Natural recreational tourism. Recreational tourism. Natural recreational resources

Concept of tourism. Modern scientific literature describes many approaches to defining the concept of “tourism”. All these approaches are considered in more detail in their works by I. V. Zorin and V. A. Kvartalnov. We can only say that there are geographical, economic, marketing, industrial and other approaches.

In Russia, this concept is enshrined in law. Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Fundamentals” tourism activities V Russian Federation»» defines tourism as “temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from their permanent place of residence for medical, recreational, educational, physical education, sports, professional, business, religious and other purposes without engaging in activities related to generating income from sources in the country (place) of temporary stay.”

1. Temporary departure of people from their permanent place of residence for vacation, recreational, educational or professional and business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence (Recommendatory legislative act “On the basic principles of cooperation of the CIS member states in the field of tourism”, 1994).

2. The activities of persons who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year, for leisure, business or other purposes (United Nations Statistical Commission, 1993).

3. A special form of movement of people along a route in order to visit specific objects or satisfy a specialized interest.

4. The type of travel undertaken for leisure, educational, business, recreational or specialized purposes.

5. Movement (relocation), being away from a permanent place of residence and the aspect of temporary stay in the object of interest. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism declared: “Tourism is understood as an activity that is important in the life of peoples because of its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic areas of the life of states and their international relations.”

6. A form of mental and physical education, implemented through the social and humanitarian functions of tourism: educational, educational, health and sports.

7. A popular form of organizing recreation and leisure activities.

8. The sector of the economy serving people who are temporarily outside their place of permanent residence, as well as the market segment in which enterprises from traditional sectors of the economy converge in order to offer their products and services to tour operators.

9. The totality of all types of scientific and practical activities on the organization and implementation of tourism, excursion, resort and hotel business.

One of the first and most accurate definitions of tourism was given by University of Bern professors W. Hunziker and K. Krapf and was later adopted International Association scientific experts on tourism. These scientists determine tourism as a series of phenomena and relationships that arise as a result of the travel of people until it leads to permanent residence and is not associated with the receipt of any benefit.

According to one of the first official definitions adopted by the UN in 1954, tourism There is active recreation that affects the promotion of health and physical development of a person, associated with movement outside of one’s permanent place of residence. A broader description of this concept was presented by the Academy of Tourism in Monte Carlo: tourism– a general concept for all forms of temporary departure of people from a place permanent residence for recreational purposes, to satisfy educational interests in free time or for professional and business purposes without engaging in paid activities in a place of temporary stay.

At the World Tourism Conference (Madrid, 1981) tourism defined as one of the types active rest, which is travel made with the aim of exploring certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports. It should be noted that tourist trips will only be subject to temporal (more than a day) and spatial (moving to another place) criteria.

In The Hague Declaration on Tourism (1989) tourism is defined as the free movement of people from their places of residence and work, as well as the services created to meet the needs that arise as a result of these movements. From a legal point of view tourism represents a set of relationships and services associated with a temporary and voluntary change of residence by a traveler for non-commercial or non-professional reasons.

From the perspective of economic science tourism is considered as a large economic system with various connections between individual elements within the framework of both the national economy of a particular country and the connections of the national economy with the world economy as a whole; as a sphere of economic activity, including the production and sale of tourist services and goods by various organizations with tourist resources.

In the socio-cultural sphere tourism appears as a special kind of interpersonal activity, which, in the conditions of internationalization of life, has become a form of using free time, a means of interpersonal connections in the process of political, economic and cultural contacts, and one of the factors determining the quality of life.

As a type of leisure activity tourism- this is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or locality within their country in their free time from their main work in order to satisfy the needs for recreation, entertainment, knowledge, health, as well as to solve professional or any other problems, but without paid work in the place visited.

In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a definition approved by the WTO and widely used in international practice: “ tourism covers the activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes.” This definition contains three main criteria for tourism: a) travel outside the usual environment; b) temporary nature of movement; c) the purpose of the trip.

All existing definitions of tourism can be divided into two groups: 1) highly specialized (industry) definitions designed to fulfill specific tasks, that is, used in legal regulation, statistical accounting, social policy, etc.; 2) conceptual definitions that serve as the basis for the first group and reflect the internal content of tourism.

An example of a conceptual definition of tourism can be considered the following definition: tourism is a set of relationships and phenomena arising from the movement and stay of people outside their permanent place of residence for reasons not related to work, but in order to satisfy cultural, health, relaxation, entertainment needs and for the sake of pleasure, as well as for other reasons, if they are not related to making a profit.

Let us now give the classic definition of tourism. Tourism– temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or another locality within their country in their free time for the purpose of pleasure and recreation, health and medical, guest, educational, religious or professional and business purposes, but without occupation in the place of temporary stay in a job paid from a local financial source.

In the process of tourism development, various interpretations of this concept have appeared. However, the following criteria are of particular importance in determining this phenomenon:

Change of location. Trips will be considered tourist trips if they are made to a place outside the normal environment. However, persons who travel daily between home and their place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, since these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.

Stay somewhere else. The main condition here is that the place of residence should not be a place of permanent or long stay. In addition, it should not be related to work activity (wages). Another condition is that travelers should not stay in the place they visit for more than 12 months. A person who stays 12 months or more in a particular place is considered a migrant.

Payment from source at the location visited.The main purpose of the trip should not be to carry out an activity paid for from a source in the place visited. Any person who enters a country for work remunerated from a source in that country is considered a migrant and not a tourist of that country. This applies to both international tourism and domestic tourism.

These three criteria, which form the basis for the definition of tourism, are basic. But there are special categories of tourists for whom these criteria are not enough - refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.

Many domestic and especially foreign experts consider tourism from the point of view of a systems approach. According to the Swiss scientist K. Kaspar, the tourism system is based on two subsystems: subject of tourism(tourist as a consumer of tourism services) and tourism object, consisting of three elements – tourist region, tourism enterprises and tourist organizations.

Analyzing the concept of “tourism” using a systematic approach, we highlight N. Leiper's concept(Professor at Meissen University Auckland). He considers tourism to be a system consisting of the following main elements: geographical component, tourists and the tourism industry. The geographical component includes three main components: the region that generates tourists; transit region and region of tourist destination.

Destination is a territory that offers a certain set of services that meet the needs of the tourist, satisfies his demand for transportation, accommodation, food, entertainment, etc., and is the purpose of his trip. Consequently, a destination, in order to be such, must have: a) a certain set of services; b) attractions; c) information systems.

So, there are five clearly identified important signs, separating tourism from travel and other actions and processes:

ü temporary movement and visit to the destination and the inevitable return back;

ü the presence of a destination as another locality (country), different from the person’s place of permanent residence;

ü tourism goals, distinguished by humanistic content and orientation;

ü making a tourist trip in your free time from work or study;

ü prohibiting a tourist from engaging in activities in the destination that are paid for from a local financial source.

Tourism and recreation: general and specific. Currently, there is a very complex terminological problem - the problem of the relationship between the concepts of “tourism” and “recreation”. For several decades now, scientists have been trying to separate these concepts. However, the problem remains unresolved. Within the framework of this paragraph, we will try to identify the general and special features of recreation and tourism, which are identified and recognized by the majority of specialists.

Recreation usually defined as “rest, restoration of human strength expended in the process of labor.” At the same time, the concept of recreation is less known and emotionally charged compared to rest, and therefore more accurate. It better meets the challenges of empirical and applied research, while it is more convenient to use rest as a fundamental concept along with the category “work”.

The boundaries of recreation are very wide. It covers short-term recreational activity (from micro-pauses in muscle work to smoking breaks at work and other routine forms of recreation) and long-term recreational activity during the period of annual work leave and holidays, as well as weekly rest. In the first case, recreation does not go beyond the framework of everyday life, human production activity, in the second, it involves a long-term change in the usual way of life. Both the first and second types of recreation are necessary for a person’s normal life, regardless of his social status.

In contrast to recreation, the concept of tourism, in terms of its content, socio-economic content, initially gravitated towards the category of leisure. Tourism is a multifaceted concept that reflects the complexity of the phenomenon itself. This is a type of population migration, and a business sector of the world economy and national economy, and the sphere of intercultural interaction. The presented list does not exhaust the variety of interpretations of tourism.

In domestic and foreign specialized literature, tourism is often presented in the form of a kind of “conceptual framework”. Its internal space is filled with specific activities of a person while staying outside his usual environment - health improvement, knowledge of the surrounding reality, entertainment, visiting relatives and friends, participation in business and professional events, worship of religious shrines (pilgrimage), treatment, etc.

As tourism emerged from the “shadow” of recreation and tourism issues acquired their own, independent sound, the understanding of the need for a clearer conceptual distinction between tourism and recreation and the elimination of strong scientific discrepancies in the correlation of these terms grew. The differences between them relate, first of all, to the scope of concepts and content. The main difference between tourism and recreation is the different ratio of social (socio-economic) and biological components.

Tourism and recreation also differ in the scope of their concepts. Recreation includes short-term recreational activities as part of everyday life. Tourism, on the contrary, denies any manifestations of everyday life, everyday life, routine. Its indispensable condition is a relatively long change of environment and a person’s usual way of life. On this basis, short-term health, cultural, educational, entertainment and other activities that are motivationally similar to tourist activities, but are carried out within the usual environment for people, are outside the “conceptual framework” of tourism.

The scope of the concepts under consideration also differs in that travel for business purposes (without generating income at the place of business trip) is an integral part of tourism, while recreation does not include professional types of human activity. Thus, tourism activities are not always recreational, and recreational activities are not always tourism.

An interesting view on the relationship between work, tourism, recreation and leisure is the point of view of the English geographers S. Hall and S. Page. They presented their model in the form of a drawing (Fig. 1.1.). The dotted lines in the figure show that the boundaries between the concepts under consideration are blurred. Work is opposed to leisure, but two areas of their interpenetration and integration are distinguished - business tourism and “serious” leisure (advanced training, social activities, creative and intellectual activities, etc.).

Rice. 1.1. The relationship between the concepts of “work”, “leisure”, “recreation” and “tourism”

In development of this idea, Western science distinguishes “pure” tourism (business, educational); “pure” recreation (short-term recreational activity within the framework of everyday life); transitional form – recreational or health tourism and border types of tourism. Some of them - cultural-educational, sports, religious - occupy an intermediate position between “pure” and recreational tourism, others (trips to the country) are located on the border between recreational tourism and “pure” recreation.

In domestic practice, a model showing the essential foundations of recreation and tourism is quite often encountered. According to this model, the internal essential forces of a person include: the need for physiological rest (recreation); need for movement (spatial activity). With stimulation from cognition, recreation in a broad sense and tourism as a form of travel are formed; when stimulated by labor activity - migration.

The social component of people's activities includes primarily recreation; travel and tourism, to a lesser extent, can be defined as social phenomena. Tourism is of an economic nature, and recreation is of a social nature. But the question of their volumetric correlation is not entirely correct due to the fact that tourism includes activities that are outside the boundaries of recreation. At the same time, recreation includes a number of activities that are not tourism in nature.

Parameter name Meaning
Article topic: Recreational tourism.
Rubric (thematic category) Tourism

The largest segment of international tourism is travel for the purpose of recreation and recreation, accounting for 60% of the world's volume of international tourism.

Recreational tourism: tourism with the main purpose of recreation, treatment and other health purposes. Concept recreation(recovery) covers all types of recreation, incl. Spa treatment.

By the end of the twentieth century, the concept of “recreation” acquired new shades, the goals became more diverse. Tourists themselves, especially those who travel regularly and often, are more adventurous when it comes to their holidays, trying to get maximum pleasure and diversify their leisure time with active pursuits. Travel planners are also looking to innovate to differentiate their offering and stand out from the competition.

The most beautiful places are chosen for recreational travel. There are many places on earth where nature itself appears to tourists as a work of art. Be it mighty Niagara Falls V North America, Lake Baikal in Siberia or the picturesque fjords in Norway. Each of these places evokes an inexhaustible desire of people to see this miracle with their own eyes.

Caring for nature and preserving it for future generations is important central place in the policies of states seeking to develop the tourism sector of the economy. In Canada, for example, much attention is paid to creating national parks. Some of them are associated with historical events or the lives of prominent historical and public figures, others serve solely the purpose of preserving nature and creating “quiet corners” where current and future generations can take a break from the noise of the city and enjoy nature in its original form.

Guests of national parks have specially designed routes, which you can follow with a guide or take an independent walk using a tourist guide. Tourists come to National parks to see a dense forest, picturesque lakes, mountain rivers and glaciers, watch the life of birds and wild animals in their natural environment, admire the beauty of wild flowers, and breathe in the healing forest air.

In recreational tourism, one of the main health-improving methods is climatotherapy. The beneficial effects of climatotherapy on the body are determined by such factors as the location of the area above sea level, the degree of distance from the sea, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, air circulation and humidity, precipitation, intensity of solar radiation, etc. Main directions of climatotherapy: heliotherapy, aerotherapy and thalassotherapy.

At resorts that use thalassotherapy, they usually use heated water, if natural sea ​​water not warm enough. But if you are planning a trip to a regular holiday destination on the sea coast, it is extremely important to keep in mind the difference in air and water temperatures. Water warms up more slowly than land, due to this in the spring, when average temperature air reaches 20 degrees Celsius, the water in the sea is still cold - no higher than 15 degrees, and swimming in the sea is unsafe for health. In autumn, on the contrary, the air rather cools, and sea water continues to retain summer heat. In Tunisia, for example, the water in March is much colder than in October.

The number of rainy and sunny days is also of great importance when choosing the time of year to visit a particular area, and when visiting countries with a tropical climate, it is extremely important to highlight the most and least favorable periods. In Thailand, for example, it is usually hot and humid, the driest and most favorable time to visit is from November to February. In March it becomes unbearably hot, and from June to October there are monsoon rains.

Widely used in recreational tourism landscape therapy- a method of spa treatment that uses the beneficial effects on the body of a person’s stay in an area with beautiful landscape. This helps to normalize the functions of the nervous system, cheerful mood, improve sleep and appetite.

In recreational tourism, natural and climatic resources are actively used. Consistently successful balneological resorts where various methods of influencing healing mineral springs on the human body are used. Offered mud treatment- applications of therapeutic mud of various origins. Are used thermal waters- groundwater with a temperature of 20 degrees and above. They got their name from the village of Terme, located in Sicily, where they were first used for medicinal purposes. Implemented everywhere hydrotherapy- hydrotherapy (hydromassage, circular shower, bathing, cascade bathing, etc.). Under construction water parks. Since ancient times, people have noted the beneficial effects of the aquatic environment on human health. Now everywhere in large tourist centers water parks began to be created (USA, France, Japan, Spain, Turkey, Italy, Finland, etc.
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countries have famous water parks that attract thousands of tourists).

In St. Petersburg, for example, for the 300th anniversary of the city, it is planned to create a huge water park that can be visited by 8,600 tourists a day. This will be a universal recreation and entertainment center - an indoor water park offering swimming in pools with currents and ocean waves, diving from trampolines, water slides, hydromassage baths, etc. In Moscow, a similar center has already been opened and is popular with the population.

Under the beneficial influence of the surrounding nature, as a result of the process of communication and direct contact with natural benefits, healing occurs in the human body itself, and its emotional and mental state improves. Inspection of monuments of human culture enriches the human intellect; familiarity with the customs and traditions of other peoples contributes to the interpenetration of cultures and the development of mutual understanding between nations.

Recreational tourism offers great variety sports activities and entertainment to fill leisure time; for some reasons it includes such types of tourism as excursion, water, mountaineering, adventure, hunting, fishing, entertainment, sports, exotic, environmental, etc.

Sightseeing tourism is one of the most popular types of educational tourism. It is carried out with the aim of getting acquainted with tourist attractions (monuments of history, architecture, art, etc.). In our country, before perestroika, educational tours formed the basis of Soviet outbound tourism. Trips, as a rule, were made in tourist groups with comprehensive services, accompanied by a guide-translator and according to a planned program, which indicated all the attractions that were to be visited during the trip abroad.

By the beginning of the third millennium, excursion tourism had undergone changes. Regular group excursion tours are considered a kind of business card serious tour operator. But currently in Russian outbound tourism offer and implement guaranteed trips to excursion tours Only a few companies can. Trips abroad are increasingly taking on the characteristics of individual rather than group travel; excursions are no longer planned in advance; tourists decide on the spot where to go and what to see.

Excursion routes, as a rule, cover several cities and provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the most outstanding monuments of a particular country. One can already call classic tours in Germany, including a visit to Cologne - Bonn - Dusseldorf - Frankfurt am Main - Nuremberg - Munich, or tours in Italy Rome - Venice - Florence.

Specialized tourism. Unlike ordinary holidaymakers, travelers in this category have a specific purpose, and their stay usually focuses on this purpose, be it participation in sports, bird or animal watching, participation in horseback riding trails, visiting a number of places associated with certain historical event or personality, etc. The organization of this type of tourism requires a highly qualified tour operator. Typically, such groups are accompanied by a specialist on the issue of interest to tourists, who has in-depth knowledge of the subject and can provide explanations during the trip.

In specialized tourism, there is also a segment united by the desire to stay in unusual accommodation, such as, for example, a health farm, or a peasant house. Research conducted on this segment showed a higher level of education, a higher level of personal income, and a high social status of participants (managers, unique specialists and high-class professionals).

Educational tourism. Traveling for the purpose of training and advanced training is relatively new in international tourism. The most popular trips are those aimed at learning a language, especially to the UK and other English-speaking countries.

Sports tourism. The main objective of these tours is to provide tourists with opportunities to engage in their chosen sport. Sports tours are divided into two types: active and passive. In the first case, the basis is playing some kind of sport; in the second, it is an interest in sports, for example, attending competitions.

Adventure tourism is a unique type of recreation and ensures not only that tourists stay in an attractive place, but also engage in an unusual type of activity. Adventure tourism is divided into several types:

1. Hiking expeditions;

2. Safari tours (hunting, fishing, butterfly catching, etc.)

3. Sea and river travel (yachting).

A specific feature of such tourism is obtaining various licenses (hunting, fishing, importing trophies), as well as ensuring security, which requires highly qualified instructors. This type of tourism has a fairly high cost, and it can be classified as an elite vacation.

Exotic tourism. This type of tourism is associated with travel to exotic countries, to the islands in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, or with travel on an unusual vehicle or in exotic place. IN last years tours appeared that were striking in their unusualness. The most incredible and expensive tour so far is a flight into space. After the first tourist Denis Tito's flight on a Russian spaceship, traveling into space no longer seems like a distant dream. Today, a list of those wishing to make a short space journey on the Russian spacecraft “Buran” has already been formed, ready to pay 100 thousand dollars for this exotic journey.

An example of exotic tourism is a trip to the Arctic on comfortable icebreakers with a sauna, swimming pool, and conference rooms. The icebreaker is equipped with boats and helicopters for excursions. There are many people who want to meet underwater world and travel on a submarine. In Germany, a former prison cell is popular among tourists who love exotic things, where you can feel like a prisoner.

Ecological tourism, or as it is usually called for short ecotourism, has attracted close attention in recent years. For residents of Europe and America, traveling through protected natural areas has become one of the most common types of recreation. The main difference between this type of tourism is that the focus of travel is the natural environment and tourists strive not to damage natural complexes, promote nature conservation and improve the well-being of the local population. Ecotourism is designed to create economic incentives for environmental conservation. This is a wide range of trips - from small educational tours for schoolchildren to regular tourist programs in national parks and reserves. The income received from this type of tourism can be partially used for environmental protection measures.

Social tourism- ϶ᴛᴏ travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs. The purpose of social tourism is not to make a profit, but to support people with low incomes to realize their right to vacation.

Recreational tourism. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Recreational tourism." 2017, 2018.

Issues discussed in the lecture.

1. Content and forms of recreational tourism.

What do we understand by the definition of “recreational tourism”? Recreational tourism is one of three subsystems of tourism activity. Tourist activities that make up the content of this tourism subsystem are aimed at the enhanced restoration of a person’s physical, intellectual and emotional strength. Simply put, the goal of recreational tourism can be formulated as complete rest and health improvement of a person through tourism. The tasks of improving the health of participants in tourist recreational activities are actually inseparable from the tasks of their proper rest (they are solved jointly). Therefore, without fear of making a mistake, we can call recreational tourism at the same time health tourism. At the same time, if one or another health improvement technology is specifically used in tourist activities (a method, means of health improvement are selected, appropriate activities are planned), then we, emphasizing this focus, will call them recreational and health-improving. In other cases, it should be understood that any recreational tourist event also has a health-improving orientation (health-improving motive), and the healing process takes place “on its own” in the context of passive or active recreation.

Due to what factors are the main goals of recreational tourism achieved – complete rest and improvement of health for participants in tourism activities? Recreational tourism, especially active forms, make it possible to eliminate or weaken the impact on a person of unfavorable factors of everyday reality (neuro-emotional overload, hypokinesia, excessive poor nutrition, etc.). Effective rest and health improvement for participants in recreational and tourism activities is facilitated, firstly, by Oensuring sufficient muscle activity(Fig. 1), eliminating the adverse effects of “muscle hunger” with training of the main functional systems that ensure the body’s performance: cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, neuro-endocrine, etc.

Secondly, in addition to physical activity of moderate volume and intensity, physical activity itself has a healing effect. change of scenery and positive emotional background from communication with nature and pleasant company. A person’s “exit” from everyday, monotonous conditions ensures a switch of the neuro-emotional sphere to new objects. Hiking trips take a city dweller to a new landscape and climatic environment, provide “close contact” with nature, teach them to observe and enjoy it; develop a caring attitude towards it and ennoble a person spiritually. It is against such a positive emotional background that the proposed physical activity is not perceived as tiresome and monotonous. On the contrary, they are easily tolerated and generally provide relaxation and recovery for the participants.

Thirdly, the health of the trekking participants is facilitated by: recreational ones themselves Natural resources . It is not even necessary to prove the beneficial effect on health of such natural factors as moderate exposure to the sun, clean air and water, the effects of phytoncides in a pine forest, etc. Obviously, the hardening effect of water-air procedures in hiking conditions. In the natural recreational environment occurs Withstimulation of natural immunity; among people who regularly participate in health hikes an increase in immunity to pathogenic microorganisms was noted. It also contributes to the health and well-being of tourists quality tourist service, and regular(unlike the bustle of the city) diet, exercise and rest regime; healthy diet. In general, we come to the conclusion that recreational tourism is characterized by a whole complex of health-improving factors that have a beneficial effect on both the physical status of a person and his neuro-emotional sphere. It is their complex effect, where moderate muscular efforts are combined with nervous “relaxation”, positive emotions, and the hardening effect of natural sources of health, that makes up the health-improving effectiveness of recreational tourism that we are talking about.

In the previous lecture, we already named some types of recreational tourism and pointed out the close relationship of all three subsystems of tourism activity. Indeed, the definition of “recreational” tourism hides a variety of means and forms of tourism activities aimed at achieving recreational goals. Among this diversity, we again have to “select” those that form the subject of our “Tourism” course. Let us again try to classify, this time one of the segments of tourist activity (recreational tourism) and determine those varieties of it that are most significant from the point of view of health-improving physical culture.

How can recreational tourism activities be classified? As in the case of the classification of tourism activities in general, we will try to determine the most significant grounds for classification. Let us dwell on two of the previously mentioned ones: the dominant goal of the tourist event and the level of physical activity of the event participants. Classification based on purpose will allow us to create a system of recreational tourism activities that reflects the essence and functions of specific tourism activities. A classification based on the level of physical activity of the participants will allow us to identify activities with maximum health-improving effectiveness and clearly limit the subject of our study.

Based on the “narrow” goals and objectives of recreational tourism activities (the “broad” goal is clear - recreation of participants), we will highlight types of tourism activities in the recreational tourism subsystem. Without pretending to be the ultimate truth, we will name four such types: recreational and entertainment (relaxation) tourism, recreational and health tourism, recreational and educational and recreational and sports tourism(Fig. 2). Recreational-entertainment and recreational-health (including rehabilitation) tourism is actually recreational tourism. One main goal dominates here - complete rest and health improvement for tourists. When recreational and entertainment In tourism, tourists “remove” their familiar, boring reality and “immerse” themselves in a new, vibrant natural context that has significant recreational potential and brings vivid impressions and adventures. An example (one of the forms) of such an event is a trip to a seaside resort for the purpose of beach holiday commented on us earlier (here and other reality; and health resources in the form of sea, sun, fruits; and a standard “package” of entertainment, starting from the actual “charring” on the beach and ending with the contemplation of oriental beauties performing belly dance). In the case of recreational and health tourism, certain health technologies are purposefully used in tourist activities; The emphasis in planning is on improving the health of tourists. For rehabilitation Tourism (form - a trip to a sanatorium-resort holiday) is characterized by technologies that make it possible to return the state of health to the status characteristic of a person before the disease. Such technologies include dosed walks in the natural environment, special dietary nutrition, and the use of medicinal mineral waters etc. For the actual health tourism (the form is a weekend health trip) is characterized by technologies that make it possible to maintain and even improve the health of the participants. Such technologies, first of all, include dosed physical activity in the natural environment, hardening procedures, etc.

Recreational-cognitive tourism on the graphical model of tourist activity (see lecture 1) lies in the area of ​​interacting subsystems of recreational and educational tourism. This type of recreational tourism includes tourist activities with two dominant goals: recreation and the acquisition of new (for oneself) knowledge. Consequently, this section of recreational tourism includes any recreational tourist travel, where some kind of excursion program is planned. Of course, we also classify ecological hikes, with a clear educational motive, as part of this section of tourist activity. TO recreational and sports Tourism includes all recreational tourist events where technologies from various sports (skiing, scuba diving, running, cross-country skiing, etc.) are actively used for proper rest and health improvement of participants. In such events, in addition to the motive of good rest, the participants clearly have a motive for personal sports improvement (the desire to improve skiing technique, terrain orienteering technique, rafting and kayaking technique, etc.), and there is sports passion.

In addition to the classification based on the content and purpose of tourism activities, for specialists in the field of physical culture, the classification of tourism activities from the point of view level of motor activity of its participants. As we indicated earlier, in tourism activities, it is possible, with a certain assumption, to highlight “ active" And " passive» forms of tourist activities. Forms of passive recreation are the above-mentioned trips with exclusively beach-swimming purposes, where the level of physical activity is minimal, and health improvement occurs due to the recreational resources of the vacation spot and psychological relaxation (change of the working environment to “paradise under the palm trees”). Passive, with a minimum of physical activity, can also be called sanatorium (rehabilitation) rest “at medicinal waters" A relatively “passive” form of recreational and educational tourism is the so-called rural tourism (agritourism). Rural tourism - life and relaxation in a village house, with eating organic products, waking up to the crow of a rooster, fishing, a bathhouse, linen sheets and the smell of manure. This is tourism aimed at understanding rural life, folklore, crafts, trades, and the surrounding nature. Tourism with a touch of romance “returns” the tourist for a while from the city noisy and hectic environment to the rural primordial “roots”. But for you and me it should be an axiom, that active recreation and health tourism is more effective for the purposes of physical, emotional, intellectual recreation than passive recreation tourism. Active forms of tourism provide physical activity dosed in volume and intensity for participants in tourism events, which is the most important factor in their proper rest and effective recovery.

An example of active forms of recreational and entertainment tourism activities is the leader in popularity and prestige in the tourism and entertainment business - a special form of corporate outdoor recreation, the so-called. “team building” (team building training, and its form that is especially close to tourism techniques – rope courses). In this case, teams formed according to the production principle (teams of colleagues) compete in overcoming natural and artificial obstacles, performing certain “moving” competitive tasks, using, among other things, tourism techniques. The conditions of the game (and this is a game, not a sport) require a certain dexterity, endurance, intelligence and, of course, mutual assistance, mutual assistance in the process of collective action. The principle of “team building” in the process of conducting rope courses was successfully formulated by Elena Bogatyreva (2004). “The psychological basis of the training is that when taken out of a familiar environment, a person is less likely to return to the stereotypes of behavior and thinking that have developed in it. In a different environment, the need arises to act differently; a person learns not only to do, but also to perceive and analyze the situation in a new way. The emotional uplift, superimposed on the need to act together, lays down a new principle of work - in a team, creates the prerequisites for trust in team members in working conditions.”

Undoubtedly, an active form of recreational and health tourism is a weekend health trip or a multi-day health trip. In this case, the very journey through an area with recreational resources (forest, clean air, clean water bodies, beautiful landscapes), using standardized health-improving physical activity, is a technology of recreation and health promotion. A striking example of active forms of recreational and educational tourism are ecological tourist trips through “wild” clean territories, with the most careful attitude towards these territories, with educational excursions along an ecological trail. And finally, we note that all recreational and sports tourism events, where sports technologies are used for the purpose of relaxation and recovery, relate exclusively to “active” tourism. Using examples of holidays with the inclusion of scuba diving, pedal boats and motorbikes, boat rides in the tourist package alpine skiing, rafting on mountain rivers (rafting), sports games we stopped earlier.

We must be aware that the classification of recreational tourism presented above is hardly perfect. If we think about it, we will not be able to determine clear “boundaries” between the taxa we have identified. Let's say the same rafting, which we classified as recreational and sports tourism (water tourism and rowing slalom technologies are used), in its purposes is a recreational and entertainment event. Agrotourism, using ecological excursions (tourist walks), will smoothly move from the “passive” category to the “active” category, etc. However, we believe that the presented classification will help us “position our claims” (define the subject of study in the field of recreational tourism) and acquire practical skills in this area of ​​knowledge, limited by the framework of active tourism.

What are the main features of active forms of recreational tourism activities? The subject of our study is exclusively forms of active recreational tourism within the framework of physical recreation, with certain restrictions on physical activity (with dosed health-improving physical activity). Based on the above material, we can formulate the following main features inherent in active forms of recreational tourism.

    When carrying out the event, active tourism means are used (walking, hiking, competitions).

    When carrying out the event, sports technologies are used (skiing, water slalom, scuba diving, equestrian sports, team sports, etc.)

    The activities are therefore based on the use of physical activity of participants or their physical activity is a significant part programs.

    Activities, with rare exceptions, include cultural and cognitive aspects and contain intellectual and emotional components.

    They are predominantly entertaining (hedonic) in nature.

    Carried out in natural conditions.

    They have a certain scientific and methodological base (according to Ryzhkin, 2001 with additions).

People began to deliberately travel for the purpose of recreation only in 1841; in fact, from that time we can talk about the emergence new form leisure - tourist and recreational. Tourism satisfies people's need for relaxation through a change of scenery. People began to specifically go and travel to places where they can relax, unwind, and escape from the usual bustle. This is how recreational tourism appeared. This is a special form of activity during which a person restores his resources. This will be discussed in the review. We will tell you what the features of this phenomenon are, what its types are and how recreational tourism is organized.

Recreation and tourism

The tourism sector is becoming an increasingly important sector of the economy of modern states. In this regard, the complexity of this area of ​​activity occurs. Systems of types and subtypes of tourism are being built, new modifications are appearing. And theorists are trying to comprehend all this. Today, researchers often talk about the recreational foundations of tourism; in this regard, the question arises about the relationship between the concepts of “tourism” and “recreation”.

The first term refers to the temporary movement of people to other areas in order to satisfy the needs for relaxation, pleasure, knowledge, health, etc. The second term usually refers to the restoration of human resources expended during work. They also propose to understand recreation as the activity of people using their free time. Thus, the concept of recreation is broader, since tourism is only one of the ways to relax and restore human strength. Recreation and tourism have something in common: both of these activities are associated with rest, relaxation, restoration of strength and resources. But there are also differences. Recreation can occur without moving to any other places, for example, lying on the couch after a working day is also a way to restore strength. And tourism can occur not only for recreational purposes, although it is fair to note that most of The purposes of tourism are recreational.

Concept of recreational tourism

In its most general form, recreational tourism can be characterized as follows: it is the movement of people in their free time to other territories in order to restore physical and mental resources. Almost all types of tourism fall under this broad definition. But the main antipode of recreational tourism is business tourism. In general, all movements in space for the purpose of earning money, performing any duties or work do not belong to recreation. And all other travel for the purpose of having fun and thereby restoring one’s resources is recreational. Thus, the essence of tourism largely comes down to the fulfillment of a recreational function in human life. Traveling is needed to replenish your reserves of mental and physical strength. But not every trip fully contributes to a productive vacation. Here a feature of the place to which the traveler is traveling appears as a potential opportunity to meet the needs of the tourist. In this case, it is worth talking about tourism not only from the side of the consumer of tourism services, but also from the side of their organizer. After all, tourism is also a business sector. And here it is necessary to talk about recreational tourism resources, which include not only the natural characteristics of a place, but also those artificially created by people designing a tourism product.

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Recreational resources

This term refers to a system of natural and man-made objects that can satisfy the recreational needs of tourists. As well as a set of objects on the basis of which it is possible to create a tourism product, i.e. a tour for sale to tourists. It's obvious that recreational resources– the basis of recreation and tourism. If a place doesn’t have anything that would help a person restore at least some strength after work, then no one will come here. There is an extensive classification of recreational resources, these include:

— natural objects (forest, sea, mountain, water, meadow);

— artificial objects (architectural monuments and complexes, cultural and historical complexes, cities and settlements with a complex of attractions, resorts, places of worship and religious sites, ancient objects, as well as various events, including sports).

Thus, recreational resources include many different objects with different potential. There is also the practice of dividing resources by movable/real estate, renewable/non-renewable.

Recreational resources are characterized by such features as heterogeneity of quality, exhaustibility and renewability, and limited simultaneous use.

Natural and recreational resources

TO natural objects, capable of satisfying people's need for recreation include:

  • shores of seas, rivers, various reservoirs;
  • forests and meadows;
  • mountains and foothills;
  • jungle and desert.

On their basis, national parks, reserves, resort areas, the necessary infrastructure is being formed.

Cultural and historical recreational resources

Artificially created objects include:

  • museums;
  • architectural complexes;
  • capitals of the world;
  • religious complexes and buildings;
  • sport events;
  • festivals, holidays, competitions, ceremonies.

Tours are also being developed to bring people to these sites, and the necessary infrastructure is being created.

Classification of recreational tourism

There are several approaches to identifying types of recreational tourism. In the most conservative approach, only two types are distinguished: health-improving and educational. However, the ever-increasing complexity of the tourism system has required a more thorough approach to identifying types of recreational tourism. These include:

  • health;
  • informative;
  • ethnographic;
  • sports;
  • religious;
  • rural;
  • ecological;
  • gastronomic;
  • cultural types of tourism.

There is even an attempt to justify the development of tourist and recreational tourism, which is aimed at achieving several goals at the same time: recreation, knowledge, health improvement. An example in this case is vacationers who come to the resort with the main purpose of undergoing medical procedures. But at the same time, tourists also make excursions around the resort, play sports: trekking, swimming, fitness, and also visit entertainment venues: casinos, bowling alleys, discos. It would be more appropriate to call this species mixed or actually recreational.

Another classification is related to the area in which it is carried out, in this case there are:

  • mountain;
  • nautical;
  • forest,
  • rural,
  • industrial,
  • jailoo,
  • caving tourism.

According to the method of transportation, there are walking, automobile, air tourism, railway, bicycle, water, mountain, ski and other types of recreational tourism. There are other classifications, but the ones listed fully characterize the concept of recreational tourism.

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Health tourism

One of the most widespread in the world is recreational and health tourism. In order to improve their health, people go to resorts, where they receive special treatment, and also recover due to the features of the area: air, water, mud, etc. The peculiarities of this type of tourism are that the duration of the tour cannot be less than 3 weeks. A stay at a resort is always an impressive financial outlay, since the tour includes not only treatment, but also accommodation and transportation costs. Spa treatment is mainly consumed by tourists of the older age group, when their health begins to suffer greatly.

Appears today the new kind health recreational tourism - these are preventive and sanatorium tours. Their goal may be the prevention of any diseases, as well as receiving a course of procedures aimed at rejuvenating the body, relieving stress, and relaxing. There is also such a variety of this type of tourism as cosmetology tourism. As part of the tour, people receive a set of procedures aimed at improving the condition of their skin and body.

Cultural and educational tourism

Educational recreational tourism is a huge variety of different subspecies. The fact is that cultural needs can be satisfied through a variety of objects: museums, attractions, events. By topic, educational tourism is also divided into many varieties: artistic, historical, literary, ethnographic, natural history and others. Developing a tourism product that satisfies such needs of the traveler should arouse his curiosity. By satisfying it, a person experiences pleasure, in addition, a person replenishes his mental strength.

Sports tourism

This type of travel is also called active tourism. As part of such tours, people travel long distances on foot, skiing, horseback riding, kayaking or catamarans. The purpose of such tourism is to enjoy physical activity, as well as combat stress and replenish mental strength. Sports tourism is associated with overcoming various obstacles, including overcoming oneself and one’s fears. Sports recreational tourism should not be confused with just sports tourism, in which people compete to overcome various obstacles. From this perspective, tourism ceases to be a means of replenishing resources; it becomes close to professional tourism.

Recreational tourism system

Since recreational tourism faces many challenges, its organization is also associated with a whole complex various actions. Organization of recreational tourism includes the following stages:

  • choosing a recreational destination and assessing its potential and resources;
  • route development;
  • compiling a list of necessary tourism products and their suppliers;
  • compiling a list of possible additional products and services on the tour.

All these stages must find expression in the tourist service program. In addition, the organization of tourism includes providing tourists with the necessary infrastructure: transport, accommodation and food. Staffing is also required. Recreational tourism is a specific sphere of human activity. To meet the needs of tourists, qualified personnel are needed: doctors and other medically competent staff for health tourism, trained tour guides - in educational tourism, instructors and coaches - in sports.

Concept of recreational activity

Types, forms and system-forming factors

It is necessary to consider recreational tourism from other points of view.

From the point of view of tourism typology, types of recreational tourism varied: automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, water, mountain, ski, pedestrian, sailing, horseback riding, alpine skiing and others, not limited by sports classification and other regulatory documents.

Forms of recreational tourism is also varied: amateur tourism and planned travel, winter and summer, domestic and international, mass and elite, long-distance and short-range, school and student, etc. Forms of tourism not related to physical activity are not considered by us within the framework of recreational tourism due to the lack system-forming features of physical recreation.

Tourism with active means of transportation is becoming an increasingly widespread need of society in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, a need not only social, but also biological and psychological. Satisfying this need makes it possible to eliminate or weaken the unfavorable consequences of urbanization of life, in particular: neuro-emotional overload, hypokinesia and excessive poor nutrition, to achieve an increase in the working capacity of the population and a reduction in the level of “diseases of the century.” Based on a number of works, we can highlight:

system-forming factors of recreational tourism: change of environment, ensuring sufficient muscle activity, stimulation of natural immunity - the body's immunity to pathogenic influences.

A change of environment with a person’s “exit” from everyday, monotonous and therefore already tiresome living conditions, ensuring a switch of the neuro-emotional sphere to new objects of the external environment, distracting him from the tiring and sometimes negative impacts of everyday life. Tourist trips and travels, which transport a city dweller to a new landscape and climatic environment, are associated with direct contact with nature. Close communication with her, cultivating the ability to see and enjoy the beauties of nature during hikes, and developing a “kinship” relationship with her have invaluable psychological significance, ennobling and elevating a person spiritually. Instilling in tourists a sense of collectivism, curiosity, patriotism, a thirst for overcoming obstacles and other valuable moral and volitional qualities that play a decisive role in the prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders is also extremely important in this regard. An improvement in neuropsychic indicators is observed in 98 out of 100 people who regularly took part in hikes. The most characteristic features of this type of recreational activity are the development of optimism, poise, endurance, self-confidence, and smoothing out the symptoms of increased excitability and fatigue of the nervous system. Moderate working capacity according to proofreading tests increases (by 12-18%), the latent period of motor reaction is reduced. The increased tone of the neuropsychic sphere after the Sunday hike persists, reaching a maximum on the 2nd day, until the middle of the work week.



Ensuring sufficient muscle activity, eliminating the adverse effects of “muscle hunger” with training of the main functional systems that ensure the body’s performance: cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems (along with the nervous system). Hiking, water and especially mountain and ski tourism are one of the effective means of developing endurance of the cardiovascular system, eliminating vascular dystonia by “extinguishing vegetative reactions” (I. V. Muravov, 1982). Improvement in functional hemodynamic parameters was observed in 98 out of 100 participants hiking trips. A very characteristic manifestation of the impact of hiking is the normalization of the reaction to functional tests, in particular with physical activity (Ruffier’s test, Martinet’s test, etc.).

After another weekend hike, metabolic rates improve: high cholesterol levels in the blood decrease by 8-12%, and weight in case of obesity decreases by 0.3-0.6 kg. Tourism, especially mountain tourism, is one of the effective means of developing functional reserves of external respiration. Indications of vital capacity of the lungs, intra-bronchial conductivity (exhalation force) and maximum pulmonary ventilation after 6-8 mountain climbs during a vacation increase by 8-17%, often exceeding the “proper values”. Hand strength increases. Indicators of physical endurance increase.

Stimulation of the body's natural immunity to pathogenic bacteria. Long-term, moderate-intensity muscle load ensures an increase in the level of not only metabolic processes and the activity of the endocrine system, but also tissue immunity. Formed by physical activity myogenic biostimulants (Filatov V.P., 1954) promote the resorption of foci of subsiding inflammation and stimulate regenerative processes in the tissues of the body.

Stimulation of the neuropsychic sphere, endocrine and immunobiological systems of the body can explain the absence of “colds” in the vast majority of hikers, even with significant cooling.



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