general information

The soil and rocks under this island South Sea- a very unreliable basis. The Hawaiian archipelago is the result of volcanic activity: its 137 islands are the peaks of underwater volcanoes. This chain lies just along the edge of the great Pacific tectonic plate, which moves 10 cm to the northwest every year. The volcanoes of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park are located on the main island, which is locally known as the "Big Island". These are the most active volcanoes on the planet.

The reserve was established on August 1, 1916, and was then called Hawaii National Park. Protected status 1300 sq. km of its area was confirmed in 1961 under modern name. National Park Hawaii's volcanoes include a unique ecological system, from black sand ocean beaches to fire-breathing mountains.

Rising 4,169 m above sea level, Mauna Loa is the most... big volcano on the ground. Its foot goes into one of the deepest depressions in the Pacific Ocean, adding another 5000 m to the first figure. This means that the total height of Mauna Loa is more than 9100 m, much higher than the height of Mount Everest (8848 m). Mauna Loa's "little brother" is Kilauea. Although it is far from the size of Mauna Loa, Kilauea is the most... active volcano on the planet. Both mountains are classified as shield volcanoes, as are most of the volcanoes in Hawaii.

The aborigines have a legend that explains why Kilauea is so restless and sometimes even cruel. Locals believe that Kilauea Crater, Halemaumau, is the home of the fire goddess Pele, a very fiery person. The girl easily loses control of herself and begins to literally spit fire and hot lava anywhere. Then Pele calms down and falls into a blessed sleep. To please such an ardent goddess or at least moderate her furious anger, the aborigines bring gifts for Pele and leave them on the edge of the crater. This custom is still sacredly observed today.

Geologists, as always, explain Kilauea's tough character in a more pragmatic way. The most popular theory is the so-called hot spot idea. A hot spot is any area that exhibits volcanic activity for a sufficiently long period of time without erupting lava. This theory suggests the presence of huge cavities beneath the Earth's surface, from which magma rises relatively slowly compared to real eruptions. The Pacific tectonic plate floats just above such a giant magma lake. Internal pressure, provoking continental drift, pushes magma to the surface, appears new island with inevitable volcanic activity. This means that it is not surprising that Kilauae erupts every now and then, throwing thin fountains of lava into the sky day and night.

Data

• Founding: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was founded on the Hawaiian archipelago on August 1, 1916. Today its area is 1309 square meters. km.
• Elevation: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park rises above sea level to 4,169 m at its highest point. high point, Mauna Loa. If you count from its base on the ocean floor, the height of this volcano will be 9100 m.
• Eruptions: Since 1983, Kilauea has not stopped erupting. It has long been considered the most active volcano on the planet.
• UNESCO World Heritage List: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987.

Since ancient times, local residents have worshiped volcanoes, considering them sacred place. Europeans first visited Kilauea in 1823, and by 1840 the volcano was already a popular tourist destination.

It was formed on August 1, 1916. It is located in the state of Hawaii, in the southeastern part of the island of Hawaii. Its total area is 1348 km². Smoking craters, rare volcanic formations, Hawaiian jungle with huge ferns - all this can be seen in the park.

It is a unique system in the middle of ocean waters. Most of protected area is located in the desert. Kilauea Caldera, the most famous volcano in the national park, resembles a lake of boiling liquid. Its area is 4.5 km2 and its depth exceeds 230 meters.

Kilauea has been in constant activity since 1983. This is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. Also in the park there is a dormant Mauna Kea volcano and a less active volcano Mauna Loa. However, volcanoes are not the only traces of volcanic activity in the protected area; black sandy beaches, lava tubes, lava flows.

On the edge of the caldera is Thomas Jaeger Museum. It presents various things directly related to volcanoes - volcanologists' clothing, scientific equipment and more.

Weather in national park Hawaiian volcanoes impossible to predict. Travelers should be prepared for the possibility of rain at any time. The air temperature in the protected area is always several degrees lower (3-5) than on the coast. This is due to the high altitude.

The national park covers a heterogeneous natural environment: from sea ​​shores to the top of the most massive volcano on the planet - Mauna Loa Loa(4169 m). The protected area includes seven ecological zones: alpine zone, subalpine zone, mountain forests, tropical forests, tree-covered hills, lowlands, and coast.

Provides a refuge for a variety of endangered species, including: smiling spiders, carnivorous caterpillars, Hawaiian flowerbirds (birds), Hawaiian white-and-gray bat, Hawaiian hawk, Hawaiian petrel, Hawaiian goose (nene), hawksbill turtle.

I have already shown you a fairly popular one on the Internet, but now I will show you a popular volcanic place for tourists. There is lava literally under your feet. This place is considered a “mecca” for photographers and volcanologists.

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park(Hawai"i Volcanoes National Park) is located on the island of Hawaii (Big Island), in the state of Hawaii, USA. The park was founded on August 1, 1916 and has an area of ​​1348 km². Here you can see the result of thousands of years of volcanic activity, which has a history of 70 million years.

The park is home to 2 of the world's most active active volcanoes, the highest of which, Mauna Loa, has a height of 4,169 m. The largest eruptions were observed in 1924, 1982 and in March 2008.

The unique landscape of the park is formed by the activity of volcanoes. Travelers have a unique opportunity to see dormant volcanoes, the slopes of which are already covered tropical forests, and active, smoking craters. Frozen dark volcanic lava slides like a huge black river into the ocean, blocking roads, and forms a bizarre coastline. Where lava hits the ocean, steam rises in the air and arches form. The unusualness of the landscape and its desolation creates the feeling as if you were on the edge of the earth.

The eruption of Hawaiian volcanoes continues to this day. In the park, those located here can see different forms of volcanoes and their eruptions.

Watching a volcano erupt is very, very interesting, but it is very dangerous, which means you can look at it from photographs, it is no less interesting, flowing lava often forms such interesting patterns

This interesting park was created in 1916 on the island of Hawaii, the largest of the Hawaiian islands, the park area is 1348 square kilometers.

It is also interesting that these ancient volcanoes formed land in the middle of the ocean, here you can see thousands of years of changes in the world.

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On July 5, 2008, the main volcano, Kilauea, awoke. Streams of hot lava flowed straight into the ocean. You can drive and walk along one of the most active volcanoes on earth today, Kilauea. True, its most central part - the caldera (Caldera - zone of subsidence of soil in the center of the crater) measuring 3 by 5 sq. km - is fenced for safety reasons. The volcano can be studied using telescopes mounted on observation deck with explanatory stands.

The largest volcano in this park is Kilauela, it is the main volcano of the park, traditionally considered the main home of the volcano goddess Pele. The first Hawaiians visited this crater to bring gifts to this goddess.

The eruption of the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii began on January 3, 1983 and is currently ongoing.

Americans joke that "Hawaii is the only state that is growing in size." But, unfortunately, the lava also destroyed 189 buildings and covered 14 kilometers of roads with a layer of 35 meters in places.

The volume of lava erupted by the volcano amounted to more than 3.1 cubic meters in 2007. km. Lava covered about 117 square meters. km. , the area of ​​the island during this time increased by 201 hectares.

The lava is creeping towards Gary Slake's house, which in a few minutes will disappear in a blaze of fire.

Gary Slack and his wife sit for the last time on the terrace of their house, watching the forest burn

And here comes the culmination, you stand and watch your house burn, and no one can do anything, nature once again proves that man is by no means the most important person on this planet.

Meet Goddess Pele:

In Hawaiian religion, Kilauea is the home of the goddess Pele, the goddess of volcanoes.

The giant almost round dark gray bowl of the Halemaumau crater located inside Kilauea is considered sacred for the Hawaiians - according to legend, the abode of the volcano goddess Pele. The eruption of this volcano in 1952 lasted 136 days and led to the appearance of a lake of lava, now cooled. Along the periphery of the craters, thorns typical of deserts grew, and some cacti bloomed beautifully.

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Every second the area of ​​the island increases. Lava erupting into the ocean cools and creates new formations that increase the area of ​​the island. There is a possibility that volcanic shelves and new formations on the coast will break off and sink into Pacific Ocean. If 560 acres of volcanic rock collapsed into the ocean, it would be another disaster. A huge earthquake or tsunami could occur. And this may be the greatest of disasters, some debris may form volcanic islands like the island of Molokai. This will be a catastrophe on a universal scale.

The park includes a large area, and all heights, from sea level to the highest volcano, the top of the island, the Maunu Kea volcano, its height is 4,205 meters. It begins at a depth of 6,000 meters, which is even higher than Everest.

It’s strange, but true, the Hawaiian jungle and just giant ferns grow on the island, and unique species of birds also live on the island. How do they live here?

This park attracts many volcanologists who study these amazing creations of nature. In addition, numerous tourists visit Hawaii Volcanoes National Park to admire the unique landscape.

The climate in this park is very diverse, ranging from the barren Kau desert to tropical rain forests. Approximately 50% of the park is wilderness with extensive hiking. The national park has enormous natural value, so in 1980 it was awarded the status of International biosphere reserve, and in 1987 entered the List world heritage UNESCO. The unique landscapes of the park attract about 2.5 million tourists every year.

In 1823, Westerners visited Kilauea Volcano for the first time. These were the American Asa Thurston and the English missionary William Ellis. Since that time, more than one million tourists have visited the Hawaiian Volcanoes Park to see with their own eyes the movement of hot lava flows.

Beginning in the 1840s, Kilauea Volcano became a tourist attraction. Local businessmen George Lycurgus and Benjamin Pitman built hotels here to accommodate tourists. Tourist pilgrimages increased, and in 1911, Hawaii Governor Walter Frear introduced a bill to create “Kīlauea National Park.”

However, this bill met fierce opposition from ranchers who were located in the area. Only the support of former US President Theodore Roosevelt tipped the scales in favor of creating a national park. On August 1, 1916, Halekala National Park became the first national park in Hawaii and the 11th in the United States. In September 1960, Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park was separated from it.

Today, the national park provides an opportunity to explore Kilauea without risking your life. But this is one of the most active volcanoes in the world.

Moreover, the volcanoes in Hawaii do not have a conical shape, like most volcanoes on our planet, but a shield shape, which was formed as a result of many eruptions of liquid lava. Volcanoes that emit basaltic lava have a shield shape. It has a lower viscosity, so it spreads over long distances from the eruption site. Mauna Loa, the largest volcano on our planet by volume, which occupies half of the largest Hawaiian island, also belongs to this type.

However, the most attractive for tourists is the Kilauea volcano. There is a 17-kilometer road around it, which provides comfortable access to the fantastic attractions located here. Despite the fact that Kilauea is the most active volcano on Earth, it is safe for visitors,

Sometimes the lava rolls straight into the sea, so the shore gradually increases in size.

In addition to the volcanoes themselves, the national park has many caves that are lava tubes. They were formed as follows: when the upper part of the lava solidified, its main volume continued to move, leaving behind empty space. Most famous cave in Hawaii is the Thurston Lava Tube, which is open to the public daily.

Every day, 300 thousand cubic meters of lava erupt from Kelauea. This is enough to fill 40 thousand garbage trucks. This boiling cauldron can be deadly. Sulfuric acid emissions smell like a million rotten eggs. These fumes are hazardous to health.

Lava is constantly moving towards the ocean

The image shows the six major islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, from left to right: Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Kalohave and Hawaii - the largest island. The archipelago also includes two more large islands and 124 small ones. All the islands of the archipelago are of volcanic origin. The image is compiled from three images taken on March 27, 2006, April 16, 2007 and January 21, 2008 from the same point. Colored dots indicate that geological changes have occurred in this place. Satellite data shows that the volcanoes are very active. Hawaiian Islands In general, one of the most volcanically active regions.

The first white people climbed that volcano only in 1823, they were the English missionary William Ellis and the American Asa Thurston. This is what Ellis later wrote about the volcano’s caldera: “A sublime and even terrifying spectacle appeared before us. We stopped in awe. Surprise and awe at other moments made us silent, and, like statues, we froze in one place and our eyes were riveted on the abyss that lies below us."

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Solidifying lava. Thomas Jagger built a museum on the edge of the caldera. The exhibits include everything related to volcanoes - scientific equipment, clothing used by volcanologists, and so on. Some museum windows offer wonderful views of the Calauela Caldera and Galemaumau Crater. The museum is named after Jagger, who was also the first director of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, adjacent to the museum. But the entrance to the observatory is closed to tourists.

He is relatively young, but very active. Experts consider it the most active volcano in our time. It has been erupting continuously since 1983.

General information

The name of the Kilauea volcano means “belching” in Hawaiian. Its height is 1247 meters, the volcano is located next to its “brother” Manua Loa, but differs from it in lower growth.

Start last eruption occurred on January 3, 1983 and still does not stop. Since 2011, there has been intense eruption activity.

At the top of the Kilauea volcano there is a large caldera. This is a basin measuring 3 by 4 km. It contains a crater that has been active since 2008. The crater is called Halemaumau, it erupts a powerful column of gas and lava. Of course, this is not the only crater of the volcano; the Western and Southeast rift zones are rich in them. There are also two cones with interesting names Kupayanaha and Puu-oo, from which lava also flows.

The volcano has two fault zones: one stretches 125 km to the east, the second - 35 km to the west.

Beliefs of local residents

The inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands have long worshiped the goddess Pele. She is considered the patroness of volcanoes and, according to legend, lives in the Kilauea volcano. At the first shock of the elements, a tribe of natives, together with the oldest sorcerer, rises to the top of Kilauea.

Pagans call the lava lake “the house of eternal fire.” Its fiery surface rises, releasing streams of lava, gases and vapors. The natives, with prayers to the goddess, throw sacrifices (birds and gifts of the earth) into a boiling lake, called the “womb” of the goddess. They call on Pele and ask him to save them from disaster. The natives believe that if you appease the goddess, she will be favorable and will not erupt with fiery lava.

Lava products are named after the goddess. For example, “Pele’s tears” are called miniature drops of lava, “hair” - strips of lava cooled in the wind, “algae” - flowing lava into the ocean.

Element today

The shape of the volcano is classified as a shield volcano. This means that it was formed as a result of lava emissions. Liquid lava spreads over many kilometers, and a “shield” is formed from its layers.

The volcano has several craters. The slope of the volcano is gentle, and you can climb it without any mountaineering skills. Many tourists indulge in this dangerous activity, risking their own lives. Of course, seeing a volcanic eruption is an incomparable feeling, but we must not forget that being close to the elements is extremely dangerous.

Behind last years The lava destroyed many tracks and buildings. Certainly, local residents adapted to specific living conditions. They build houses on stilts. Ornithos are considered very dangerous - these are vents that release gases high temperature. The magma around them is unstable, and there is a risk of failure.

Participation of the volcano in the process of island construction

An interesting fact is that the Hawaiian Islands themselves were formed as a result of the action of several volcanoes. In essence, the islands are the peaks of vast volcanoes that emerged from the oceanic depths. Similar geographical location islands is truly unique on planet Earth.

Many Hawaiian volcanoes are over 70 million years old. Kilauea is the youngest among them. It is located in the southeast Big Island. All the local volcanoes have erupted since ancient times, located in the waters of the ocean, and now their tops rise above sea level. Moreover, some are so high that they surpass many famous mountain peaks.

The exclusivity of the volcano

Scientists emphasize the exclusivity of the Kilauea volcano, calling it the most active in Hawaii. Currently, he is the most active on the entire planet.

Kilauea rose from the sea 100,000 years ago after a series of eruptions. Previously, Kilauea was considered just an accompanying neighbor of Manua Loa. However, Kilauea was later discovered to have its own magma chamber. This is the “heart” of the volcano, formed by hot lava.

The vast majority of Kilauea's slopes are covered with hardened lava, which is no more than 1000 years old. Lava areas are interspersed with rock fragments and ash. A significant part of the mountain remains under water.

Eruptions

In January 1983, Kilauea Volcano erupted in Hawaii. Lava flows from a crater called Puu-oo huge quantities. Such an eruption is considered the largest in the last 5 centuries in the Eastern Rift Zone.

By the end of 2012, lava flows covered 125.5 km 2, thereby destroying habitable land. total area such territory amounted to 202 hectares. The lava destroyed 214 buildings and destroyed 14.5 km of roads.

The eruption of the Kilauea volcano greatly affects the ecology of neighboring lands. Plants stop growing due to lava outpourings, and acid rain occurs due to sulfur dioxide gases carried by the wind. Such rains are especially frequent in the desert Southwest Rift Zone.

Tourist interest

Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii attracts many tourists. It is included in the local National Park, which attracts crowds of extreme recreation lovers every year.

The park has more than 240 trails for tourists. Some of them are light, others are very long. Along one such trail you can go to the inactive Kilauea crater, which erupted in 1959, cross its bottom, and pass by a crater that froze many years ago. A very exciting route!

Not far from the entrance to the park there is Information Center Kilauea, where rangers will tell you a lot of interesting things about the life of volcanoes, and also offer exciting tours to everyone. You can also buy souvenirs here.

Here he is, fire-breathing and dangerous volcano Kilauea, which attracts both volcanologists and curious tourists from all over the world with its unexplored nature.

Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii
Kilauea (translated from Hawaiian as “belching, violently spreading”) is an active shield volcano on the island of Hawaii.

Kilauea has been erupting continuously since January 3, 1983. The eruption of Puu-oo-Kupaiataha has been going on for 23 years. In 1983, a series of short-lived lava fountains created the Puu-oo cone. In 1986, the eruption moved 3 km down the eastern rift zone and formed a wide shield (Kupaianaha), which formed over 5.5 years.

In September 2002, a large flow of basalt erupted from the Kilauea volcano, which blocked roadways and reached the ocean coast.


The volcano entered the phase of intense activity on March 6, 2011.
Lava flows erupt from the volcano in two places and flow into the Pacific Ocean located at the foot. There was intense heat and several explosions in the area. Falling into noticeably cooler water, the flowing lava raises a mass of evaporation into the air. The vapor cloud contains lava and acid particles, making the area dangerous.






The diameter of the crater (about 4.5 km) is considered the largest in the world.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) levels are elevated in the area around Kilauea. On June 5, approximately 800 tons of SO2 rose into the air, while in 2003-2007 an average of 140 tons per day evaporated. However, 800 tons is not yet the 1,700 that happened before.

From the neck of the funnel-shaped depression at the foot of the Halema-uma-u crater, heat emanates, clearly visible (in the photo) at night or even at dusk with the naked eye.

The MODIS and GOES-WEST spacecraft continue to record thermal anomalies. However, the level of seismic activity still remains at a moderate level; there are practically no noticeable earthquakes.

Part of the territory occupied by Kilauea is part of the Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park.

Kilauea is considered the home of Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes. Some lava formations are named after her - for example, “Pele’s tears” (small drops of lava that cool in the air and take the form of a tear) and “Pele’s hair” (thin threads of volcanic glass - obsidian, formed as a result of the rapid cooling of lava when flowing into ocean).

this eruption occurred almost a year ago, but I think this volcano will show itself in all its glory.

Volcanic activity in Hawaii is at its peak, and many people come here to see this brilliant spectacle. Visitors to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park can witness volcanic activity and the formation of new glowing craters, rivers of lava and fountains of lava spray. This fire-breathing paradise dates back 70 million years of volcanic activity, but it only became a national park in 1916.

Sulfur dioxide rises from Halemaumau Crater near a rainbow.

A fissure between the Pu'u and Napau craters from which lava spatters and forms flows.

A relatively small but fast-moving lava flow rushes past coconut trees towards the ocean. According to the Service national parks, native trees help protect the park's fragile ecosystems from fires. However, "the invasion and establishment of alien tropical and subtropical plants, coinciding with the current eruption of Kilauea Volcano, has caused fire frequency to triple historical levels, and the average fire area to have increased 60 times."

A close-up of a crack from which lava sprays, rising into the air to a height of 10 meters.

A NASA satellite image showing a plume of ash continuing to rise from Kilauea Volcano on largest island Hawaiian archipelago. The thin cloud cover makes it possible to clearly see the plume of ash rising from the Puu crater. Along the coast of the island, small double plumes move in the same direction. These plumes rise from hot lava reaching the ocean. If you look closely at this image, you can see that the entire landscape is dotted with lava flows.

A fountain of lava over the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii shoots to a height of 40 meters.

"Smoke hatch" in the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii.

An arc-shaped fountain, approximately 10 meters high, erupting at western edge from Puu Kahualea. This first geological phase, by the beginning of the third phase it was already 60 meters high.

An ash cloud rising from the Puu Oo crater.

A stream of lava, separated from the main stream, flows down a small cliff.

The lava flow from the western group of cones moves through the forests down the slope.

Lava spatters from a vent in northeast Kamoamoa during the March 2011 eruption.

Lava flows blocked the passage.

Tourists walk among cooled lava in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

"Warning! Proceed with caution on the hiking trail.”

Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park, USA.

Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park is a huge park complex with an area of ​​1348 km². Visitors to the park will be able to see dramatic volcanic landscapes, as well as glimpses of rare species of flora and fauna.

In the park you can observe two of the world's largest active volcanoes: Kilauea and Mauna Loa. This volcanic complex has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1987.

Hawaiian Volcanoes Park was founded in 1916 and since then has attracted the attention of millions of tourists every year. On its territory you can find both already extinct volcanoes, covered with tropical forests, and currently active ones. The area around the volcanoes is covered with huge layers of solidified lava, which has accumulated here over the past 70 million years. Major eruptions were observed at the Hawaiian Volcanoes in 1924, 1982. and in 2008. Millions of years of eruptions have practically created a huge piece of land in the middle of the ocean, with its own unique ecosystem. Climatic conditions The parks are quite diverse: from the dead Kau desert to huge tracts of tropical forests.

Mauna Loa is the largest one today active volcano in the world. It was thanks to the eruptions of this volcano that half of the island was formed. Kilauea is the youngest volcano in Hawaii, with only a hundred-year history. It attracts a lot of attention from tourists with its super activity and convenient location. Kilauea is surrounded by a 17-kilometer road ring, from which it is quite convenient to observe the life of the volcano. In addition, you can visit entire chains on the island underground caves, formed due to the fact that the upper layer of lava solidifies, while the lower one continues to move.

More than half the island is accessible to hiking, and the other half can be explored by car or helicopter. Hawaiian Volcanoes Park is visited by more than 2 million tourists annually. Since 1980, the park has been given the status of an International Biosphere Reserve.

Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park photo.

Founded in 1913, this park invites tourists to see a unique ecosystem formed by the efforts of volcanoes over hundreds of thousands of years.

And Kilauea himself will be happy to show park guests how the Hawaiian Islands came to be and at the same time share their experience of how such picturesque landscapes are created. Of course, you won’t be able to repeat this, but it’s quite possible to satisfy your curiosity.

Starting from the foothills of the mountains, nestled on the ocean floor, to their peaks, propping up the heavens, there are vast volcanic landscapes stretching over 1348 square meters. km.

In addition to Kilauea Volcano, which is considered the home of the Hawaiian volcano goddess Pele, Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park is also home to most big volcano on our planet - Mauna Loa. Its height is 4168 m above sea level and its volume is about 80,000 cubic meters. m. In addition, Mauna Loa is the second largest volcano in the entire solar system after the extinct Olympus volcano on Mars.

Mauna Loa erupts infrequently, so its slopes are quite gentle. " Long Mountain" - as the name of the volcano is translated from Hawaiian - it throws lava out rarely, but accurately. Thus, the explosions of 1926 and 1950 nearby villages were simply destroyed.

Another neighbor of Kilauea is an extinct volcano Mauna Kea. If you measure its height from the base, which is located at a depth of 6,000 meters on the ocean floor, to the top, you get 10,203 m, of which only 4,205 m are visible - and this is much higher than Everest. So Mauna Kea is highest volcano on the planet. Its age is about a million years, and the last time the volcano woke up was 4-6 thousand years ago.

Kilauea Caldera, similar to a boiling lake of molten lava, covers an area of ​​4.5 square meters. m and a depth of 230 m, makes you freeze in reverent silence and look with awe and surprise at the power and beauty of the volcano, understanding why in the past it was here that the Hawaiians brought gifts to the goddess Pele, throwing them directly into the fire-breathing crater.

But the top of Mauna Kea is considered the most important of the sacred peaks of Hawaii. Only leaders were allowed to climb it. Today, a real observatory is located on an extinct volcano - 13 telescopes are installed there: after all, the top of Mauna Kea is considered one of the most best places on Earth for astronomical observations.

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