Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - unique natural sites. Sights of Salekhard: list, photos and description Natural monuments of Yanao
The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) is a distant northern region, harsh and beautiful, a land where the traditions of indigenous peoples and the achievements of modern science are closely intertwined. unique, it intricately combines the severity of the northern climate and the kindness of the local residents, the stinginess of the polar sun and the generosity of northern nature, the endless whiteness of winter days and the fantastic colors of autumn.
Yamal has always attracted travelers and scientists with its uniqueness, natural and cultural riches, clean air and pristine nature. But in order to see all the beauties of Yamal, you need to devote a lot of time to the trip, and in our fast-paced age this is very difficult to do. With the help of this site, everyone can take a virtual, but exciting journey into the world of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
(obsolete - Samoyeds, Yuracs) - Samoyed people in Russia, inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. The Nenets are divided into European and Asian (Siberian). European Nenets are settled in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk Region, and Siberian Nenets are settled in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region and in the Dolgano-Nenets Taimyr Municipal District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Small groups of Nenets live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, and the Komi Republic.
Of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, the Nenets are the most numerous. According to the results of the 2002 census, 41,302 Nenets lived in Russia, of which about 27,000 lived in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
The traditional occupation is large-scale reindeer herding. On the Yamal Peninsula, several thousand Nenets reindeer herders, keeping about 500,000 reindeer, lead a nomadic lifestyle. The home of the Nenets is a conical tent (mya).
The names of two autonomous districts of Russia (Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets) mention the Nenets as the titular ethnic group of the district; another such district (Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug) was abolished in 2007 and transformed into the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The Nenets are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. Tundra Nenets are the majority. They live in two autonomous okrugs. Forest Nenets - 1500 people. They live in the basin of the Pur and Taz rivers in the southeast of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.
carries a child from the maternity hospital 
Due to the presence on the territory of the Sayan Highlands of tribes whose language in the recent past was classified as Samoyed, Stralenberg suggested that the Samoyeds of the Sayan Highlands are descendants of the Samoyeds of the circumpolar zone, where they were aborigines, that from the north some of the Samoyeds, under the influence of some reasons, moved to south, settling the Sayan Highlands.
Fischer-Castrena theory
The opposite point of view was expressed by the historian Fischer, who assumed that the northern Samoyeds (the ancestors of the modern Nenets, Nganasan, Entsy, Selkup and Yuraks) are the descendants of the Samoyed tribes of the Sayan Highlands, who advanced from southern Siberia to more northern regions. This is Fisher's assumption in the 19th century. was supported by enormous linguistic material and substantiated by Castrén, who assumed that in the first millennium AD. e., in connection with the so-called great movement of peoples, the Samoyed tribes were forced out by the Turks from the Sayan Highlands to the north. In 1919, A. A. Zhilinsky, a researcher of the Arkhangelsk north, spoke out sharply against this theory. The main argument is that such a resettlement would require a sharp change in the type of environmental management, which is impossible in a short time. Modern Nenets are reindeer herders, and the peoples living on the Sayan Highlands are farmers (about 97.2%)
KHANTY
The Khanty are a people who have lived in the north of the Russian Federation since ancient times, mainly in the territories of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. Khanty is not the only name for this people; in the West it is known as Ostyaks or Yugras, but the more accurate self-name “Khanty” (from the Khanty “kantakh” - person, people) was established as the official name in Soviet times.
In historical chronicles, the first written mentions of the Khanty people are found in Russian and Arabic sources of the 10th century AD, but it is known for certain that the ancestors of the Khanty lived in the Urals and Western Siberia already in the 6-5 millennium BC; subsequently they were displaced nomads to the lands of Northern Siberia.
Usually the Khanty are short people, about 1.5-1.6 m, with straight black or dark brown hair, dark skin, and dark eyes. The type of face can be described as Mongolian, but with the eye shape of the correct shape - a slightly flat face, cheekbones noticeably protruding, lips thick, but not full.
The culture of the people, language and spiritual world are not homogeneous. This is explained by the fact that the Khanty settled quite widely and different cultures formed in different climatic conditions. The southern Khanty were mainly engaged in fishing, but they were also known for farming and cattle breeding. The main occupations of the northern Khanty were reindeer herding and hunting, and less often fishing.
The Khanty, who were engaged in hunting and fishing, had 3-4 dwellings in different seasonal settlements, which changed depending on the season. Such dwellings were made of logs and placed directly on the ground, sometimes a hole was first dug (like a dugout). Khanty reindeer herders lived in tents - a portable dwelling consisting of poles placed in a circle, fastened in the center, covered with birch bark (in summer) or skins (in winter).
Since ancient times, the Khanty have revered the elements of nature: the sun, moon, fire, water, wind. The Khanty also had totemic patrons, family deities and ancestor patrons. Each clan had its own totem animal, it was revered, considered one of the distant relatives. This animal could not be killed or eaten.
The bear was revered everywhere, he was considered a protector, he helped hunters, protected against diseases, and resolved disputes. At the same time, the bear, unlike other totem animals, could be hunted. In order to reconcile the spirit of the bear and the hunter who killed it, the Khanty organized a bear festival. The frog was revered as the guardian of family happiness and an assistant to women in labor. There were also sacred places, the place where the patron lives. Hunting and fishing were prohibited in such places, since the animals were protected by the patron himself.
Traditional rituals and holidays have survived to this day in a modified form, they were adapted to modern views and timed to coincide with certain events (for example, a bear festival is held before the issuance of licenses to shoot bears). Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 
KOMI
It is known that the Komi people have lived in the northern lands since the 1st millennium BC. The name Komi comes from the self-name of the people - Komi Voityr, which translated means Komi people. Komi are often called Zyryans; the word Zyryans, translated from the Komi language, means living on the border. As a result of gradual settlement, the Komi people were conditionally divided into northern (Komi-Izhemtsy) and southern (Sysoltsy, Prilutsy) ethnic groups.
Komi mainly live on the territory of the Komi Republic, some Komi live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.
The Komi language (Komi language, Komi-Zyryan language) belongs to the Uralic language family. The Komi writing system is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. In the northern regions of the Russian Federation, television programs and printed publications are published in the Komi language.
Typically, Zyryans have average or slightly above average height (about 165-170 cm) and a regular physique. The low, slightly flattened face is framed by dark or black hair, the bridge of the nose is wide, and the eyes are gray or brown. Closer to the south, Komi people have blue eyes and blond hair.
Northern Komi were reindeer herders, hunters and fishermen, southern Komi were engaged in hunting and fishing, knew cattle breeding and agriculture, but until the 18th century these were rather auxiliary industries. In the 18th century, due to an increase in the production of game animals, there was a sharp reduction in their numbers; from that time on, cattle breeding, reindeer husbandry and agriculture became the main occupations of the Komi.
The Komi lived in villages and villages located on the banks of the river. They tried to place houses along the river in one row. The northern settlements were located at considerable distances from each other and consisted of several houses. Up to several hundred people could live in the southern settlements; often such settlements were formed due to the merger of neighboring villages.
The dwellings were log-framed rectangular huts with a high basement (the lower floor, most often non-residential), covered with a pitched roof. In the courtyard there were outbuildings and a two-story barn.
The clothing of the southern Komi was reminiscent of Russian clothing in style and cut. Women wore shirts, sundresses, fur coats; the men's wardrobe consisted of a shirt, canvas pants, a caftan and a fur coat. The difference from Russian costumes was in the colors of the fabrics used and the finishing features. Northern Komi often wore clothes typical of the Nenets. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 
SELKUPY
The Selkups are the smallest people in the north of Russia. According to the results of the latest population census, the number of Selkups is only about 1,700 people. The largest number of representatives of the people live on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the northwestern territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in the Tomsk region.
The official name of the people - Selkups - was approved only in the 30s of the 20th century; it comes from the self-name of the northern ethnographic group and is translated as forest people. However, this is not the only self-name of the people; the southern Selkups called themselves chumylkup (earthman), the Ob - sysyokup (taiga man).
The Selkups belong to the Ural small race, which means that their appearance contains Mongoloid and Caucasian features. The Selkups have dark straight hair, brown eyes, slightly darkish skin, a small nose, strongly concave at the bridge of the nose, and their faces are most often flat.
The Selkup language belongs to the Uralic language family. The Selkups did not have a written language for a long time; the first attempt to create a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet dates back to the 19th century, but this attempt was not very successful since the Russian alphabet did not allow them to correctly convey the sound of the language.
The second attempt took place in the 30s of the 20th century, they adopted the Latin alphabet as a basis, and published a large amount of educational literature in the Selkup language. But just 7 years later, in 1930, the Selkup writing was again transferred to the Cyrillic alphabet, which caused a lot of confusion. Currently, the Selkup language is practically not used in printed sources; the main areas of application of the language remain folk crafts, family communication, and folklore.
The traditional occupations of the Selkups are fishing and hunting. The northern Selkups were engaged in reindeer husbandry mainly as an auxiliary industry (transport, skins, etc.).
The southern Selkups knew how to make ceramics, process metals, weave canvas, achieved great success in blacksmithing, and grew grain and tobacco. These industries actively developed until the 17th century, when they were replaced by higher quality imported goods.
ATTRACTIONS OF YNAO
The sights of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are unique and can bring a smile to a person unfamiliar with the life of the region. For example, here you can see a monument... to a mosquito. A veteran in the Far North is considered a person who not only survived the polar night, but also endured a terrible ordeal in the form of mosquitoes, which are especially evil here. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 
The list of attractions of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug includes another sculpture dedicated to the animal: at the entrance to Salekhard there is a 10-meter monument to a mammoth. The remains of these extinct animals are often discovered in the region. 9-ton tusks were found here, and a century later scientists unearthed a perfectly preserved mammoth, whose age is close to 46 thousand years.
The most beautiful river Yuribey flows through Yamal, which ends its journey by flowing into the Kara Sea, namely into its Baydaratskaya Bay.
An intricate four-kilometer bridge on stilts was built across Yuribey - a local architectural landmark.
In the village of Novy Port you can visit the largest “natural refrigerator” in Russia - a complex of ice underground caves. The length of the tunnels exceeds a kilometer, the caves are constantly looked after, which allows them not to lose their cold, icy shine even in summer.
The Yamalo-Nenets District is famous for its natural areas; in the area there are 13 nature reserves and two reserves - Verkhne-Tazovsky and Gydansky. The territory of the first is dominated by taiga areas, while the second is famous for its tundra “lunar” landscapes. The Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve is one of the largest natural parks in Russia; reindeer and the unique Kondo-Sosvinsky beaver are found here.
On the territory of the Gydansky Nature Reserve there are the most beautiful peninsulas of Yavai, Oleniy, Rovny, as well as the islands of the Kara Sea. There are many “Red Book” fish, animals and birds here: sturgeon, polar bear, white-tailed eagle, walrus, narwhal, seal and many others.
Of all the reserves in the region, the most interesting is the Kunovatsky Park, located in the Shuryshkarsky district of the region in the floodplain of the Ob and Malaya Ob. The incredibly rare white crane lives here - a special type of crane that is listed in all the Red Books of the world. Many other species of migratory birds can be observed in the reserve.
One of the main archaeological monuments of the Yamalo-Nenets District is the Nadym settlement - the remains of a settlement of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, discovered on the territory of the city of Nadym. Children's toys made of wood, jewelry made of tin and copper, hunting skis and much more were found here.
The oldest surviving buildings of the district center were erected at the end of the 19th century. These include, for example, small one-story buildings on Republic Street and the Musical Drama Theater. In the city center, in the early 1990s, the Nikolskaya Tower of the Obdorsky fort, a monument of wooden architecture of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, was restored. It is decorated with a double-headed eagle, and from the tower there is a descent to the Poluy River. It is believed that Salekhard was founded on this site.
For more than twenty years, the ecological and methodological center “House of Nature” has been operating in Nadym, where you can get acquainted with the nature and ecology of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug, as well as with the ethnographic heritage of the region’s indigenous inhabitants - the Nenets.
In Noyabrsk you can visit the first Children's Museum in Russia, where you can play with most of the exhibits, and even make some of them yourself. The museum has a winter garden and a children's workshop, from where, among other things, you can take a virtual tour of exhibitions around the world.
In Labytnangi you can visit the cross-shaped Znamensky church-chapel - one of the most interesting in the area. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 
SACRED SITES OF YNAO
1 Settlement (sacrificial place) Ust-Poluy. Salekhard. Located on a high cape of the river's bedrock terrace. Poluy, approximately 2 km upstream from its confluence with the river. Ob. 0.2 km southwest from the building of the Aviator sports complex. V century BC. to the 3rd century AD B.C. Adrianov 1932
2 Mangazeya settlement, Krasnoselkup district.
The right bank of the Taz River, at the mouth of the river. Mangazeika. 8.5 km north of the village of Sidorovsk. 17th century AD V.N. Chernetsov
3. A complex of ethnic cultural objects on the north-eastern shore of the lake. Maloe Muzykantovo Purovsky district, north-eastern shore of Lake Maloe Muzykantovo.
4. Cult place “Tareznzyakha-hekhe” Yamal district, left bank of the river. Yuribey, 3.9 km west of the proposed railway route.
3. Cult place “Lamzento-syo” Yamal region, on the watershed of the rivers Lamzento-syo (3.5 km to the west) and Ya-yakha (11.5 km to the east) between lakes Lamzento (14 km to the south) and Syavta- then (12.5 km north).
4. Holy place on the left bank of the Seyakha river, Yamal region, left indigenous bank of the river. Seyakha, coordinates N. 70°23"02.7", east. 068°35"06.7"
5. Sanctuary of Nyakharyakh Priuralsky district, r. Nyaharyakha, coordinates N 69°25"34.3", E 68°23"07.9"
6. Sidyapelyato Sanctuary, Priuralsky district, northern shore of Lake Sidyapelyato, coordinates north latitude. 69 °19"34.5", east 68°15"04.0"
7. A complex of log-type buildings in the village. Khanty-Muzhi Shuryshkarsky district, village. Khanty-Muzhi, natural park-museum "Zhivun" Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 
VERKHNE-TAZOVSKY RESERVE
The reserve is located on the West Siberian Plain, in the Krasnoselkupsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia. Its length is 150 km from north to south and 70 km from west to east. The territory is divided into two forest districts - Pokolskoye and Tazovskoye, bordering each other along a water protection clearing along the left bank of the Ratta River.
The reserve was established in 1986 to preserve and study the natural complexes of the area, unique for the West Siberian Plain and characteristic of its upland - the Siberian Uvals. The territory of the reserve is important for the protection of the declining population of taiga reindeer, and is promising for the re-acclimatization of the Sosvinsky beaver.
The fauna of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Reserve is typical for the northern taiga, however, it has not been sufficiently studied. Large animals include bear, elk, and wolverine. The latter occurs rarely, but constantly. Wolves rarely come here from the tundra. The Arctic fox comes to the Upper Taz during migrations. Foxes live along river valleys.
In the Verkhnee-Tazovsky Nature Reserve there are 310 species of vascular plants, 111 leaf-stemmed bryophytes, and 91 species of lichens. Forests with a predominance of pine in the reserve account for 59.4% of the forested area. Found in areas of river terraces. Dark coniferous forests do not occupy such large areas, but they are more diverse in their composition. They are dominated by cedar and spruce with an admixture of fir. The shrub layer is represented by rosehip, juniper, and rowan. The moss cover is continuous or almost continuous; in some places, foliose lichens are found, which gives the cover a northern appearance.
149 species of birds have been recorded in the reserve. About 310 species of vascular plants are found on its territory. The fauna of the reserve includes about 35 species of mammals. There are 20 species of fish. The animal world is represented by such species of animals and birds as brown bear, weasel, sable, wood grouse, and black grouse.
The main attraction of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve is the relatively rare park-type pine forests with rich reindeer moss forests. The reserve is the largest reserve of valuable fur-bearing animals - sable and ermine. Consists of one plot with an area of 631.3 thousand hectares; extends from north to south for 150 km, from east to west - 70 km.
The climate is continental, with long cold winters and fairly warm summers. The range of minimum winter and maximum summer temperatures reaches 100 degrees. The average duration of the frost-free period is 83 days. The reserve is located in a zone of discontinuous permafrost.
The rivers of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve are characterized by moderate currents, high tortuosity, the presence of numerous sandbanks and relatively high banks. There are blockages in some sections of the rivers. In river valleys there are processes of shedding and sliding of high banks. The main river of the reserve is the Taz River - one of the most important spawning rivers in Western Siberia for such valuable species of salmon and whitefish as nelma, muksun, whitefish, broad whitefish, peled, tugun. It begins on the Verkhne-Tazovskaya Upland. Other rivers flowing through the reserve, such as the Pokolka, Ratta, and Kellogg, also originate here.
On the territory of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve there are two types of lakes that differ in genesis - lakes of glacial origin and floodplain origin. The formation of the former is associated with the processes of formation of moraine deposits by the erosion of land areas by glacial waters; they are located in interfluves and usually have a rounded shape. Floodplain lakes are oxbow lakes of rivers, usually elongated, small in width, with marshy banks and a muddy bottom.
On the “ancient” floodplain terraces, which are found in places in the middle and lower reaches of the Ratta and Pokolka, raised bogs are common. The tree stand in the swamps is sparse, represented by pine and birch. The shrub layer is sparse and consists of dwarf birch and low-growing willows. Against the background of a continuous moss cover, cassandra, pommel, cranberry, blueberry, cloudberry, cinquefoil, marsh sedge, and cotton grass dominate.
Ecological tourism:
The reserve has developed an interesting ecological trail, there is a small nature museum and a visitor center.
MYSTERIOUS HOLE IN YAMAL
Scientists are exploring a giant hole in the ground that appeared in Yamal. A crater with a diameter of 60 (and according to other sources, up to 80) meters was discovered last week (July 2014) - it was accidentally noticed from a helicopter. All sorts of versions of its origin have already appeared on the Internet. Scientists have to find out whether it is the result of a man-made impact or the fall of a cosmic body.
Some media even suggested that the crater appeared as a result of alien intervention. But to accurately determine the cause of its appearance, you need to take soil samples. As Rossiya 24 reports, this is not yet possible, since the edges of the crater are constantly crumbling, and it is dangerous to approach it. The first expedition has already visited the site, and Marina Leibman, chief researcher at the Earth Cryosphere Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, spoke about what the scientists saw there.
“There are simply no traces of a person with any kind of equipment here,” she said. “We can assume something fantastic: a hot meteorite fell and everything melted here. But when a meteorite falls, there are traces of charring, that is, high temperature. And There are no signs of being affected by high temperatures. There are traces of water flows, there is some accumulation of water."
According to the Rossiyskaya Gazeta portal, scientists are considering several versions of the formation of this hole. The version that this is an ordinary karst failure is unlikely, because the crater is surrounded by soil emissions. If a meteorite formed a hole in the ground, then such a powerful blow could not go unnoticed.
Executive Director of the Subarctic Research and Training Site, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Anna Kurchatova suggested that a not very strong underground explosion occurred here. Gas had probably accumulated underground; at a depth of about 15 meters, pressure began to build. As a result, the gas-water mixture burst out, throwing out ice and sand, like a cork from a champagne bottle. Fortunately, this happened far from a pipeline or gas production and processing facility.
Reindeer herders of the Tazovsky district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug discovered a second crater, outwardly similar to the recently famous “bottomless pit” 30 kilometers from the Bovanenkovskoye deposit.
The new crater is located on another peninsula - Gydansky, not far from the coast of Tazovskaya Bay. The diameter of the crater is significantly smaller than that of the first one - approximately 15 meters. The other day, the deputy director of the state farm, Mikhail Lapsui, became convinced of its existence.
However, there is no need to talk about a discovery as such. According to the nomads, the crater appeared at the end of September last year. They just didn't make this fact widely public. And when they heard about a similar phenomenon on the neighboring peninsula, they told the local authorities about it.
The "hole" in Yamal could have appeared due to swamp gas
Mikhail Lapsui confirms the identity of the Gydan and Yamal natural formations. By the way, they differ little in distance from the Arctic Circle. Externally, except for the size, everything is very similar.
Judging by the soil bordering the upper boundaries, it was ejected to the surface from the depths of permafrost. True, those reindeer herders who call themselves witnesses to the phenomenon claim that there was first a haze over the area where the ejection occurred, then a fiery flash followed and the earth shook.
At first glance, this is speculation. However, this version of the release should not be dismissed out of hand, says Anna Kurchatova, executive director of the Subarctic Research and Training Site, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, since when methane is mixed with air in certain proportions, an explosive mixture is formed.
SACRED SITES IN YAMAL
SACRED SITES IN YAMAL
Despite the many ancestral sacred places in Yamal, Taimyr and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there have long been central religious places common to the entire Nenets ethnic group, such as Bolvansky Nos on Vaigach, Kozmin pereselok in the area of the river. Nes (Nenets Autonomous Okrug), Yav'mal hekhe (Yamal), Sir Iri (Bely Island), Minisey in the Polar Urals.
The most revered among the Nenets were two idol stones on Vaygach - Vesoko and Khadako (Old Man and Old Woman). The island itself was named by the Nenets “Hebidya Ngo” - sacred land. The Vesoko Sanctuary is located on Cape Dyakonov. One of the first descriptions of this sacred place was left by skipper Stephen Borrow in 1556. He noted that on the cape there was a sanctuary of about 300 idols, made roughly and primitively, sometimes they were simply sticks with cuts indicating eyes and mouth. The mouths and eyes of the idols and some other parts were smeared with blood. In the “Notes” of Jan Huygens van Linschotten we find a description of a cape on the southern shore of Vaygach, on which there were about 300 idols [Linschotten, 1915].
In 1826, the Vesoko sanctuary was visited by Archimandrite Veniamin, who led the activities of the mission to convert the Nenets (Samoyeds) of the Arkhangelsk province to Christianity. By order of Benjamin, the Vasoko sanctuary was completely destroyed and the idols were burned to the ground. Despite the complete destruction of the most revered sacred place, the Nenets have repeatedly made attempts to restore it. In 1837, biologist A. Schrenk, who visited the island. Vaigach reported that the Samoyeds who returned to their places chose a place for sacrifices not far from the cross erected by the mission of Archimandrite Veniamin, and again placed their wooden idols here [Shrenk, 1855]. A.E. Nordenskiöld, who visited Vaygach in 1887, also wrote about Nenets idols with a bunch of deer antlers and skulls standing on the top of the cape six hundred meters from the cross [Nordenskiöld, 1936].
In 1984-1987 under the leadership of L.P. Khlobystin, a thorough archaeological study of this cultural site was carried out. In 1986, the Arkhangelsk Arctic expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, led by O. V. Ovsyannikov, examined the monument of spiritual culture of the Nenets - the Kozmin Pereselok sanctuary (Kharv Pod - the road to the larch thicket). In 1986-1997 The Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MAE) under the leadership of P.V. Boyarsky carried out research on the island. Vaygach. Based on these materials, a map of sacred places of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug was created.
The main shrine of Neva-hehe-mother idol is located in the north of the island. Vaygach in the upper reaches of the river. Heheyaha, between lakes Yangoto and Heheto. Judging by the data of V.A. Islavin and A.A. Borisov, the Nenets called the highest rock with a crack resembling a female sign “Neva-hege”.
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There is an active interest in sacred places in Yamal. In his work “The Yamal Peninsula,” B. Zhitkov gives a description of the sacrificial place Yav’mal Hekhe, revered by the Nenets, a place of worship for various clans living on Yamal.
Ethnographer-researcher V.P. Evladov devoted a lot of time and effort to studying and describing sacred places, who organized a scientific expedition together with the Ural Committee of the North in 1928-1929. across the tundra of Yamal. He recorded basically all the major religious places of the Nenets. He also managed to visit and describe the main shrine of the Nenets, Sir Iri (White Old Man) on the island. Bel. The Nenets call it the island of the White Old Man (Sir Iri Ngo). Since ancient times, this island has been a kind of gateway to Yamal.
In July-August 2000, with the financial support of the administration of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, an ethnographic expedition was conducted to the Yamal region. Its purpose was to research, record and collect information about sacred and ritual places, describe historical and cultural monuments, sacred and religious places, national burial sites (certification, registration, recommendations for establishing the boundaries of protective zones and creating a map of sacred places).
The collected materials were processed, analyzed and a map of sacred places was compiled. Many of the points indicated on the map were examined by the author personally. Some designations of sacred places are recorded from the words of informants living in the area.
The sacred place of Sir Iri is located in the depths of Bely Island, 25-30 km from the Malygin Strait. It apparently has not been visited for a long time and seems neglected. In the center of the sanctuary there is a figure about 2-2.5 m high. There are logs of different sizes lying around, perhaps these are idols. Time and weather took their toll, some of them were destroyed under the influence of water and wind. The figure of Sir Iri is made of round wood, the master carefully processed the front part, the neck and the transition to the shoulder girdle are outlined, small arms are outlined, apparently, there were tree branches in this place, which made the task easier for the master. During our expeditions to Yamal, we often saw a similar figure in the sacred sledges of the Nenets. At the same time, the figure of Sir Iri was always dressed in a malitsa, but in the descriptions of researchers and travelers we do not find any mention of such an attribute of this image. Although informants claim that during the sacrifice, Sir Iri was dressed in the skin of a sacrificial deer (khan you) (Yaptik Ya.) or a bear (Sir Vark) (Khudi V.).
According to informants, at the sacred site of Ilebyampertya (Bely Island, Cape Malygina, 15-20 km from the strait), sacrifices of a polar bear or a white deer were carried out. The skin of a sacrificial animal was used to wrap the central figure of the syadeya (idol). During our examination of this sacred place, no fresh sacrifices were found, but the remains of rotten skins and skins were lying around. Many skulls of polar bears and deer were scattered around the altar, and a whole mountain of skulls was piled near the central figure.
The Yamal hehe ya sacrificial place is a place of worship and sacrifice for seven clans living on the Yamal Peninsula. According to reindeer herders, anyone can come here, regardless of clan and tribe. The seven ancestral sacrificial places are located at a great distance from each other. The central sacred place is about 2.5 m high and several meters wide. Sacrifices were found on all altars. On each of them there are figures of idols of different sizes stuck, there are small freshly cut syadeys, and traces of deer blood are visible on their faces, and sacred poles (sims) were also discovered, with different colored scraps of fabric tied to them. Not far from the altars, traces of a fire and burnt logs are visible.
Syur’nya hehe I is located 25 km from the village. Syunai-Sale behind the small river Kharvuta. The base is made up of five larches. Under them there are several chests (caskets). There are antlers of sacrificial deer, ribbons of different colors, and a lot of dishes hanging everywhere. According to the legend told by the village residents, the owner sometimes appears at this sacred place and scares people who have come not for sacrifice, but for pampering. Women are generally prohibited from appearing here.
The sacred narta Kharvuta hehe khan is located on the high bank of the Kharvuta River. Apparently, it has been here for a long time, since part of it has gone underground. The sledge is three-toothed, gray-greenish in color, and in some places overgrown with yellowish-white moss. On the sledge there is a casket, the right side of which is broken. There are boards from the casket and pieces of birch bark lying around; perhaps cult objects were previously wrapped in it. A cult sculpture measuring 50 cm in size was discovered in the sledge. The front part is clearly processed, the neck is marked, downwards the figure becomes narrow and less detailed. During the examination of the sacred sledge, two more cult sculptures were discovered: one about 25 cm, most likely male (the figure has been destroyed by time and there are no clear contours), the second is about 30 cm, more complex in processing, the front part is very clearly detailed, the neck and shoulder parts are marked . Most likely, this is a female figure, since the lower part of the body is very detailed: legs, waist. The master was not without interest in working on female genitalia.
Hebidya to Hehe I is located 15 km from the village. Syunai-Sale, on the high shore of a large lake. Previously, this cult place was very often visited by reindeer herders, who drove herds of reindeer from the Han side to summer pastures on Yamal. But several years ago this place was partially destroyed (a large larch tree on which many sacrificial skulls hung was demolished by a tractor). According to informants, a small larch grew not far from the broken larch, and the Nenets began to make sacrifices to this place. Traces of sacrifices, deer skulls, and colored scraps of fabric were found here. A very modest sacred place, there are no bulky piles of sacrificial skulls, as happens in Northern Yamal.
During the expedition, new, previously unexplored religious places were discovered: Limbya Ngudui hehe ya; Nyarme hehe I; Sarmik yara hehe ya; Munota yaram hehe ya; Parne Sale (mouth of the Mordyyakha River); Yasavey hehe I; Tomboy hehe me; Si'iv Serpiva Khoy (R. Turmayakha); Serotetto seda (Yuribey river, Yamal); Tirs Seda (upper reaches of the Yakhadyyakha River); Varnge yakha hehe ya (Varngeto district); Labahey then (upper reaches of the Sebesyakha River).
Nenets ancestral burial grounds are scattered throughout the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Many travelers and researchers described Nenets burials and burial methods [Zavalishin, 1862; Zuev, 1947; Bakhrushin, 1955; Gracheva, 1971; Khomich, 1966, 1976, 1995; Susoy, 1994; Lehtisalo, 1998]. Since ancient times, the Nenets tried to locate cemeteries (halmer’) on ancestral territories near summer pastures. Usually these were dry places and high hills on the banks of lakes and rivers. In Yamal we discovered burials of various forms. These are burials in a kaldanka (khoi ngano), the sharp ends of which are processed to the size of the figure; burials in logs, in elongated shapes resembling barrels for salting fish; burials on sledges, in structures similar to shipwrecks (large boats); in structures similar to sacred sledges (with caskets), perhaps this is how shamans were buried in ancient times.
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Kushelevsky Yu. I. The North Pole and the land of Yalmal: Travel notes. - SPb.: Type. Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1868. - II, 155 p.
http://regionyamal.ru/
Brief report on the trip to the Yamal Peninsula: (Read in the general collection of I. R. G. O. February 19, 1909) / B. M. Zhitkov p. 20. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Evladov V.P. In the tundra I am small. - Sverdlovsk: Gosizdat, 1930. - 68 p. — 5,000 copies.
Vasiliev V.I. Historical legends of the Nenets as a source in the study of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Northern Samoyed peoples // Ethnic history and folklore. M.: Nauka, 1977. pp. 113-126.
Vasiliev V.I., Simchenko Yu.B. Modern Samoyed population of Taimyr // SE. 1963. No. 3. P. 9-20.
Golovnev A.V., Zaitsev G.S., Pribylsky Yu.P. History of Yamal. Tobolsk; Yar-Sale: Ethnographic Bureau, 1994.
Dunin-Gorkavich A.A. Tobolsk North. M.: Liberea, 1995. T. 1.
Evladov V.P. Across the Yamal tundra to White Island. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS, 1992.
Zhitkov B.M. Yamal Peninsula / West. IRGO. T. 49. St. Petersburg: Type. MM. Stasyulevich, 1913.
Kurilovich A. Gydan Peninsula and its inhabitants // Soviet North. 1934. No. 1. P. 129-140.
Lar L.A. Shamans and gods. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS, 1998.
Minenko N.A. Northwestern Siberia in the 17th - first half of the 19th century. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1975.
Obdorsky region and Mangazeya in the 17th century: Sat. documents / Author-comp. E.V. Vershinin, G.P. Vizgalov. Ekaterinburg: “Thesis”, 2004.
http://www.photosight.ru/
photo by S. Vagaev, S. Anisimov, A. Snegirev.
Salekhard is the administrative center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The only city in the world that is located directly on the Arctic Circle. Previously it was an Obdorsky fort, since 1595. Since 1933 - Salekhard. It is located on the banks of the Poluy River, a tributary of the Ob - one of the largest rivers in Russia.
In winter, the polar night sets in in Salekhard, with its amazing northern lights, and in summer there is a polar day. Large-scale festivals are held in spring and autumn. In the spring - Reindeer Herder's Day, in the autumn - the Obdorsk Fair.
Salekhard is not connected to other cities by road. In winter, it is connected to the railway station in Labytnangi by an ice road. And in the summer, by ferry across the Ob River.
Everyone knows that the remains of mammoths, their bones, and tusks are found in Yamal. Some of them are ancient, some others are younger, not only their skeletons are found, but, although rarely, scientists are lucky, and in permafrost conditions, they find unique, well-preserved remains, with intact hair. All this makes a significant contribution to the development of science in our country.
An interesting monument to a mammoth was erected in Salekhard. It was installed in 2005 and is now the main attraction of the city. The monument is located next to the river crossing, and can be seen from the opposite bank of the river, from Labytnangi. Manufacturing began in Perm, then sent to Salekhard, where it was finally installed. Many artists from Moscow, Izhevsk and Salekhard worked on it.
The mammoth's trunk is lowered down, which, according to paleontologists, means calm; it joyfully greets travelers, wishing them a happy journey. Local residents, like the artists who made it, nicknamed the mammoth Mitya. Getting to know Salekhard and its history should begin with a tour of this original monument.
Location: Salekhard-Labytnangi-Kharp street - 1.
Salekhard is a unique city, the only one that is located on the line of the Arctic Circle, which runs at 66 degrees 33 minutes and 39 seconds north latitude, approximately where it passed and the “66 parallel” stele was installed.
The stele was originally installed in 1980, the authors were architects V.A. Kaigorov. and Muksin V.I., then determined the exact line of the Arctic Circle, and in 2003 the updated stele was moved to a new location, architect Ilya Yakushev. You can see the stele while heading along the road from the airport to the city.
The monument is made in the form of two pyramids, between which there is a metal semicircle, symbolizing the Arctic Circle itself and the city, divided by the imaginary line of the Arctic Circle, the second pyramid is like part of the city in the Arctic.
In the evening, a beautiful view opens up, thanks to the illumination with smoothly changing colors, and everyone who crossed the 66th parallel is awarded a special certificate confirming that its owner has indeed visited the Arctic Circle.
In 2004, a road bridge of an unusual design was created in Salekhard. The Shaitanka River divides the city into two parts, and a bridge was built across it, connecting the microdistricts and the center of Salekhard.
There are many famous people among the architects, they were L.G. Petushkov, E.N. Petushkova, A.A. Polyakov, O.G. Bolshakova. They created a magnificent masterpiece. Looking at the bridge, it seems that it is falling into a stormy river. And all because the bridge is held by only one pylon, specially inclined towards the airport and the river, and the height of the bridge is impressive, 100 meters. The illusion is created that the bridge is hovering over the river. The slope of the pylon and the structure at the top - a wonderful restaurant - give the bridge, illuminated at night, a resemblance to a torch, hence its name.
For the peoples of the north, deer is a favorite animal. It nourishes and protects from severe frosts, and is used as a means of transportation.
Since ancient times, deer and man go together and live side by side. The main holiday in the tundra is Deer Day. There are tales, songs and legends about this animal. That is why a monument to a deer, a faithful assistant, was erected in the northern city. Located next to the Torch Bridge. Standing by the river bank, the animal proudly looks at the city, from one bank to the other. The height of the monument is about 6 meters, on the pedestal there is an inscription about a deer.
Location: Chubynina street - 43.
Laptsui L.V. - famous writer, honored cultural worker, creator of a primer for Nenets schools, member of the Writers' Union. In 1994, a museum was opened with an exhibition dedicated to this great man. He did a lot to preserve the language of his native land.
The creator of the museum is his wife. She took great care in recreating the style and interior of his office. The collection contains photographs, books, documents, and household items of the writer. In addition to all this, the museum has a corner of wildlife, as well as a Nenets room with works of art of the peoples of the north.
Location: Komsomolskaya street - 40, apt. - 1.
The founder of the first museum on Yamal land is Ivan Semenovich Shemanovsky, a church leader, ethnographer and historian. Among the permanent exhibitions of the museum there is the exhibition “The Time of the Mammoth”, “Antiquities of Yamal”, “Ethnic Paintings”. The complex has a huge collection, including ethnographic, archaeological, historical, everyday life, numismatic and others.
The museum's exhibition hall hosts a variety of exhibitions, such as traveling temporary museum exhibitions, artist exhibitions, thematic fairs and many others. There is also a scientific library in the complex. And in April 2016, the fascinating Einstein Museum of Entertaining Sciences began its work. Its visitors can not only view and study the exhibits, but also become the creators of a real miracle of technology. You can see the exhibits in action, touch them with your hands, assemble a bridge without nails, or create a cloud with your own hands.
Location: Chubynina street - 38.
Obdorsky town (ostrog)
In 1595, Obdorsk arose, a city for collecting yasak and controlling the export of furs. Now it is located within the city of Salekhard, and has become an archaeological site. Excavations and exploration work were carried out at this site, and archaeological materials were collected.
Cultural layers of the Chalcolithic, Early Iron Age, Middle Ages and Modern times have been identified. During major excavations in 2004 and 2005, the house and associated structures and fortifications were discovered. Then, in 2006, the fort was reconstructed and is now open to the public. The fortress was built without a single nail, using ancient technology.
Within the city of Salekhard there is an archaeological monument of federal significance, it is world famous. It was found completely by accident. While carrying out construction work, workers came across numerous bones, and shards from clay dishes were also discovered.
Long years of excavations have shown the world a collection of more than 10,000 items. Among them are parts of a reindeer team, bows, bone spoons, ceramic dishes, and wood products. Some of the finds are stored in the museum and exhibition complex named after I.S. Shemanovsky.
Location: Kooperativnaya street - 22a.
Among the main occupations of the peoples of the north was fishing. And muksun was considered the most delicious fish. This fish gained great fame; it was bought at large trade fairs along with venison and furs. That is why such a monument to the legendary fish was erected in Salekhard. It represents figurines of metal fish located in a fountain.
Location: Mira street.
The city park of culture and recreation is located in the historical part of Salekhard. Many years ago, celebrations were held in the park, and even a brass band played and dances were held.
Of course, a lot has changed since then, but the park attracts both young and old people to walk through it. It remains a favorite holiday destination and hosts a variety of events. The first tree seedlings appeared there in 1930. And now these trees amaze with their height.
Near the airport, since 1995, the Polar Star stele has stood in the polar city. This is a symbol of the life of northerners living under the polar star.
Its height 12.5 meters, a very beautiful design that has become a decoration of the city. At the very top there is a star, below on the front part of the stele there are ornaments of animals and birds, just below the inscription - Salekhard. The monument is made of steel and has a matte finish. High reliefs of animals made of copper. An incredibly beautiful stele, you should definitely visit this place.
People of the north are proud of their unusual nature, they admire reindeer, mammoths, and, of course, polar bears. In 2003, a composition dedicated to the family of a polar bear appeared. Reminds me of the plot from the cartoon “Umka”, the same mother bear and her baby. There is another comparison - as a symbol of the constellation Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.
The sculpture is made of granite, white. It was created thanks to craftsmen from different cities of Russia. The stone was mined in Bashkiria, the preparation was made in Ufa, in Perm sculptors gave it its final forms, they met the finished sculpture in Khanty-Mansiysk, and only then sent it to Salekhard.
Location: Republic Street - 38.
Walking around Salekhard you can see many steles, all of them amaze with their beauty and deep meaning. For example, in September 2001, another stele was discovered. It is dedicated to the romantics of the 70s. It was a time of discovery of the country's richest treasures, oil and natural gas deposits. People from all over the country came and still go to work.
For young people, this was a good chance to earn big money, despite the complexity of the work and extreme natural conditions. This stele is dedicated to the heroic workers, those who made efforts to develop the north, the people of a bygone era. A metal frame and frame rises upward on a granite base. The frame resembles a tower, or a gas torch.
Location: Brodneva street.
When coming to Salekhard, on weekends, on Saturday and Sunday, you need to visit the local market called “Gifts of Yamal”. By buying products from local residents, talking and interacting with them, you can best understand the life and culture of the north.
Residents of the tundra bring berries, venison, fish, and all kinds of shoes made from reindeer skin for sale. The sellers are dressed in their traditional northern clothes. The market is usually open from 9:00 in the morning until 20:00 in the evening.
Location: Chubynina street - 41.
In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there is a huge number of various monuments. The site presents the most significant and interesting monuments of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
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This monument in the form of a double pyramid, which is divided in the center by a semicircle, is actually a monument called “66 parallel”, but the name “Arctic Circle” has already taken root among the people. The monument was opened for the first time in 1980 as a sign that the city of Salekhard actually crosses the Arctic Circle line. This is a unique fact: Salekhard is the only city on our planet that stands on this line. “66 parallel” is a digital designation of the beginning of the Arctic (66 degrees, 33 minutes and 39 seconds north latitude). The authors of the first monument to the Arctic Circle were architects V. G. Kaigorov and V. I. Muksin, as well as the artist of the RSFSR V. I. Otradnov.
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The most striking attraction of the city of Noyabrsk is considered to be an unusual monument - a huge sculptural image of a mosquito. This incredible structure is frightening at first, because not everyone has had the opportunity to look at an insect magnified hundreds of times. Upon closer acquaintance with this strange monument, it becomes clear that it is remarkable not only for its mosquito image, but also for the means of embodying this image. The entire monument is assembled from parts that were once decommissioned at the Surgutgazprom compressor station.
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This monument is located not far from the administrative building of Gazprom, the choice of location was not accidental, it is here that the 66th parallel is located, so to speak, a conventional line beyond which the territory of the Arctic Circle begins. Previously, a monument was erected at this place; local residents and guests of Novy Urengoy came here to perform various rituals or make a wish. Very often newlyweds came here to tie a ribbon and take memorable photographs. And now, a few years later, the old monument was replaced by a new one.
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One of the main attractions of the city is the monument to the Pioneers of the development of Urengoy. It was entirely designed by the architect Nikolai Raspopov, Honored Artist of Russia. The monument was erected in honor of the anniversary of Urengoygazprom, 25 years have passed since its opening. The opening day of the monument was chosen on the eve of a holiday dedicated to all workers in the oil and gas industry.
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This monument fully embodies the city's past. It is one of the main symbols of the city. It is here, where the monument is now located, that the history of the entire city began. In addition, the great history of modern Gazprom began in this same place. A significant date is June 6, 1966, it was on this day that a fountain of natural gas came out with enormous force from the first exploration well, which was drilled to a depth of 1300 meters. This brigade was under the leadership of V. Polupanov.
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This monument is one of the interesting attractions in the city. It is located in the square in front of the Temple, in the northern part of the city. Many public figures and the entire city administration came to its opening. The memorial sign was unveiled on the eve of the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino. Near the monument, the cadets laid a capsule with soil. The lighting ceremony for the monument was conducted by Oleg Nelin, rector of the Temple of St. Seraphim of Sarov. After the illumination, he distributed pieces of Borodino bread to everyone who wanted it.
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Another attraction in Novy Urengoy is the locomotive monument. Such an unusual monument was erected in connection with the history of the city, because the railway plays an important role in the city. To build the city, a large amount of building materials was needed, and various foodstuffs for the residents; trains brought everything they needed, and nothing interfered with the construction of the city. It was decided to erect the monument near the central station, on Privokzalnaya Street.
The Russian North is a very vast territory. One of the regions of the country Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, located in the center of the Far North zone, belonging to the Russian Federation, occupies an area 1.5 times larger than the territory of France, while only 550 thousand people live here.
Sights of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are unique and can bring a smile to a person unfamiliar with the life of the region. For example, here you can see a monument... to a mosquito. The unusual monument was erected in 2006. It decorates Veterans Square of Noyabrsk . Why this particular park? A veteran in the Far North is considered a person who not only survived the polar night, but also endured a terrible ordeal in the form of mosquitoes, which are especially evil here.
On the list sights of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there is another sculpture dedicated to the animal: at the entrance to Salekhard there is a 10-meter mammoth monument .
The remains of these extinct animals are often discovered in the region: in 1876, 9-ton tusks were found here, and a century later, scientists unearthed a perfectly preserved mammoth, whose age is close to 46 thousand years.
It should be noted that the sculpture appeared in Salekhard after a baby mammoth, Masha, was discovered in 1998 and transported to St. Petersburg. Each such discovery is important for science; one of the latest occurred in 2007, when it was possible to discover a baby mammoth, whose age was only 3-6 months. The unique find also turned out to be a girl and was named Lyuba.