Presentation on the topic of Heron's fountain. Research work “Dependence of the height of the fountain jet on physical parameters. Effect of different fountain models
“Aquatic environment” - Look for water where cattails grow. Inhabitants of the aquatic environment. Lesson topic: Aquatic environment. Questions for review: Lake reed. Comparison of living conditions in different environments. Cattail angustifolia. Today we will learn:
“Biogeocenosis of the pond” - Burbot. Biocenosis of a fresh water body. Birds living on the surface. Pond biogeocenosis. Heterotrophic organisms. Species living on the surface. Population of the reservoir. Sunlight. Biotic factors. Autotrophic organisms.
“Plant communities” - Clements dreamed of turning ecology into a real science. Alexander Nikolaevich Formozov (1899 – 1973). In principle, the ecological geography of plants could fit well with the “new botany”... In 1933, Braun-Blanquet published the “Prodrome des Groupements Vegetaux” (Prodromus). The entire emphasis is on a floristic approach to essentially environmental tasks.
“Abiotic factors” - Plants: drought-resistant - moisture-loving and aquatic Animals: aquatic - there is enough water in food. Adaptations are available. Temperature. Abiotic environmental factors. Humidity. Warm-blooded organisms (birds and mammals). Cold-blooded organisms (invertebrates and many vertebrates). The optimal temperature regime for organisms is from 15 to 30 degrees. However,...
“Communities of Water” - How to stay on the surface of the water? Elongated, streamlined body. Community of the water column. Flying fish. Flat body like a raft. They have outgrowths and bristles. "Sailors". The entire world ocean is a single ecological system. In the ocean: Surface water community. Muscles. Portuguese man of war and sailing ship. Deep sea community.
"Environmental biology" - Aerobionts. Amount of O2 Amount of H2O Oscillations t Illumination Density. Place the animals or plants from the list provided in the appropriate habitat. Study of different habitats of organisms. Ernst Haeckel. Stenobionts. Organismic environment. Ground-air environment. environmental condition that affects an organism.
Slide 2
Spring! A wonderful time of warmth, flowering and bright colors after winter “hibernation”, fountains “wake up”, thousands of water jets solemnly salute the dawn of nature. Last year I conducted research on the same topic, and this year I decided to continue it. Because I had a lot of questions: where did the first fountains appear? What types of fountains are there? Is it possible to make a fountain yourself?
Slide 3
I decided to conduct research on the topic “Water extravaganza: fountains”
Purpose of the study: 1. Expand the area of personal knowledge on the topic “Communicating vessels” (including historical and polytechnic ones;) 2. Use the acquired knowledge to complete creative tasks; 3. Select problems on the topic “Pressure in liquids and gases. Communicating vessels". To achieve this goal, I need to solve the following tasks: 1. Study the history of the creation of fountains; 2. Understand the structure and operating principle of fountains; 3. Get acquainted with pressure as the driving force behind the operation of fountains; 4. Make the simplest models of operating fountains; 5. Create a presentation “Water extravaganza: fountains.”
Slide 4
History of fountain creation
Fountain (from Italian fontana - from Latin fontis - source) - a stream of liquid or gas ejected under pressure (dictionary of foreign words. - M.: Russian language, 1990). For the first time, fountains appeared in Ancient Greece. For seven centuries, people have been building fountains based on the principle of communicating vessels. From the beginning of the 17th century, fountains began to be driven by mechanical pumps, which gradually replaced steam installations and then electric pumps.
Slide 5
Fountain of Heron
The fountains owe their existence to the famous Greek mechanic Heron of Alexandria, who lived in the 1st–2nd centuries. n. e. It was Heron who directly pointed out that the flow rate, or rate, of distributed water depends on its level in the reservoir, on the cross-section of the channel and the speed of the water in it. The device invented by Heron serves as one of the examples of knowledge in ancient times (200 years BC) in the field of hydrostatics and aerostatics.
Slide 6
Pressure
In order to characterize the distribution of pressure forces, regardless of the size of the surface on which they act, the concept of pressure is introduced. p = F/S. Let's pour water into a vessel with identical holes in the side wall. We will see that the lower stream flows out over a greater distance, and the upper stream over a shorter distance. This means that there is more pressure at the bottom of the vessel than at the top.
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The principle of operation of communicating vessels.
The pressure on the free surfaces of the liquid in the vessels is the same; it is equal to atmospheric pressure. Thus, all free surfaces belong to the same level surface and therefore must be in the same horizontal plane. The principle of operation of communicating vessels underlies the operation of fountains.
Slide 8
Technical structure of fountains
Fountains can be water-jet, cascade, mechanical, firecracker fountains (for example, in Peterhof), of different heights, shapes, and each has its own name. Previously, all fountains were direct-flow, that is, they worked directly from the water supply, but now “recirculating” water supply is used, using powerful pumps. Fountains also flow in different ways: dynamic jets (can change height) and static jets (jet at the same level).
Slide 9
Fountain model
Using the properties of communicating vessels, you can build a model of a fountain. To do this, you need a tank of water, a wide jar 1, a rubber or glass tube 2, a pool of low tin can 3.
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Slide 11
How does the height of the jet depend on the diameter of the hole and the height of the tank?
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Effect of different fountain models
Simplified model of Heron's fountain Homemade Heron's fountain
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Slide 14
Fountain when heating air in a flask
When water is heated in the first flask, steam is formed, which creates excess pressure in the second vessel, displacing water from it.
Slide 15
Vinegar fountain
Fill the flask ¾ full with table vinegar, throw a few pieces of chalk into it, and quickly seal it with a stopper with a glass tube inserted into it. A fountain will gush from the tube
Slide 16
Conclusion
In the course of my work, I answered the question: what is the driving force behind the operation of fountains and, using the knowledge gained, I was able to create various working models of fountains, and created the presentation “Water Extravaganza: Fountains.” The work included the following elements: Studying specialized literature on the research topic. Clarification of the objectives of the experiment. Preparation of necessary equipment and materials. Preparation of the research object. Analysis of the results obtained. Determining the significance of the results obtained for practice. Finding out possible ways to apply the results obtained in practice.
Slide 17
Diamond fountains fly with a cheerful noise towards the clouds, idols glitter beneath them... Crushing against marble barriers, waterfalls fall and splash like a pearl, a fiery arc. A.S. Pushkin Theoretical preparation for the experiment and analysis of the results obtained required me to have a complex of knowledge in physics, mathematics, and technical design. This played a big role in enhancing my educational preparation.
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Completed by 7th grade students
Mokaev Alim, Tumenov Amiran, Boziev Islam, Orakova Margarita
Target: consider the effect of the law of communicating vessels using the example of the operation of circulation fountains.
Tasks:
1. Study material about fountains: their types and principles of operation.
2. Design a layout of a circulation fountain
3. Create a collection of fountains in the city of Nalchik.
4. Analyze the information received and draw conclusions about the structure and operating principle of fountains.
Methods:
Studying literary and other information sources, conducting experiments, analyzing information and results.
Relevance of the problem
The effect of water on a person can be called truly magical. The sound of the fountain relieves stress, calms you down and makes you forget about worries.
Now the ideas of art have received a new embodiment - combining the ideas of architects, artists and specialists in highly technical fields .
The design of the fountain is based on the principle of communicating vessels known to us from physics: In communicating vessels of any shape and cross-section, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are set at the same level .
Water is collected in a container located above the fountain basin. In this case, the water pressure at the outlet of the fountain will be equal to the difference in water heights H1. Accordingly, the greater the difference between these heights, the stronger the pressure and the higher the fountain jet hits. The diameter of the fountain outlet also affects the height of the fountain jet. The smaller it is, the higher the fountain shoots.
Circulation fountain
In circulation fountains, water flows in a closed circle. Their main reservoir is located at the bottom. Water from the tank rises higher through the hose using a pump. The hose runs inside and is not visible from the outside. Fountains based on the circulation principle do not require water supply to them. It is enough to pour water once, and then top it up as it evaporates.
Natural fountains
geysers, springs and
artesian waters
Artificial fountains:
street, landscape, interior
Fountain in a spa hotel
"Sindika"
Fountain in front of the State Cinema and Concert Hall
Fountain near the cinema
"East"
Fountain on the Avenue Shogentsukova
Fountain on the square of the 400th anniversary of reunification with Russia
10 the most amazing fountains in the world
Fountain " Moon Rainbow» (Seoul) - the longest fountain on the bridge
2. King Fahd Fountain (Jeddah) -
highest
3. Dubai Fountain complex (Dubai) - the largest and most expensive
4. Crown Fountain (Chicago) -
the most international
5. Fountains of Peterhof (St. Petersburg) - the most luxurious
6. Fountain of Wealth (Singapore) - a fountain built according to Feng Shui
7. Bellagio Fountain (Las Vegas) - the most famous dancing fountain America
8. Floating fountains (Osaka)
- the airiest
9. Mercury Fountain (Barcelona)
- the most poisonous
Experimental part of the work
Making a fountain is a problem, or a task that needs to be solved. Naturally, development problems arose immediately.
Hypothesis:
- Try to use the fact that in communicating vessels the homogeneous liquid is at the same level to make a fountain
- If the fountain will work, find out whether the height of the fountain depends on the diameter of the tube
Work results:
We would like to present to your attention circulation fountains.
Conducted research: “Checking the dependence of the height of the fountain column on the diameter of the tube”
Conclusion:
The height of the fountain depends on the diameter of the tube. The smaller the diameter of the tube, the higher the fountain column.
Conclusions:
1.All fountains use communicating vessels
2. In communicating vessels, a homogeneous liquid tends be on the same level
3. The fountain flows due to the difference in height of water in communicating vessels
4. The difference between fountains is in the method of supplying water to the main reservoir
Results:
- Collection of fountains in the city of Nalchik
2. DIY circulation fountains
Heron of Alexandria Author of works in which he systematically outlined the foundations of the achievements of the ancient world in the field of applied mechanics. In Pneumatics, Heron described various mechanisms driven by heated or compressed air or steam: the so-called. aeolipile, i.e. a ball rotating under the influence of steam, an automatic door opener, a fire pump, various siphons, a water organ, a mechanical puppet theater, etc. In “Mechanics” Heron described 5 simple machines: lever, gate, wedge , screw and block. Heron also knew the parallelogram of forces.
He created a vending machine for selling “sacred” water, which was the prototype of our vending machines for dispensing liquids.
Heron's Fountain consists of three vessels, placed one above the other and communicating with each other. The two lower vessels are closed, and the upper one has the shape of an open bowl into which water is poured. Water is also poured into the middle vessel, which is later closed. Through a tube running from the bottom of the bowl almost to the bottom of the lower vessel, water flows down from the bowl and, compressing the air there, increases its elasticity. The lower vessel is connected to the middle one through a tube through which air pressure is transmitted to the middle vessel. By exerting pressure on the water, the air forces it to rise from the middle vessel through the tube into the upper bowl, where a fountain emerges from the end of this tube, rising above the surface of the water. The fountain water falling into the bowl flows from it through a tube into the lower vessel, where the water level gradually rises, and the water level in the middle vessel decreases. Soon the fountain stops working. To start it again, you just need to swap the lower and middle vessels. The wonderful inventions of Heron. Fountain of Heron.
The most common method of lighting in ancient times was using oil lamps, in which a wick soaked in oil burned. The wick was a piece of rag and burned out quite quickly, and so did the oil. One of the main disadvantages of such lamps was the need to ensure that there was always enough wick above the surface of the oil, the level of which was constantly decreasing. If with one lamp it was easy to keep track of it, then with several lamps there was already a need for a servant who would regularly walk around the room and adjust the wicks in the lamps. Heron invented an automatic oil lamp. Heron's oil lamp.
Self-propelled cabinet. For the first time in history, Heron developed a self-propelled mechanism. The mechanism was a wooden cabinet mounted on four wheels. The interior of the cabinet was hidden behind the doors. The secret of movement was simple: a suspended plate was slowly lowered inside the cabinet, setting the entire structure in motion with the help of ropes and shafts. A supply of sand was used as a speed regulator, which was gradually poured from the top of the cabinet to the bottom. The speed of lowering the slab was regulated by the speed of sand pouring, which depended on how wide the doors were opened, separating the upper part of the cabinet from the lower.
Automatic theater. Most of the drawings of Heron's mechanical dolls have not survived, but various sources contain descriptions of them. It is known that Heron created a kind of puppet theater, which moved on wheels hidden from the audience and was a small architectural structure– four columns with a common base and architrave. The puppets on his stage, driven by a complex system of cords and gears, also hidden from public view, reenacted the ceremony of the festival in honor of Dionysus. As soon as such a theater went to city square, on his stage a fire flared up over the figure of Dionysus, wine poured from a bowl onto the panther lying at the feet of the deity, and the retinue began to dance to the music. Then the music and dancing stopped, Dionysus turned in the other direction, a flame flared up in the second altar - and the whole action was repeated all over again. After such a performance, the dolls stopped and the performance ended. This action invariably aroused interest among all residents, regardless of age. But the street performances of another puppet theater, Heron, were no less successful. This theater (pinaka) was very small in size, it was easily moved from place to place. It was a small column, at the top of which there was a model of a theater stage hidden behind the doors. They opened and closed five times, dividing into acts the drama of the sad return of the victors of Troy. The tiny stage showed with exceptional skill how the warriors built and launched sailing ships, sailed on them across the stormy sea and died in the abyss under the flash of lightning and thunder. To simulate thunder, Heron created a special device in which balls spilled out of a box and hit a board.
Heron pump Heron pump. The pump consisted of two communicating piston cylinders equipped with valves from which water was alternately displaced. The pump was driven by the muscular power of two people, who took turns pressing the arms of the lever. It is known that pumps of this type were subsequently used by the Romans to extinguish fires and were distinguished by high quality workmanship and amazingly precise fitting of all parts. Until the discovery of electricity, pumps similar to them were often used both for extinguishing fires and in the navy for pumping water from holds in the event of an accident. As we can see, Heron developed three very interesting inventions: the aeolipile, the piston pump and the boiler. By combining them it was possible to get a steam engine. Such a task was probably within the power, if not of Heron himself, then of his followers. People already knew how to create sealed containers, and, as can be seen from the example with the piston pump, they achieved significant success in the manufacture of mechanisms that required high precision manufacturing. A steam engine, of course, is not a jet engine, for the creation of which the knowledge of ancient scientists was clearly lacking, but it would also significantly accelerate the development of mankind.
