Krasnovodsk Turkmenbashi. Turkmenbashi. Russian Orthodox Church

The city's population consists mainly of Turkmens (almost 90%), Russians (about 6%), as well as Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Uzbeks and Turks. Official language considered Turkmen. Almost all residents of the city profess Islam; a separate category of the population belongs to the Christian church.

The basis of the economy of Turkmenbashi is the oil refining industry. On the territory of the city there is a whole complex of enterprises involved in the processing of oil and its associated natural resources. The largest ship repair plant in Central Asia is also located here. It is worth noting that the port of Turkmenbashi is connected by ferry to the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku.

Within the city there is the famous resort area "Avaza", which includes great amount hotels and inns, entertainment centers, gaming clubs and other establishments. This place is ideal for youth recreation, family vacation with children who will definitely enjoy splashing around in the amazingly beautiful and warm Caspian Sea.

Climate and weather

The climate of Turkmenbashi is considered subtropical desert. Practically all year round The weather here is incredibly hot and very dry. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 125 millimeters per year. Usually they fall out at the end of autumn - beginning of winter. The average daily air temperature at this time is approximately +5 °C. The weather is surprisingly hot in summer. During the day the air warms up to +35 °C, and at night the thermometer drops to +18 °C. In summer, precipitation is minimal.

The best time to travel to amazing Turkmenbashi is from late spring to early autumn.

Nature

Beautiful Turkmenbashi differs from other cities of Turkmenistan with its amazing, magnificent nature. The main feature of the city's natural landscapes is the Caspian Sea - the largest salty sea on earth, which has no connection with the world's oceans. On the picturesque shores of the Caspian Sea you can meet graceful flamingos, amazing pelicans, and lazy Caspian seals. But the main wealth of this sea, of course, is the sturgeon, the population of which is called upon to preserve by the environmental service of Turkmenistan.

In the east, Turkmenbashi is surrounded by low mountains; in the west, its shores are washed by the blue waters of the Caspian Sea. By the way, beautiful sandy beaches Turkmenbashi are considered the best in the entire sea. No wonder there are many resorts and sanatoriums on its coast near the city.

Attractions

The main attraction of Turkmenbashi is the Caspian Sea, which amazes with its beauty and diversity. underwater world. To admire the picturesque beauty of this reservoir, people come to the city a large number of foreign tourists. Not far from Turkmenbashi, a completely unique resort area has been created with numerous hotels, “floating” restaurants, bars, entertainment centers, clubs, etc.

There are few ancient sights in the city itself, but the surroundings of Turkmenbashi amaze with their historical and cultural values. One of important centers World women's pilgrimage is the white mosque of Parau-Bibi, which was built on one of the rocks of the majestic Kopetdag and today is considered the patroness of pregnant women and children. Hundreds of thousands of girls come here every year, praying for a long-awaited pregnancy.

Most tourists prefer to visit the famous Shir-Kabir mausoleum, the construction date of which dates back to the 10th century. In addition, on the territory of the ancient burial place of Mashad there is the Shir-Kabir mosque, which is considered the oldest surviving mosque in all of Turkmenistan. The walls of this amazing building from its base to the dome itself are decorated with carved ganch with patterns and inscriptions painted in red, blue and pistachio colors. Some pilgrims who come here claim that it is sacred place is the second most important (after Mecca) of those that were blessed by Allah.

The most visited attraction near Turkmenbashi is the amazing Dehistan - this is a plain that has preserved traces of the life of people who came to this territory back in the third millennium BC. The largest historical monument Dekhistan is considered the site of Misrian. Unfortunately, not a single building or structure of that era has survived to this day, and tourists coming here today can only observe the ruins of this settlement.

But on the territory of Dehistan you can visit two relatively well-preserved minarets, the height of which reaches 20 meters.

In Turkmenbashi itself, many foreigners are eager to visit the Museum of 26 Baku Commissars, which tells about the amazing fate of each of the executed commissars.

Nutrition

The cuisine of Turkmenbashi is somewhat different from gastronomy in other parts of the country. The main dish on the menu of any restaurant in the city is fish. Usually sturgeon species of fish are used to treat tourists. The most popular dish in public catering establishments in Turkmenbashi is considered to be “Kavurdaka” - pieces of fish fried in sesame oil. In addition, many foreigners prefer to order the famous dried fish and amazing fish kebab. Interestingly, this type of kebab is prepared in the same way as with meat. Pieces of fish are alternately skewered with onions and then fried over an open fire. In many restaurants you can even watch the process of preparing this delicious dish. It is worth noting that in Turkmenbashi, as throughout Turkmenistan, fish dishes served with a unique sweet and sour sauce.

The main dish of every Turkmenbashi restaurant is, of course, the famous Turkmen pilaf. No feast is complete without this wonderful treat. In addition, the menu of the city's restaurants includes several dozen meat dishes. Usually lamb, chicken and beef are cooked here. The main dishes are “Govurma”, “Gara Chorba” and “Kakmach”.

Among the drinks here, it is worth trying the famous Turkmen “Ayran”.

Hospitable Turkmenbashi offers its visitors a great time in restaurants that are located above the waters of the Caspian Sea. The unique atmosphere that reigns in these establishments immerses tourists in the amazing world of Turkmen cuisine. It is worth noting that most cafes and restaurants in Turkmenbashi offer their customers not only treats national cuisine, but also dishes from other countries of the world.

Food prices in Turkmenbashi remain at the same level as throughout the country. So, dinner in a middle-class restaurant here will cost about $7 per person. And in amazing restaurants “over the water” you will have to pay a slightly larger amount for a two-course meal - about $10–12 per person.

Accommodation

The beautiful city of Turkmenbashi has always warmly welcomed its guests. On its territory there are many hotels of various classes. In the Avaza resort area you can find hotels whose level of comfort corresponds to four and five stars.

The most popular hotel among foreigners is “Turkmenbashi”. This hotel was the first on the entire Turkmen coast of the Caspian Sea to receive five-star status. All hotel rooms are equipped with modern, comfortable furniture, as well as all necessary technical equipment, such as air conditioning, TVs, refrigerators and telephones with international calling.

In addition, all guests can additionally use the services of restaurants, fitness clubs, gyms, saunas, swimming pools, a tennis court, parking, an entertainment center and other facilities located on the hotel premises. The cost of living at the Turkmenbashi Hotel depends on the type of room and its configuration. average price accommodation is about $150–200 per night.

In the city you can find a large number of small but very comfortable hotels. Accommodation in such establishments will cost much less than in large hotels. You can pay no more than $70 for one night.

Entertainment and relaxation

The main entertainment of the city of Turkmenbashi is concentrated in the Avaza resort area. This is a stunning natural area where spa treatment facilities are located, as well as numerous hotels and inns that meet all international standards. In addition, here are entertainment centers, restaurants, clubs, discos, gaming establishments. Every tourist will find something to their liking in Avaza. In the future they plan to build here ski slopes and a huge water park. Today, many people call Avaza a national tourist zone. Fishing, rowing and yachting are especially popular here.

In addition, Turkmenbashi offers travelers exciting excursions to the sights of the city and its surroundings. The most visited places are Dehistan, the Parau-Bibi Mosque and the Khazar Reserve.

Purchases

In Turkmenbashi there are a huge number of souvenir shops and shops that sell various commemorative goods. The most popular purchases among foreign tourists are items of national costume, silk and wool items, skullcaps, telpaks, jewelry, and various figurines. As a rule, most travelers prefer to purchase statues of horses - a symbol of the state. And, of course, few foreigners returned home without a magnificent Turkmen carpet. Turkmenbashi has a large number of shops specializing in the sale of carpets. It is worth noting that it is best to purchase such an expensive product (at least $300) exclusively in government stores, since only there sellers can issue you a special certificate confirming the fact of purchase. In addition, the price of the carpet already includes tax, which is required to be paid when exporting the carpet abroad.

Carpets and felt mats can also be purchased at local city markets. True, their quality will be slightly lower than in government retail outlets.

All payments for purchases are made only in the national currency - manat.

Transport

Turkmenbashi is a major transport hub. There is a railway with a high freight and passenger turnover here. Turkmenbashi is the most major port Turkmenistan, and there is an airport near the city.

Air travel is carried out by the state air carrier Turkmenistan Airlines. Turkmenbashi is connected by air to Ashgabat, Turkmenabad and Dashoguz. Air travel within the country is mainly used by foreign tourists who want to travel around railway It doesn't seem comfortable enough on trains. Price for domestic flights low - only 7–10 $.

The railway is the main transport linking Turkmenbashi with other major cities states. Several hundred thousand goods are transported along it every day and brought to the port. Passenger trains go in the direction of Ashgabat, Dashoguz, Turkmenabat, Mary. The ticket price is about $2.5 per reserved seat carriage and just over $4 for travel in a comfortable SV.

As a major seaport, Turkmenbashi is connected by ferry to major ports in other countries, in particular Baku in Azerbaijan and Astrakhan in Russia. Interestingly, the crossing is by rail. Each of the operating ferries carries up to 28 railway cars and about 200 passengers. The price of such a crossing ranges from $20 to $40. There is also excellent cargo communication between the ports of Baku, Astrakhan and Turkmenbashi.

The city's public transport is represented by buses and taxis. At the same time, most foreigners prefer the services of the latest cab drivers. The cost of a ticket to travel to public transport Turkmenbashi is about $0.1–0.15. You will have to pay a little more for a taxi ride - about $1.

Connection

To Turkmenbashi telephone communications is somewhat less developed than in the capital of the state. Although there are street telephones here, they are only suitable for city communications. In addition, the quality of communication from these machines leaves much to be desired. For international calls, you can use telephones installed in hotels, as well as in any post office. The cost of a call abroad is approximately $1.

mobile connection in Turkmenbashi has received greater development than the stationary one. The cellular network is provided by two operators: TM CELL and MTS-Turkmenistan. By the way, these companies perfectly support roaming of all major global cellular operators, including Russian ones. When traveling around Turkmenbashi, you can purchase a SIM card from any local operator and talk to your family at a price of $0.25 per minute of call.

The Internet connection in the city is excellent. On the central streets of Turkmenbashi, as well as in large hotels ah, there are cozy internet cafes. Interestingly, in addition to the indicated places, access to the Network is also provided by various large establishments and the airport. It is worth noting that the cost of one hour of work on the Internet will cost you only $2.

Safety

Turkmenbashi enjoys a reputation as a relatively calm and safe city. True, the status of a major transport center with huge passenger traffic makes it attractive to pickpockets and scammers. It is worth noting that more serious offenses against foreign citizens were not recorded. Remember that when you are in crowded places, you need to be extremely attentive to your belongings and wallets. It is best to leave valuables at the hotel.

However, with regard to sanitation, everything is not so good: as in any Asian city, in Turkmenbashi there is a risk of contracting such serious diseases as dysentery, malaria, hepatitis, and typhoid. Before coming here you must have all required vaccinations.

In addition, the local tap water is completely unsuitable for consumption. To begin with, it is recommended to boil it and only then drink or brush your teeth. When purchasing food from local stores or markets, you should wash it thoroughly afterwards. Especially fruits and vegetables. And products such as meat or fish must be heat treated before eating.

Business climate

The seaside city of Turkmenbashi is attractive to investors primarily for its oil business - the city is home to a whole complex of oil refineries. The city and country authorities have adopted a number of laws regulating relations between foreign investors and state-owned enterprises. It is worth noting that under these laws, joint ventures receive a number of additional tax benefits and product certification.

In addition, recently there has been an increase in tourist interest in Turkmenbashi, especially after the opening resort area"Avaza". Most foreign investments are made in travel business. Opening of large hotels and entertainment venues is a very quickly profitable business.

Real estate

Real estate in Turkmenbashi received very highly appreciated experts from all over the world. It is worth noting that the increased interest from investors is due to the policy pursued in the real estate market (there are no restrictions on the sale of housing for foreign citizens), as well as the implementation of many measures to attract tourists to the city and its surroundings. In particular, the creation of the Avaza resort and recreational zone was of great importance in the development of the Turkmenbashi real estate market.

The cost per square meter in Turkmenbashi is slightly lower than in the capital of the state, and in comparison with other cities of the country it is slightly higher than the average. To buy a small apartment in residential area Turkmenbashi needs to prepare an amount of $25,000–30,000. Most businessmen who buy real estate for the subsequent organization of a hotel or hostel give preference to country cottages. The cost of real estate of this kind is noticeably higher than a simple apartment. The price of an average-sized house along with the cost land plot is about $45,000. It has been noted that the suburban housing market today is experiencing certain difficulties associated with fluctuations in land prices.

Beautiful Turkmenbashi charms tourists with its cordiality and hospitality. For an unforgettable and safe holiday in this magnificent city Several important rules must be followed.

All tourists coming to Turkmenbashi are required to stay only at the hotel that was indicated in the invitation by the travel agency and was the basis for registration entry visa. Travel of foreign tourists in some areas, mainly in protected areas, is possible only when accompanied by a representative travel company. It is worth noting that video and photography also requires special permission from local authorities or the population.

Staying in Turkmenbashi is possible only after receiving appropriate preventive vaccinations - against typhoid, malaria, dysentery and hepatitis. By the way, during the hot period of the year the problem of preventing dysentery is especially acute in the city.

The hot weather of Turkmenbashi is unusual for many tourists, so in order to avoid troubles, it is advisable to always have sunscreen cosmetics, hats and repellents with you that will protect you from annoying insects.

When purchasing souvenirs, remember that not all goods are allowed for export abroad. It is strictly forbidden to export any types of fish and black caviar. In addition, when purchasing carpet products, you must provide the customs authorities with a special certificate confirming the purchase of the goods, payment of the appropriate tax, and the age of the carpet. Products whose age does not exceed 50 years are allowed for export abroad.

Turkmenistan velayat Balkan Internal division 2 stages Hyakim Amangeldi Isaev History and geography Based 1869 Former names Krasnovodsk Center height 27 m Timezone UTC+5 Population Population 73,803 people (2010) Nationalities Turkmens, Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, Armenians Confessions Muslims, Christians Katoykonim Turkmenbashi residents, Krasnovodsk residents Official language Turkmen Digital IDs Telephone code + 993 243 Postcode 745000 Vehicle code BN Audio, photo and video on Wikimedia Commons

Population - 73,803 people (as of 2010).

Name


Turkmenbashi- a port city located in the Balkan velayat on the shores of the Caspian Sea.

Until 1993, the city was called Krasnovodsk - the city's name was actually a translation of the local toponym "Kyzyl-Su". In 1993 it was renamed in honor of the first president of Turkmenistan, Turkmenbashi Saparmurat Niyazov. According to the 2005 census, the population is 68 thousand people. Oil refining, food (as well as fishing), light industry are developed here, an oil refinery, ship repair, memorial museum 26 Baku Commissars, Museum of Local Lore.

The city of Turkmenbashi is the first important port and gateway of the Caspian Sea in Turkmenistan, and the national tourist area"Avaza" is the first recreation area in the country.

Transport.
The city is important as a transport hub, formed by a seaport with a ferry terminal, a railway and an airport with a runway capable of handling all types of aircraft. Also currently under construction new airport, railway and multi-lane expressway Ashgabat - Turkmenbashi.

Sights of Turkmenbashi


Avaza- actively developing seaside resort, located 12 km west of the city center.

Parau-bibi Mosque. The small white mosque of Parau-bibi is a sacred place of pilgrimage for Muslim women. She stands all alone on one of the rocks of the Kopetdag.
There is a beautiful legend dedicated to the history of the mosque. According to this legend, Parau-bibi was a beautiful Turkmen woman who lived in one of the villages. Somehow they promised to hand it over to the advancing enemies. To escape, she ran into the mountains and prayed. Then the rock moved apart and hid Parau-Bibi forever. A mosque arose on this site. A crooked staircase leads to the mosque. Halfway along you can see the imprints in the rock that Parau-bibi left: from the knee, elbow, finger and forehead. Today, hundreds of women come to a small mosque and ask Parau-bibi, the patroness of pregnant women and children, to help them maintain their beauty, find a good husband and many children.
Also, according to legend, lying a little further away, several sickle-shaped stones were previously pieces of melon, which Parau-bibi, in a panic, threw at the approaching enemies. According to custom, young women step on these stones. If the stone starts to rotate, it means everything will be fine. If it doesn’t rotate, then in a year you need to try again, returning to these beautiful places.

Mausoleum Shir-Kabib. 6 km from Dehistan is the ancient burial place of Mashad - a Muslim necropolis with the famous mausoleum of Ali ibn Sukkari or “Shir-Kabir” located in the center. The monument belongs to the buildings of the prestigious Serakh architectural school and dates back to the 10th century. The walls of the building, made of square mud bricks, were decorated from base to dome with carved ganch with scrollwork, foliate patterns and Kufic inscriptions, and painted in blue, red and pistachio green.

Caravanserai Tasharvat. The picturesque ruins of the Tasharvat caravanserai lie 38 km from the city of Balkanabad, the capital of the Balkan velayat. During the functioning of the Great Silk Road, the caravanserai was of great importance for the caravans passing by, in which they made a stop on the way of their long wanderings.
The caravanserai building is a rectangular fortification with a stone wall, inside of which are the ruins of a residential building. Near the caravanserai there was an elm grove of 100 trees. The first mention of the Tasharvat fortification was discovered in 1871-1872. Archaeological research has shown that the building was inhabited at the end of the 19th century.

Dehistan is a clayey, waterless plain in the southwest of Turkmenistan near the Caspian Sea. But this area was not always so deserted and inconspicuous. Once upon a time, during its heyday, life was in full swing here, gardens were blooming, fields were green, surrounded by the life-giving waters of rivers. Already in the 3rd millennium BC. this territory was actively developed by the first farmers who came here, and in the 3rd-6th centuries, numerous Turkic tribes began to come to the oasis, irrigated by the Atrek River: Sakas, Massagetae, Hephthalites. But the most powerful tribal union was headed by the Dahi (hence the name of the area), who created large fortified strongholds and settlements (Shadur-kala, Akga-kala).

Misrian- a settlement located on the territory of Dehistan and is its largest historical monument. Only the ruins of this huge settlement have reached us, but even from them we can say that at one time it was a place with the highest level of cultural development. The city consisted of shakhristan (citadel), rabat (suburb) and densely populated artisan quarters surrounding it on all sides. True Dimensions ancient city are not clearly established, since not enough information about this has been preserved. In the 10th-13th centuries, the citadel was surrounded by a powerful fortress wall, which was guarded by two rows of sentinels.

Turkmenbasy cityTurkmenbasy

The section lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable or it may be questioned and removed.You may edit this article to include links to authoritative sources.This tag was set on November 28, 2012.

The modern Russian-language name of the city is Krasnovodsk, according to one version, this is a translation of the local toponym Kyzyl-Su, associated with the fact that in the water of the Krasnovodsk Bay there was a lot of plankton with a distinct pink tint. Other versions are also available.

Administrative division

In July 2013, 2 etraps were created within the city of Turkmenbashi. The Avaza etrap with an area of ​​9660 hectares includes the Avaza National Tourist Zone, international Airport and several small villages. The Kenar etrap with an area of ​​7262 hectares includes the main part of the city of Turkmenbashi and the territory of the village of Kenar.

Story

Bakhmi station of the Trans-Caspian Railway in 1890

The first attempt to consolidate the Russian Empire on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea dates back to 1717, when Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky founded a fortification on the coast of the Krasnovodsk Bay (“at the mouth of the Uzboy”), preparing a campaign against Khiva.

Sunset in the city of Turkmenbashi

In 1869, under the leadership of Colonel Stoletov, a fortified fort of the Russian army was re-founded (now the village of Kenar, before being renamed “UFRA”). The place where Krasnovodsk was founded was called Shaga-dam. The fort was used as a base for operations against Turkmen nomads and for campaigns against the Bukhara and Khiva khanates. The Transcaspian region was formed, Krasnovodsk was its center until the construction of Ashgabat (see Central Asian possessions of the Russian Empire). It was a small town inhabited by Russian military and officials, as well as merchants - Persians and Armenians. After the construction of the Trans-Caspian Railway, which began from Krasnovodsk, from Central Asia via ferry to Baku in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Krasnovodsk became an important transport center and began to grow.

The Red Army captured the fort in February 1920. On November 21, 1939, the Krasnovodsk region was formed with the administrative center in Krasnovodsk, it was liquidated and restored several times (January 23, 1947 liquidated, April 4, 1952 restored, December 9, 1955 liquidated, December 27, 1973 restored, August 25, 1988 liquidated ).

On January 10, 1991, on the territory of the former Krasnovodsk region, the Balkan region (since May 18, 1992 - velayat) was formed with its center in Balkanabat. In 1993, the city was renamed by President Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenbashi) in his honor.

Modern Turkmenbashi

Hotel Turkmenbashi Turkish Park

Behind last years Large-scale work has been carried out in the city to reconstruct the historical part of the city, entrance highways, and life support infrastructure. A new “Turkish” park and a cascade of fountains were built. At the end of 2012, Magtymguly Avenue was completely reconstructed, new route connected to the city embankment of Bahra Khazar, providing at the western Balykchi highway interchange a double exit from the city along a dam laid through Soymonov Bay to the Airport-Avaza expressway.

The Turkmenbashi complex of oil refineries specializes in the production of polypropylene, diesel and universal oils and other petroleum products.

The State Maritime and Marine Service is located here. river transport Turkmenistan and Turkmenbashi international seaport.

There are 3 modern hotels in the city.

Population

Population change in Turkmenbashi

Year 1913 1939 1972 1979 1989 2005 2010

Population (persons)

73 803

Transport

Boeing at Turkmenbashi airport

The city is important as a transport hub, formed by a seaport with a ferry terminal, a railway and an airport. The trans-Turkmen highway M37 passes through the city, connecting Karabogaz, Ashgabat, Turkmenbashi with Bukhara.

Airport

Main article: Turkmenbashi (airport)

In 1990, Krasnovodsk Airport celebrated its 50th anniversary. Originally located downstairs in the hospital area. During the Second World War, it was transferred to the top of the plateau and existed on the same airfield with Air Force units as a joint airfield. It was considered the assigned airport of the Ashgabat enterprise. It has existed as an independent unit since 1959 after the creation of the 225OOAE (a separate joint air squadron), in 2010 it was reconstructed and received international status. It has two runways and connects the city with Ashgabat and Dashoguz. The airport can be reached from the city by car or bus. Travel time to the city by car takes 10-15 minutes.

Railway connection

Turkmenbashi station Main article: Turkmenbashi station

The Turkmenbashi station was built in 1895 according to the design of the architect Alexei Benois. Benois is the author of the palace of Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich in Tashkent and many other projects in the former Turkestan.

The station building is one of the most beautiful on the entire Central Asian railway. The station square is adjacent to the memorial to soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War.

Sea transport

An integral part of the transport system of Turkmenistan in international transport projects and corridors are the Turkmenbashi - Baku, Turkmenbashi - Astrakhan railway ferry crossings. Turkmenbashi International Seaport is the largest seaport in Turkmenistan.

Turkmenbashi - Baku

Main article: Ferry crossing Baku - Turkmenbashi

The ferry crossing Turkmenbashi - Baku is a railway-passenger crossing on the Caspian Sea between the cities of Turkmenbashi and Baku (Azerbaijan). Distance - 306 km. Each of the operating ferries carries 28 railway cars and 200 passengers. All eight ships operating at the crossing fly the Azerbaijani flag. This crossing is included in European route E60.

Transport

Depot

Geography

The city is located on the shores of the Krasnovodsk Bay, 520 km north-west of Ashgabat, with which it is connected by road and railway.

The city is connected to Azerbaijani Baku on the western shore of the Caspian Sea by a ferry crossing (306 km).

Climate

The climate is subtropical desert. Precipitation per year is only 125 mm, mainly in the autumn-winter period.

    Average annual temperature - +15.1 C° Average annual wind speed - 3.8 m/s Average annual air humidity - 60%

Climate of Turkmenbashi

Indicator Jan. Feb. March Apr. May June July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year

Absolute maximum, °C 20.7 22.3 29.0 36.0 40.7 41.9 44.7 42.9 43.5 33.4 28.1 24.7 44.7

Average maximum, °C 7.5 8.7 13.1 19.9 25.8 31.6 34.6 34.5 29.3 21.5 14.2 9.1 20.8

Average temperature, °C 3.3 3.9 7.7 13.7 19.5 25.1 28.2 28.0 22.7 15.4 9.3 4.9 15.1

Average minimum, °C ?0.3 ?0.2 3.2 8.5 13.6 18.9 22.2 22.0 16.7 10.0 5.0 1.2 10.1

Absolute minimum, °C ?21.5 ?21.9 ?12.6 ?2.6 2.7 6.6 14.1 10.2 3.3 ?2.9 ?12.1 ?16.3 ?21 ,9

Precipitation rate, mm 12 13 17 16 9 3 2 5 5 11 19 13 125



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