Czech Republic - a state in the center of Europe with a simply crazy concentration of attractions per square kilometer in the literal sense of the word.The country borders on Germany, Austria, Slovakia, and Poland. Territory Czech Republic is divided into three regions: Bohemia (west), Silesia (northeast), Moravia (east).

Tourist Czech Republic

The most interesting cities in the Czech Republic
Prague- the capital of the Czech Republic, the most beautiful and romantic city in Europe.
Brno- the largest settlement in the eastern region Czech Republic(Moravia).
Krumlov- one of the oldest Czech cities, where the castle of the same name is located.
Opava- the most important city Czech Republic with a high concentration of historical values. It is located almost on the border with Poland.
Karlovy Vary- the highest concentration of health resorts, historical attractions and simply beautiful cobbled streets with colorful houses.
Jesenik- a well-known winter resort town.
Kutna Hora- historical value Czech Republic, where the Cathedral of St. Barbara is located, silver mines and many other interesting structures.
Pilsen- the largest city in the west of the country, the birthplace of the most famous foamy drink in Russia and not only Pilsner Urquell.

Useful information for tourists:
- tips in restaurants, taxi drivers and guides are 10% of the check amount
- museums and attractions where admission is not free are closed on Mondays and the day after holidays
- sale of entrance tickets to the museum ends one hour before the museum closes. Almost all museum complexes operate from nine in the morning until six in the evening. Opening hours of the Jewish Museum, located in Prague, are from Sunday to Friday. Saturday is a day off.
- V Czech Republic Smoking is prohibited at public transport stops, as well as in the premises of educational institutions and public institutions. For violating this prohibition the fine is 1000 CZK
- emergency numbers: fire safety service - 150; medical assistance - 155; police - 156
- There are a lot of ticks in the country - carriers of borreliosis and encephalitis. Local residents try to vaccinate themselves and their loved ones in the spring, and tourists should be extremely careful, choose paved sidewalk paths for walks and avoid lawns and walking on tall grass.
- Czech- a country where it is legal to carry drugs, but in limited quantities
- if you don’t know Czech or English, you can try to communicate with local residents in Russian; most old-timers remember the language perfectly and can speak it fluently with tourists from Russia.

"Mobile" communication in the Czech Republic
IN Czech Republic You can purchase a SIM card from the Vodafone mobile operator. The cost of a SIM card is 200 CZK, which is credited directly to your account (the so-called conversation credit). You can purchase a SIM card in Prague in close proximity to Wenceslas Square. Calls to Russia should be as follows: +7, then the codecity, then the subscriber number. IN Czech Republic call code +420. To top up your account, Trafika kiosks are installed in Prague. The nearest such kiosk is located near Wenceslas Square at the Mustek metro station.

Currency transactions in the Czech Republic
The country, which is part of the EU, has its own currency - the Czech crown. The exchange rate for each bank is different. BUT! You should not be fooled by an attractive exchange rate - most private exchangers set a commission fee for currency exchange, often up to ten percent of the exchange amount. Usually the commission is indicated on the stand, but it can be written in very small letters, which you cannot immediately understand, and when the exchange has taken place, it will be very difficult to get the money back. Many exchange offices employ not Czechs, but people of Asian appearance. Therefore, when you come to the bank, you should first ask about the commission and its percentage. You can exchange currency in any hotel, even a three-star one, although the exchange rate is not very favorable. Exchange offices also operate on railway stations, in an Aeroport.In Prague, you can exchange currency at souvenir sellers. Usually, guides know good “currency traders” who will not deceive you and will exchange without any commissions.

Czech traditions and holidays
The formation of the culture of this wonderful country took place over several centuries. The traditions of neighboring countries also actively influenced it. Czech Republic countries
The hospitality of the local residents is amazing. Moreover, this is not a feigned quality, a desire to show oneself from the best side. The Czechs are really very friendly, hospitable, constantly smiling and try to help every tourist who contacts them. Many old-timers still remember the Russian language, so it will be easy for a tourist who does not know Czech or English to communicate with a local resident whose age is 45+. Young people, young and old, have a good command of English language, so going on a tour of Czech Republic You can take an English-Russian phrasebook with you. In general, the Czech language is not that difficult - before the trip to replenish your vocabulary You can learn a couple of frequently used phrases in order to feel comfortable and respond with your own courtesy to the courtesy of local residents.
IN Czech Republic love to celebrate holidays. Moreover, it does not matter at all whether we are talking about a religious event (Catholic or Orthodox) or a secular one.Here's what you really should visit when you're in Czech Republic, so this is a local wedding, taking place according to all Czech traditions. Impressive and incredible action!
The Czechs have a special attitude towards national holidays - they not only honor them, but also celebrate them according to all traditions and rules. December is one of the busiest months of the year, celebrating St. Barbara's Day (the fourth of December), St. Nicholas Day, Christmas Eve, and Christmas.
IN Saint Barbara's Day local residents cut a sprig of rowan and place it in the water. If the branch blooms by Christmas, then next year will be successful for the family.
St. Nicolas day - this is like International Children's Day, celebrated around the world on June 1, only in Czech. On this day, children's events, matinees, concerts and competitions are held throughout the country.
Christmas Traditions
Christmas without carp is not Christmas. This is precisely the opinion held by the Czechs, who cannot imagine a holiday without carp in any form of preparation. The fish is stewedbaked, stuffed, fried, made aspic. Generally in Czech Republic more than a dozen dishes led by carp. It is believed that every self-respecting housewife must cook this fish for Christmas.
An interesting fact: on the eve of the Catholic holiday, stores begin actively selling well-fed, well-fed, and selected carp. But he swims in aquariums, barrels, mini-pools, bathtubs right on the street near the entrance to the store. Moreover, the containers with water and fish are not fenced in any way - you can touch, look, and get the fish. For many Russian tourists, a fish left unattended and without proper control causes at least surprise and a logical question: “Are they really stealing it?” Let's explain. No. They don't steal. Local residents would never even think of stealing. They have it built into their upbringing and mentality. By the way, many shopping centers have self-service terminals for paying for purchased goods. This is done so that people do not stand idle at the cash registers, but can independently scan the cost of the goods and pay for them. We asked the security service a logical question: “What if they don’t pay for all the goods?” The security responded with a smile: “We trust our customers.” That's it!

How to get to Prague from Moscow

Get to Czech Republic If you have Schengen, it won’t be difficult. The country is located on the mainland, not fenced off by seas and oceans, so you can safely travel by car, especially if we're talking about about residents of Moscow, the Moscow region and other non-remote regions.
By personal vehicle
You can give yourself a lot of pleasure and go to Czech Republic by personal car. The distance from Moscow to Prague is about 1600 kilometers.
By plane
If the principle “quickly and comfortably” applies, then it is optimal to choose an air flight. Fly to Prague (the capital Czech Republic) you can get from Moscow in just over two hours. The flight is organized by several airlines: Aeroflot, Czech Airlines". Every day from Moscow these airlines operate up to six flights to Prague and back.
On average, the cost of a ticket during the “peak” season is 9,000 rubles per direct flight Moscow-Prague. If you choose the option with a transfer, you can get 1,400 rubles as a “bonus”. The only caveat is the increased flight time (minimum - 4 hours, maximum - 19 hours). Therefore, if you want to get to Prague quickly, then the best option would be a direct flight to Prague from Moscow.
The cheapest tickets can be bought in February, June and July.

Transport in the Czech Republic

City transport links
Municipal transport links in the Czech Republic are very well developed, function smoothly and are in high demand among local residents. For travel on public transport, a single ticket is provided; it can be purchased at ticket offices at metro stations or at special kiosks located at many bus stops.A single ticket allows you to freely travel around the city on any type of public transport. The only condition is the validity period of the travel card, the countdown of which begins from the moment the ticket is validated. The cost of travel cards is quite affordable. If you plan to travel by metro, by tram induring the day, it is better to buy a daily pass. By the way, ticket inspectors are a regular occurrence in public transport, and fines for expired travel cards are significant. It's better not to take risks.
Public transport runs only according to a schedule. Moreover, for daylight there is one schedule, and for night - another. You can get acquainted with the traffic flow at literally every stop.
IN Czech Republic Intercity transport links are well developed - you can move around the country by rail, by regular buses or by plane.
Railway connection
The cheapest and most comfortable option for traveling around Czech Republic there will be a railway. IN Czech Republic The railway connection is well developed, led by the management company Ceske Drahy (abbreviation - CD). Trains depart to all regions of the country from Prague several times an hour.
The country has three types of trains running between cities:
- InterCity, EuroCity (sometimes you can see the abbreviation “IC”, “EC” on the cars). Travel is not cheap, but it is very comfortable, convenient and fast.
- Rychlik, Express (abbreviation - R, Ex) - the cost of travel is average, the speed of movement is high.
- Osobni (abbreviation - O) - they travel very slowly, but they are also cheap.
Ticket offices at railway stations are only open during the day!
Intercity buses
Bus passenger transportation is well developed in Czech Republic. This method of transportation is used by the local residents themselves. There is nothing surprising - dozens of transport companies offer passengers comfortable, convenient, modern buses, on which traveling is a pleasure.
Every city has at least one bus station where you can buy bus tickets. Buses run strictly on schedule, and the trip will bring a lot of pleasant emotions and will not tire you in any way.Bus tickets can be purchased from the driver directly at the entrance to the bus or through online services. The seats are not indicated on the tickets, so the passenger can sit anywhere.
The main bus carrier in the Czech Republic is CSAD, which operates both domestic and international flights. In Prague, you can take a bus from this company from the Florenc bus station.You can also contact the CSAD information window, open from six in the morning to eight in the evening on weekdays, on Saturday from 6 in the morning to 16 in the afternoon, on Sunday from eight in the morning until six in the evening. In the information window you can immediately purchase a travel ticket.
No less popular in the Czech Republic is the motor transport company that provides bus transportation throughout the country, Student Agency, vehicles which are characterized by impeccable comfort, as well as unparalleled service. By the way, tickets for a route are often cheaper with Student Agency than with other carriers. Buses leave Prague from the Zlicin metro station. Tickets, which indicate the landing locations, are sold there, at a special kiosk near the metro station.
How much do travel tickets cost in the Czech Republic?
The cost of a ticket is influenced by several factors, firstly, the class of the carriage, and secondly, the distance. But you can save a lot of money by purchasing SONE+ weekend passes. The advantage of this pass is that it gives you the opportunity to travel around the country on any type of train without restrictions throughout the weekend. By the way, this type travel ticket valid even in areas on the borders of neighboring countries of the Czech Republic. For trips on weekdays you can buy a Sitova jizdenka ticket.By the way, students have the opportunity to receive significant discounts on public transport. Children under six years old can travel for free. A 50% discount will be provided to children under fifteen years of age. And for students, a ticket will cost one and a half times less than for ordinary passengers.
Car rent
During a long stay in Czech Republic The best option would be to rent a vehicle. To rent a car, two conditions are required: age - from 21 years old and a new driver's license.
Attention! Rules for driving on the roads of the Czech Republic!
Traffic Laws Czech Republic slightly different from the rules established in Russia.
For example, the maximum speed in the city is 50 km/h, on the highway - no more than 90 km/h, on high-speed roads the maximum permissible speed is 130 km/h.In the city, the tram has an advantage when moving and this must always be remembered - in every city the tram service is well developed.
To move freely around the country by car (even a rented one), you must pay a transport tax. This can be done on any gas station, after which you will be given a special permit card, which must be kept and not lost, and it is best to immediately stick it on the windshield. The coupon is valid for a year. Its absence entails the imposition of a very significant fine on the driver.
Gas stations are located at the entrance to cities, as well as on highways at a distance of approximately every fifty kilometers. But unlike gas stations in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, which operate around the clock, in Czech Republic they are open until nine in the evening and then close.
Biking around the Czech Republic
Riding two-wheelers is very common in Czech Republic. There are more than 37 thousand kilometers of bicycle paths throughout the country. Prague has the largest number of cycling routes. Other regions have no fewer bike paths than Prague. Routes have been laid, which locals call “greenways”, mainly along ponds, rivers, railways. Traveling around Czech Republic by bike, you can explore a lot historical places, including pilgrimage and trade roads, routes, architectural and historical monuments. You can rent a bicycle at any of the numerous rental points located in literally every city.

Holidays in the Czech Republic

Czech- a country with incredible tourism potential. Each city is a real treasure of the country. Prague alone, with its cobbled streets and breathtaking architectural monuments, drives you crazy, and what can we say about Karlovy Vary and Brno, which are beautiful regardless of the time of year and the weather outside the window. Numerous castles, estates, and caves deserve special attention, which are impossible to explore even during a week’s vacation in the country.

Accommodation in the Czech Republic
The country is well developed hotel chain. Moreover, you can safely stay even in three-star hotels, private boarding houses, renting apartments or apartments. A distinctive feature is the high level of service regardless of the hotel's star rating, spacious, comfortable, clean rooms, affordable prices even in four and five-star hotels. Most hotels have free wifi, parking (albeit paid). For large families with children, it is most profitable to rent apartments. Apartments, even the most presentable ones, are also distinguished by their low cost.

Main Czech attractions

Castles of the Czech Republic
This is the most important pride of the country - in total Czech Republic there are more than 2.5 thousand castles that have been perfectly preserved to this day! In every region Czech Republic It has its own castle attraction, with history and legends.Today, the territory of many castles hosts various festivals, theatrical performances, concerts, costume shows and knightly battles. And each of the events is aimed at revealing the story Czech Republic with its flavor, characteristics and traditions.

Czech cities according to the Must See principle
IN Czech Republic, probably one of the highest concentrations ancient cities, which are definitely worth visiting when arriving in this wonderful country.
Czech krumlov
One of the most famous cities South Bohemia, where historical buildings in the Renaissance, Baroque, and Gothic styles are located. Krumlov Castle is not inferior in importance to Prague Castle and is included in the UNESCO list. The Krumlov ensemble includes more than forty buildings, palaces, five courtyards and a wonderful garden with centuries-old green spaces.
In the immediate vicinity of Krumlov there is an interesting attraction, opened in 2012 and received the title of the best Czech attraction of the new generation - observation tower with a suspended structure made of wood, starting from the ground, extending over Lake Lipno and rising to the very top of the tower.
Telc - Czech "Venice"
In the Moravian region there is a unique city on the water, surrounded by two artificial reservoirs and a canal. The central object of Telč is considered to be an ancient fortress, built during the Middle Ages and preserved in almost its original form to this day. Arriving in Telc, you should definitely visit the Palace with many halls, distinguished by their luxurious decoration and incredible beauty and entertainment.
Jindrichuv Hradec - visiting the 13th century castle
This city is home to the third most important and largest castle complex, built back in the 13th century. The main attraction of the complex is the palace with the most valuable paintings, the Church of St. John, the interior of which is decorated with rare frescoes, as well as the Minorite monastery. The city annually hosts nationally significant folk and classical music festivals.
Brno - the largest concentration of spiritual values
The central object of the city is the Gothic town of Spielberg, founded in the 13th century and still amazing with its charm. The city is located on the top of the mountain, so the view from its central point is stunning. By the way, the town of Spielberg is depicted on almost all Czech coins.
When in Brno, you should definitely visit the Moravian Gallery - the second most important and largest Czech museum.Brno is also very beautiful Cathedral Saints Paul and Peter, the Catholic Churches of Saint Jacob, Saint Michael, the majestic Town Hall, the Basilica of the Virgin Mary and many other equally significant historical attractions.
Kutna Hora
It was here that active silver mining took place in the 14th century. The city is also home to the famous Chapel of All Saints, built in the 15th century. While in Kutná Hora, you should definitely get acquainted with the Vlaš Court - a complex of buildings dating back to the 13th-14th centuries (this is where the residence of the Czech kings was in the old days). Kutna Hora is also famous for its mint, the Silver Museum located in the Stone Palace, and the Cathedral of St. Barbara (outwardly the cathedral is practically no different from the French Notre Dame de Paris).
Memorial complex "Terezin"
Russian tourists will be interested in visiting the Terezin memorial, where during the Second World War there was a Jewish ghetto, in which it is estimated that there were about 140 thousand people. During the hostilities, only 17 thousand people survived. Terezin was liberated by Soviet troops on May 9, 1945. Today Terezin is a memorial complex dedicated to the victims of the concentration camp.

Czech cuisine

National cuisine Czech Republic: not for those losing weight and that’s a fact! “Glutty” - that’s what you can call the kitchen Czech Republic, where meat, flour, and fried dishes predominate. Portion sizes are a food lover's dream. But with such an abundance of food and its high calorie content, the locals are distinguished by their slim and fit figure! By the way, many Czechs consider most national dishes to be snacks. Yes Yes. Precisely appetizers for the main dish, or rather the drink - beer. Brewing is so developed in the Czech Republic that the country can safely be placed on the podium for the production of this foamy drink. Hundreds of varieties, tastes and aromas. Delicious beer is served at the table in any restaurant and cafe. Moreover, many tourists note that it is in cafes and bars that the most delicious beer, the most delicious pork knuckle and dumplings are found. Therefore, when walking around a Czech city and looking for the “best” restaurant, pay attention to a cafe on some quiet street. IN Czech Republic the quality of food, the level of service in the establishment, the degree of serving of dishes are not determined by the status of the catering establishment.

Shopping in the Czech Republic

Czech one of the most attractive countries after Germany for shopaholics. In every city you can find stores of famous world brands. You will be pleased with the wide range and reasonable prices. IN Czech Republic The TESCO supermarket chain is well developed, where by Russian standards the price tag for most goods and food products is simply ridiculous. You should definitely pay attention to the “red price”, as you can literally buy excellent things and interior items for next to nothing.
Most shopping centers are open from nine in the morning until six in the evening. Hypermarkets and grocery stores are open until nine in the evening and can open at six in the morning. On weekends, holidays and holidays Store opening hours are reduced by several hours, but not critically. By the way, many hypermarkets, especially in large cities, operate around the clock.
The day before Catholic Christmas, national holidays Most boutiques and shopping centers, for example, in Prague, are operating as usual. But on Christmas itself, almost everything is closed - local residents highly respect this holiday and try, despite the huge flows of tourists, to celebrate the church holiday with their families.

The history of the Czech Republic begins in the 4th century BC, when the first historical inhabitants appeared on its territory - the Boian Celts, from whose name the country received its name - Bohemia. Around the middle of the 1st century BC. Bohemia began to be populated by the Marcomanni - ancient Germanic tribes who ousted the Celtic tribes from these lands. Marobod, who stood at the head of the Germanic tribes and eventually united all the East German lands that inhabited a large area from the middle Danube to the lower Vistula, founded the first state. This state did not last long - internecine wars between tribes and the rivalry of their leaders had an impact.

The Germanic tribes were replaced by the Huns, and then the Slavs. In the center of the country lived one of the most powerful tribes - the Czechs, under whose rule other tribes were united. This is how a union of Czech Slavs was created, which was able to defend their lands. Over time, neighboring Slavic peoples joined the union.

Uniting peoples and creating a state

During the period from 830 to 907 AD, there was a gradual unification of the Czech Slavs and neighboring Slavic peoples. As a result of this unification, the Great Moravian Empire was created, which included Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, parts of modern Slovakia, Poland and Germany.

During this period (863), Christianity became widespread, the preachers of which were two monks who arrived from Byzantium and were subsequently canonized - Methodius and Cyril.

They conducted services in the Slavic language, and also taught the Slavic population to read and write.

The Great Moravian kingdom did not last long; it collapsed at the beginning of the 10th century, unable to withstand the onslaught of the Hungarians. And only at the beginning of the 14th century the country again became united thanks to the efforts of the Přemyslid princes.

Přemyslid Dynasty

The history of the Czech Republic from 872 to 1306 is marked by the period of rule of the first Czech princely dynasty - the Přemyslids.

Prince Wenceslas, who was one of the founders of the dynasty and sought to improve relations with Germany, was killed in 935 by his brother Boleslav I. For 14 years, Boleslav I fought with the Germans, but, in the end, he was forced to admit dependence on the German state in 950

During the reign of Boleslav I, Moravia and part of the Polish lands located in the upper reaches of the Elbe and Oder rivers were annexed to the Czech Republic.

Under Boleslav II, a bishopric was founded in Prague in 973, and Vratislav II became the first crowned king of the Czech Republic in 1086. This royal title was bestowed upon him in 1085 by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

During the beginning of the reign of Přemysl Otakar I, different lines of the Přemyslid dynasty waged internecine wars among themselves for power, of which Otakar I emerged victorious. He established peace, strengthened central power and weakened the political independence of the major nobility.

For his support of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in the struggle for the crown of the Holy Roman Empire, Otakar I received from him in 1212 the Golden Sicilian Bull, a document that confirmed the hereditary right to the Czech royal throne without any conditions or tribute, as well as the integrity of the state and its borders . Czech kings also received the right to participate in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Under Otakar I, cities actively developed, the Czech kingdom received international recognition, and bishops and clergy received significant privileges and rights.

In the 13th century, the Czech Republic became one of the most powerful states within the Holy Roman Empire; Germans began to actively populate its territory.

In the second half of the 13th century, during the reign of Přemysl Otakar II, Austria and the duchies of Styria and Carinthia were annexed to the Czech lands. However, his claims to the German crown and throne led to the death of Otakar II in 1278 during the Battle of the Moravian Field.

After the death of Otakar II, his son Vaclav II ascended the throne, who was able to strengthen power through a number of active measures and pursued an active foreign policy. After his premature death, his son Wenceslas III ascended the throne, but was soon killed under mysterious circumstances. With his death, the Přemyslid dynasty ceased to exist in 1306.

Luxembourg board

The history of the Czech Republic from 1306 to 1310 is marked by a period of four years of struggle for the Czech throne, which ended with the ascension to the throne of John of Luxembourg, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Wenceslas II. During the reign of John of Luxembourg, the power and borders of the Czech kingdom increased significantly, due to the annexation of Cheb and a large part of Silesia. During the reign of John in 1338, the Old Town Hall was erected.

In 1346, John's son, Charles IV, ascended the Czech throne. The reign of Charles IV (1346 - 1378) is rightly called the “Golden Age” of the Czech Republic. Under him, the first university in Prague was created, construction of the Cathedral of St. Vita, numerous churches and monasteries were erected, as well as the Karlštejn Castle and the bridge in Prague (Charles Bridge). founded by Charles IV New town Prague and the famous resort of Karlovy Vary.

Charles IV was the first Czech king to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1355, with Prague as its capital.

During the reign of Charles IV, winemaking, textile and agricultural production developed, the borders of the Czech kingdom were expanded by annexing part of the lands of Germany and Poland.

Charles IV actively supported the clergy, who, during his reign, accumulated enormous wealth and received privileges. This circumstance caused discontent among the population.

At the same time, the free lands were actively populated by German colonists, creating their own cities and villages and living according to their own established laws.

After the death of Charles IV in 1378, the throne was succeeded by his son, Wenceslas IV, who was constantly in conflict with the clergy and representatives of the Czech aristocracy. Conflicts that arose on national and religious grounds led to the emergence of a reformist religious movement in the country.

Hussite movement

The leader of the reform religious movement was the priest Jan Hus. In his sermons, he demanded reform of the church, calling for the deprivation of its property, denounced the morals and corruption of the clergy, and also spoke out against German dominance in the country.

Jan Hus was excommunicated from the church, and on July 6, 1415, accused of heresy, he was sentenced to be burned by the decision of the Council of Constance.

Four years after the execution of Jan Hus, anti-German riots that began in Prague served as the beginning of the Hussite Wars, which engulfed the Czech Republic and lasted for 15 long years (1419 - 1434). The Hussite wars left a deep mark on the history of the Czech Republic - the country, preoccupied with its religious problems, was cut off from pan-European cultural development for a long time.

Habsburg rule

In 1526, Ferdinand I of Habsburg ascended the Czech throne, the first representative of the Habsburg dynasty, which ruled the country for 400 years, until 1918.

One of the most prominent rulers of the Habsburg dynasty is Rudolf II, who left a noticeable mark on the history of the country. He was a very extraordinary person: he patronized science and art, and was fond of astrology and astronomy. Famous artists, poets, musicians, astronomers and alchemists gathered at the royal court at that time. Prague, which he made his royal residence, was at that time the center of alchemical science.

In 1611, under pressure from his relatives, Rudolf II, who at that time was sick and exhausted, was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his brother Matthias, who pursued a tough policy towards the population of the country. He abolished all the “liberties” that Rudolf II was generous with. By 1618, the political situation in the country had become so aggravated that it resulted in an event that was called the “Second Prague Throwing from Windows: Czech nobles threw royal palace two imperial governors and their secretary." This event marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants.

In 1620, the Protestant army suffered a crushing defeat at the White Mountain near Prague. Participants in the uprising were subjected to repression: many of them were either executed or sentenced to exile from the country. Bohemia lost its autonomy and became part of Austria. All churches were transferred to the disposal of the Catholic clergy, and non-Catholics were deprived of all civil rights. This period in the history of the Czech Republic is marked by the period of German colonization, oppression of the Czech population and forced Catholicization.

During the reign of Empress Maria Theresa, national consciousness awakened and peasant uprisings swept the entire country. The reign of Emperors Joseph II and Leopold II was marked by a revival of Czech culture: museums and theaters were built, and theater productions were staged exclusively in the Czech language. The works of composers Smetana and Dvorak, writer Alois Jirasek, and artist Miklos Ales were very popular among the population.

Emperor Franz Joseph tried to stop revolutionary sentiments in the country, realizing that they posed a great threat to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but his plans were disrupted by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

XX century

The defeat of the German bloc in World War I led to the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the end of the rule of the Habsburg dynasty in the Czech Republic.

The year 1918 was marked by the creation of an independent republic - Czechoslovakia, which included the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Tomas Masaryk was proclaimed the first president of the new state, and Prague became the capital of the republic.

However, the young state did not last long. After the Munich Treaty of 1938, Nazi Germany was given the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia, populated mainly by ethnic Germans who were happy to reunite with Germany.

In 1939, Slovakia declared its independence and became an ally of Germany. In the same year, the remaining part of the Czech territory was occupied by German troops (Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia).

During the German occupation, the main victims were Czech politicians and intellectuals, as well as Jews who were killed or sent to concentration camps.

Czechoslovakia, liberated by the Red Army in May 1945, came under the influence of the USSR, as a result of which a communist regime was established in the country. The development of the economy along Soviet lines contributed to the nationalization of industry and the collectivization of agriculture.

An attempt to reform the communist system in 1968 (Prague Spring) ended with the introduction of troops and tanks of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia and, thus, the suppression of the Prague Spring occurred.

The history of the Czech Republic at the end of the 80s was marked by a period of democratic change. Mass protests and demonstrations that swept the entire country marked the beginning of the Velvet Revolution (1989), which resulted in the overthrow of the communist regime in the country.

On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia was divided into two independent states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Vaclav Havel was proclaimed President of the Czech Republic, and Prague became the Czech capital.

In 1995, the Czech Republic was admitted to the OECD, and in 1999 joined NATO.

XXI Century

In 2000, the capital of the Czech Republic - Prague was declared cultural capital Europe.

In 2004, the Czech Republic joined the European Union, and in 2006, civil partnerships between people of the same sex were legalized in the country.

Since 2007, the Czech Republic has been part of the Schengen zone.

Good neighborly and friendly relations have been established between the Czech Republic and Russia, which are based on mutually beneficial cooperation.

Currently, the Czech Republic is one of the most popular tourist destinations Europe.

Czech Republic is the most detailed information about the country with photos. Sights, cities of the Czech Republic, climate, geography, population and culture.

Czech Republic

Czech - small state in Central Europe. This is one of the most distinctive and attractive countries of the European Union for tourists with rich history, many interesting sights, castles and cultural monuments. The Czech Republic borders on Poland in the north, Germany in the west and northwest, Slovakia in the east, and Austria in the south. It is a parliamentary republic. The official language is Czech.

What comes to mind when we talk about the Czech Republic? These are the Gothic spiers of Prague and Prague streets, this is the ancient Charles Bridge across the Vltava, these are hundreds of castles and churches in cozy old towns, this is excellent beer and delicious food. All this is true, but there is something more. The Czech Republic is an atmosphere of calm and silence, the cordiality and unhurriedness of the local residents, the pace of life, beautiful natural landscapes: leisurely rivers, fields and picturesque wooded hills. Interestingly, the country is also one of the safest in Europe and has one of the lowest levels of corruption.

The country is located almost in the center of the former Austria-Hungary - in the past it was one of the largest and most powerful states in Europe. The Czech Republic occupies the historical regions of Moravia, Bohemia and part of Silesia. The turbulent past has left a colossal historical heritage, and low prices for food and hotels make the Czech Republic one of the cheapest countries in Europe for tourists.

Helpful information

1. The official language is Czech.
2. Currency - Czech crown.
3. Visa - Schengen.
4. The capital is Prague.
5. Population - 10.5 million people.
6. Area - 78.9 thousand square meters. km
7. The standard of living is high.
8. In the Czech Republic, Central European time is UTC +1.
9. Driving in the Czech Republic is on the right. The speed limit in populated areas is 50 km, outside the city - 90 km, on highways - 130 km. When driving on motorways, you need to buy a vignette. The consumption of alcohol by drivers is strictly prohibited. Car headlights must always be on. From November to the end of March, all cars must be driven on winter tires.
10. High season - May, July, August. Low - January, February.
11. Stores are open from 9.00 to 17.00 on weekdays. In large cities, shops are open until 20.00 and even on weekends. Shopping centers and large supermarkets are open from 9.00 to 21.00. Museums and attractions are often closed on Sundays.
12. The kitchen in restaurants and cafes is usually open until 21.00 - 22.00. Tips are not included in the bill and amount to 5-10% of the bill.

Geography and nature

Despite its small size, the Czech Republic is a geographically diverse country. Here you can find mountains and hills covered with forests, fields and plains. The country is landlocked. The western and eastern parts are mostly hilly and mountainous. The central one is predominantly hilly plain. The highest peak is Mount Snezka (1602 m).

Several rivers flow through the territory of the Czech Republic. large rivers- Vltava, Odra, Laba, Morava. The nature of the Czech Republic is very picturesque - hills and high mountains, covered with deciduous and coniferous forests interspersed with agricultural lands. Castles and fortresses rise on high hills and cliffs - a legacy of the past. Roe deer and deer graze in the fields, running away as soon as you stop.

Best time to visit

The Czech Republic can be visited all year round. The most comfortable time is from May to September. Atmospheric in the Czech Republic during the Christmas holidays. The low season lasts from January to March.

Climate

The climate of the Czech Republic is moderate, with warm but not hot summers and fairly mild winters. The four seasons are clearly defined. Spring is cool with an average temperature of 8-12 degrees. Precipitation is 150-200 mm. Summer is warm with a fairly comfortable temperature of 15-20 degrees. Hot weather doesn't happen often. But it gets cold often. Therefore, when visiting the Czech Republic in summer, we recommend taking light jackets with you. The most precipitation falls in summer. Autumn is quite warm with an average temperature of about 10 degrees. Winter lasts from December to February. The temperature is kept around zero degrees. There are both thaws and frosts.

Winter in the mountains of the Czech Republic

Story

The historical name of the Czech Republic is Bohemia. This territory includes several historical regions - Bohemia, Moravia and part of Silesia.

Human settlements on the territory of the Czech Republic existed back in the Stone Age. At the beginning of our era, Germanic tribes lived here. The Slavs came to these lands in the 6th century. There is a well-known legend about three Slavic brother leaders - Ruse, Lyakh and Czech. Each of them became the founder of the people. Although the etymology of the name of the country and people still causes controversy among scientists.

The unification of the Czech Slavs and the creation of the Czech state dates back to the 9th-10th century. Initially the center was Budec. In the 10th century, the center of the state moved towards modern Prague. At this time, the Vysehrad fortress and Prague Castle were founded. Czechs were baptized in the 9th century.

The Czech Principality gained independence under the first Přemyslids. From the 11th to the 14th centuries, the Czech Republic was under the rule of the Frankish emperors. In 1241, the united Czech army successfully repelled the Mongol invasion.

The main flourishing of the Czech Republic and Prague in the Middle Ages occurred during the time of the legendary King Charles IV. Karl not only expanded the Czech lands, but also developed agriculture and winemaking, began construction famous bridge across the Vltava in Prague, founded the University, Karlštejn Castle, St. Vita. Charles also issued a law on succession to the throne - when the eldest son inherits the throne. A woman can become head of state only if there are no male descendants.

The development of the Czech Republic was suspended in the 15th century. This process and loss of independence was provoked by the Hussite movement, which arose at the beginning of the 15th century. Despite the fact that Jan Hus (one of their leaders) was burned as a heretic, the Hussite War broke out. After it, first came the time of monarchless rule. Later, the Czech state lost its independence and became part of the Habsburg possessions. The Czech Republic remained under their control until 1918.

After the end of the First World War, the country gained independence. A new state is formed - Czechoslovakia. Masaryk becomes the first president. Czechoslovakia existed until 1993.

In 1939, the country was occupied by German troops. Liberated in 1945 by the Red Army. After the war, the Czech Republic was part of the socialist camp under the influence of the USSR.

In 1989, after the Velvet Revolution, Soviet troops left the Czech Republic. In 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two independent states. Since 1999, the Czech Republic has joined NATO, and since 2004 - the EU.

Administrative division

The Czech Republic consists of a capital and 13 regions. The regions are divided into districts (okres) and statutory cities (district centers).

• Central Bohemia - includes the capital - Prague, Kutna Hora.
• Western Bohemia (Pilsen and) is a wooded and mountainous area, picturesque nature, spas and great beer.
• Northern Bohemia (Liberec and Ústí nad Labem) is a mountainous and industrial region.
• Eastern Bohemia (Hradec Králové and Pardubice) - Krkonoše mountain range and highest peak Czech Republic - Mount Snezka.
• Southern Bohemia (Ceske Budejovice) - hills and forests, the upper reaches of the Vltava.
• North Moravia (Ostrava and) is an industrial region. Although you can find here beautiful nature and interesting sights.
• South Moravia (Brno) - hills and forests, agricultural land and wine production. These are the warmest regions of the Czech Republic.

Population

The population of the Czech Republic is more than 10 million people. Considering the area of ​​the country, it can be classified as densely populated. About 95% of the population are ethnic Czechs. Large diasporas are Ukrainians, Russians, Slovaks, Vietnamese, Germans.

Official language is Czech, which belongs to the West Slavic group of languages. Czechs can easily understand Slovaks and vice versa. Also, the Czech language has common roots and words with other Slavic languages ​​- Russian, Polish, Ukrainian. The Czech language has big amount colorful words: lepidlo - glue, letushka - flight attendant, letadlo - airplane. The stress is almost always on the first syllable.

The Czechs themselves are calm, welcoming, polite people. They respect traditions, are reasonable and unhurried.

Transport

Located almost in the center of Europe, the Czech Republic has good transport accessibility.

International airports are located in Prague (the largest in the country), Brno, Ostrava, Karlovy Vary and Pardubice.

The main means of transportation around the country are trains, buses and cars. It is worth noting that the condition and quality of roads in the Czech Republic lags behind neighboring Austria and Germany. Although the country has highways that connect major cities and neighboring countries and pass near Prague, Pilsen, Brno and Ostrava.

Accommodation

Accommodation in the Czech Republic is much cheaper than, for example, in Germany and Austria. A double room in a three-star hotel with breakfast can be found for 30-50 euros even in Prague. Of course, it all depends on the location of the hotel (logically, the closer to the center, the more expensive), season, etc. Large cities usually have a wide range of accommodation options, from hostels to expensive hotels. About living in high season It's better to take care in advance. Rooms in Czech hotels are usually quite clean and very simple.

Kitchen

Czech cuisine is very high in calories. Traditional dishes: voles (various soups), chesnechka (garlic soup), boar's knee (pork), meat dishes (mainly pork, beef, chicken, duck) with dumplings, fish dishes(carp), fried cheese (Hermelin), seasonal vegetables (greens), potatoes (bramborak) and, of course, beer. In restaurants, food is usually prepared until 21.00-22.00. Tips are not included in the bill. If you liked the food and service, you can leave 5-10% of the bill.

Beer is the special pride of the Czech Republic and its main drink. It is one of the best in the world here. At the same time, beer is often the cheapest drink and often cheaper than Coca-Cola. Beer brands such as Krusovice, Budweiser, Pilsner, Radegast, Bernard, Gambrinus are brewed here. Also available great amount small breweries. Beer is usually differentiated into light (light) and dark (tmave). Dark beer has a richer taste.

Cities of the Czech Republic

The most popular and beautiful city in the Czech Republic is the capital - Prague. It is often called the “city of a hundred spiers” and “golden”. Prague is located almost in the center of the Czech Republic. It is the largest city in the country. Historical Center cities included in the list World Heritage UNESCO, and such sights as Charles Bridge, Prague Castle, Old Town Square and Tyn Church, Vysehrad are real symbols of the country.

Brno

The second in importance and size is the capital of Moravia - Brno, which has a compact and beautiful Old city and has long been competing with Prague economically and culturally.

There is a student center nearby city ​​of Olomouc, which is often called "little Prague". The city has wonderful architecture and many interesting sights (one of them is included in the UNESCO list).

To the north is the industrial capital of the Czech Republic and one of its largest cities - Ostrava.

Not far from Prague is the small town of Kutná Hora with several famous attractions (ossuary, St. Barbara's Cathedral).

In the west, the famous Czech resort Karlovy Vary stands out. And in the northwest is Liberec.

The main city in the south is České Budejovice, with a wonderful old center. Not far from it is one of the most beautiful towns in the Czech Republic, the old town of which is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Sights of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is a country rich in sights and monuments of history and culture. Despite their turbulent past, the Czechs managed to preserve their historical heritage.

Listing the interesting sights of the Czech Republic could take a whole book, so we will limit ourselves to the most iconic ones.

In Prague, the most famous landmarks are Charles Bridge, Prague Castle, Old Town Square and Vysehrad.

UNESCO sites in Kutna Hora: beautiful gothic cathedral St. Barbarians and the gloomy Ossuary.

In Olomouc - this is one of the most significant monuments of the Czech Baroque, the Column of the Holy Trinity.

One big attraction is the town of Cesky Krumlov in the south of the Czech Republic.

Among the natural beauties, the Bohemian Paradise Nature Reserve, the Krkonose and Šumava National Park, and the Macocha Gorge occupy a prominent place.

There are many beautiful castles on the territory of Chekhov. Here, almost every ancient town has mighty fortresses or romantic ruins. Many castles are well preserved and can tell us a lot about the history and culture of the past.

• Prague Castle
• Karlstein
• Pernstein
• Loket
• Hluboka nad Vltavou
• Blatna
• Bouzov
• Orlik nad Vltavou
• Zvikov
• Kokorzhin
• Křivoklat
• Miller
• Mikulov

Czech Republic (Czech Republic)

Introduction

Czech Republic, geographic abbreviation CR), Czech spelling Česká republika(abbreviation ČR or Česko), English international spelling Czech Republic(abbreviation CZ), is a state located in the territory of the “Czech Lands” or in Central Europe. On January 1, 1969, the Czech Socialist Republic was officially formed in the federalization of Czechoslovakia, and on March 6, 1990, the current name was assigned - the Czech Republic. On January 1, 1993, in connection with the collapse of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic became a full-fledged subject of international law and on the same date the first constitution of the Czech Republic came into force. The Czech Republic is a parliamentary republic, a democratic state governed by the rule of law with a liberal government regime and a political system based on free competition of political parties and movements. The head of state is the president. The only supreme legislative body is the bicameral Parliament of the Czech Republic. The state supports the basic principles of liberalism, capitalism, market economy and free markets. The Czech Republic is on the list developed countries. According to economic, social and political indicators such as GDP per capita, human development index, press freedom index, freedom from internet censorship index, the Czech Republic was given a very high rating among world countries. Economically, the World Bank has ranked the Czech Republic among the 31 richest countries in the world with the highest financial income. The Czech Republic has one of the best indicators of any country in the proportion of its population living below the poverty line. The Czech Republic has relatively low levels of inequality between rich and poor, and a relatively balanced distribution of wealth among the majority of the population. The unemployment rate is low compared to other developed countries. The environmental damage index is significantly lower than the European average.

Date of independence (from Czechoslovakia)	January 1, 1993
Motto	Pravda vítězí (Truth triumphs)
Hymn	“Kde domov můj” (Where is my home)
Capital	Prague
Other major cities	Pilsen, Brno, Czech Budijovice, Ostrava, Olomouc, Pardubice, Hradec Hradec Kralov, Liberec, Usti nad Labe
Square	78,867 sq. km. (2% of water surface) - 115th place in the world
Highest point	Mount Snezka (1602 m)
Timezone	+2 hours from Moscow time
Population	10,505,445 people (as of January 1, 2012)
Population density	133 people/kW.km (82 people/kW.km is the global figure)
Human Development Index	▲0.873 (very high) (28th place 2013)
Official language	Czech
Other languages	Slovenian, Polish, Russian, German, Ukrainian, English
Religion	No faith 34.2%, Catholics 56%, Orthodox 3.6%, other 6.2%
State system	Parliamentary republic
The president	Milos Zeman
Currency	Czech Koruna (CZK)
GDP per capita:	$26,125 (18th place in the world)
Telephone code	+420
ISO code	CZ
Internet domain	.cz

The Czech Republic is a member of the United Nations, NATO, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Customs Union, European Union, Schengen Area, European Economic zone, member of the Visegrad Group and other international structures.

Today the Czech Republic consists of lands (parts) of historical Czech Republic, which were a significant part of history under the control of the Czech Crown: Bohemia, Moravia (in 1920 the lands of Czech Austria were also annexed), as well as part of Silesia. Currently the area Czech Republic is 78,867 km 2. Currently, the country is a landlocked European state, bordered in the west by Germany (border length 810 km), in the north by Poland (762 km), in the east by Slovakia (252 km) and in the south by Austria (466 km). km). Administratively, the Czech Republic is divided 14 administrative districts(edge). The capital is the city of Prague, which is also one of the 14 districts. In 2012, approximately 10.5 million people were registered in the Czech Republic. The vast majority of people living in the Czech Republic consider themselves to be of Czech or Moravian nationality.

Content
1.
2.
3.
	3.1.
	3.2.
	3.3.
	3.4.
	3.5.
	3.6.
	3.7.
4.
	4.1.
	4.2.
	4.3.
	4.4.
5.
	5.1.
	5.2.
	5.3.
6. Largest cities in the Czech Republic by population
7. Political system in the Czech Republic
	7.1. Parliamentary political parties of the Czech Republic
	7.2. Government of the Czech Republic
8. Administrative divisions of the Czech Republic
	8.1. Territorial regions
	8.2. Districts
	8.3. Municipalities and counties
	8.4. NUTS
	8.5. Army
9. Economy
	9.1. Economic development
	9.2. Mining and agriculture
	9.3. Industry
	9.4. Services
		9.4.1. Telecommunication
		9.4.2. Tourism
10. Transport
	10.1. Air Transport
	10.2. Trucking
	10.3 . Railway transport
	10.4. Water transport
	10.5. Transportation of energy resources
11. Culture
	11.1. Literature
	11.2. Theater
	11.3. Movie
	11.4. Music
	11.5. Fine Arts
12. Other characteristics of the Czech Republic
	12.1. The science
	12.2. Education
	12.3. Sport
	12.4. Kitchen
	12.5. Vacations and Holidays

1. History of the formation of states on Czech soil.

The first documented state structure on the territory of the current Czech Republic was formed in the second half of the 9th century - Greater Moravia. When Great Moravia (circa 907) disappeared under the onslaught of nomadic Hungarian tribes, the state's focus of development shifted to the Czech Republic (Bohemia). Local rulers from the Přemyslid family built the medieval "Přemyslid" state, also called the Czech State, and from the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries, part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1526, the Czech lands were gradually incorporated into the Habsburg Empire, whose rulers used the victory at White Mountain (1620) to finally eliminate the last vestiges of former independence. From 1749 until the end of the First World War, namely until 1918, the crowned lands of the Habsburgs remained the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Moravian Margraviate, the Upper Duchy and Lower Silesia, which, however, were not connected to each other. Since 1804, these lands were part of Austria, and then, from 1867, the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918, after military-political actions, on the basis of cultural and linguistic proximity, the state of Czechoslovakia was created, which included the Czech and Slovak lands. Immediately after its emergence, Czechoslovakia limits the freedom of its lands, which, with the exception of Slovakia, had their own laws, charters, parliaments, and becomes a strictly centralized state. The Czech lands were part of it until 1992, that is, until the collapse of Czechoslovakia. The Czech Republic was officially created on January 1, 1969 under the federalization of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic under the name Czech Socialist Republic. Revolutionary political changes after November 1989 meant not only changing the name of the federation (Czech and Slovak Federal Republic), but also the Czech Republic (March 1990 Czech Republic, after the adoption of the Constitution the word “socialist” was removed). The disintegration of Czechoslovakia took place without a referendum; on January 1993, the agreement on the formation of the Federation was terminated. The legal successors of Czechoslovakia were the states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. At the same time, he entered into the first in history, his own, constitution of the Czech Republic.

2. Titles and state symbols of the Czech Republic

The territory on which the Czech Republic is now located is usually referred to as the “Czech Lands”, which is an auxiliary historical-geographical term that is used as a general term for the corresponding geographical Czech Republic (that is, the three historically Czech lands - Bohemia (Bohemia), Moravia and the Czech part of Silesia). The term is based on the traditional, historical, geographical division of political entities on the territory of the modern Czech Republic, which lasted from the Middle Ages until 1928 (when Moravia and Czech Silesia were united into one region Moravskoslezské), after 1948 when the Moravskoslezské region was abolished, the "Lands Czech" already designated the Czech part of the state of Czechoslovakia. The concept of "Czech Lands" was now expanded to include parts of Czech Austria, which until 1919 were part of "Lower Austria".

The official name of the country according to the constitution is the Czech Republic, the one-word name “Czech Republic” is not used in the constitution. Czechs are not used at all, part of the society of the Czech Republic refuses to use the word “Czech Republic” as a designation of the state. The first use of the expression "Czech Republic" dates back to 1777 as a synonym for "Bohemia", as the official designation of the Czechoslovak Federation, the word appeared in Czech in 1978. During the national revival, the form “Czech” was also used, derived from the word “Czech Republic” (and the use of the word “Czech” was considered incorrect); in general, the word “Czech Republic” is a translation from the Latin word “Bohemia”. Due to tradition, the words “Czech Republic” are still used in circulation, as well as the adjective “Czech”.

The state symbols of the Czech Republic are the large and small coat of arms, the state flag (the Czech Republic, after the collapse of the Czechoslovak Federation, took over the original flag of Czechoslovakia, since Slovakia was not interested in the further use of this attribute), the standard of the president, state seal, the state colors of the republic and the national anthem “Where is my home?” State symbols point to the traditions of the medieval Czech state (symbol), the Hussite movement (slogan on the presidential standard), national revival (anthem) and democratic Czechoslovakia (flag).

The name "Czech" was a simplification of the word "Czesko", derived from the adjective "Czech", (although historically the original spelling read "Czechi", which is the Latin word for "Bohemia"). The documented entry "Czech Republic" dates back to the 18th century, and since the 19th century it has also been referred to as the name of the "Czech Lands". In this status, the word “Czech Republic” was used by the Moravian linguist Frantisek Travniček in 1938. In the dictionary of the literary Czech language of 1960, the word "Czech Republic" is used both as a designation of the state and as a designation of the region "Bohemia", at the same time it is called obsolete. The 1978 dictionary uses the word “Czech Republic” only as the region “Bohemia”. In the spring of 1993, the Czech Office of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre, on behalf of the government, appointed to use the word "Czech Republic" as an abbreviation for the "Czech Republic". After bitter debate in support of the Czech Geographical Society and, despite the opposition of President Havel and other figures, the term was significantly expanded, but not given official status.

3. STORY

3.1. PervonAinitialsettlements

Presumably, the territory of the current Czech Republic was inhabited by humans about 750,000 years ago. About the settlement of people in the territory of the Czech Republic starting from 28000 BC. confirms a number archaeological finds. From the third century BC. This area was inhabited by the Celts (Boii), and in the first century AD. German tribes came (Marcomanni and Quads).

From the end of the fifth century, the first Slavs appeared on the territory of what is now the Czech Republic. In the 7th century, Slavic tribes formed the state of "Samo" (ca. 623-659), although the state of Samo was more like a large union of tribes. Between 830 - 833, on the lands of Moravia, Slovakia, Hungary in the north and west of Transcarpathia, the Great Moravian Empire was created, which gradually subjugated the Czech Republic (890 - 894), Silesia, Lusatia, Lesser Poland and the rest of Hungary. Great Moravia was the first state formation on the territory of the modern Czech Republic. In 894, the Czech Republic left the control of Great Moravia, and in 906 or 907 it was subjected to a devastating attack by the Hungarians.

3.2. Middle Ages and Modern Times

The origins of the Czech state date back to the second half of the 9th century, when the first documented Czech prince of the Přemyslid dynasty, Borživoj I, was baptized. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the state was consolidated due to which there were The territories of Moravia were annexed. The Czech Principality gradually developed signs of a more or less independent state within the medieval Holy Roman Empire (the bishopric of Prague was founded in 973, St. Wenceslas became the national saint).

The Czech kingdom appeared only in 1198, when the German king recognized the heredity of the Czech royal title, which was then recognized by the emperor, the pope, and in 1212 the document Golden Sicilian Bull was signed which assigned the king of the Czech Republic Přemysl Ottokar I his royal title and established his heredity, and also granted other privileges to the Czech Kingdom. The Czech ruler was henceforth to be freed from all obligations towards the Holy Roman Empire, including participation in imperial meetings. Přemysl Otakar II significantly expanded his possessions, which now extended beyond the Alps all the way to the Adriatic Sea. Wenceslas II turned his attention to the north and east, where he managed to acquire the lands of Poland with access to the Baltic Sea, and his son Wenceslas III annexed the Hungarian territories. The Czech Kingdom reached its maximum greatness during the reign of the last of the Přemylovich family and Charles IV. (1316-1378), who in 1348 secured the borders of the Czech Crown Lands and annexed Brandenburg (in 1415), Lusatia (in 1635) and Silesia (in 1742).

After the burning of Master John Hus in 1415 in Konstanz, Germany, the rivalry between Catholics and Hussites turned into open hostility and events led to the Hussite Wars. The Hussites founded the city of Tabor, which became the center of the Hussite revolution. Jan Žižka from Trocnov and Prokop Goly were able to repel all four crusades in the Czech Republic. The war was ended after the signing of an agreement between the Council of Basel and the Hussites in 1436.

In 1526, the Habsburg dynasty ascended the Czech throne, which incorporated the country into the Habsburg monarchy. In 1547 and 1618, armed uprisings took place for the sovereignty of the Czech Protestant state. The defenestration (throwing out of a window) of the imperial governors in 1618 was the cause of the Thirty Years' War. The troops of the Czech state were defeated in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, and the remnants of the captured troops were publicly executed in Prague. The forced re-catholization (re-conversion to the Catholic faith) of Czech Protestants began. Most of The Czech nobility and intelligentsia became loyal supporters of the Habsburgs. Until the mid-17th century, the population declined in Bohemia and Moravia from 2.6 million to 1.5 million. In 1627, a new set of laws was adopted in the Czech Republic, according to which the Habsburg family received a royal hereditary title, the Catholic one was declared the only permitted religion, and the German language received the status of a second language. state language on par with the Czech language.

The proclamation of the lands of the Czech Crown was canceled in 1749 by Maria Theresa, but Czech kings continued to be crowned within the framework of the Czech Kingdom. In 1781, the reforms of Joseph II led to the abolition of serfdom, and also gave rise to religious tolerance in society. From the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century, processes took place that led to the centralization of the monarchy. This centralization helped German language become dominant in the government of the state and the church. In response to the Germanization of culture and language, the end of the 18th century marked the beginning of the “Czech National Revival”, attempts were made to restore Czech culture and language, and then to gain a political force representing the interests of the Czech ethnic group. In the second half of the 19th century, an important economic and cultural upswing took place in the Czech Republic. The majority (about 70%) of Austria-Hungary's industry was concentrated in the Czech Republic.

3.3. Pre-war Czechoslovakia

In the First World War, 1,500,000 people fought, recruited from the Czech regions, of which 138,000 were killed defending the monarchy and about five and a half thousand people fought as part of the foreign legions. More than 90,000 volunteers formed the Czechoslovak Legion in France, Italy and Russia, where they fought against the Central Powers and later the Bolsheviks. After the defeat of Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918, the Czech lands, part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and Carpathian Rus' united, creating the new state of Czechoslovakia. Despite the fact that the state was formed primarily on a national basis, nevertheless, the state also included Germans, Hungarians, Poles, as well as Romanians (as part of national minorities). After Czechoslovakia gained independence, there were border conflicts on the border with Poland and Hungary, as well as unrest in the German regions of the country (Sudeten Germans). Tomas Garrick Masaryk was elected the first president of Czechoslovakia. From the founding period until the dissolution of the First Republic, Czechoslovakia was a unitary state and remained the only democratic state in Central Europe.

The German population in the border areas, as a result of the Great Depression, mass unemployment and intense, radical Nazi propaganda, began to demand separation from Czechoslovakia. The greatest efforts in this area were made by the Sudeten-German Party, led by Konrad Henleine. Under pressure from Nazi Germany and the European powers, in September 1938, Czechoslovakia, under the Munich Agreement, was forced to cede the Sudetenland to Germany. Czechoslovakia ceded the southern regions of Slovakia and Carpathian Rus to Hungary, a small part of Czechoslovak territory (in particular, the region of Cieszyn Silesia) went to Poland, and thus the “second republic” of Czechoslovakia appeared.

3.4. Protectorate of Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Morava

On March 14, 1939, Slovakia declared its independence, and after occupation by German troops on March 15, 1939, the remaining part of Czechoslovak territory (that is, the Czech Republic without the Sudetenland, annexed in 1938 by Germany, and in the eastern part the region of Cieszyn Silesia, which in 1938 it was also annexed by Poland) Bohemia and Moravia was declared a protectorate (a very small part of Czech Silesia around the cities of Ostrava and Fridku remained on the territory of the protectorate; the remaining lands, including the eastern part of the Czechoslovak Tiszyn Silesia, were annexed to Germany). The German occupation of Czechoslovakia was met with massive resistance from the country's population (Czech sources) and groups supported from abroad, to which the Nazis responded with terror. During the war, the Nazis implemented a policy of forced labor of Czech labor in Germany, as well as the destruction of the Jewish diaspora in the protectorate. Despite this, it should be noted that the Czech Republic made a very impressive contribution to Germany’s successes in the first years of the war. The lion's share of Germany's weapons, incl. and tanks were produced in factories located in the Czech Republic and where Czechs worked, and cases of sabotage in factories were isolated and did not make any significant contribution to the disruption of production. Also, a large number of citizens of the former Czechoslovakia served voluntarily in the SS troops. So, for example, Knispel Kurt, one of the greatest tank aces in Germany, who destroyed 168 enemy tanks, was from Czechoslovakia. It is worth noting that the partisan movements in the Czech Republic, which appeared almost immediately after the occupation, did not make any significant contribution to the liberation of Czechoslovakia. Unfortunately, it is not possible to reliably determine the mood of the population of the Czech Republic on the day of the occupation, but based on the measures taken or not taken to stop the occupation, we can confidently say that the Czechs were not against the inclusion of their country in Germany and considered this as a logical continuation of Germanization countries. The only exception can be considered the heroic act of Captain Karel Pavlik, who on March 14, 1939, with his company, offered armed resistance to the occupying German forces. He was the only officer who violated the order and resisted.

3.5. Post-war Czechoslovakia

In May 1945, Czechoslovakia was completely liberated by the Allies, marking the official restoration of the democratic state of Czechoslovakia. However, during this period strange political phenomena occurred in the Czech Republic, such as the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia to Germany and Austria or restrictions on party competition, extensive nationalization of key enterprises in the fields of heavy industry, energy, film industry, banking, insurance companies, large construction companies, and etc.. In February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia came to power in Czechoslovakia, the country became a totalitarian state and part of the Soviet bloc (Eastern bloc). The structures of civil society were suppressed, ranging from self-government of regions (1949) to the suppression of freedom of speech, the press and the abolition of market relations in the economic life of the country. State nationalization and monetary reform (1953) led to the fact that millions of citizens lost their property. In 1960, the new constitution changed official name countries to "Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR)". In the late 50s - 60s there was a gradual liberalization, which reached its peak in 1968. The period during which movements aimed at liberalizing Czechoslovakia took place is known as the Prague Spring. The Prague Oar was suppressed by the invasion Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries on August 21, 1968. After the invasion, an outflow of the Czech intelligentsia began, with many educated people emigrating to democracies in Europe and to the United States, further accelerating the economic decline in a country that had undergone a violent process of joining the Soviet bloc. At that time, Czechoslovakia was occupied by the Soviet Army, which finally withdrew from the country only in 1991, i.e. the “normalization” process, which lasted more than 20 years, completely suppressed the sense of freedom among Czech citizens.

Post-war Czechoslovakia was not a completely unitary state, but had an asymmetrical structure. On the territory of Slovakia, the legislative body was the “Slovak National Council”; until 1960, the executive body was the “Assembly of Representatives”, while in the Czech Republic there were no such bodies. While the mutual borders of the Czech Republic, Moravia and Silesia were subject to regional division in the post-war period, the border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia was prohibited at the legislative level from being changed, i.e. The borders of Slovakia remained untouched and remained a single entity until the very end. Some Czechoslovak laws and regulations adopted were limited to the territorial coverage of the Czech region. An example is state environmental law. The Slovak National Council adopted Law No. 1/1955 “Protection of State natural resources", valid only for the Slovak region.

3.6. The Socialist Republic of the Czech Republic and the Czech Republic within the federation.

The most lasting state-legal consequence of the Prague Spring was the federalization of the Czechoslovenian Socialist Republic, established on January 1, 1969, when the unitary state became a federation of two sovereign states - the Czech and Slovenian Socialist Republics.

The Velvet Revolution, launched on November 17, 1989, overthrew the communist regime and provided an opportunity for democratic reforms and the restoration of free enterprise, but also contributed to a sharp increase in crime rates, a large public debt and provoked the collapse of the Federation. In 1990, the word “socialist” was removed from the name of each federal state and the Czech Republic received its own state symbols. Disagreements soon began to emerge between the two groups of federal subjects, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, and a split emerged between the two republics, which ultimately led to the rapid collapse of the unified state. Czechoslovakia peacefully ceased to exist on December 31, 1992, and the new republics divided the assets and liabilities of the former Czechoslovakia among themselves. Since this period, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have existed as two independent states.

3.7. Independent Czech Republic

The Czech Republic became a subject of international law on January 1, 1993, after the collapse of the federation. The Czech Republic joined Western European political structures. On March 12, 1999, the Czech Republic was admitted to NATO and on May 1, 2004, it joined the European Union. In 2004, it joined the Schengen Agreement, and on this basis, on December 21, 2007, it became part of the Schengen zone.

The existence of the Czech Republic as a subject of international law is recognized by the vast majority of countries in the world. From its creation until July 13, 2009, the Czech Republic was recognized as an independent state only by Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein seeks, as a precondition for the recognition and establishment of diplomatic treaty relations with the Czech Republic, to resolve issues of a property nature (property disputes have existed between Liechtenstein and Czechoslovakia since the founding of Czechoslovakia, disputes related to the expropriation of Liechtenstein property according to the Benes Decree). Liechtenstein made significant efforts to prevent the Czech Republic from joining international organizations, but this activity was not successful.

4. Geography

The Czech Republic is located in Central Europe and borders four countries: Germany to the north, Poland to the north, Slovakia to the southeast and southern border shared with Austria. The length of the western border with Germany is 810.7 kilometers, with Austria 466.1 kilometers, with Slovakia 251.8 kilometers and with Poland in the north 761.8 kilometers. The total area of ​​the Czech Republic is 78,867 km², of which 2% is water surface. The Czech Republic has mountains and hilly terrain around its perimeter, the highest mountains are in the north, the Krkonose Mountains. The highest point in the Czech Republic is Mount Snezka (1602 meters above sea level). The Elbe (Laby) and Vltava rivers flow in the western part of the Czech Republic, while the Oder River has its sources in the eastern part. Thanks to the rivers, the Czech Republic has access to the North, Baltic and Black Seas. The climate in the Czech Republic is mild, only a week a year it is “very” hot and a week a year it is “very cold”, the rest of the time the temperature and weather are always comfortable, without sharp fluctuations (in summer the average temperature is +20 degrees, in winter -3). This ideal climate is achieved due to maritime and continental influences. Due to the fact that the Czech Republic is surrounded by mountains along its entire perimeter, the negative influence of winds is significantly reduced, and a significant amount of snow falls in the mountains, which makes the Czech Republic a ski country.

4.1. Geology,geomorphologyand soil

Most of the territory belongs to the geologically stable Czech massif, formed in the fourth geological period of the Paleozoic era by the Hercynian fold. The region of the Western Carpathians, in the east of the territory, was formed in the last era of tectogenesis by Alpine folding.

From a geomorphological point of view, the Czech Republic is located on the border of two mountain systems. The central and western parts of the Czech Republic are located on the “Český masiv” mountain range, mainly consisting of hills and mountains (Šumava, Český Les, Krusne Mountains, Jizerske Mountains, Giant Mountains, Orlice Mountains, Kralicky Snezik, Jeseniky), and in the east of the Czech Republic there are Western Carpathians (Beskids). An area of ​​52,817 km2, which is 67% of the total area of ​​the Czech Republic, is located at an altitude of up to 500 meters above sea level, 25,222 km2 (32%) are at an altitude of 500 to 1000 meters, and only 827 km2 (1.05%) are at altitude above 1000 meters above sea level. Most high place in the Czech Republic is the Sněžka mountain, 1602 meters above sea level, and the lowest is the Labe river near the city of Hřensko, 115 meters above sea level. The average altitude above sea level is 430 meters.

The country's soil cover is varied. The most common soil type in the Czech Republic is “Brown soils”, fertile black soils on the plains.

4.2. Hydrology and climate

The main European watershed separating the Northern, Baltic and Black Sea basins passes through the territory of the Czech Republic. The main river axes are in Bohemia - Labe (370 km) with the Vltava (433 km); in Moravia - the Morava rivers (246 km) with the Taya (306 km); in Silesia Odra (135 km) with Opawou (131 km).

The climate in the Czech Republic is mild, transitional between continental and oceanic types. An alternation of four seasons is typical. Western winds and intense cyclonic activity predominate. Maritime influence is manifested mainly in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia are more susceptible to continental climatic influences. The greatest influence on the climate in the Czech Republic is exerted by altitude and relief.

4.3. Flora and fauna

The flora and fauna in the Czech Republic is a classic manifestation of the Central European fauna, which demonstrates the interpenetration of guiding principles. Forests, mostly coniferous, cover 33% of the total land area.

4.4. Environmental protection

The preserved pristine nature is protected in national parks and reserves. The highest authority dealing with the protection and preservation of the environment in the Czech Republic is the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Czech Republic. There are four national parks in the Czech Republic: National ParkŠumava, Krkonoše National Park, Czech Switzerland National Park and Podyje National Park. Protected areas include: National parks(NP), Protected Landscape Squares(CHKO), National Nature Reserves (NPR), Nature Reserves (PR), National natural monuments(NPP), Natural attractions (PP).

Population changes in the Czech Republic according to data from the Czech Statistical Office.
Year	Total population	Changes
1857	7,016,531	-
1869	7,617,230	+8,6%
1880	8,222,013	+7,9%
1890	8,665,421	+5,4%
1900	9,372,214	+8,2%
1910	10,078,637	+7,5%
1921	10,009,587	-0,7%
1930	10,674,386	+6,6%
1950	8,896,133	-16,7%
1961	9,571,531	+7,6%
1970	9,807,697	2,5%
1980	10,291,927	+4,9%
1991	10,302,215	+0,1%
2001	10,230,060	-0,7%
2011	10,526,214	+2,9%

5. Population

The birth rate in the Czech Republic is one of the lowest in the world, in 2012 there were 1.27 children per woman. The total population, according to the Czech Statistical Office, decreased slightly in the years 1995 to 2002, currently the overall growth is around zero (-0.08 in 2003 and + 0.9% in 2004) due to increased immigration from abroad, although natural increase has always been negative since 1994. Average life expectancy continues to slowly increase and exceeds 72 years for men and 79 years for women (2004 estimate). 71% of the population lives in cities.

In the last census in 2011, 63.7% of Czech citizens classified themselves as having Czech nationality (86% of those who classified themselves as having some nationality), which predominates in all regions of the Czech Republic, 4.9% of the population classified themselves as Moravian nationality and 0.1% to Silesian nationality, although both nationalities use exclusively Czech for communication. According to the Czech Statistical Office (CSU), we are talking about the consequences of the division of the Czech nation, as a result of intense media coverage and politicization of the Moravian national question, as the Moravian political party actively uses this issue for its political purposes. Before the 1991 census, it was virtually impossible to identify nationalities, since there was no column in which this could be indicated, therefore it is not possible to trace the complete demographic situation among each nationality. In the 2011 census, 26% of the population, in the nationality column, did not enter any information, i.e. left the field empty.

5.1. Religion

The Czech Republic has one of the least religious populations in the world. In the Eurobarometer Project surveys in 2005, 19% of respondents responded that they believed in God, 50% believed in the power of spiritual life, and 30% Not believe in religion. According to the latest census in 2011, about 3.6 million people do not belong to any religion. This is 34.2% of the population. Almost 1.5 million people (13.9%) considered themselves to have different religions. Approximately 707,000 people (6.7%) identified themselves as believers, but not identifying themselves with any of the existing religions. In general, about 2,100,000 people or 20.6% of the Czech population considered themselves believers (regardless of religion). A total of 4,700,000 people (45.2%) in this voluntary column did not complete the census form.

The most common religion in the Czech Republic is Christianity. The largest religious group is the Roman Catholic Church, which has 1.1 million believers (10.26%), which is significantly lower compared to 2001, with a total of 2.7 million people classifying themselves as believers (26.8%). There is still a high proportion of believers Orthodox Church, which has a total of 27,000 believers, Jedi supporters 15,000, Jehovah's Witnesses 13,000. More than 700,000 people indicated that they were religious but did not identify themselves with any organized church. The number of adherents of Judaism is about 1,500 inhabitants, Islam is preached by almost 3,500 people. 6,100 people identified themselves as belonging to various branches of Buddhism. 1075 people classified themselves as Atheists, 863 people declared paganism.

The share of people who declared themselves religious, compared with previous censuses, decreased significantly in 2001. The number of people who have not declared any religion has decreased significantly. An innovation of the 2011 census was the opportunity to register as believers without belonging to a particular church, this opportunity was used by almost 7% of the population, but the percentage of people who chose not to answer the question regarding their religion also increased. Largest quantity religious people live in the eastern part of the Czech Republic - Moravia.

5.2. Ethnographic groups

In the Czech Republic there are several ethnographic groups closely related to the region where they live, which in the past had cultural differences, as well as dialect characteristics. In Bohemia these are: Chody, Plzenatsi, Blatatsi, Duleby, in Moravia: Horatsi, Hanaks, Moravian Croats, Moravian Slovaks, Podluzatsi, Wallasi, Lashi and others in Silesia, for example, Guraly. Differences between ethnographic groups began to blur after the "Second World War", but some regional characteristics are still maintained. In addition to these geographically diverse ethnographic groups, it is necessary to note groups that are not geographically tied to the place of residence, but are also significant, these are: the Roman and Israeli ethnographic group.

5.3. Foreigners

Overall, in the Czech Republic, the number of foreigners in 2011 decreased compared to 2010 by almost 8,000 people to 416,700 people (4%). Prague and the Central Bohemian Region account for more than half of the total number of foreigners living in the Czech Republic. Most immigrants came from Slovakia (1.4%), Ukraine (0.5%), Poland (0.4%), Vietnam (0.3%), Germany (0.2%), Russia (0.2% ) and Hungary (0.1%). Compared to other European countries, the Czech Republic remains a relatively homogeneous country, for example neighboring Germany has the largest number of foreigners living in the EU, i.e. 7.2 million foreigners (9% of the population), Austria 10.8% and Spain 12% . An undeniable advantage is the fact that in the Czech Republic such ethnic groups as Turks and Blacks are represented in small numbers and are not a problem for the state, unlike Germany and France.

4.1.

The tourist to whom the Czech Republic can deny pleasure has not yet been born. Do you love history and architecture? To you in Prague, Brno, Olomouc, Turnov, Karlstejn, Cheb, Ceske Budejovice and Liberec. Are you swooning at the sight of Avatar-themed landscapes? Travel to the Šumava Nature Reserve or Czech Switzerland. Have you seen everything in this life and need your jaw to reach the floor? Then there are no options - the Moravian Karst, the Adrspach-Teplice rocks and the Krkonose waterfalls. Are you looking for an inexpensive health resort or just want to relax with your children away from noisy Prague? The treasure of the Czech Republic is at your service - the alum Kamenzovo Lake, mineral springs in Karlovy Vary, and the tranquil lakes Machovo and Lipno.

about country

In 1993, due to the collapse of Czechoslovakia, a beauty appeared on the world map Czech (Ceska republika) is the only country whose outlines you can see from space. The reason for this is mountain ranges, forming a dense ring around the republic and completely repeating its borders. Speaking of borders, the Czech Republic neighbors four countries - Poland, Slovakia, Germany and Austria.

What every tourist needs to know about the Czech Republic:

capital - Prague;

total area- 78866 sq. km;

form of government - parliamentary republic;

language of communication - Czech;

religion - more than half of the population considers themselves atheists, the religious majority professes Catholicism;

monetary unit - Czech crown (CZK, Kč);

Russian tourists enter with a Schengen visa for a period of no more than 90 days in a six-month period.

The administrative division resembles a nesting doll. The country has 13 regions and the capital city of Prague. Each region is divided into districts. There are 77 of them in total. The latter, in turn, include 205 first-level communities (with expanded powers) and 393 second-level communities.

Travelers most often focus on three historical provinces: Bohemia with its center in Prague, Moravia with Brno and Czech Silesia with Ostrava.

Interesting facts about the Czech Republic:

Prague streets, Charles Bridge, Kutná Hora, Czech Switzerland, Usti nad Labem, Teplice - living Hollywood scenery. Such cult works as “Van Helsing”, “Casino Royale”, “The Chronicles of Narnia”, “Mission: Impossible”, “The Pink Panther” and “Les Miserables” were filmed here. Winner of 8 Oscars, Amadeus was also filmed in Prague and South Moravia.

The Czech Republic has shown the world many inventions, without which our life would be boring and monotonous. These are contact lenses, lightning rod, nylon and pencil. Yes, even the Russian harmonica was invented by the Czech Frantisek Kirshnik. However, the most amazing discovery was made by Jan Jansky. In 1907, he published the work “Hematologicka studie u psychotiku”, in which he proposed a classification of blood into four groups: I, II, III, IV.

Czech is one of the purest Slavic languages, in which there are almost no borrowings. The computer here is “pochitach”, the plane is “letadlo”, and the glue is “lepidlo”. Funny and unusual phrases for the Russian ear did not appear by chance. Up until the end of the 19th century, 90% of the population spoke German. They wrote in German. We thought in German. The dying language was brought back from the past bit by bit, and many words were invented on the fly. The Czech language fully came to life only in 1918, when it began to be used in military affairs, science, literature, and government affairs.

Czechs do not speak Russian, but every second resident speaks English.

For dessert: the most thrifty workaholics live in the Czech Republic. There are no postponements of holidays or protracted New Year's festivities. If the red date of the calendar falls on Thursday, everyone will return to work on Friday. And the Christmas holidays are the shortest in Central Europe - December 24, 25, 26. Wasting money on a show is bad manners. Modest but comfortable clothes, an ordinary apartment, an affordable car - the attributes of a well-to-do native. What no Czech can deny himself is food, entertainment and travel: vacations in the Caribbean or Bali twice a year and family holidays on a grand scale.

Last changes: 10/06/2019

Climate

According to Wikipedia, the climate of the Czech Republic is continental-oceanic. That is, unpredictable.

But this is absolutely not true. You can guess the weather with your eyes closed and without weather forecasts. The same things help maintain stability mountain ranges, protecting the Czech Republic from sudden surprises of nature.

Summer is hot, moderately humid and windless (+ 25, +28 Celsius). Ideal for holidays on the Czech lakes or in Karlovy Vary. It is better to go to Prague in autumn or spring, when the heat subsides, the air is filled with freshness from the shores of the Adriatic, and the streets are full of colorful colors. In September, the daytime temperature stays at + 20, + 22 degrees, in October it drops to + 12. It’s still warm and windless.

In May, the sun is already starting to get hot (+ 27), so weather dependent people are better off choosing blooming April (+ 20) for hiking.

Winter is mild and slushy. Snow falls in all regions of the country, but lingers only in the mountains. average temperature in January it ranges from zero to minus 8 degrees.

Last changes: 10/06/2019

What to see in the Czech Republic

Where does the Czech Republic begin? That's right, in Prague!

This toy city seems to be frozen in time and space. Horse-drawn carriages have long been replaced by electric cars. Ladies no longer adjust the hem of their wide skirts. But the atmosphere of medieval Europe still tightly grips Prague in its arms.

Must see in Prague

First of all, go to Prague Castle. It is an architectural monument listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the birthplace of the Holy Roman Empire and the Czech Crown, and the largest active presidential residence on planet Earth. Look into the eyes of the terrifyingly beautiful gargoyles of St. Vitus Cathedral. Wander along Golden Lane and be sure to take a selfie on one of the best observation platforms Prague opposite the Black Tower (coordinates 50.091676, 14.405735). Entrance to the Prague Castle grounds is free. Only the excursion and entrance to museums are paid.

From here you can head to Petřín Hill or Malostranska Square, where the Plague Pillar is located. Or cross the Charles Bridge to the Old Jewish Cemetery, the Tyn Church and the Prague Astronomical Clock (which, for a second, is 600 years old).

We advise skeptics and fans of everything unusual to start with the Prague metronome. Then take tram 15. Get to Malostranska Square. Walk along the Vltava to the Franz Kafka Museum. In the museum's courtyard you will find a gingerbread man shop and the best political satire of our time - the David Cerny fountain. Two healthy men relieve themselves on a map of the Czech Republic.

10 minutes walk and you are at the John Lennon Wall, from where the KGB Museum and the Museum of Magic are within easy reach.

Complete unusual excursion possible on Hradcany Square with a gas lamp, the Schwarzenberg and Tuscan palaces.

Don't forget to buy flowers in the shop and pay tribute to the Soviet soldier Belyakov. His grave is hidden between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Prague Loreta, opposite the pub "At the Black Ox". The burial coordinates are 50.088420, 14.391686.

Be sure to visit the Prague Zoo with your children. He's just huge. For comparison, these are 2 Moscow zoos.

The 50-hectare area includes a children's play area, an elephant pasture, a pavilion with a real jungle, terrariums, a predatory cat area, a salamandrium, mini-swamps, and a geological path. Ticket price for an adult is 200 CZK. Children from 3 to 15, students and pensioners – 150 CZK, children under 3 years old free. Tickets can be purchased at the box office on site. Official website of the zoo https://www.zoopraha.cz/ru.

Life hack: Sightseeing in Prague is not a cheap pleasure. Many travelers buy the Prague Card to save money and see more for a smaller budget. The price of the card for 2 days is 62 euros for adults, 46 for children. The price includes entrance to Prague Castle, over 60 attractions and activities, discounts of up to 50% on museum admission and a tourist bus.

What else to do in the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is the dream of a tourist with limited time.

The state is very compact: 3 hours to the East and you are in Brno, the same to the South - in Cesky Krumlov, 2 and a half hours to Karlovy Vary. And all these are different parts of the republic.

Of course, you can’t travel around the Czech Republic in a week, but the most cool places Our concept includes:

Get healthy at Czech springs. Karlovy Vary and Marianske Lazne are legendary resorts. Peter I, Chopin and Goethe, Beethoven and Freud, Paganini and Mozart recovered their health here. The resort community received its fame completely deservedly. Mineral springs They have the same composition, but different temperatures, thanks to which almost all ailments are treated here.

Relax on Kamentsovo Lake. There is no sea in the Czech Republic. But there is an incredibly beautiful and unique Kamentsovo Lake in Khomutov. In terms of water composition, the lake has no analogues in nature, although 10 years ago Kamentsovo had a competitor - in Canada. Unfortunately, the reservoir did not stand the test of time. Dried out. Today Kamentsovo has been chosen by the all-seeing Germans and Scandinavians, thus replacing a vacation to the Dead Sea. By the way, the lake never blooms. It remains clean in any weather and at any temperature.

Machovo Lake and Lipno are the rising stars of lake tourism in the Czech Republic. The water here is completely ordinary. Unusual nature. Lipno is located in the Šumava Nature Reserve, 20 km from Cesky Krumlov. Makhovo – in Doksy next to the Kokořinsky Nature Reserve and Bezdez Castle.

Go down to the ossuary. Ancient burials in the form of open ossuaries are scattered throughout the country. Brno has a whole system of dungeons: the ossuary in the Church of St. Jacek (the second largest in Europe after Paris), the catacombs under the Vegetable Market and the tomb of the Capuchins. Not far from Kutna Hora in the village of Sedlec you will find the cemetery church of All Saints, where 40,000 people found peace.

Lost speechless at the sight of natural wealth. The Czech Republic has something to be proud of, besides Prague and castle complexes. This is the Panchavsky waterfall in the Giant Mountains. And the rock city of Adrspach with an azure lake, caves, canyons and labyrinths of incredible beauty. What about the mysterious Czech Switzerland? Or maybe it’s better to go to the caves of the Moravian Karst, which destroy the laws of the universe with rocks growing parallel to the surface of the earth?

Find the entrance to the underworld in Houska Castle or the ghosts in Karlštejn Castle. Found already? Then go ahead for new adventures - look for the Devil's Head. Hint: the sculpture is carved into the rocks (and this is not Adrspach).

Do Pilsner, Kozel and Gambrinus mean anything to you? If yes, then go to Pilsen for a tasting. After all, it was here that the noble aroma of beer first spread. They will show you and tell you all the secrets of brewing. They will take you on a tour and treat you to unfiltered beer straight from the oak barrel where it matures. Official website of the Pilsner Museum prazdrojvisit.cz/prohlidky.

Ski lovers should definitely visit the slopes of Mount Snezka at least once. For example, in the Pec complex. eleven ski slopes at an altitude of 1200 meters above sea level, and climatic conditions as close as possible to the cold Arctic.

Get ready for the fact that you will leave the Czech Republic with a couple of extra kilograms, because the food here is very tasty National cuisine. Be sure to try pork knuckle in beer (boar's knee), tatarak, dumplings, utopentsy, strudel, trdelniki, Becherovka and, of course, beer.

The most unusual museums in Prague

Last changes: 10/06/2019

How to get to the Czech Republic

There are about 90 airports in the Czech Republic, which is more than enough for an area comparable to the Krasnodar Territory.

The largest of them are Prague Vaclav Havel Airport website https://www.prg.aero/#/, Brno-Turany website http://www.brno-airport.cz/ and Karlovy Vary Airport https://www.airport -k-vary.cz/ru/ .

Aeroflot flies from Russia to the Czech Republic, Ural Airlines, Czech Airlines, Smart Wings, Pobeda and others. average price ticket from Moscow:

100 euros to Prague (flights with transfers possible);

70 € in Karlovy Vary;

140 € in Brno.

Travel time on a direct flight to Prague is about 2 hours, on connecting flights it can take up to 10 hours.

You can get to the Czech Republic by rail and by bus, but the ticket price is comparable to a flight. So a train ticket from Moscow to Prague will cost you 200 €, and you will spend just over a day on the road. A 38-hour trip on an ecolines bus with a transfer in Riga - from 6,000 rubles.

Last changes: 10/06/2019

Public transport

You can travel around the country both by trains and by buses.

Carriers:

• All public transport Czech Republic with schedule and routes https://idos.idnes.cz/vlakyautobusymhdvse/spojeni/.

  Last changes: 10/06/2019

  Traveling around the Czech Republic by car

  If you plan to travel around the Czech Republic by car, be sure to put your license, vehicle registration certificate and green insurance in your wallet. The latter can be bought right at the border.

  On a note:

  speed in locality no more than 50 km/h;

  both day and night we turn on the low beam headlights;

  trams are sacred - we let them through without hesitation, just like pedestrians;

  We put children in a car seat or booster.

  Most motorways in the Czech Republic are toll roads. To drive on such roads you need a vignette, which you can buy at any gas station. Just do this before entering the toll section. Otherwise, a fine of 200 euros. The cost of a vignette for 10 days is 11 euros, for 1 month 17.

  It’s easier and cheaper to rent a car on rentalcars.com or myrentacar.com. In the first case, you will have to block the franchise and deposit, in the second there is a chance to rent a car without extra deposits.

  Last changes: 10/06/2019

  You can buy a SIM card from any Czech operator in large stores and mobile phone stores without presenting a passport. A Vodafone card with a 4 GB package costs CZK 399.

  When exchanging currency in a supermarket, know that if you are shortchanged, you have the right to refuse the transaction. Yes, yes, return with the receipt and refuse the transaction.

  In any hypermarket you can easily apply for Tax-Free. To do this, go to the information desk on the ground floor with your receipt and goods. Fill out the form and also provide your passport. Take the papers and do not damage the integrity of the packaging of the goods being transported. It is also not recommended to tear off labels.

  Czech establishments operate strictly according to hours. There is no point in running into the store until five minutes before the store closes. You won't be served.

  Pay attention to the marking line in Prague when parking. The blue stripe is only for local residents; unfortunately, you cannot leave your iron friend.

  In restaurants, check the bill. They like to add extra dishes and tips. Remember, tipping is voluntary.

  It is easier to get acquainted with Czech culture and traditions by communicating with local residents. Just a couple of phrases will instantly win over any person:

  Enter 112 emergency assistance, 155 ambulance, 150 firefighters, 158 police into your contacts.

  Last changes: 10/06/2019
  
  
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