Plastic bottles cause horror among all environmentalists on our planet. The problem is that repeated use of this (seemingly) convenient device is harmful to the body. How to be? The answer is simple - creativity. New Year's toys made from old bottles will create incredible comfort. Making them will be as easy and enjoyable as possible, and we will show and tell you how to make them yourself. Let's start with the video.

The simplest craft option

For this craft you will need:

• bottom of the bottle;
• paint/markers/markers;
• needle, thread, fishing line;
• paper;
• ribbon.

It is necessary to cut off the bottom of the bottle (you can take any volume). And then do some magic on it: paint it or leave the original color, decorate it with snowflakes, make a hole and thread a fishing line on which the toy will hang on the Christmas tree. You can make a single design using the same fishing line. All this can be seen in the photo below. We have selected several master classes.

Balls from a bottle

In this case, we just need to cut our bottle into strips. These strips must be the same length and width. They need to be glued at one end and then at the other so that the future Christmas ball is formed. This ball can be decorated as you please: – Metal Ox, so you can build on that, and also refer to traditional New Year’s symbols (sparkles, ribbons, red/green/gold paints, rain, pine cones, etc.).

Bells from a bottle

Bells in the form of a New Year's toy will decorate the Christmas tree with their presence. How to make them - the top part of the bottle is necessary, because it is similar in shape. You will need paper, foil, paints, tinsel, fishing line, ribbons, glue. Part of the bottle should be wrapped in foil, secured with glue (preferably instant fixation) and decorated with snowflakes, tinsel, etc.

One two Three! Shine Christmas tree!

For this Christmas tree decoration you will need several bottles. Again, we take several of the upper parts, cut them into small strips, and place them on top of each other. The lower part can serve as a base. They can be secured with glue, but this is optional. Decorate with balls, beads or tinsel.

A few more ideas...

Toys made from bottles are just your imagination, which you can literally make into reality with your own hands. You can use any paints. The shape depends on preference. It is not necessary to take small bottles; for example, you can make a Santa Claus from a five-liter bottle (you can make a beard from plastic spoons). Lids can also become a Christmas tree decoration. We have selected several ideas.

The symbol of the new year, 2018, will be the Dog. This animal has long become synonymous with loyalty, devotion and courage. We hope that the coming period will bring everyone reliable friends, stability in the family and smooth, deep relationships with loved ones. They say that for all these wishes to come true, there should be a toy dog ​​on the New Year's table. The DIY Dog craft takes from five to thirty minutes to complete. It all depends on the materials at hand used in making the souvenir. For example, it will take 1-2 minutes to make a sausage ball toy, but you will spend more than half an hour to make crafts from threads, plastic bottles, paper, cotton pads and even nylon tights. Such a cute dog can be given to a kindergarten teacher or a teacher at school. After watching our video master classes and reading step-by-step instructions for making a funny New Year's animal, you can make it yourself at home.

How to make a Dog from cotton pads for the New Year 2018 with your own hands in kindergarten and primary school

Cotton wool can be used not only for cleansing the face or for medical purposes - it is also an excellent material for making various souvenirs. After reading everything about how to make a Dog from cotton pads on New Year 2018, you can explain to your child how to make a craft with your own hands in kindergarten and primary school. Such a product can be a birthday gift or become part of a greeting card.

Craft Dog for kindergarten for New Year 2018 - Master class with photos

Preschoolers simply love preparing gifts for the holidays! Our short master class will tell you how to make a Dog from cotton pads for the New Year 2018 with your own hands in kindergarten or primary school. This time it will be a three-dimensional paper-based applique. To work you will need:

• Cardboard;
• Scissors;
• Thick paper;
• Pencils;
• Stapler;
• Cotton pads.

Carefully place all the prepared materials on the table and start working.

How to make a Dog, the symbol of 2018, out of paper yourself - DIY children’s crafts at school and at home

Find out how to make a Dog, the symbol of 2018, out of paper yourself - read simple tips on creating children's crafts with your own hands at school and at home. After this, you can easily explain to your child what origami is and what toys can be made from plain paper in a matter of minutes. This art and skill develops manual dexterity and teaches children patience.

Symbol of 2018 - Paper dog for school and master class with video

Watch the video of the master class below this text. It explains in detail how to make a Dog, the symbol of 2018, out of paper yourself - children's DIY crafts at school are not very complicated. The “biter” dog, made at home, looks very cool here. Follow every step of the master, and in three or four minutes a very cute animal with a large mouth will “sit” in your hands.

How to make a symbol of 2018 - a dog from a sausage ball: video at home with explanations

You have probably watched with admiration more than once how balloon sellers with enviable dexterity twist these balloons into intricate figures of animals, while enchanted children crowd around, begging their parents to buy them such a miracle. Now you will finally learn how to make the symbol of 2018 - a Dog from a sausage ball, by watching a video created at home and hearing detailed explanations. You won't need anything other than accuracy and dexterity.

Dog made from a sausage ball - Master class with video

In order to make the most “airy” dog, you only need one long, elongated inflated ball. You will have to work very carefully, trim your nails first and wash your hands thoroughly. Don’t be afraid to bend and twist the ball while working - it won’t burst if you are careful in the beginning. Pay attention to the master class below the text - it shows how to make the symbol of 2018 - a Dog from a sausage ball: the video was not filmed at home by professionals. Listen to the detailed explanations and you will have a great craft in a minute!

Symbol of 2018 Do-it-yourself dog made from plasticine - Master class with step-by-step instructions

Every child loves to sculpt and make things themselves. Invite him to make the symbol of 2018, the Dog, with his own hands from plasticine - a master class with step by step instructions you will find on this page.

How to make a Dog from plasticine - Master class with detailed explanation

Since the symbol of 2018 is the Dog, you can make it with your own hands from plasticine for the holiday: a master class with photos and step-by-step instructions will come to your aid.

To work you will need:

• Plasticine in white, brown, black, red colors;
• Plastic knife;
• Board for work.

1. Roll 2 balls of different sizes from brown plasticine - these are blanks for the head and body of the Dog.

   

2. Use your fingers to slightly stretch out the balls (see photo).

   

3. Roll 5 smaller balls from white plasticine. They will become part of the Dog's paws, tail and face.

   

4. After this, roll five identical brown plasticine sausages.

   

5. From white, black and red plasticine, make very small balls for the eyes, nose and mouth of the Dog.

   

6. Mold together the head and body blanks. After making a cut on the head of the craft, insert the tongue there. Use white plasticine to outline the animal's face.

   

7. Flatten brown and white balls and make dog ears.

   

8. Glue the ears to the head of the plasticine animal, bending them down slightly.

   

9. Combine white balls with brown sausages to make the Dog's paws. Form a tail from white plasticine.

   

10. Attach the paws and tail to the Dog's body.

    

11. The dog now needs eyes - glue them on too.

    

12. Everything is ready - the mini dog can decorate the New Year's table!

    

Do-it-yourself Dog toy - a symbol of 2018 from nylon tights or stockings

You can make a Dog toy - the symbol of 2018 - with your own hands, even from nylon tights or stockings! In this case, you will get a dog that looks very much like a real pet. Unlike crafts made from other materials (paper, plasticine, fabric), this product requires a significant investment of time and skill in handling threads and a needle. Only older schoolchildren and adults can make a Dog in this way.

How to make a Dog in the 2018 New Year from nylon tights - Master class on video

The Dog toy, a symbol of 2018, made from nylon tights or stockings, takes quite a long time to make. A beginner, for example, will spend more than an hour, or even two, on work. A master of his craft, who has been working with stuffed dolls for a long time, will make a cute dog in about forty minutes. Just prepare two pairs of tights of different colors, padding polyester or even simple cotton wool, thread, and scissors. Get started by doing everything as the master demonstrates in the video.

Big Dog made from plastic bottles - DIY crafts for school

What craftsmen don’t turn ordinary plastic bottles into today! They are used to make drinking bowls for animals, birdhouses, pencil holders, boats, watering cans for flowers and much more. You won’t believe it, but you can also make a large Dog from plastic bottles - a master class on making crafts for school with your own hands will tell you about this.

How to make a Dog from plastic bottles - Master class with photos

This cute poodle is easy to make yourself. A large Dog made from plastic bottles - you will find a DIY master class for school crafts just below - will be an excellent gift for the New Year 2018.

So, you will need three used 5-liter bottles, 1 dark 2-liter bottle, white opaque plastic bottles, scissors, screws, a small piece of floor insulation, tape, buttons, black varnish and wire.

1. Cut off the neck of two bottles, and cut out the middle of the third “eggplant”.

   

2. Secure the bottles with self-tapping screws.

   

3. Having made small holes for the legs of the future Dog, stretch a wire through them (45 cm for the legs + 15 cm for fixing them).

   

4. Wrap the legs of the craft with floor insulation and secure the structure with tape.

   

5. Disconnect the remaining lower part of the wire to secure it.

   

6. The poodle's neck needs to be made from a 2 liter bottle.

   

   

7. Cut the bottle in half and connect the smaller part with the larger one, securing everything with self-tapping screws.

   

   

8. Connect the head to the body

   

9. Cut white opaque milk bottles as you see in the photo. You will end up with poodle hair.

   

10. Lightly (very carefully!) burn these blanks over a lighter or gas.

    

    

11. Sew around the poodle's paws, again using self-tapping screws.

    

12. Cut out part of the milk bottle like this.

    

13. Make a cone from a dark bottle.

    

14. Trim the poodle's tail. Be careful when working with screws!

    

15. Here you see dog ears cut from a five-liter bottle.

    

16. All that remains is to trim these ears as shown in the photo.

    

17. Make dog hair out of milk bottles (the part near the neck).

    

18. Create a poodle mane. Try to make as many “curls” as possible.

    

    

19. Make an opening for the dog's ears.

    

20. Start working on the poodle's rear end. Check your actions with the photos of the master class.

    

    

    

21. Make a chest for the dog and attach ears to his head.

    

22. The poodle is almost ready. Isn't he so unusual?

    

23. All that remains is to cut out the nose from the bottom of the bottle and cover it with black varnish.

    

24. Attach the button eyes and bow - the dog is ready!

    

A simple DIY dog craft from scrap materials for kindergarten

Simple crafts depicting a Dog can be made from a variety of available materials and taken to kindergarten for the New Year 2018. Dogs can be made from cardboard, paper, fir cones and acorns, shells, fabric and even clothespins! We hope that our ideas will be liked and remembered by moms and dads, and parents and their children will definitely make funny dogs later!

Cool Dog made from clothespins for kindergarten

A simple DIY dog craft from scrap materials for kindergarten can even be created from clothespins! See how ordinary clothes clips turn into a cheerful dog in just a few minutes! Such a playful puppy will decorate any child’s shelf.

Making toys from woolen threads for children is both simple and very pleasant. For the coming Year of the Dog, you can make a wonderful souvenir - a toy puppy made from thread pompoms. Such a dog will decorate both a schoolchild’s briefcase and the New Year’s table. A simple master class on children's crafts for the New Year 2018 will help you make a cute Dog out of threads with your own hands.

Making a Dog from threads - New Year's craft master class

Look how cute this little puppy looks! It will be a great gift for a friend, teacher or mother. A do-it-yourself dog made from threads and a master class on children's crafts for the New Year 2018, photos and explanations of which you will find below, will delight you with their simplicity and originality.

For work take:

• Threads in two colors of your choice;
• Fabric glue;
• Scissors;
• Small black pompoms;
• Felt fabric (for the doggie's ears).

1. First, make three pompoms - two larger and one small.

   

2. This video will remind you how to make pom poms.

   

3. Tie a thread around one of the pompoms.

   

4. Trim the back of the pompom a little, making it slightly sharper.

   

5. Trim the other 2 pom poms, almost turning them into balls.

   

6. The darkest pom pom will become the Dog's nose - glue it to the large pom pom (untrimmed).

   

   

7. Glue black pompoms for eyes and nose.

   

8. Using glue and pompom strings, attach the puppy's head and body.

   

9. Cut out ears for the dog from felt.

   

10. Glue the ears to the puppy's head.

    

11. You have a wonderful dog!

    

Now, knowing how to make a Dog with your own hands from plastic bottles, cotton pads, sausage balls, nylon stockings, threads and other available materials, you can make a craft for yourself. kindergarten or schools. The symbol of the New Year 2018, created at home, will decorate the New Year's table or shelf with the most dear gifts collected on it. We hope that our videos and master classes with detailed explanations will help you make the best souvenir!

Just recently I was visiting my friend. Elena has been doing needlework for a very long time, and it is from her that I often borrow amazing ideas for creativity. Whatever the girl comes up with, she tries to implement immediately.

So this Saturday she showed me several of her finds, which can be a wonderful help in preparation for the New Year and Christmas. After all, it is not at all necessary to spend a lot of money on purchased decor, when it is quite possible to make it yourself from scrap materials.

New Year's crafts from plastic bottles

Editorial "So simple!" I have prepared an unusual master class for you about how to make a christmas bell from a cola bottle. Easier than ever and without extra costs!

You will need

• PVA glue
• linen thread
• packing tape
• plastic bottle

Manufacturing

I also suggest you check out a few more New Year's decor ideas, which can be made from unwanted plastic bottles.

We also have a wonderful master class for you on how to create caramel using plastic bottles, colored packaging garland and LED flashlights. On the eve of the New Year, don’t be lazy to make such a decoration. It will come in handy more than once, tested from my own experience!

As you can see, even ordinary plastic bottles can become an excellent material for creativity. Moreover, the New Year is just around the corner, which means that you need to create something new and get rid of the old. And these ideas will just help you get rid of the old, while creating an original and beautiful holiday decor.

This is a list of the 15 smallest countries in the world. Countries that can be compared in size to small town. You can walk from end to end of almost every one of these countries in less than a day.

The most small state on the ground. The Vatican is located on the territory Eternal City Rome, on the hill of Monte Vaticano and has a state border length of only 3.2 km. In a few hours you can easily walk around the entire country. According to official data, the population of the Vatican is just over 800 people. Another 3,000 people are not citizens of the country, but come here to work every day.

The Vatican is one of the largest museums under open air. Here it is a real treasure trove works of art and architectural monuments, relics of Christianity and unique creations of great masters are stored. A huge number of believers and tourists visit the Vatican territory every day.

Second place in the list of micro states is occupied by the Principality of Monaco. Its territory is 1.95 square meters. km. The length of the state border with France is 4.4 km. The population density in Monaco, unlike the Vatican, is very high - the country is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Locals mainly engaged in servicing tourists who are attracted here by the magnificent beaches and great amount gaming establishments.

The Republic of Nauru is a dwarf state on the coral island of the same name in the western part Pacific Ocean with an area of ​​21.3 km² and a population of 12 thousand people. Nauru is the smallest independent republic on Earth, the smallest island state, the smallest state outside Europe and the only republic in the world without an official capital.

Tuvalu is a dwarf Pacific state in Polynesia. The length of the coastal strip is 21 km. The state is located on 5 atolls and 4 islands of the Tuvalu archipelago. total area sushi - 26 km². The country's population is 14 thousand people. The islands gained independence in 1978 (before that the archipelago was a British colony).

The name of the country, translated from the Tuvaluan language, means “eight standing together” (referring to the eight traditionally inhabited islands of Tuvalu. The main problem of the islands is rising sea levels, which threatens the flooding of many of the islands, most of which are located no higher than 5 meters above sea level The country lives on the help of other countries, because it does not have its own natural resources.

5. San Marino

A European state surrounded on all sides by the territory of Italy. The name comes from the name of the Christian saint who founded the state. The country claims to be the oldest state in Europe. The area of ​​the state is 60.57 km². Almost 80% of the country's territory is occupied by mountains and rock formations. Population: 33 thousand people. San Marino is one of the few modern countries, with positive economic indicators. State revenues exceed expenses and the country has no external debt.

Another dwarf European state. The area of ​​the country is 160 km². The name of the country comes from the ruling dynasty of Liechtenstein. The Principality is located in the spurs of the Alps, the highest point is Mount Grauspitz (2599 m). One of the rivers flows through the western part of the country. largest rivers Western Europe- Rhine. The country's population is 38 thousand people.

Despite its size, Liechtenstein is a prosperous industrial country with a developed banking system. In addition, the Principality of Liechtenstein is included in the black list of “tax havens” - states where residents of other countries avoid taxation.

The Marshall Islands are a Pacific nation in Micronesia. The state is located on 29 atolls and 5 islands of the Marshall Islands archipelago. The length of the coastal strip is 370.4 km. The total land area is 181.3 km² and 11,673 km² are occupied by lagoons. The population of the Marshall Islands is 65 thousand people.

The maximum height above sea level is 10 meters. In the event of a significant rise in sea levels or global climate change, serious environmental consequences are inevitable on individual islands.

The Republic of the Marshall Islands does not have permanent armed forces. According to the agreement, the United States bears responsibility for the security and defense of the country. They have a responsibility to protect the Republic of the Marshall Islands and its citizens from outside attacks and threats.

Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis - a state in the eastern part Caribbean Sea, consisting of two islands - Saint Kitts and Nevis. Both islands are of volcanic origin and mountainous. The area of ​​the country is 261 km². Population - 53 thousand people. The total length of the coastline is 135 km.

The islands were discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493, but the Spaniards did not colonize them. The struggle for possession of the islands was fought for a long time by Great Britain and France. In 1983, the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis gained independence.

The islands have rich tropical vegetation. Mountainous areas covered with thick tropical forests and orchards. Lianas, mangoes, breadfruit and cinnamon trees, tamarind, avocados, bananas, and papaya grow here. At the tops of the mountains, forests give way to meadows with equally abundant vegetation. The forests are home to numerous tropical birds and butterflies, and there are monkeys. Many seabirds, including pelicans, nest on the coast. The waters abound with fish.

The Republic of Maldives, or simply the Maldives, is a state in South Asia, located on a group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south of India. The state is a chain of 20 atolls consisting of 1192 coral islets. Population - about 330 thousand people. The total area is 90 thousand km², the land area is 298 km². The capital Male - the only city and port of the archipelago - is located on the atoll of the same name and is the smallest capital in the world. However, Male is home to a third of the country's total population.

The basis of the economy is serving tourists. Hot but comfortable weather all year round (air temperature from 24 to 30°) made Maldives a place of pilgrimage for tourists from all over the world. Fishing comes in second place.

Republic of Malta - Island state in the Mediterranean Sea. The country consists of three inhabited islands: Malta, Gozo and Comino and many small and uninhabited ones. The territory of the state is 316 km². The population of Malta is 420 thousand people. The country bears the title of the least populated state in the European Union.

The main industry of Malta's economy is tourism. Most of the cultural and historical attractions are associated with the Knights of the Johannite Order (Order of Malta). Due to the great diversity of urban and natural landscapes Malta is popular place filming of feature films. Malta is the only country in Europe that does not have rivers, lakes or its own sources of fresh water.

Grenada is an island state in the southeast Caribbean Sea, occupies the island of Grenada and the southern part of the Grenadines. Total area - 344 sq. km. Population: 110 thousand people.

The island of Grenada is of volcanic origin. In the center of the island there is a forested mountain range, overlooked by Mount St. Catherine (840 m), the highest point in the country. There are few rivers on the island, but there are many streams and springs. Grenada's economy is based on tourism as well as offshore financial businesses.

The song “Grenada”, written by M. Svetlov in 1926, as it turned out, has nothing to do with the state of Grenada.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - independent state in the Caribbean Sea. The territory consists of the island of Saint Vincent and 32 small islands of the Grenadines group. Area - 389 km². Population - 105 thousand people.

On the island of St. Vincent there is active volcano Soufriere. During our era alone, it has erupted at least 160 times. Last eruption it was in 1979. The island's beaches are covered with black volcanic sand; the exception is whites sandy beaches on the southern tip of the island.

Barbados is a small state in the West Indies, located on the island of the same name, which is shaped like a pear. The island has an area of ​​431 km² and is mostly flat with small hills in the middle. Population: 290 thousand people. Barbados is one of the leading developing countries in terms of living standards and literacy.

The basis of the economy is tourism. Many historical monuments, are associated with the rise of piracy in the Caribbean. Barbados is also famous for the production of the famous pirate rum. Approximately every 3 years the island finds itself in the hurricane zone and suffers greatly from the elements.

Antigua and Barbuda is a country in the West Indies located on three islands- Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda. The total territory is 442 km². Population 90 thousand people.

The main source of income is tourism. Antigua and Barbuda is ready to welcome tourists 365 days a year. Coastline Antigua forms many bays (essentially relict volcanic craters) and an extended strip of first-class beaches (it is believed that there are exactly 365 of them on the islands). There are both beaches with developed infrastructure, and completely wild, secluded corners.

The Republic of Seychelles is an island state in East Africa. Located in the western part Indian Ocean, slightly south of the equator. The republic includes 115 islands, only 33 of them are inhabited. The islands cover an area of ​​455 square kilometers. The country's population is about 90 thousand people.

Main source of income Seychelles For a long time there was an export of cinnamon, coconut and vanilla. Since 1976, when Great Britain granted independence to the Seychelles, tourism has become the main source of income (up to 75% of foreign exchange earnings).

The fruit of the Seychelles palm, which grows only in the Seychelles, weighs 20 kg and is considered the largest fruit in the plant world.

Education

Mali (country). State in West Africa

August 30, 2015

Each country has a lot interesting features and details. There is a lot to be said about any of them. Especially if it is a distant and exotic land. For example, the African Republic of Mali. What is the first thing you should know about it?

Geographical position

Mali can be found on the map in the west of the African continent. The country's territory occupies almost one and a half million square kilometers, or more precisely, 1.24. Twenty-two thousand of them are occupied by water, and the rest are land. The size of the country can be better understood by knowing that it is comparable to South Africa or twice the size of Texas. The length of the border is seven thousand two hundred and forty-three kilometers. To the west of the country is Senegal, to the north are Algeria and Mauritania, to the east are Niger and Burkina Faso, to the south of Mali is the country of Cote d'Ivoire, formerly known as the Ivory Coast, as well as Guinea.

Capital and regions

Like any country, Mali has a complex system administrative division. According to it, the territory is divided into eight regions. A separate unit is the capital of Mali - Bamako. The regions are divided into districts, of which there are two hundred and eighty-eight in the country. In addition to the administrative division, there is also a geographical one. The nature of Mali is divided into five large areas. These are deserts in the north of the state, a transition region - the Sahel, two types of savannas and the territory of the Niger Delta.

water pool

The largest river is the Niger, which flows from Guinea, crosses Mali and heads northeast. There are many branches, channels and lakes, as well as swamps in the riverbed. In the delta there are structures that allow the distribution of water for irrigation. Since the Republic of Mali is located in a fairly dry region, the presence of hydraulic engineering is of great importance for it. Some artificial irrigation canals follow the historical course of the Niger. In the west of the country there is also the Senegal River, which appears as a result of the confluence of Bakoy and Bafing. Its delta contains Mali's lowest point. The country is also distinguished by several elevations. In the southwest, the sandstone mountains frame the upper basin of the Niger and the Bani, which is a tributary.

Mountain ranges

In addition to the sandstone plateaus, there are other climbing areas in the territory earth's crust. The mountains between the cities of Gao and Mopti are especially pronounced. To the east of the latter there is a remnant massif called Hombori. Highest point is a mountain one thousand one hundred and fifty-five meters high. This is a record not only for the massif, but for the entire country. Another major elevation is the Adrar-Iforas plateau.

Vegetation

Despite the harsh, hot climate that characterizes Africa, Mali boasts a variety of flora. Most The territories are covered with a variety of shrubs and grasses. In the Sahel there are acacias, doum palms, baobabs, nere, kapok trees, shea butter, ceiba, wild plums and other exotic varieties. In the south there are ronier palms, Senegalese kayas, terminalia, and various herbaceous plants.

Animal world

The fauna of Mali is impressive with its incredible diversity. In desert areas, large antelopes are most often found - oryxes, addaxes, as well as gazelles, cheetahs, giraffes and striped hyenas. Savannahs are home to warthogs - African wild pigs, and various predators- jackals, lions and leopards. Antelopes are common. Unfortunately, the number of elephants is constantly decreasing. The rivers and lakes of Mali are of considerable importance. The country is engaged in fisheries, the most valuable is the Nile perch, also known as the “captain”. Insects are widely represented - bees, mosquitoes, termites, midges. Many varieties are dangerous to the health of animals and people. The state is responsible for the protection of flora and fauna national park called Boucle du Baule.

Natural resources

All kinds of resources necessary for the active development of the state are well represented in Mali. The country boasts deposits of precious metals and stones - gold and diamonds are mined here. In addition, copper, bauxite, manganese, uranium, granite, lithium, and table salt can be found in the mines of Mali. There is also kaolin clay in the country.

Climatic conditions

The country is located in a tropical continental zone. To the south, where the capital of Mali is located, the climate is subequatorial. There alternate dry and rainy seasons. The first lasts from November to June, and the second from July to October. During the dry season, northeasterly winds prevail in the country, which lead to sandstorms. In the center of Mali, Bamako, there are impressive temperature fluctuations within one day - in the evenings, nights and early mornings it is cool here, and by noon the thermometer shows more than thirty degrees of heat. In the Sahara region there are harmattan winds, characterized by hurricane force. The temperature here reaches forty-five degrees Celsius. The maximum amount of precipitation differs southern territories- up to one and a half thousand millimeters falls here per year. There are regular droughts throughout the country. In the Sahara region, one hundred and fifty millimeters of rain fall per year, near the city of Timbuktu - two hundred and thirty.

Peoples of Mali

Almost one hundred percent of the country's population is represented by Negroids. Only on some northern territories There are representatives of the Mediterranean type of Caucasians - Arabs and Tuaregs. The ethnic diversity of Mali is impressive - the people of the state number in the dozens. Most of them belong to the Niger-Cordo-Fan language family, there are also representatives of the Western Atlantic, Afroasiatic and Voltaic. The most numerous people are the Bambara, speakers of the most widespread language. This ethnic group can be found in the central part of the country. Next is Malinke with representatives in the west. Like the previous one, these people are mainly engaged in agriculture and livestock breeding.

Both the Senufo and the Mande live by agriculture. On the banks of the Niger live the Songhai, engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. In the most rocky regions live the Dogon, who amazingly achieve success in agriculture in the most unfavorable areas. The Tuaregs deserve special mention. They are a nomadic people from the east. The Arabs are engaged in cattle breeding and trade in the area of ​​Lake Fagibin and in the Sahara. Despite the fact that this people is not the most widespread, it greatly influences the development of the state. Thus, the Muslim religion spread under their influence and became the choice of the majority.

An interesting ethnic group is the Fulani. Their appearance combines characteristics of the Negroid and Caucasian races. They have light brown skin. Fulani live on the coast Atlantic Ocean and in the Sahel region, as well as in the Niger Delta. The population that does not adhere to Muslim customs retains traditional beliefs. People worship plants, animals, stones, and also honor the spirits of ancestors. It is interesting that some peoples accept Islam, but retain certain pagan beliefs. The country is characterized by a high rate of population growth - over the last fifteen years, the number of residents has increased by more than two percent annually. Almost half of the citizens are under fifteen years of age, and those of retirement age are no more than six percent.

State symbols of Mali

The country gained independence not so long ago. The symbolism appeared in 1961, after the country ceased to be part of the French Community. The flag is used as a canvas in the shape of a quadrangle, the length of which relates to the width in the proportion of three to two. It is used on land for government, civil and military purposes. The flag is divided into three vertical stripes of equal size. There is a light green stripe at the shaft, a bright yellow stripe in the center, and a red stripe at the edge. The first is a symbol of hope, fields and pastures, agriculture, on which the economy is based. It is also a sign of constant innovation and modernization. Yellow indicates the mineral wealth that belongs to every resident of the country. Finally, red is a sign of the struggle for freedom and independence. Previously, the flag of the colony was a French cloth, complemented by a black figurine of a Kanaga. This is an image of a person that was invented by supporters of the idea of ​​​​the exclusivity of the Negroid race. The racist figure was removed from the symbolism in 1961. Unusually, the coat of arms does not contain the colors of the flag. It is a blue disk on which is drawn a white falcon with a bow and arrow, complemented by a crown.