What are the names of the mountains per km. Our resort is Caucasian mineral waters. Therapeutic factors of CMV

Caucasian Mineral water located between the Black and Caspian seas, 90 km from Elbrus. IN good weather its characteristic outlines are clearly visible.

The region occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory, the heart North Caucasus, the northern slopes of the Main Caucasus Range, is located at the same latitude as the resorts Cote d'Azur France and Italian Adriatic.

The nature of the North Caucasus is picturesque and unique. Over the course of just a few tens of kilometers from north to south, the steppe plain smoothly turns into a mountain landscape, and the feather grass steppes into luxurious deciduous and pine forests, over which the alpine meadows extend. All this splendor is crowned by the majestic two-headed Elbrus.

The height of the resorts above sea level is from 600 to 1000 meters. The Main Caucasus Range traps the humid air of the Black Sea, creating a favorable healthy climate, warm but not hot summers, and mild winters.

Caucasian mineral waters- This mountain resort, balneotherapeutic, mud and climatic, specially protected, ecological region Russian Federation, a single artesian basin of mineral waters of various types and rich in resources. The area of ​​formation of these waters is located on the territory of three subjects of the Federation: Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria.

The uniqueness of the region lies in the exceptional concentration of numerous, diverse mineral waters, as well as medicinal mud, exotic landscapes that create favorable climatic conditions, and resort complexes with developed infrastructure? structure.

The resort region includes five resort cities: Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk and Mineralnye Vody themselves.

The climate, one of the healing factors of the region, is diverse and is formed under the influence of several factors. The continental climate is determined by the foothill nature and proximity of the snowy peaks of the Main Caucasus Range on the one hand, and the proximity of the arid steppes and semi-deserts of the Caspian coast on the other. Research by bioclimatologists from the Pyatigorsk State Research Institute of Balneology has clearly proven that the air of resorts is characterized by high transparency, moderate natural hypoxia, high natural ionization with a low coefficient of ion unipolarity. With a favorable solar radiation regime, this combination allows for all types of climate therapy. The surrounding mountain alpine meadows and resort parks cleanse the air of pollution and enrich the air with healing volatile phytoorganic substances.

The most favorable, according to medical climatology, is the southern zone of the CMS. The climate of Kislovodsk and its environs is characterized by a very large number of sunny days, an almost complete absence of wind, low atmospheric pressure, especially in the upper part of the park, partial pressure of oxygen and water vapor, and increased solar radiation. There are only 37 days a year without sun. The area of ​​the remaining cities of the KMS belongs to the climate zone with big amount warmth and moderate precipitation. Cloudy, foggy days with frost are observed mainly in the autumn-winter period, which creates a contrast with Kislovodsk, where it is extremely rarely cloudy at this time.

Therapeutic factors of CMV

1. Mineral waters of various compositions.

   In terms of richness and diversity, the group mineral springs CMS represents a rare phenomenon: narzans in Kislovodsk with its “cold boiling water” seething with carbon dioxide, hot waters of Pyatigorsk and Zheleznovodsk, radon waters in Pyatigorsk, hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium in Essentuki and others. In a relatively small area there are currently over 130 mineral springs, 90 of which are used for medicinal purposes.

2. Favorable climate in the southwestern part of the region

   This climate is used for climatotherapy, especially in the Kislovodsk resort, throughout the year, and in other resorts - mainly during the warm period.

3. Mud of Tambukan Lake.

   Mud is used for mud therapy at all resorts in the region.

   Tambukan Lake is located 12 km southeast of Pyatigorsk, on the border between the Stavropol Territory and Kabardino-Balkaria. It is small, only 180 hectares, but the reserves of mud amount to more than 2 million tons, which meets the need for medicinal mud in the resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters for many years and even centuries. The water in the lake is bitterly salty - brine of sulfate-chloride-sodium composition with high mineralization.

   Tambukan has always been mysterious and a little creepy, always striking with its unusualness. Its surface appears black even in calm, windless weather, so clearly visible through the thickness of the water is the layer of that same healing mud lying at the bottom. The lake was first scientifically described in 1773 by I. Güldsnstedt. He called it “Tambi”, which translated from ancient Turkic means “bad, foul smell”: when approaching the lake, a strong smell of hydrogen sulfide hits your nose. Since ancient times, Kabardians knew everything about the healing properties of Tambukan mineral waters and mud. This is evidenced by the remaining traces of baths carved into the stones near the springs, and the remains of primitive wooden and stone bathing facilities from the early Bronze Age.

   The mud and brine of the lake have a pronounced bactericidal effect, so nothing lives in the lake except brine crustaceans. Black plastic sulfide mud has a high content of organic substances, hydrogen sulfide, methane, etc. It consists of fine clay and sand.

Main indications for the treatment of diseases

The first official information about one of the oldest regions of Russia and its mineral springs is contained in the reports of Dr. Schober in 1717. By the highest Decree of Peter I, he was sent to the North Caucasus region in search of “spring waters”. Indications for the treatment of diseases evolved as sources were discovered. Today, CMV is the most diversified resort in the world.

Pyatigorsk The composition of 50 springs represents almost all types of mineral waters in the region. The successful combination of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, radon springs and mud from Lake Tambukan, a favorable climate and a wonderful natural landscape makes the city the most versatile resort in Russia. All diseases are treated here in a complex: peripheral nervous system, musculoskeletal system, digestive organs, skin, peripheral blood vessels, gynecological and andrological diseases, occupational diseases.

Essentuki. The waters of this resort are often compared to European resorts. It is worth noting, however, that the treatment of patients with diseases of the digestive system has long allowed Essentuki to be recognized as one of the best world resorts in this profile.

Zheleznovodsk City sanatoriums specialize in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system, kidneys and urinary tract.

Kislovodsk Carbon dioxide mineral waters and a mid-mountain climate make this resort a unique place for treating diseases of the cardiovascular system and respiratory tract.

Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kavminvody, KMV) is a group of resorts of federal significance in the Stavropol Territory, which includes the resort towns of Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, and of course, the city of Mineralnye Vody itself. The KMS is a specially protected ecological resort region of the Russian Federation. The region is located in the south of the European part of Russia, almost at the same distance from the Black and Caspian Seas.

In terms of diversity of mineral waters, the Caucasian Mineral Waters region has no equal not only in Russia, but throughout the world. Over 130 sources of mineral waters of 30 types have been identified on the territory of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 17, 2006 No. 14, the cities of Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk were given the status of resort cities of federal significance. Every year, more than 700 thousand people are treated and relax at the resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters.

City of Mineralnye Vody

The city of Mineralnye Vody is a small cozy town in the Stavropol Territory. Despite the name, there are no healing springs in the administrative center of the Mineralovodsk District; all of them are located in neighboring Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki and Kislovodsk. The city serves as a kind of gateway, annually allowing hundreds of thousands of tourists to the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. This is where the largest transport hub in the region is located - international Airport, railway interchange and federal highway.

The climate of the city is relatively dry; moist air masses from the Black Sea do not reach here; they are delayed by the Main Caucasus Range. The city of Mineralnye Vody is located mainly in the steppe zone. The magmatic mountain Snake is considered one of the most interesting natural attractions. It attracts tourists not only with its beautiful mountain landscapes and unique flora and fauna. On the slopes there are several holy springs and monuments of the Great Patriotic War, as well as adits and quarries. You can often meet amateurs active rest With climbing equipment. There are several temples and cathedrals in Mineralnye Vody that will be of interest to believers and those who want to get acquainted with the history, culture and architecture of the city. The main religious attraction is the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Among its shrines are the relics of St. Theodosius of the Caucasus, the patron saint of these places.

Kislovodsk

Do you want to get to the “city of 365 sunny days a year”? Then go to Kislovodsk. It is amazing sunny city, surrounded by picturesque slopes Caucasus Mountains which protect it from strong winds. The famous source of acidic mineral water “Narzan” is located here. Hence the “sour” name of the city - Kislovodsk. It’s worth coming to Kislovodsk just for the resort park alone! This is not just a park, it's a whole amazing planet with beautiful rocks, bubbling waterfalls, green meadows and countless all kinds of plants and animals. The uniqueness of Kislovodsk lies not only in its healing mineral springs and beautiful park areas.

At one time, the most talented people who glorified our country rested and worked here: Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Mayakovsky, Gorky, Chaliapin, Rimsky-Korsakov, Glinka, Rachmaninov and others. This is probably why the culture here is no worse developed than in St. Petersburg.

Mount Ring is favorite place tourists. It received this name due to the hole that was formed in it by the winds. A magnificent panorama of Kislovodsk opens from the mountain. No less popular are the Honey Falls in the Alikonovsky Gorge. The waterfalls received such a tasty name thanks to the honey-bearing herbs that bloom all summer in this valley. And old-timers say that the main contribution to the sweet name of the waterfalls was made by hardworking bees, who opened their “factory” for producing honey right in the mountain crevices. The famous Lermontov Rock is located in Kislovodsk. At its top there is a platform that ends in a steep cliff. It was this site that was the site of Pechorin’s duel with Grushnitsky in the famous “Hero of Our Time.” I believe that you have no doubts and you will definitely visit this wonderful city!

Pyatigorsk

The largest city is the resort of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region - Pyatigorsk. It was founded after Alexander I signed the famous rescript in 1803. Pyatigorsk lies at the foot of Mount Mashuk at an altitude of 520 meters above sea level. The city is the oldest Russian balneological resort. The emergence of the city of Pyatigorsk is, in its own way, a commercial project. High society traveled abroad year after year, taking a lot of money out of the country. As soon as the Caucasian springs were recognized as healing, it was decided to found a balneological resort on Russian territory, and this project was successfully implemented.

It is best to go on your first trip to Pyatigorsk by tram. Not for the sake of economy, of course, but because the Pyatigorsk tram is an attraction in itself! This is the first electric tram on the territory of modern Russia. Pyatigorsk is a treasure trove of attractions that will not leave you indifferent.

One of them is “Lermontov’s House”. This is not even just one house, this is a whole block of ancient, early 19th century buildings, “mothballed” in time and perfectly preserved to this day. Looking at them, you can imagine what Pyatigorsk looked like almost 200 years ago. In one of these same houses under a thatched roof, on the estate of Major Chilaev, Mikhail Lermontov settled in 1841. In fact, the poet lived in “Lermontov’s house” for only two months - the last of his life. You can honor the memory of the poet by visiting the place of his duel, located on the opposite slope of Mashuk. The monument to Lermontov was erected entirely with public money - it was collected by subscription over several years. The next attraction is the Aeolian Harp gazebo. This is a stone gazebo in antique style on a steep, rocky ledge of Mashuk. At all times, troop observation posts were located on this site, since the approaches to Pyatigorsk are clearly visible from here. Its builders were the architects brothers Giuseppe and Giovanni Bernardazzi.

The location turned out to be so good, and the views of the city and its surroundings from it were so charming that this modest-sized gazebo constantly attracted a lot of visitors. The gazebo is named after the ancient Greek god Aeolus, the lord of the winds. Another outstanding place is the building of the Pirogov Baths hospital, which was built in 1914 on the site of a wooden barracks soldier’s hospital. The outstanding Russian surgeon Nikolai Pirogov demonstrated to doctors of the Caucasian Corps the method of using ether anesthesia for pain relief during surgery in the field. It was in the Caucasus that for the first time in the history of medicine, Nikolai Pirogov began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. The hospital changed its name three times. In Pyatigorsk there is also great amount places worth visiting. I hope you found it interesting and will definitely want to see them for yourself.

Essentuki

In the steppe valley of the Podkumok River is located the world-famous balneological resort of Essentuki. This is the youngest among the resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters. Nature has generously endowed this land with amazing healing springs of mineral water that cure diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, gynecological diseases, diseases of the nervous system, and musculoskeletal organs. Thousands of people come here to improve their health and enjoy the beauty of this land. The waters of the healing salt-alkaline springs “Essentuki-4” and “Essentuki-17” are used for drinking treatment, baths, inhalations, and irrigations. Here they also heal with the help of sulfide silt mud of Lake Tambukan.

Among the most beautiful buildings city ​​- Upper mineral baths, made in the Russian Empire style with Baroque elements. The mud bath building is also a real architectural monument. It is decorated with massive columns, sculptures of ancient gods of healing and lions, and beautiful bas-reliefs. The inside of the mud bath is spacious, light, and also full of decorations and mythological sculptures.

The mechanotherapy building, now the Zander Institute, is more than a century old. A beautiful, light, elegant brown-pink building with small turrets and domes on the roof, with wooden carvings and a huge vase above the main entrance - just a real fairy-tale tower. One more interesting place Essentukov is a three-story former dacha of I. G. Zimin in the Art Nouveau style. Its facade is adjacent to turrets of 2 and 4 floors. Many windows of different sizes and a warm light yellow color give the massive structure a very welcoming appearance.

You can also see the dacha-museum of the famous surgeon Razumovsky, the estate of the Itinerant artist Nikolai Yaroshenko and the dacha of Fyodor Chaliapin. As you can see, you won’t be bored here! On this amazing, friendly land you can improve your health, recharge with vivacity, energy and new impressions, as well as simply relax in the greenery and flowers of the most wonderful parks.

Zheleznovodsk

Zheleznovodsk is the smallest of the listed resorts. There are no other reasons to diminish his dignity. On the contrary, Zheleznovodsk is unique in many respects, since it is a well-known balneological resort of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, located at the foot of Mount Zheleznaya, at an altitude of 570-650 m above sea level, in the valley of the small rivers Dzhamuk and Kuchuk. On the territory of the resort there are over 20 carbon dioxide sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium mineral springs (Slavyanovsky, Smirnovsky), which are actively used in the treatment of diseases associated with the digestive and genitourinary systems.

Zheleznovodsk is an ideal resort for those who suffer from kidney and urinary tract diseases; This is the resort's specialization - the main treatment profile. More precisely, one of them. The main treatment profiles of the Zheleznovodsk resort include urological diseases and diseases of the nervous system. Associated profiles include diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic disorders, ENT diseases, gynecological, pulmonological and dermatological. In addition, in Zheleznovodsk there are several sanatoriums where they treat diabetes mellitus, but - pay attention! - only at an early stage, when sugar-lowering drugs are not yet needed.

Treatment in Zheleznovodsk, of course, is with mineral water. It is used for oral administration, inhalation, baths and other water procedures. Into bottles local waters They are also bottled - they are produced under the brands “Smirnovskaya” and “Slavyanovskaya”, according to the names of the sources. These mineral waters are very popular and are even exported, but few people know that they are bottled in Zheleznovodsk. The Smirnovsky spring is named after Dr. Semyon Alekseevich Smirnov, chairman of the Russian Balneological Society: he cleared this spring, long known to local residents, and studied its properties. Now a fairly large pump room has been erected above the Smirnovsky spring. The Slavyanovsky spring bears the name of its discoverer, the outstanding hydrologist and mining engineer Nikolai Nikolaevich Slavyanov. Above Slavyanovsky there is also a pump room in a classical style.

The oldest source of Zheleznovodsk is Lermontovsky. It was opened in 1810 by Dr. Fyodor Petrovich Gaaz, and the history of the city began with this event. Lermontov actually came to this source, which was still practically undeveloped. As for Dr. Haas, Zheleznovodsk owes him not just “a lot” - without Haas the resort would not exist.

Zheleznovodsk also owes its name, which is not very romantic and resort-like, to Haass, or more precisely, to one of his misconceptions. The reddish-rusty sediment that the doctor noticed around the springs was attributed to the presence of a high concentration of iron in the water. In fact, this is a mistake, and there is relatively little hardware here. But the name stuck, and darling resort town with unique “healing factors” was left with a name that evokes thoughts more about a mine in the Urals than about rest and treatment. Not only the waters and the city became iron, but also the mountain on the slopes of which Zheleznovodsk stands.

It is here that the only natural forest park in the Caucasian Mineral Waters is located, in which plants of the steppe, forest and subalpine zones grow. The climate in Zheleznovodsk is mountain-steppe, moderately dry. Clean ionized air and dense oak, hornbeam and beech forests protect this resort from the sweltering summer heat. There are many active and excursion routes introducing the unique sights of the Caucasus.

According to the nature of the relief, the Caucasian Mineral Waters region is divided into two parts: the northeastern part, where laccolithic mountains rise against the background of the plain, and the southwestern part with the characteristic features of a mountain landscape. In the southwestern part lies the Rocky Range, which is uniform in relief, from which the Bermamyt plateau with the flat peaks of the Bolshoi (2,643 m) and Small (2,592 m) Bermamyt mountains gently descends towards Kislovodsk. From these peaks a majestic panorama opens onto the Main Caucasus Range from the very high peak Europe - Mount Elbrus (5,642 m). About 40 thousand years ago, Elbrus was actively active volcano. Since then he has been calm, but scientists have proven that in the deep depths of this mountain hide formidable volcanic forces that can be used by man. On the Bermamyt plateau there is Mount Shatjatmaz (2,140 m), on which there is a Mountain Astronomical Station, a weather station, and a scientific base of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Northeast of the Bermamyt plateau is the Pastbishchny Range, divided into two parts by the Podkumok River. One part is called the Dzhinalsky ridge, the other - the Darya Heights (1,300-1,500 m above sea level). From the Darya Heights to the northeast the Borgustan Plateau gently descends. In the middle of the steppe zone of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, 17 exceptionally unique laccolith mountains (failed volcanoes) rise: Beshtau (1,399.8 m), Jutsa (1,198 m), Zmeyka (994 m), Mashuk (993 m), Yutsa (972 m) ), Razvalka (930 m), Zolotoy Kurgan (884 m), Camel (885 m), Ostraya (881 m), Zheleznaya (859.4 m), Sheludivaya (875 m), Lysaya (740 m), Honey (721 m), Kokurtly (406 m), Byk (821 m), Kabanka (Tupaya) (772 m), Mount Kinzhal used to have a sharp summit ridge and rose to 507 m, but when mining the stone, the upper part of the mountain was cut off. Ancient volcanic processes created these mountains. The force of the magma bursting from the bowels of the Earth was not sufficient to come out, and the magma, magmatic gases and vapors only lifted some areas of the earth's surface, forming dome-shaped peaks. Where the magma found a way out, it froze in the form of exposed rocks. The low height of these mountains, the presence of gentle slopes and rich vegetation make them accessible and attractive for organizing short-term tourism.
. The dominant mountain Beshtau, called five-domed by the poet, actually has five peaks, hence its name (from the Turkic “besh” - five and “tau” - mountain). This is the highest of the laccolithic mountains, located in the center of the northeastern part of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. From its peaks you can see all the laccolithic mountains, the panorama of the resort area and the Caucasus mountain range. Beshtau consists of five peaks: Beshtau, Small Beshtau, Two Brothers, Goat Rocks. The slopes of Beshtau are covered mainly with deciduous forest. Up to a height of 1100 m, the slopes are covered with beech-oak-ash-hornbeam forest, which makes up the main part of the Beshtaugorsky forest, consisting of more than 60 species of trees and shrubs. The eastern beech plantation located there occupies 177 hectares. In the subalpine zone, broad-leaved forest gives way to crooked forests with cold-resistant warty birch and Caucasian mountain ash. Above is a zone of steppe subalpine meadows, forming a clearing with an area of ​​461 hectares on the main peak. Representatives of the typical subalpine meadow flora are found on it - lovely primrose, Wilhelm's myrtle, yellow rhododendron. Among the endemic species of the mountain, the bract poppy is known, distinguished by its very large flowers. The forest is rich in mushrooms, mainly lamellar mushrooms (especially champignons, chanterelles, capillaries, milk mushrooms, umbrellas). The fauna of the mountain is also diverse: wild boars, birds of prey, pheasants, hares, foxes.
It is best to climb to the top of the mountain from Zheleznovodsk or Lermontov.

(from the Turkic zhlak-tau - “snake mountain”) is a remnant magmatic (paleovolcanic) mountain. Height 994 m. Natural monument. The second largest mountain in Pyatigorsk after Beshtau, it occupies an area of ​​about 20 km². Located 4.5 km southwest of railway station Mineralnye Vody. In plan it has an oval shape slightly elongated to the northeast. The upper part is composed of a subvolcanic intrusion of beshtaunites, forming a picturesque rocky outcrop with an area of ​​2.8 km². The lower part of the slope is dominated by clayey shales of the Maikop series, in places covered by the remnants of a cover of Neogene volcanic rocks - tuffs and tuff lavas. The destruction of the top body of the beshtaunites led to the widespread development of stone screes.
At the southwestern foot of the mountain there is the Zmeykinskoye deposit of carbon dioxide hydrocarbonate-sulfate calcium-sodium waters with a mineralization of 3.2-5.6 g/l. The main part of them is extracted using a well from a depth of 1482 m. The water temperature at the wellhead is 70-74 ° C, the flow rate is 9 l/s. The eastern and, partially, southern and northern slopes of the mountain are disturbed by an extensive quarry, in which beshtaunite was mined for construction purposes in the 30-80s of the 20th century. The quarry is an extensive artificial outcrop about 2 km long and up to 200 m high. It reveals the features of the occurrence and internal structure of the subvolcanic intrusion of beshtaunites, their relationship with the host sedimentary rocks, as well as the remains of a cover of Neogene volcanic tuffs, which determines the scientific value of this working. After the cessation of stone mining in the quarry, natural restoration of the vegetation cover occurs.
The mountain is covered with forest and mountain-meadow vegetation, included in northern part Beshtaugorsky forest area. Hornbeam-ash-oak and hornbeam-beech forests predominate, numbering about 60 species of trees and shrubs. At the top the forest gives way to clearings of subalpine meadows, and at the foot there is a meadow-like forb-grass steppe with high species richness. Among the rare protected species of plants that grow on the mountain are oriental beech, dwarf euonymus, Nefedov cotoneaster, long rosehip, Caucasian ash, lily, and several species of hawkweed.
It is a regional complex (landscape) natural monument
To the north-west of Beshtau, Mashuk rises in the form of a shaggy cap - one of most interesting mountains Kavminvod district, which is also the best panoramic point in the immediate vicinity of Pyatigorsk. Legends about Mashuk have lived and live among the people for centuries. Here's what one of them says. A long time ago, the Khan of the Golden Horde, Kaplan-Girey, with a huge army, suddenly attacked Kabarda. Uninvited guests took away valuables and livestock and subjected the population to all sorts of abuse. Among the local residents, Mashuk was distinguished by great courage, who took revenge on the invaders for their insulted honor and the death of his bride. The Khan, alarmed by the brave exploits of the national hero, sent his best warriors to capture the horseman Mashuk. On one of the ledges of the mountain, Mashuk and a group of comrades were surrounded. A fierce battle took place in which Mashuk’s comrades were killed. The exhausted Mashuk did not want to be captured and jumped from the cliff onto the gray stones. The news of Mashuk's death filled the hearts of the people with anger. The people rebelled. At night, the uninvited strangers were killed, and the remnants of the army were defeated. Kabarda got rid of the foreign yoke and achieved independence for some time. In memory of Mashuk, the people named the mountain with hot and cold springs, on which the legendary hero of Kabarda fought and died. A stay in Caucasian Mineral Waters would not be complete without an excursion to Mashuk. The easiest way to climb is along the well-maintained path of the path. It takes 3-4 hours to ascend and descend. By cable car the rise will take 3-5 minutes. From the top of Mashuk, in good weather, you can see vast spaces from the Main Caucasus Range to the steppes of Stavropol. The road to Mashuk will lead to a high obelisk - the grave of the outstanding military topographer A.V. Pastukhova. On the northern slope of the mountain there is the Perkala dendrological nursery.
It has a regular conical shape. From the top of the mountain there is a wide panorama of the surrounding mountains and Zheleznovodsk. The main wealth of the mountain is 23 springs of mineral waters, of which 16 are used. In the places of their outpouring, nine travertine sinter bodies were formed along the perimeter of the mountain. Iron hydroxides that precipitate from the waters give them a rusty color, which is why the mountain is named Iron Mountain. The waters are carbonic, sometimes radon-containing, predominantly sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium with a mineralization of 3-4 g/l. Salt-alkaline waters are less common. By water temperature - cold (Nezlobinsky, Zavadovsky, Gaazovsky springs), warm, 23-35 ° C (Vladimirovsky) and hot, 35-61 ° C (Slavyanovsky, Smirnovsky, Lermontovsky, Semashko springs). Zheleznovodsk waters differ from other deposits of the Caucasian Mineral Waters in their complex ionic composition. The mountain is covered with lush deciduous forest, part of the Beshtaugorsky forest. The forest stand is dominated by hornbeam, ash, oak, maple, and linden. Beech is common in beams with high moisture content. In the undergrowth there are hawthorn, hazel, elderberry, and privet. The herbaceous cover is also rich, in which there are many medicinal plants: Caucasian belladonna, fragrant violet, greater celandine, male fern, large-cupped primrose, valerian. On the eastern slope based natural forest In 1825, the Zheleznovodsk resort park was founded. There are healing routes along the forested slopes of the mountain.
At the foot of Zheleznaya, between the Slavyanovsky and Smirnovsky springs, you can see a shapeless block of stone, which is a fragment of Mount Zheleznaya. This fragment weighs 1,700 pounds. He fell from Zheleznaya on the night of April 10-11, 1892. and quite frightened the inhabitants of the city with its roar.

Natural monument. Located on the southwestern outskirts of the city of Zheleznovodsk. It is a rocky outcrop of beshtaunites measuring 500x150 m, rising 120 m above the foot. The name is associated with the yellow color of the rocks, dotted with holes reminiscent of a honeycomb. Disturbed by a quarry in which beshtaunite was mined for construction purposes in the 20th century. The lower part of the slopes is covered with deciduous forest, part of the Beshtaugorsky forest. On Medovaya there is a place of ancient human settlements of the Byzantine era. Mount Medovaya is one of the attractions of Zheleznovodsk, often visited local residents and vacationers. The route leads to the mountain from the Zheleznovodsk sanatorium “Oak Grove”. It is best to climb the mountain along the path from the south side. The path to the top will be 3-4 km.
Mount Kabanka (Tupaya). Natural monument. It is a picturesque rocky ridge measuring 150x350 m, stretched to the northeast and composed of beshtaunites, resembling a lying boar from the side. It has the appearance of a step with gentle southern and steep western, northern and eastern slopes, broken by clefts and cracks, with a flat top (which, among other things, is associated with one of the names of the mountain - Tupaya). The slopes are covered with deciduous forest, part of the Beshtaugorsky forest. On Kabanka there are remains of ancient settlements of the 3rd-4th centuries. BC e. The path to it lies from the Dubovaya Roshcha sanatorium in Zheleznovodsk, past Mount Medovaya, along a forest road to the second ravine at the foot of Mount Tupoy. From the ravine - climb into the valley between Tupa and Ostra. From this valley you can start climbing to the Kabanka peak, covered with a small forest. The length of the round trip route does not exceed 7 km, the elevation angle is 5-10*, in some places up to 18*.
Mount Razvalka (Sleeping Lion). The upper part of the mountain is a steep rocky ridge 1 km long and relative height up to 200 m, composed of light gray beshtaunites. The southern half of the ridge rises sharply above the northern and looks like the head of a lion, which is why in the 19th century the mountain was called the “Sleeping Lion”. The ridge is divided by cracks into many blocks with sheer walls and deep crevices, which is why modern name mountains – Razvalka. The mountain is made of solidified magma, which rose from the depths three times. The foot of the cliffs and the lower part of the mountain are dotted with large blocky ruins of beshtaunites. On the northern slope of Razvalka, the powerful Grafsky spring gushes out cold (1-5 °C) fresh water, in the past used to supply water to Zheleznovodsk.
One of the attractions of Razvalka is an area of ​​permafrost that has no analogues in the south of temperate latitudes. Permafrost occurs over an area of ​​about 1 hectare on the northern and eastern slopes in the form of a strip at an altitude level of 620-720 m. It is associated with the flow of cold air from cracks with a temperature of −1 to +4 °C. For this reason, ice crystals remain in deep cracks even in summer. It is possible that relict permafrost that arose during the Pleistocene glaciation is still preserved in the depths of the mountain.
Permafrost has had an impact on plant and animal world mountains. If most of Razvalka is covered with broad-leaved forest with islands of mountain-meadow and rocky vegetation characteristic of the Beshtaugorsky forest, then in the area of ​​permafrost an unusual rowan-birch forest has formed with an association of cold-loving plants such as raspberries, honeysuckle, alder, aspen, bird cherry, bladderwort brittle, fireweed. Among the animals found here are the snow vole and some species of insects that are found in the Caucasus only in the highlands.
There are several on Razvalka archaeological sites: Saltpeter cave with a cultural layer containing stone tools and arrowheads (IV-III millennium BC); settlement of Razvalskoye (VIII-VII centuries BC); remains of a necropolis (VI-V centuries BC); remains of an early medieval wheel road.
. Mount Big Saddle is the highest in the vicinity of Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk. The path to it lies through Kislovodsk Park, up along the path of the third route of the path past the Temple of Air, the Red Sun, then the Blue Mountains, which are a group of sheer bare rocks with deep cracks and grottoes, will stand on the way. This is part of the Dzhinalsky ridge. The wide path then goes along a plateau covered with thick grass and flowers. Ahead rises the Small Saddle, its height is 1325 m, which is 500 m higher than the Narzan Gallery. From here Elbrus and the entire Kabardian plateau are clearly visible. Three kilometers from the Small Saddle is the Big Saddle (1409 m), from which not only the Caucasus Range, but also the entire Mineralnye Vody region is clearly visible. In the vicinity of the Big Saddle, hundreds of fragrant and medicinal herbs bloom in warm weather, filling the air with the buzzing of bees and fragrance. In spring, blue and pink snowdrops, growing only in the mountains, break through the snow here. In spring, it gets warmer in Kislovodsk, the trees begin to bloom, however, you can still find remnants of snow on the slopes of the Big Saddle.
The walk is an excellent workout and is approximately 20 km round trip. It is better to start climbing the Big Col early in the morning, at 5-6 o’clock, so that you can return by lunchtime.
- This is the largest monument of material culture of the Kislovodsk Valley. It reflects life local population at the end of the first and beginning of the second millennium AD. The mountain is located among a wide valley 18 km west of Kislovodsk, in the valley of the Podkumok River. Its height is 1094 meters above sea level. At the top there are clear traces of human life and activity. Carved steps, skillfully carved pools for storing water were preserved in the rocks, household items and jewelry of people, and numerous catacomb burials were found. You can climb to the top of Rim Mountain only by steps carved into the rocks. Why is the mountain called Rome Mountain? There is a legend: In ancient times, a small but brave and courageous people lived at the foot of the mountain. They were famous for their hard work and hospitality. One day they were attacked by merciless enemies. The mountaineers steadfastly and bravely defended their land and village, but their forces were unequal. And the mountaineers went to the top of the mountain and began to prepare for defense. “Submit to fate,” the aliens told them, “you fought bravely, but you are few. Lay down your weapons and leave this land. Decide before morning." The mountaineers thought all night. “We will fight,” some said. “We’d better leave and save our family,” others said.” But then a young man came forward, wrapped in a white cap.
– The earth is great, but there is no land that will become our home. Pity is the people who will lose native land, who fed and watered him. Let us die, but we will not betray the land whose juices we carry within us. The fierce battle continued in the morning. There were fewer and fewer defenders of the fortress. The enemies already rushed with joyful cries for the final assault. But a young man in a white cap rushed forward.
- Oh, my brothers! - he cried. – How much is the life of a mountaineer worth? Let our swords speak about it! The rider tore the cap off his head and blindfolded the horse with it. Long hair flowed over his shoulders. It was a young girl. She sent her horse into the midst of her enemies. The mountaineers rushed after the young heroine. The strangers mingled, wavered and left these places forever. The girl Rum saved her people and native land from enslavement, and the mountain was named after her.
A through hole in the spurs of the Burgustan ridge measuring 11 m, formed by weathering, served as the name for this wonderful creation of nature.
IN mountain range There are many caves in the Burgustan ridge, and among them a ring with a diameter of eight meters has formed. The caves and the ring itself are the result of moisture and weathering.
Ring Mountain is not only a natural monument, but also a place associated with the name of M.Yu. Lermontov. The poet had been to Kislovodsk more than once and knew its surroundings. On June 12, in Pechorin’s diary, there is an entry: “... About three versts from Kislovodsk, in the gorge where Podkumok flows, there is a rock called the Ring, this is a gate formed by nature; they rise on a high hill, and the setting sun through them casts its last fiery glance at the world.” Princess Mary and her entourage went for a walk to the Ring. An entry was made about this in Pechorin’s diary: “A large cavalcade went there to watch the sunset through a stone window...” - Near the Ring Mountain, galleries of niches were formed, separated by columns, sharpened by the winds.
Ring Mountain is one of the attractions of Kislovodsk. From here you have a beautiful view of the city. In one of the caves, next to the ring, V.G. Gnilovskoy discovered the inscription: “M. Lermontov
I visited your sacred grotto
I am by virtue of this vow.
My soul is yearning for you, priceless,
But there is no answer from you!...
1837 16 ap. A. von C...”
It is believed that the inscription was left by a friend of M.Yu. Lermontova M.I. von Zeidler.
Good Mountain. Located 20 km west of Kislovodsk. Opens from Gud Mountain beautiful panorama on mountain ranges and picturesque gorges. From Gud Mountain you can go down to the Kanta-Tukele tract. You can travel part of the way by bus, most you need to walk.

Caucasian Mineral Waters

Coat of arms of the region

Region map

Caucasian Mineral Waters(Kavminvody, KMV) - a group of resorts of federal significance in the Stavropol Territory; a specially protected ecological resort region of the Russian Federation, which has a coordinating administration. Direct state administration of this region is entrusted to the administration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the head of which is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Governor of the Stavropol Territory.

The region is located in the south of the European part of Russia, almost at the same distance from the Black and Caspian Seas, at the junction of the Mineralovodskaya inclined plain and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus.

The electrified Moscow-Rostov-Baku railway with a branch to Kislovodsk (and a branch to Zheleznovodsk) and the asphalt federal highway Rostov-Baku pass through the territory of the district. Mineralnye Vody Airport connects CMV region direct airlines with all major centers of the Russian Federation, neighboring countries, and also operates flights to foreign countries.

Geography

in administrative-territorial terms

The Caucasian Mineral Waters agglomeration region, with an area of ​​more than 500 thousand hectares (5.3 thousand sq. km), is located on the territory of three constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the boundaries of the mountain sanitary protection district:

• in the Stavropol Territory - the cities and resort towns of Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody (including the resort Kumagorsk and resort area Naguta), Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, as well as the actual districts of Georgievsky, Mineralovodsky and Predgorny - 58% of the total area of ​​the region;
• in Kabardino-Balkaria - Zolsky district, - 9% (therapeutic mud of Lake Tambukan, Narzanov Valley and others);
• in Karachay-Cherkessia - Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts, - 33% of the territory (zone of formation of mineral springs).

The regional center of the CMS with the seat of the coordinating administration is the city of Essentuki. Previously, this status belonged to the city of Pyatigorsk, and even earlier - Georgievsk.
At the same time, the regime of special environmental management in adjacent territories is also carried out by state bodies of the republics.
The head of the administration of KavMinVod, in accordance with the Regulations, is the first deputy chairman of the Government of the Stavropol Territory by position.

Physiographic characteristics (location)

The Caucasian Mineral Waters region occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasus Range, just a couple of tens of kilometers from Elbrus. The earth seems different here, the sky seems different to others. From afar, motionless white clouds are visible, which, when approaching, turn out to be the snowy peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. Southern borders the area is the foothills of Elbrus, the valley of the Khasaut and Malki rivers; in the west - the upper reaches of the Eshkakona and Podkumka rivers; The northern border of the region is the city of Mineralnye Vody, beyond which the steppe expanses of Ciscaucasia begin.

In terms of hydromineral resources, the region includes:

• in the south: the carbonated waters of the Upper and Lower Berezovsky in the Berezovsky Gorge, the Belovodsky and Bely springs in the upper reaches of the Alikonovsky Gorge (the Belovodskaya Balka river), the Malkinskoye Gorge - the Thobzashhops springs (in the Kamennomostsky area), the Seraphim of Sarovsky spring with healing spring water (on the northern slopes of Jinal ), Valley of the Narzanov, Cheget Lakhransky, Lakhransky Narzans [Kichmalka plateau, Mount Ullu-Lakhran (1883 m)], source (Khasautsky) in the Mal. Bermamyt (2644 m) and the village of Khasaut (in the southwest; in the extreme south (adjacent to the Elbrus region) the Yungeshli spring).
• in the west: in the Kum Gorge - carbon dioxide water of the Kum deposit in Krasno-Vostochny (the village of Krasny Vostok) and the Suvorov baths, springs in the upper reaches of the Podkumka and Kum rivers near the Gumbashi pass, and east of Gudgora (2489 m) on the Eshkakon river (Lower Eshkakon and Upper Eshkakonsky tract Kanta-Thukele?); on the watershed - springs in the area of ​​​​the villages of Michurinsky and Kholodnorodnikovskoye (near the village of Schastlivoe), and on the northern slopes of the Pastbishchny ridge in Ugolnaya Balka (above the forestry enterprises Ugolnaya Dacha and Bekeshevskaya Dacha - in Karachay-Cherkessia).
• in the north: in the resort of Kumagorsk, Nagutsky springs in the balneological Nagutsky resort area (springs near the villages of Nagutskoye, Soluno-Dmitrievskoye (Nagutskaya station - a plant for bottling mineral waters of one of the largest Nagutsky deposits in the region (250 million bottles per year, 80- e)), this also includes the mineral springs of the town of Camel).
• in the east: Lysogorsk springs (Lysa Gora, including Batalinsky), as well as St. George's baths.

Story

KMV is one of the oldest resort regions in Russia. The first written information about its mineral springs is found in the physician G. Schober (1717), who was sent by Peter I to examine the mineral springs treasure troves North Caucasus. First detailed descriptions they were made by I. A. Gyldenstedt (1773), and then by P. S. Pallas (1793). After the study of the hot spring in Pyatigorsk (1801) and the conclusion of a special commission on the possibility of using mineral waters for medicinal purposes (1802), the decree of Alexander I of April 24, 1803 approved the regulations on the Caucasian Mineral Waters, when the historical Rescript “On recognition of the national significance of the Caucasian Mineral Waters” was signed and the need for their construction,” and their official existence as a resort area began.
The first information about Lake Tambukan was also reported by I. A. Gyldenshtedt (1770s), but the use of its medicinal mud began much later (from 1886 in Pyatigorsk and Essentuki, then in Zheleznovodsk). Initially, CMV attracted a limited number of patients, mainly from the military and nobility. There were no plans to develop resorts; management of the CMS was usually entrusted to the military administration. Only a few of the administrators showed interest in KavMinVody.

The history of the development of this unique resort region of the Russian Federation was characterized by ups and downs, with a transition from public administration to private contractors. Long distances from central cities Russian Empire, when those wishing to receive treatment at Hot, Iron and Sour Waters were forced to make a real journey on horse-drawn carriages lasting one and a half to two months, military operations in the Caucasus, the lack of infrastructure for the springs and resorts themselves - all this created certain difficulties in the development of Caucasian Mineral Waters. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, at the beginning of the 19th century, vacationers on Hot Waters lived in Kalmyk tents, specially sent here for the summer. holiday season. The selfless work of equipping the KavMinVod by outstanding Russian patriots (in alphabetical order):

• Johann K. and Joseph C. Bernardazzi
• G. A. Emanuel
• A. P. Nelyubina
• M. V. Sergeeva
• N. N. Slavyanova
• S. A. Smirnova
• V. V. Khvoshchinsky

and many others allowed step by step to transform them into a famous balneological resort in Russia. IN Soviet time Caucasian Mineral Waters has become a popular forge of public health Soviet Union. In 1990, about 1 million people from all over the country and from abroad vacationed and recovered at the all-Union resort [Kavmingruppe].

But at the same time, the local population was growing at a rapid pace (see below - agglomeration). All this began to create a large anthropogenic load on the ecology of the KMS (see Pyatigorsk). A certain shortage of mineral resources began to be felt. Excessive development of industry in resort cities, not related to medical and health (sanatorium and resort) purposes, the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers in agriculture also posed a real threat of contamination of the hydromineral wealth of the unique resort. This could not but worry representatives of balneology, the leadership of the Stavropol Territory, and the Russian government.
That is why the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin was signed on March 27, 1992, according to which KavMinVody is a specially protected ecological resort region of the Russian Federation. It directly defined the goals of creating the region - preserving the natural resources of the KMS resorts - a world-famous area with unique health and healing factors, a unique historical, architectural and cultural appearance.

Kavminvod Mountains

Kislovodsk is located above all the resorts (817-1063 m), the remaining resorts are located at approximately the same altitude: Essentuki - along the river. Podkumok (600-640 m), Pyatigorsk - at the foot of Mashuk (510-630 m), Zheleznovodsk - in the valley between Beshtau and Zheleznaya, on the slopes at the foot of the latter (600-650 m). The vegetation is represented mainly by massifs of oak and hornbeam forests, alternating with meadow steppes; in the foothills there is steppe and forest-steppe vegetation, which in the mountains (at an altitude of 800-1100 m) gives way to broad-leaved forests (beech, oak, hornbeam).

The relief of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region begins at the foot of Elbrus, where the Rocky Range with a number of peaks clearly stands out. In the western and southern parts of the KMV, the mountains drop off steeply, in places with sheer ledges to the south (the depth of these cliffs reaches 1000 m), and the long northern slopes are slightly (gently) inclined and merge with the foothill plain. These are the Pastbishchny and Skalisty ridges. They are divided into a number of river valleys mountain ranges. The pasture ridge within the KavMinVod is cut by Podkumk into two parts: the western (Borgustan ridge, Darya heights of the Borgustan ridge) rises to 1200-1300 m, and the eastern (Dzhinalsky ridge) has an absolute elevation of the top of the Upper Dzhinal of 1542 m. The rocks on the spurs of the ridges are decorated with niches, openwork vaults, carved sandstone columns. To the south of Pastbishchnoye stretches the Rocky Range with the peaks of Bolshaya and Small Bermamyt (2592 and 2644 m (highest point of the KMS), 30 km to Elbrus; in the early morning on Bermamyt you can sometimes see the so-called Brocken ghost). Bermamyt plateau, and Zhatmaz ridge(city of Shidzhatmaz (Shatzhatmaz) 2127 m, astronomical station of the GAO RAS (2072 m), scientific base of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and Kichmalka plateau(Manglai 2055 m), below which in the picturesque valley of the Khasaut River at an altitude of 1300 m above sea level is the Narzan Valley - about 20 mineral springs (34 km south of Kislovodsk, in the southern foothills of the Rocky Range of the Greater Caucasus), - inclined towards Kislovodsk and abut the steep ledges of the Pastbishchny Range. To the south of the Rocky Range towards Elbrus stretches the vast Bechasyn plateau (with Mount Bechasyn 2364 m). By absolute altitudes The territory of the KMS belongs to the middle mountains, the maximum amplitude of heights is 2464 m (and taking into account Elbrus - 5462 m, second place after Kabardino-Balkaria).
The dissected relief, which creates a wide variety of landscapes, is explained by the long development and complex geological structure of the territory.

Geology

The KavMinVod region is located within the junction of the Stavropol Upland (Pre-Caucasus) and the northern slopes and foothills of the North Caucasus. This is the center of the Caucasus, where over a long geological history, along with folded and vertical movements, horizontal movements. Its territory is bordered on all sides by huge deep faults. The origin of laccoliths is associated with faults. These mountains were formed by gradual uplift or tectonic extrusion of viscous, cooling lava through the thickness of sedimentary deposits. Volcanic bodies are still cooling today. At the base of the strata plains inclined to the north, at the very bottom there are Paleozoic rocks crumpled into folds and penetrated by veins of acidic magma during mountain building: quartz-chlorite schists, quartzites, granites. The most ancient rocks of the area can be seen in the valley of the Alikonovka River south of Kislovodsk, 4-5 km above the Castle rock, one of the local attractions. Here pink and red granites come to the surface, the age of which is determined to be 220-230 million years. In Mesozoic times, the granites that came to the surface were destroyed and formed a thick (up to 50 m) layer of weathering crust, consisting of crystals of quartz, feldspar, and mica. You come across geodes - “stones with a secret”. When you split such a stone, you can find inside white calcite crystals, streaks of gray opal and translucent chalcedony. Sedimentary deposits of the Jurassic and Cretaceous seas, with a thickness of more than 1000 m, can be examined on the southern slopes of the Borgustan and Dzhinalsky ridges. Here brownish-gray and yellowish limestones, dolomites, and red ferruginous sandstones come to the surface. These are the famous Red and Gray stones (see park). On Goryachaya Mountain in Pyatigorsk you can see various forms of travertine deposits - a stone formed by the evaporation of mineral water. Petrified leaves and twigs are visible in the travertine. Karst is developed here, which is also found on the Skalisty and Pastbishchny ridges. The peculiarities of the geological structure of Razvalka are associated with the amazing phenomenon of “summer permafrost,” explained by seasonal air circulation in the cracks of the mountain.

With all the diversity of water composition and the nature of deposits, the mineral springs of the KMV are closely connected by the common geological conditions of formation and general history development on their basis of a group of famous, oldest resorts in Russia.
The presence of mineral springs is associated with a complex of sedimentary formations of Meso-Cenozoic age, gently plunging from South to North from Greater Caucasus to the Stavropol Upland. From the point of view of the possibilities of accumulation and movement of groundwater, Mesozoic-Cenozoic rocks plunging to the north form a large artesian slope, the main feeding area of ​​which coincides with the area of ​​exposure of the oldest metamorphic rocks to the surface. Of several aquifers, the most abundant are: the Tithonian aquifer complex, flow rate 0.1-10 l/s, depth from 260 m (Kislovodsk region) to 1000 m (Essentuki); Valanginian complex, flow rate of St. 15 l/s, depth from 170 m (Kislovodsk) to 800 m (Essentuki); Aptian complex, flow rate 10 l/s, maximum depth up to 500 m (Essentuki); Upper Cretaceous complex, flow rate up to 5 l/s, depth up to 300 m (the total flow rate of the most abundant is about 3-3.5 million l per day). Of great importance in the hydrogeology of the region are faults and intrusions of igneous rocks (intrusions), which form peculiar dome-shaped mountains-laccoliths in the relief (Mashuk, Beshtau, Zheleznaya, Razvalka, Zmeyka, etc.). Individual deposits of mineral waters (Berezovskoe, Kislovodskoe, Kumskoe, Essentukskoe, Pyatigorskoe, Zheleznovodskoe, Nagutskoe, Kumagorskoe, etc.) and others are associated with zones of tectonic disturbances, as well as with contacts of intrusions and sedimentary rocks. a large number of yields of mineral springs of various compositions. The KMS groundwater resources (fresh and mineral) are formed mainly due to the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation (in the Greater Caucasus Mountains). Some groundwater is enriched with gases (carbon dioxide) formed under conditions of high subsoil temperature. The formation of the composition of mineral waters occurs with the significant participation of processes of leaching of host rocks, cation exchange and mixing; this last process is especially widespread in the upper parts of the section, where deep, highly gas-saturated portions of water enter along faults from the basement. Pushing aside less mineralized flows and partially mixing with them, the rising waters here form the final chemical and temperature appearance of the mineral waters of the region.

Climate

Along with mineral waters, the resort resources of the KMS make up the favorable climate of the central and southwestern parts of the region, used for climatotherapy.
The climate of the KavMinVod region has long been highly valued by balneologists and has been successfully used as a healing factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with the large number of sunny days - in Kislovodsk only 37-40 days a year are without sun. It is relatively dry here; moist air masses from the Black Sea do not reach here - they are delayed by the Main Caucasus Range.

The diversity of the relief creates a difference in the climate of the KMS resorts, and is formed under the influence of a number of factors: the difference in the altitude of cities, protection by mountains determines the characteristics of the microclimate. The foothill nature of the area and the proximity of the snowy peaks of the Main Caucasus Range on the one hand, and on the other, the proximity of arid steppes and semi-deserts of the Caspian coast determine the continental climate features of this region. By climatic conditions The Kavminvod region can be conditionally divided into two zones: the southern - the Kislovodsk region with the features of a continental low-mountain climate, and the northern - Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk with the typical features of the steppe zone. The most favorable, according to medical climatology, is the southern zone.

The region of the resorts Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki is a climatic zone with a lot of heat and moderate precipitation. The average annual precipitation is within 600 mm, mainly in spring and early summer. Compared to the southern zone, here, as a rule, the average annual air temperature is higher, relative humidity is 65-71%, the number of days with fog and without sun is 85-92 (thick fogs are typical in winter), days with precipitation are 120-160, and frosty days about 90 days. Cloudy days with fog and frost occur in the autumn-winter period, which creates a contrast with Kislovodsk. In Pyatigorsk, summers are warm, winters are moderately mild (a third of winter days include rain, thaws, and fogs). The climate of Zheleznovodsk corresponds to the mountain-forest and moderately dry climate of the middle mountains of the Alps. The number of hours of sunshine here is relatively high, but the greenery and constantly blowing winds mitigate the heat. The climate of Essentuki is distinguished by contrast - summers here are hot and dry, winters are frosty and often rainy. Spring and autumn are clearly defined. Kislovodsk is famous as a climatic resort, where, due to the closed conditions of the basin, clear, dry weather prevails; for example, winter in Kislovodsk is “frost and sun, a wonderful day”, the sun shines 300 days a year.

The air temperature depends on the altitude of the place and the season of the year. average temperature January in Pyatigorsk −4.0 °C, in Kislovodsk −3.9°. July temperatures are +22° and +19°, respectively.
The amount of precipitation decreases from the mountains to the plains: in Bermamyt - 724 mm, in Kislovodsk - 599 mm, in Pyatigorsk - 472 mm; the least number of them is in Essentuki. More than 85% of all precipitation falls in the form of rain (rain predominates over snowfall in winter). The snow cover is low and unstable, snow falls and melts quickly. In Kislovodsk, snow cover lies continuously for an average of 10 days. More than half of winters pass without any snow cover at all.
The greatest cloudiness on the plains is observed in winter; in the mountains (Kislovodsk, Bermamyt, Narzanov Valley), on the contrary, the clearest winter months are.

KMS resorts have wind conditions favorable for climatic treatment. There are frequent calms here, especially in the Kislovodsk basin in winter (the average annual wind speed in Kislovodsk is 2.4 m/sec). In the mountains, for example in Bermamyt, there are strong winds - more than 15 m/sec.
The best time of year for relaxation and travel in Kavminvody is late summer and autumn. It can be sunny, dry, rich in fruits and brightly colored landscapes.

Natural resources

Hydromineral, balneological resources

The basis of the KMS resort resources are min. waters of various compositions, on the basis of which the so-called North Caucasus recreational and medical area arose.

In terms of the composition and quality of its climatic and balneological resources, concentrated on a relatively compact territory, in terms of the richness and diversity of mineral springs, the resort region of Russia - KavMinVody - has no analogues on the entire Euro-Asian continent, and indeed in the world; In terms of chemical richness and diversity, quality and healing properties, mineral water sources are extremely diverse and have no equal. The origin, formation and properties of mineral waters are associated with the Pyatigorsk laccoliths and the high mountain regions of the North Caucasus, where groundwater is formed. Atmospheric precipitation that falls in the mountains, as well as melt water, penetrates rock strata to great depths, mineralizes, heats up, becomes saturated with gases, and comes to the surface through cracks in river valleys. In terms of chemical composition and use for treatment, water for the most part is low- and medium-mineralized with a salt content of 2 to 15 g/l. The highest mineralization is at the Batalinsky and Lysogorsky springs - 21 g/l.
Unique hydromineral wealth, a wonderful bouquet of healing mineral waters with approved operational reserves of 15.6 thousand cubic meters per day are concentrated in a small area (546.5 thousand hectares). According to data for 2001, 2.2 thousand m³ per day is extracted and used. At the same time, 1.5 thousand m 3 /day (68%) of this was spent on drinking and balneological treatment, and 0.7 thousand m 3 /day (32%) - on the industrial bottling of medicinal and medicinal table waters.
There are 24 deposits and sites within the mining and sanitary protection district. Conventionally, several separate deposits can be distinguished: Kislovodskoye, Essentukskoye, Pyatigorskoye, Beshtaugorskoye, Inozemtsevskoye, Zheleznovodskoye, Zmeykinskoye, Lysogorskoye, Krasno-Vostochnoye, Kumagorskoye, Nagutskaya resort area, etc. Of the total approved reserves in category A+B, 13,706 are concentrated within the Stavropol Territory .8 m³ per day, within the borders of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic - 1910.0 m³ per day (13.9%). In addition, promising reserves (according to categories C 1 + C 2 + P) amount to 7629.9 m 3 per day. Of the 5 hydrochemical provinces of underground mineral waters, 3 turned out to be characteristic of our region: provinces of carbon dioxide (at the Mashukogorsk deposit in Pyatigorsk, for example, these are the 1st, 2nd and 4th Pyatigorsk types), radon waters (3rd type) , and nitrogen and nitrogen-methane waters (5th Pyatigorsk type).
At the same time, Pyatigorsk is called the MinWater Museum for the exceptional variety of mineral springs concentrated on small area around Mount Mashuk. These are the famous hot hydrogen sulfide waters, carbon dioxide waters (Pyatigorsk Narzans), radon waters, mineral waters of the Essentuki type (fourth Pyatigorsk type), nitrogen-methane waters. The unique salt-alkaline waters of the Essentuki resort (Essentuki-4, Essentuki-17) are famous throughout the world for their healing properties. Dolomite, sulfate and simple Narzan of Kislovodsk are widely known. Carbon dioxide sulfate-carbonate calcium-sodium (Smirnovskaya and Slavyanovskaya waters), as well as the bitter-salty waters of the Batalinsky and Lysogorsky springs, are invaluable for the treatment of a large number of diseases. Almost the entire range of human diseases can be treated at Caucasian Mineral Waters.

More than 50 enterprises and specialized workshops are involved in the industrial bottling of mineral waters in a specially protected ecological resort region. In 2001, 200,642.6 thousand liters of mineral water were produced and sold. Thanks to this, the healing properties of our waters are well known in all regions of the country and abroad.

The unique wealth of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is the healing brine and mud of the Tambukan [near the border of the region and Kabardino-Balkaria] and Lysogorsk mineral lakes. Tambukan Lake is fed mainly by rain and melt water, and since it is located in the arid steppe zone, it is subject to cyclical changes in the water surface. The area of ​​the water surface is about 180 (230) hectares, the depth is from 1.5 to 3.1 m. The lake water is a brine of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium composition (mineralization 50-60 g/l). The total operational reserves of the most valuable black and dark gray mud are 1,600 thousand cubic meters. m. (the reserves of silt mud (containing 0.4% hydrogen sulfide) in the lake are estimated at 2.3 million tons). Mud is used in the resort institutions of KavMinVod (most widely in Pyatigorsk and Essentuki; in Zheleznovodsk brine and mud from the Lysogorsk [Inozemtsevskie] lakes are used equally; in Kumagorsk, sulfide-silt mud used for mud therapy is extracted from a small salt lake located on the territory of the resort), as well as sanatorium and resort institutions of Dolinsk (Nalchik), Sernovodsk and North Ossetia. Therapeutic mud is also sent to medical and health institutions in Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, and Sochi.
In addition, a medicinal (so-called biostimulating) drug [such as FiBS, peloidin] is obtained from the mud, which retains its healing properties and can be used in non-resort conditions.

Caucasian-Mineral Vody agglomeration

The core of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region is the Caucasian-Mineral Vody polycentric urban agglomeration, uniting the cities of Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Mineralnye Vody. The Caucasian-Mineral Vody agglomeration numbers 946,000 (2010 census) (only in the Stavropol Territory, including the urban (658,000) and rural population (288,000) of the Predgorny, Georgievsky and Mineralovodsky districts), surpassing Stavropol in size, and is the largest in the Stavropol Territory and the North Caucasus Federal District. The transport and economic center of the agglomeration is the city of Mineralnye Vody. The largest city The Pyatigorsk agglomeration is the center of the North Caucasus Federal District formed in 2010.

The administrative center of the specially protected ecological resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters is located in Essentuki.

Caucasian Mineral Waters is one of the most densely populated areas of the North Caucasus; the average population density exceeds 150 people per 1 km 2.

Peculiarities

Caucasian Mineral Waters is the largest and one of the oldest resort regions of the Russian Federation. Over 130 mineral springs and large reserves of silt mud from Lake Tambukan (and Lake Lysogorsk) make the KMS a unique balneological resort. The CMV region is distinguished by picturesque natural landscapes, mountain healing climate and is famous for its sanatorium and resort complex enterprises in Russia. Their main specialization is the provision of medical and health services, treatment with world-famous waters and mineral mud. Also, land plots located on the territory of the KMS (within the boundaries of the districts of sanitary (mountain sanitary) protection of the KMS resort) by virtue of the law are lands of specially protected natural areas. The fact that land plots are classified as lands of specially protected natural areas (resort lands) means that it is impossible to make them the property of the society in connection with their classification as land plots, limited in circulation (subparagraph 1 of paragraph 5 of Article 27 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 8 of Article 28 of the Law on Privatization)

see also

• Resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters:

Notes

Literature

• A. M. Prokhorov (chief editor) Caucasian Mineral Waters //

Mineral Caucasian Waters are one of the most frequently visited places in Russia. They include several cities in the North Caucasus. Unusual nature, clean air allows every guest to plunge into unusual world of this region. Many come here to improve their health and just have a good time on their day off or vacation. Here is located which became famous thanks to its reserves of silt mud. In 1992, it was decided to assign this resort a special status - a protected ecological resort region of Russia. Mineral Caucasian Waters first appeared in Schober's notes. This happened back in the 17th century. Schober himself was a doctor. It is he who is considered the discoverer of this medical area. Despite the fact that the resort includes several cities, its area is about 6 thousand square meters. km. If we take the most extreme point(Kislovodsk), then the distance between them is only 57 km. Thanks to its dense location, you can see and visit all mysterious places oh this resort. From any place in the region the most high point Europe - Mount Elbrus. Moreover, this peak is a dormant volcano. Who knows when he might wake up. There are a lot of mysterious places here that you should pay attention to.

Caucasian Mineral Waters consists of the cities: Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk and Pyatigorsk. The terrain here is predominantly mountainous, which is why many extreme sports enthusiasts flock to this resort not only from Russia, but also from all over the world. This place has more than 90 about 120 sanatoriums and boarding houses, which operate not only in summer, but also in winter. There are very mild winters here without severe frosts, and in the summer every vacationer enjoys the sun and dry weather. Medicinal properties waters were discovered quite a long time ago, but now exact time no one knows. Once in this region, you can hear many stories and legends from the old residents of the area. The residents here are very hospitable and are always happy to meet new guests. Caucasian mineral waters annually welcome more than a million guests who come for different purposes. The location of the resort is between the Black and Caspian Seas on the slopes of the Caucasus Range, in the northern part.

Sanatoriums of Caucasian Mineral Waters

Mineral Caucasian Waters includes a wide variety of sanatoriums, among which you can choose the most suitable one in terms of services and prices. Many sanatoriums of the Caucasian Mineral Waters were built by certain enterprises, which annually send their employees to a well-deserved rest. But there are also special tours. They are purchased in various travel companies. The tour may include accommodation, treatments, meals, etc. All resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters are aimed at improving health. One of the most popular is the city of Zheleznovodsk. This is where the medical boarding houses are located, which are famous for their drinking waters and unique medical procedures. All resorts meet the necessary standards, so you don’t have to worry about the quality of your stay. Each establishment tries to be unique and different from others. This is due to competition. But this factor only plays into the hands of every tourist. Before choosing a sanatorium, you need to look through several options so that you can compare all the institutions. This will help you make the right choice.

Sights of Caucasian Mineral Waters

Everyone who comes to these places should rejoice at this chance, because there are many unique places that need to be visited. The sights of Caucasian Mineral Waters are distinguished by their individual history. Each place has its own legend and history. One of them is the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. This building was built in the 90s of the outgoing century. It should be noted that the construction process was carried out in a very short time. An equal-pointed cross was chosen as the basis of the temple. It serves as a symbol of the salvation of people. As for the interior decoration, it was carried out by the best craftsmen who painted the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior. There is another church, an older one - St. Nicholas. It was erected after the end of the Second World War. Inside the church you can see the ancient icon “Quick to Hear”. It was written by monks who lived on Mount Athos. You also need to pay attention to the Mineralovodsk Local Lore Museum. It contains exhibits that cover a large period of time. In addition, there is the Museum of Aviation Technology and the Museum of Writer A.P. Bibikova. Many tourists visit the magmatic site. People call it Zhlan-tau (translation into Turkic). Well, it’s worth visiting the mud bath building. It was built at the end of the 19th century on railway station. The interior of the room is reminiscent of ancient Roman baths. Nearby there is a real steam locomotive that has been standing since 1985. The monument was erected in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Stakhanov movement.

Kislovodsk is a resort city

Many doctors advise rest and treatment in various resort places. One of these is Caucasian Mineral Waters. Kislovodsk is a city that is part of this region. It is located in the southern part. The city is located on high mountains, which explains such clean air. It should be noted that the settlement is simply surrounded by greenery, which is especially pleasant on sunny days. Even in the past, they recognized the uniqueness of the climate and the healing properties of the water, which was called “nart-sane”. In addition, you can simply walk along the streets and parks of the city. They are planted with coniferous trees, and also have unique paths and sidewalks along which it is a pleasure to walk. Kislovodsk is very popular in terms of tourist attendance. People come here not only to improve their health, but also to enjoy beautiful view and just have a good time. If you look at the sanatoriums, they are built for different classes of tourists. There are both double economy rooms and entire three-level apartments designed for people with high incomes. They contain swimming pools, jacuzzi, saunas, etc. Many diseases are treated with great success in the sanatoriums of Kislovodsk; even severe forms of asthma are cured here.

Before the trip, you need to familiarize yourself with the photo. Caucasian Mineral Waters, like any other place unfamiliar to you, has its own laws and orders. One of the main rules of this region is that drinking is completely prohibited here. alcoholic drinks and smoking in public places. In addition, it is necessary to monitor the garbage left behind. It cannot be thrown around; there are designated places for it. All these violations may result in a fairly large fine, so there is no need to spoil your vacation, but rather respect those around you. Due to the fact that many tourists want to visit all the cities in the region, they use electric trains. They are the most convenient form of transport for moving around the resort area. As for public transport, taxis are very popular here. These cars will be able to take you to the nearest villages, and will also help tourists find their way around the place.

If you have chosen summer for your vacation, then it should be noted that during the daytime the air temperature rarely drops below +30. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid city tours in the heat of the day. The resort has a large number of private residential properties. The owners actively offer their homes for rent to all visitors. For those who prefer such a holiday, this is very convenient.

Internet to help tourists

Almost everyone who has been here recommends Caucasian Mineral Waters. Reviews are only positive. In order to get acquainted with the opinions of other vacationers about this place, you need to seek help from specialists or at least acquaintances. If you wish, you can find all the information you are interested in. In addition, you can chat with real vacationers and learn about the quality of service in a particular establishment. This is important if you only want to have a pleasant trip experience. It is also recommended that you read in detail pricing policy resort to calculate your vacation budget. On specialized forums you can meet new people; by the way, there have been many cases when such communication led to a joint vacation. Often in this way you can significantly save your finances.

Resort cuisine

As everyone knows, the Caucasian Mineral Waters region is located in the mountains of the same name, so there is a large concentration of people of the corresponding nationality, their traditions are present, and, of course, national cuisine. It is an integral part of the resort. In the cities of the region you can see a large number of restaurants serving this cuisine. It is based on the best traditions and customs. The menu includes dishes from Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and other countries of the East. In addition to delicious food, you can enjoy live traditional music and see unique oriental dances. The working hours of such establishments are completely different; some work around the clock, while others work from morning until late evening. Each restaurant pays special attention to service. Every guest is greeted here very warmly.

Residential real estate in Caucasian Mineralnye Vody

In order to have fun and usefully spend your time, you need to go to Caucasian Mineral Waters. Holidays here will be at the highest level. Resorts include a wide variety of hotels, private boarding houses and other properties that are rented to tourists. They all vary in price and quality. Therefore, before traveling, it is recommended to choose the most suitable option in order to arrive at the place immediately, rather than waste your time searching. If you purchase a tour, it already includes hotel accommodation. The cost of the tour depends on the class of the hotel, but in addition, the price may be affected by the number of services included in it. This a good place For family vacation, all conditions for staying with children have been created here.

Capital Pyatigorsk

The cities of Caucasian Mineral Waters are similar to each other. The main settlements are Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki and Kislovodsk. Pyatigorsk is the capital of this region. It is located at the foot of Mount Mashuk. It is 680 m. It is unique in that it is the only place in the CIS countries where natural radon and mud from Lake Tambukan exist. In some properties they are superior even to dirt Dead Sea. On the slopes of Mount Mashuk there is an ancient forest, which includes mainly broad-leaved trees. If you walk through the forest, you can see paths, gazebos, and small fountains that delight you with fresh water. Pyatigorsk has a good medical base, made up of favorable factors geographical location. Take, for example, a radon clinic. It is the largest in Europe. Here it is possible to accept 15 types of procedures that are aimed at treating various diseases, including diseases of the spine. In Pyatigorsk they will be able to cure ailments of the digestive organs, nervous system, treat infertility, gynecological diseases, etc.

Unusual Zheleznovodsk

Zheleznovodsk is located near Pyatigorsk. It is the smallest among other resort towns. It got its name due to the fact that it is located at the foot of Mount Zheleznaya. Its height above sea level is 650 meters. The entire city and its outskirts are covered with rich forests, which include oaks, hornbeams and beech. In addition, you can see a large amount of other greenery. Among this luxury one can see sanatoriums. If you look at the southern side of the mountain, here you can see a beautiful bet with a pier for catamarans, boats and boats, as well as a magnificent beach with a small restaurant. What’s interesting about Zheleznovodsk is that everything forest parks of natural origin. This is due to the city’s entry into the Beshtaugorsky forest. If you walk through the forest, you can see hares, foxes, roe deer, deer and other animals. Some vacationers compare the climate of the region with that of Switzerland. The air is also saturated with ions, surprisingly clean, has little humidity, and there are no strong winds. There are 15 sanatoriums in the city, excluding boarding houses. In the park you can find drinking springs of mineral waters: Smirnovskaya, Slavyanovskaya and Vladimirovskaya. In that locality Mud, health path and climatic treatment are widely used. In Zheleznovodsk, they treat the digestive system, diseases of the genitourinary organs, blood circulation, gynecological diseases, prostatitis, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and others.

Essentuki

Essentuki is the quietest and calmest city. In addition, he is considered the most popular resort And drinking source. The main feature of the city is that it contains as many as 27 sources of healing water. Essentuki is located just 43 kilometers from the airport. Its height above sea level is 640 meters. It should be noted the mountain-steppe climate. Here spring is very short because it quickly turns into dry and warm summer. If we take the length of the day, then Essentuki is in second place, the first is Kislovodsk. In the northern and southern parts there are two parks: Main and Komsomolsky. All sanatoriums are located along the arc of the park area. The resort is a target source, so it is not recommended to drink the water without any illness. All health resorts are open all year round. It is also designed for children’s health, so children from 5 to 17 years old can come for treatment. This city will help you cope with diseases of the intestines, genitourinary system, liver and all digestive organs. Mineralnye Caucasian Waters are always happy to welcome new visitors.

If you need to improve your health or just have a good and useful time, then you need to head to Caucasian Mineral Waters. Sanatoriums, which have only positive reviews from previous visitors, are ready to receive vacationers all year round.