizing excursion trips for students in general education, secondary and higher education institutions vocational education;

Creation of a system of tourist and recreational clusters;

Increasing the role of the cultural component in the development of tourism and information clusters;

Unification of legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism, taking into account regional characteristics of tourism development;

Development and implementation of regional tourism development programs;

Involving small towns of Russia in the tourism sector;

Promotion of a tourism product on the domestic market in order to increase the internal flow of tourists;

Conducting information campaigns in foreign markets in order to popularize and develop incoming tourism;

Development of strategies for the development of national brands;

Assisting in the promotion of tourism brands of cities and regions of the Russian Federation;

Improving information support for domestic and foreign participants in the tourism market and consumers of tourism services;

Development of a unified tourism information product based on museum and tourism information systems;

Promotion of historical cities-anniversaries in domestic and foreign markets as international centers cultural and educational tourism;

Promoting the popularization of Russia's tourism opportunities among children and youth and the development of children's and youth cultural, educational and educational tourism;

Creation of a unified system for training and certification of tour guides and guide-interpreters provided in hotels and other accommodation facilities;

Improving professional standards for workers in the tourism industry;

Carrying out constant monitoring of the global and domestic tourism market, preparing an annual analytical report on its condition, problems and prospects for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation;

Creation of a unified tourist navigation system: road and street signs, signs of tourist attractions, orientation systems in public transport and etc.;

Creation of an all-Russian unified event calendar;

Support for the implementation of new developments for the tourism sector (audio guide, applications for mobile devices, electronic Guest Card);

Along with entertainment, educational, and health tourism, a significant number of people are attracted by educational tourism. Its goal is to introduce people to the material and spiritual values of various countries and peoples. Unlike entertainment, educational tourism allows tour participants to become more deeply acquainted with both the entire culture of individual peoples and its individual manifestations. Educational tourism is an expression of a person’s desire to expand his horizons, to get an idea of how other countries and peoples live, what their achievements are in science, art, technology and everyday life. The desire for knowledge is both the content and a powerful stimulus for human activity. By receiving new impressions about known natural and cultural phenomena, a person satisfies one of his most powerful needs - the need for knowledge. In educational tourism, a person actually encounters what he has only read about or seen on television. This meeting with reality turns out to be much more memorable and has an impact on his imagination than the books he read and the films he saw. New impressions allow a person to rethink his life path, see new horizons, and receive new incentives for creative self-expression. Russia is home to architectural monuments of world significance. This architectural complexes St. Petersburg and its environs, and the architectural ensembles of Moscow and its estates, as well as the architecture of the cities of the so-called Golden Ring. Getting to know these monuments allows you to see the creative capabilities of Russians and the greatness of our country’s historical past.

Educational tourism covers all aspects of travel, through which a person learns about the life, culture, and customs of another people. Tourism is therefore an important means of creating cultural connections and international cooperation. Development cultural factors within the region is a means of expanding resources to attract tourist flows. In many countries, tourism can be included in the so-called cultural relations policy.

The role of educational tourism in the modern world is enormous. Tourism affects all spheres of society, including culture, economics, and social life. The intensity of tourism development and the scale of tourism largely depend on the world community’s recognition of the value of the country’s cultural and natural potential and its heritage. Currently, it is culture and heritage that determine the attitude of the world community towards the country, its attractiveness from the standpoint of not only social relations and tourism, but also business. True respect in modern conditions can be achieved not only, and not so much, through strengthening military power, growth of national territory and population, but, above all, through the contribution that the country makes to world culture, science and economics (as parts of general culture), in the development of civilized relations between peoples, countries, people. In this regard, in order to recognize the significance of a country as a great power, the role of heritage, cultural values created by the people over a long period of its existence becomes decisive.

This also applies to Russia. After all, the fact that Russia remains today among the great powers of the world is largely due to the authority of its wonderful writers, musicians, artists, architects, and scientists. Russia is great for its artistic and scientific schools. The whole world knows modern Russian pianists, violinists and cellists, singers, ballet masters, physicists and mathematicians.

Therefore, today, when they talk about the attractiveness of Russia as a tourist space, they mean not only the outstanding creations of Russian architects, the beauty of ancient Russian cities, the depth of folk culture embodied in folklore, in the works of folk artists, but also the wonderful works of writers and poets, artists, musicians, the originality of the national culture that has developed in Russia.

Inextricably linked with an understanding of the richness and diversity of Russian culture are such large cities as Moscow and St. Petersburg, small Russian historical cities and settlements, which are carriers of a special atmosphere, where the most valuable examples of urban planning art, architectural monuments, and places associated with outstanding historical events are uniquely combined. , the lives of wonderful people, natural attractions.

The presence in Russia of unique historical, cultural and natural resources assumes that our country and its regions have the prerequisites for the development of educational tourism, which actually gives the economy socio-political and economic dividends and benefits. Meanwhile, the theory and methodology for the development of educational tourism are not sufficiently developed, which does not allow for its targeted management in practice in certain territories. Consequently, Russian organizations specializing in serving tourists traveling for educational purposes are faced with the task of finding methods for building an effective management system that would strengthen their market positions and thereby contribute to the further development of tourism and the country as a whole.

The Federal Agency for Tourism has approved a strategy for the development of tourism in Russia for the period until 2015. The 86-page document provides mainly for the development of educational tourism, as the most promising, as well as a significant expansion of the powers of Rostourism. If the second initiative can be implemented already this year, then the allocated eight years may not be enough for the development of educational tourism in Russia.