There are three craters on the paramushir. Paramushir Island (Kuril Islands). Kuril volcano country
General information
Administratively, the island is part of the North Kuril urban district of the Sakhalin region of Russia. It is surrounded by the islands of Shumshu, Atlasov, Antsiferov, Makanrushi and Onekotan.
Population
In the north of Paramushir is the city of Severo-Kurilsk (2,400 inhabitants in 2011) - administrative center district and the only residential settlement on the island at the beginning of the 21st century.
Non-residential settlements - Podgorny and Shelikhovo. The settlements of Antsiferova, Vasilyevo, Galkino, Kamenisty, Kitovy, Mayorovo, Okeansky, Pribrezhny that existed on the island according to the 2002 census also do not have a permanent population.
On the Vasiliev Peninsula there is an air defense company, a border outpost, a naval reconnaissance company and a lighthouse (on the Khmyr rock).
Climate
At the extreme southern tip of Paramushir, the Cape Vasiliev weather station has been operating since the island became part of the USSR. According to its data, it was in the south of Paramushir that a wind speed record for the entire archipelago was recorded, reaching 230 km/h.
The growing season is short. The snow cover is thick. The extremely harsh wind regime, as well as the low Kira coefficient (12.6 °C), is the reason for the absence of forests here. In river valleys, fragmentary open forests are formed only by willow Uda. When moving from north to south, the average annual temperature rises from 2.8 to 3.8 °C. The warmest places on the island are the valleys of the southern rivers (Tukharka and Shimoyur), where the snow melts first.
Nature and geography of the island
Paramushir is one of the most northern islands Kuril ridge. Being the second largest island of the Kuril Islands (2053 km² in area), Paramushir Island stretches more than 100 kilometers in length, from northeast to southwest. The average width of the island is about 19-22 kilometers. WITH northwest it is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, and to the southeast by the Pacific Ocean. On the sea side, the island is higher and steeper, less indented by bays, and the coastline is narrow. On the ocean side, on the contrary, the coast is flatter and more complex in relief, with low-lying sections of the coast, bays, steep capes and many rocky reefs extended 2-3 kilometers into the ocean.
Paramushir Island is the most mountainous of large islands Kuril ridge. In the north and south of the island mountain range higher, and in the middle part it is somewhat lower, forming, as it were, a flat saddle with many peaks. In the north of the island, the main highest points are Mount Nasedkina (up to 1152 meters) and Mount Vetrenaya (up to 1088 meters). The spurs of Mount Vetrenaya in the north descend to the sea and form Cape Zemleprokhodets - the most northern point islands. Between these peaks, in the chain of the Vernadsky ridge, 6-7 kilometers from the city of Severo-Kurilsk, there is an active Ebeko volcano (up to 1156 meters). The highest point of this ridge is Mount Vernadsky itself (up to 1183 meters).
At the southern tip of the island, in the same direction from north to south, there is another, larger Karpinsky ridge. It is formed by such main peaks as the Chikurachki volcano - the most highest point islands (up to 1817 meters), Lomonosov Mountain (up to 1681 meters), Arkhangelsky Mountain (up to 1463 meters), Topor Mountain (up to 1199 meters), Karpinsky Volcano (up to 1345 meters), Barkova Mountain (up to 1314 meters).
The south of the island ends with Cape Kapustny and the tip of the Vasiliev Peninsula, Cape Gilyak (another name is Yumen - the most southern point islands), between which is Vasiliev Bay. To the west of the Karpinsky Ridge, jutting out into the sea by the Fussa Peninsula, there is a large (up to 1772 meters) Fussa volcano, standing alone, with its spurs forming the westernmost point of the island, Cape Neproyedenny. In total, there are 23 volcanoes on Paramushir, 5 of which (Ebeko, Chikurachki, Tatarinova, Fuss and Karpinsky) are active.
The easternmost point of the island is Cape Ozerny, located in a low-lying area abounding in reservoirs.
Paramushir is separated by the Alaid Strait from Atlasov Island, located 20 kilometers to the northwest; The second Kuril Strait - from Shumshu Island, located 2 kilometers northeast; Luzhin Strait (Third Kuril) - from Antsiferov Island, located 15 kilometers to the west; The fourth Kuril Strait - from the islands of Onekotan located southwest, 54 kilometers, Makanrushi, 60 kilometers.
Near the island there are also several small islands, rocks and reefs: Chaikin Islands, Kit Island, Ptenets Island, Bazarny Island, Barrier Island, Smoke Island, Torchki Rock, Uno Rock, Opasnaya Rock, Khitraya Rock, Khmyr Rocks, Penistye Rocks and others.
A group of small islands called Ptichya, otherwise Brothers (Bazarny Island, Dve Gagara Islands, Baklaniy Island), are located in the northeast, opposite Cape Levashov and separated from Paramushir by a strait, also named after the navigator Mikhail Dmitrievich Levashov. All three of these islets are part of a volcanic caldera protruding from the water. Their old Japanese names: the higher southern one (up to 47 meters) is Togari (Ganimusir), the northern and lower ones are Kotani (Kotanimusir) and Tsiri (Tsirimusir). The islands received their current names thanks to numerous bird colonies and nesting sites for guillemots, puffins, fulmars, gulls and cormorants.
Volcanoes of Paramushir Island
There are several volcanoes on the island, of which 5 are active or potentially active.
- Chikurachki: 1816 m, 50°19′ N. w. 155°28′ E. d. HGIOL - highest peak islands
- Fussa: 1772 m, 50°16′ N. w. 155°15′ E. d. HGIOL
- Tatarinova: 1530 m, 50°18′ N. w. 155°27′ E. d. HGIOL
- Karpinsky: 1345 m, 50°08′ N. w. 155°22′ E. d. HGIOL
- Ebeko: 1156 m, 50°41′ N. w. 156°01′ E. d. HGIOL
Hydrography
Flora and fauna
Due to the lack of forests and mountain tundra, the species diversity of the island's flora is less than in southern Kamchatka, but more significant than on the neighboring smaller islands. By 2012, at least 542 species of higher vascular plants were identified on the island. For comparison, on Onekotan there are only 316. Elfin cedar and shrubby alder, locust, lingonberry, princeberry, blueberry, and shiksha are common on the island. In general, the flora is characterized as subalpine meadow. A lot of mushrooms. In the largest river of the island, Tuharka (about 20 km long), pink salmon, sockeye salmon, and coho salmon spawn.
The island is home to more than 100 brown bears, fire foxes, white hare, ermine, sea otters and Japanese smooth whales roost on the coast. Endemic to Paramushir is the Paramushir shrew. The brown bear lives on Paramushir; the bear is also found on Shumshu, although during a long-term stay on the island military base, and also due to its relatively small size, the bears on Shumshu were mostly driven out. Since Shumshu is a connecting island between Paramushir and Kamchatka, bear populations here are quickly recovering.
Story
As part of Japan
In 1884, the Paramushira Ainu were resettled by Japanese authorities to Shikotan.
In 1898, on the site of the largest Ainu village, the Japanese founded the city of Kashiwabara, which turned into main port and the island's fishing base.
From 1943 until the very end of the war, all military installations on the island became targets of attacks by the American Navy and Air Force based in the Aleutian Islands.
As part of the USSR/RSFSR - Russia
In 1946, the city of Kashiwabara received the Russian name - Severo-Kurilsk. On the basis of the infrastructure of Suribachi, the village of Okeansky arose (now Kolokoltseva Bay and Cape Okeansky). At the base of Musashi - Shkilevo (now Cape Vasiliev). Kakumbetsu was named Shelekhovo. And Kitanodai - Rifovoye (Rifovaya Bay, Cape Reefovoy).
On November 5, 1952, the island's settlements were virtually destroyed by a major natural disaster (the 1952 Severo-Kurilsk Tsunami).
Many of the now abandoned settlements, for example, the village of Okeansky, became depopulated precisely after destructive tsunami 1952.
A large number of casualties is explained by the fact that the new population of the island from citizens of the USSR, replacing the repatriated Japanese, for the most part did not know how to behave under the threat of a tsunami. It was after the 1952 tsunami that the Tsunami Warning System began to be created in the USSR, and 1955 is considered the year of its birth.
In the 1950s main city island - Severo-Kurilsk - was rebuilt on a new, higher location.
Since 1991, it has been part of Russia as the successor country of the USSR. By the end of the 20th century, the only populated area on the island remained Severo-Kurilsk.
Notes
- Akulov A.Yu. History of the Ainu language: a first approximation // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Series 9. Philology. Oriental studies. Journalism. - 2007. - Issue. 2-I. -
/ Paramushir Island
Paramushir Island
Paramushir Island is the second largest of all the islands of the Kuril chain. Curving somewhat towards the ocean, it stretches from southwest to northeast for more than 100 km, with an average width of 19-22 km and an area of 2479.0 km 2.
From the Sea of Okhotsk side, the island is limited by steep cliffs with a narrow pebble strip at the foot, slightly indented by bays and capes. From the ocean side coastline it is much more difficult with low-lying areas of the coast, bays, steep capes and many rocky reefs extending 2-3 km into the ocean.
Of all the large islands of the ridge, Fr. Paramushir is the most mountainous. Its majestic volcanoes are somewhat shifted to the west, so it descends steeply to the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Pacific slope gradually turns into flat spaces and into the low-lying southeastern Cape Kurabu, also called Cape Vasiliev or Henry.
The mountain range is higher in the north and south, and in the middle part it is somewhat lower, forming a kind of flat saddle with many peaks.
The “pile of mountains” (Snow) in the north of the island rises with the cone-shaped peak of Arakawa up to 1053 m and the Levashova volcano up to 1006 m. The sharp peak of Omaru (727 m) is noticeable here for its shape, just like the truncated cone Hagiya (522 m) and the saddle-shaped Kuraga ( 799 m). The spur of Mount Eboshi (923 m) with the rocky Cape Hirita moved to the north further than all other mountains. In the south, the volcanic peaks are either grouped into “nests”, or stretched out in lines of short ridges with jagged ridges, or rise in majestic single cones and are generally more impressive than the mountain group of the north.
To the south of Tsikura are the peaks of Tomari (598 m), the pointed Minamiyama (1274 m), Onogatake (1204 m), Yake (1262 m), and Aka (1464 m).
On east side The islands in some places along the coast stretch up to 900 m in height, but most of the space is flat or hilly and is composed of sedimentary rocks on the surface. In low-lying areas, low, noticeable single hills rise, for example, the flat-topped mountains Jiro (128 m), Tateishi (133 m), Umeki (147 m).
The runoff of precipitation and meltwater from snowfields that have been lying in the mountains for a long time is directed mainly to the east. The rivers of the eastern slope are relatively long and rich in water. The most big river islands of the river Todoroki (Tuharka), more than 20 km long, is made up of many streams in the mountains and flows into Otomae Bay 26 km northeast of Cape Kurabu in the form of a stream 55 m wide, separated from the sea by a rocky bar.
The Yamakami, Sakagutsi, and Ishi rivers are less abundant. Streams are rare here; waterfalls too. The rivers of the western drainage - Koshira, Kokamabetsu, Otani - are short, shallow and with a rapid current. Numerous streams cascade from steep banks, often forming waterfalls. Significant interfluve spaces are undrained and swampy.
Fresh water there is enough on the island to supply many ships and villages, although some rivers are unsuitable for use due to the sulfur content in them (Sakagutsi, Koshira). The rivers are not difficult to cross. They freeze for 4-5 months.
In the southeast of the island, the vast Lake Suebettobu receives water from many small rivers and has a drainage through the Petta River. The basin of the lake is apparently tectonic origin. A small rocky island rises in its center.
Loose sediments are almost absent in the west on the steep slopes of the mountains and cover their eastern foothills like a cloak, decreasing in thickness towards the ocean coast, where low-lying capes are usually composed of pebbles and sand (Cape Kurabu).
The vegetation is predominantly herbaceous. In the valleys, cereal and mixed-grass meadows with Langsdorff's reed grass, kakalia, Kamchatka shelaminum, and palmifolia ragwort alternate with thickets of willow and alder forests.
Tundra predominates in the low-lying interfluves. At higher elevations they are replaced by cedar forests with shrubby alder and heathlands with wild rosemary, cikosha, and golden rhododendron. The alder on the slopes rises higher than the cedar forest.
Rocky placers on the mountain tops are covered with rare grass-lichen-moss lawns. There is little timber; only in the upper reaches of the river. Todoroki grows a tall willow-chozenia, suitable for small buildings.
According to its color in summer, the island is clearly divided into the eastern half, which is green, with individual dark spots of rocks, and the western half, with a dark background, with white spots of snowfields on the slopes of the mountains and with green lawns in the basins.
Among land animals there are many bears and foxes. Lots of small rodents.
A Japanese iodine plant operated for many years on the western slope of Mount Suribatsi in Suribatsi Bay. In 1934-1935 on the island Japan deployed large construction works and a strong naval post with a significant garrison was created. Communication with the metropolis, previously maintained by a steamship once a month, was strengthened. There was a radio station at Cape Tomari.
Near the island, especially on the eastern side, there are several small satellite islands, rocks, reefs and banks, for example: 19 km northeast of Cape Kurabu, the islands of Minamiyotsu - Okino, Hira, etc.; at the eastern cape of Otomae Bay there are Tsutsumino reefs; between Capes Tategami and Watanabe - about. Nakashima; near Cape Tomari - about. Kamomeidr.
Characteristic is the group of small islands of Torieima (Bird) in the northeast, at the eastern entrance to the Second Kuril Strait. The rocks of Togari (Ganimusir), Kotani (Kotanimusir) and Tsiri (Tsirimusir) islands form an arc open to the southeast. The first two islets are low, covered with grass and connected by a reef.
The southern island of Togari (Ganimusir) rises as a dome-shaped rock about 47 m high. Descending to the south, it ends with a tall, sharp stone. On the rocky ridge connecting the islands, there are vast fields of seaweed underwater.
All these islands are the edge of a volcanic cone protruding from under the water. Countless flocks of guillemots, puffins, fulmars, gulls and cormorants nest here and breed, using their cries to help ships navigate when entering the strait in calm and foggy weather.
The Siro stone (Kokshkher, Kokshere) is located near this group. This is a long ridge of chaotically heaped stones about 5 m high - a protrusion of the edge of the volcanic peak, heavily destroyed by the sea. There is a large rookery of sea lions here, the roar of which can be heard at a distance of about 1 km.
Paramushir one of the northernmost among the Kuril Islands Sakhalin region. Translated from Ainu, its name means “vast island”; it is indeed the second largest island after Iturup. The island is about 120 km long. On its territory there are five active and more than ten extinct volcanoes. In addition, here you can admire the beauty of 46 waterfalls. And you can only get here from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
In the north of Paramushir at the foot Ebeko volcano the city of Severo-Kurilsk is located, the only place on an island where people live permanently. The remaining lands are uninhabited, only occasionally fishermen enter these areas. Therefore, at the mouths of some rivers, something like hunting winter huts have been established. The most large river Paramushira Tuharka, its length is 20 km, and the width at the mouth is more than 40 m. Sockeye salmon, coho salmon and pink salmon enter the river to spawn. The place is very beautiful; in summer, local Kuril fireweed blooms along its banks, with flowers as large as those of garden phlox.
In Paramushir, one immediately notices the absence of Kuril bamboo, which is almost business card the remaining islands of the ridge. Most of the woody vegetation is represented by impenetrable alder forests. Significant areas are covered with meadow tall grasses with big amount flowering plants, which gives the island a certain charm. But alas, on the banks of rivers and numerous lakes, as well as on endless expanses of pebbles local beaches It is impossible to find anything worthwhile in order to make a more or less decent fire.
A kilometer from the Transparent River, two waterfalls at a distance of 50 meters from each other flow from a height of more than 20 meters. Near the Puisharia River, the next waterfall falls from a 50-meter height. Behind the Vysokaya rock of Cape Impassable, the Kamenistaya River falls into the ocean with an 8-meter waterfall, and a kilometer away is another 50-meter waterfall. Beyond the Okeanskaya River you can see a two-stage 30-meter waterfall. There are many picturesque rivers in Paramushir, flowing in mountain canyons, with significant elevation changes and many waterfalls from 5 to 15 m.
At Cape Okeansky, history buffs will find many interesting objects to explore. The concrete strip of an abandoned airfield stretches to the remains of a hangar next to which there are piles of scrap metal that was once Japanese equipment and fragments of aircraft. There are also several pillboxes here. There are many such abandoned corners in Parmushir, dating back to different stages of its history, including the military one. Some abandoned, and in fact destroyed by the wave of 1952, settlements from afar seem residential.
In the south, in the area of Cape Kapustny there is amazing place, where miniature lava islands are concentrated, covered with arctic flowers, reminiscent of daisies middle zone, and all this in the middle of the sea. In the same part of the island there are 14 most picturesque waterfalls. This area is called - "Bank of Waterfalls". Rhododendrons and arnica bloom near the sea.
Here, in the southern part of the island, the best volcanic landscapes are found. Numerous peaks create a unique, breathtaking picture. Among them is one of the highest peaks of the Kuril Islands Fuss volcano(1789 m.)
At its base there are a lot of rose hips, shiksha, reindeer moss, blueberries and honeysuckle, which the island is rich in. Already at an altitude of 600 m, breathtaking landscapes open up with views of the Alaid peak and nearby ridges. A belt of 5-6 meter alder begins here. Above 1370 m there is no vegetation, only volcanic bombs and slag.
In the southeast of the Fuss volcano there is a five-kilometer caldera of the Karpinsky volcano, to the north is the red cone of another giant Chikurachki(1572 m.) adjacent to the Tatarinov volcanic massif, which consists of several merged peaks mounted on a destroyed Early Pleistocene volcano.
The lakes of Paramushira will leave unforgettable impressions from your holiday in the Kuril Islands. In the depths of the island, inside the volcanic caldera between the Antsiferov and Fersman mountains, there is the picturesque Glukhoe Lake, which is the largest body of water here. There is another one in the upper reaches of the Ptichaya River pearl of Paramushir – beautiful lake Emerald. And in the upper reaches of the Yuryev River, among the lava flows cut by waves, you can plunge into mineralized hot springs.
All the pleasures of Paramushir are available only to people with good physical fitness, unless of course we are talking about expensive transfers by boats and helicopters, since walking programs recreation in this part of the Sakhalin region routes are characterized by high complexity. Therefore, not every tourist will be able to see the Bogdanovich crater with Lake Malovodny, the caldera of the Karpinsky volcano, hot springs in the upper reaches of the Yuryev River, lakes Izumrudnoye and Glukhoe, or visit the peaks of Ebeko and Chikurachka.
: 50°23′00″ n. w. 155°41′00″ E. d. / 50.38333° N. w. 155.68333° E. d. / 50.38333; 155.68333(G) (I)
Paramushir (Japanese: 幌筵島 paramusiru something:, from Ainu " wide island») - one of the islands of the Northern group of the Great Ridge of the Kuril Islands. With an area of 2053 km², it is the second largest island in the archipelago after Iturup. It is about 120 km long and up to 30 km wide. Lake Zerkalnoe is located on the island.
General information
Administratively, the island is part of the North Kuril urban district of the Sakhalin region of Russia. Located between the islands of Shumshu and Onekotan. In the north of Paramushir is the city of Severo-Kurilsk (2,400 inhabitants in 2011) - the administrative center of the region and the only residential settlement on the island at the beginning of the 21st century. Non-residential settlements - Podgorny and Shelikhovo. The settlements that existed on the island: Antsiferova, Vasilyevo, Galkino, Kamenisty, Kitovy, Mayorovo, Okeanskoye, Pribrezhny, according to the 2002 census, do not have a permanent population, some [which?] of these were destroyed during the devastating 1952 tsunami.
Nature and geography of the island
Paramushir is one of the northernmost islands of the Kuril chain. Being the second largest island of the Kuril Islands (2053 km² in area), Paramushir Island stretches more than 100 kilometers in length, from northeast to southwest. The average width of the island is about 19-22 kilometers. From the northwest it is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, from the southeast by the Pacific Ocean. On the sea side, the island is higher and steeper, less indented by bays, and the coastline is narrow. On the ocean side, on the contrary, the coast is flatter and more complex in relief, with low-lying sections of the coast, bays, steep capes and many rocky reefs extended 2-3 kilometers into the ocean. Paramushir Island is the most mountainous of the large islands of the Kuril chain. In the north and south of the island the mountain range is higher, and in the middle part it is somewhat lower, forming, as it were, a gentle saddle with many peaks. In the north of the island, the main highest points are Mt. Nasedkina(up to 1152 meters) and Mt. Windy(up to 1088 meters). Mountain spurs Windy in the north they descend to the sea and form a cape Pathfinder- the northernmost point of the island. Between these peaks, in the ridge chain Vernadsky, 6-7 kilometers from the city of Severo-Kurilsk there is an active volcano Ebeko(up to 1156 meters). The highest point of this ridge, the mountain itself Vernadsky(up to 1183 meters). At the southern tip of the island, in the same direction from north to south, there is another, larger ridge Karpinsky. It is formed by such main peaks as a volcano Chikurachki- the highest point of the island (up to 1817 meters), Mt. Lomonosov(up to 1681 meters), mountain Arkhangelsk(up to 1463 meters), mountain Axe(up to 1199 meters), volcano Karpinsky(up to 1345 meters), mountain Barkova(up to 1314 meters). The south of the island ends with a cape Cabbage and the tip of the peninsula Vasilyeva, cape Gilyak(other name You man- the southernmost point of the island), between which there is a bay Vasilyeva. West of the ridge Karpinsky, jutting out into the sea as a peninsula Fussa, is a stand-alone, large (up to 1772 meters) volcano Fussa, with its spurs forming the westernmost point of the island, the cape Failed. There are 23 volcanoes in Paramushir, 5 of which ( Ebeko, Chikurachki, Tatarinova, Fussa And Karpinsky) active. The easternmost point of the island is the cape, located in a low-lying area abounding in water bodies. Ozerny. Paramushir is separated by the Alaid Strait from Atlasov Island, located 20 kilometers to the northwest; The second Kuril Strait is Shumshu Island, located 2 kilometers northeast; Luzhin Strait (Third Kuril) - from Antsiferov Island, located 15 kilometers to the west; The fourth Kuril Strait - from the island of Onekotana, located 54 kilometers southwest. Near the island there are also several small islets, rocks and reefs: Islands Chaikins, island Whale, island Chick, island Market, island Barrier, island Smoke, rock Junkies, rock Uno, rock Dangerous, rock Sly, rocks Khmyr, rocks Foamy and others. Group of small islands Avian, otherwise Brothers(island Market, islands Two Loons, island cormorant), located in the northeast, opposite the cape Levashova and are separated from Paramushir by a strait, also named after the navigator Mikhail Dmitrievich Levashov. All three of these islets are part of a volcanic caldera protruding from the water. Their old Japanese names: the higher southern one (up to 47 meters) is Togari (Ganimusir), the northern and lower ones are Kotani (Kotanimusir) and Tsiri (Tsirimusir). The islands received their current names thanks to numerous bird colonies and nesting sites for guillemots, puffins, fulmars, gulls and cormorants.
The island is home to more than 100 brown bears, fire foxes, white hare, ermine, and sea otters roost on the coast. Endemic to Paramushir is the Paramushir shrew.
Story
There was a Japanese iodine plant in Suribatsi Bay (now Kolokoltsev Bay), and a Japanese naval fortified point with a significant garrison was created on the island.
On the Vasiliev Peninsula there is an air defense company, a border outpost, a naval reconnaissance company and a lighthouse (on the Khmyr rock).
Volcanoes of Paramushir Island
There are several volcanoes on the island, of which 5 are active or potentially active.
- Chikurachki: 1816 m, 50°19′00″ n. w. 155°28′00″ E. d. / 50.31667° N. w. 155.46667° E. d. / 50.31667; 155.46667(G) (I)- the highest peak of the island
- Fussa: 1772 m, 50°16′00″ n. w. 155°15′00″ E. d. / 50.26667° N. w. 155.25000° E. d. / 50.26667; 155.25000(G) (I)
- Tatarinova: 1530 m, 50°18′00″ n. w. 155°27′00″ E. d. / 50.30000° N. w. 155.45000° E. d. / 50.30000; 155.45000(G) (I)
- Karpinsky: 1345 m, 50°08′00″ n. w. 155°22′00″ E. d. / 50.13333° N. w. 155.36667° E. d. / 50.13333; 155.36667(G) (I)
- Ebeko: 1156 m, 50°41′00″ n. w. 156°01′00″ E. d. / 50.68333° N. w. 156.01667° E. d. / 50.68333; 156.01667(G) (I)
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Excerpt characterizing ParamushirThe little man, with weak, awkward movements, constantly demanded another pipe from the orderly for this, as he said, and, scattering fire from it, ran forward and looked at the French from under his small hand.- Crash it, guys! - he said and he himself grabbed the guns by the wheels and unscrewed the screws. In the smoke, deafened by continuous shots that made him flinch every time, Tushin, without letting go of his nose warmer, ran from one gun to another, now taking aim, now counting the charges, now ordering the change and re-harnessing of dead and wounded horses, and shouted in his weak, thin voice, in a hesitant voice. His face became more and more animated. Only when people were killed or wounded did he wince and, turning away from the dead man, shout angrily at the people, as always, who were slow to raise the wounded man or the body. Soldiers, for the most part handsome fellows (as always in the battery company, two heads taller than their officer and twice as wide as him), everyone, like children in a difficult situation, looked at their commander, and the expression that was on his face was invariably reflected on their faces . As a result of this terrible hum, noise, need for attention and activity, Tushin did not experience the slightest unpleasant feeling of fear, and the thought that he could be killed or painfully wounded did not occur to him. On the contrary, he became more and more cheerful. It seemed to him that a very long time ago, almost yesterday, there was that minute when he saw the enemy and fired the first shot, and that the patch of field on which he stood was a long-familiar, familiar place to him. Despite the fact that he remembered everything, understood everything, did everything that the best officer in his position could do, he was in a state similar to feverish delirium or the state of a drunken person. Because of the deafening sounds of their guns from all sides, because of the whistle and blows of the enemy’s shells, because of the sight of the sweaty, flushed servants hurrying around the guns, because of the sight of the blood of people and horses, because of the sight of the enemy’s smoke on the other side (after which everyone once a cannonball flew in and hit the ground, a person, a weapon or a horse), because of the sight of these objects, his own fantastic world was established in his head, which was his pleasure at that moment. The enemy cannons in his imagination were not cannons, but pipes from which an invisible smoker released smoke in rare puffs. “Look, he puffed again,” Tushin said in a whisper to himself, while a puff of smoke jumped out of the mountain and was blown to the left by the wind in a stripe, “now wait for the ball and send it back.” -What do you order, your honor? - asked the fireworksman, who stood close to him and heard him muttering something. “Nothing, a grenade...” he answered. “Come on, our Matvevna,” he said to himself. Matvevna imagined in his imagination a large, extreme, antique cast cannon. The French appeared to him like ants near their guns. The handsome and drunkard number two of the second gun in his world was his uncle; Tushin looked at him more often than others and rejoiced at his every move. The sound of the gunfire, which either died down or intensified again under the mountain, seemed to him like someone’s breathing. He listened to the fading and flaring up of these sounds. “Look, I’m breathing again, I’m breathing,” he said to himself. He himself imagined himself to be of enormous stature, a powerful man who hurled cannonballs at the French with both hands. - Well, Matvevna, mother, don’t give it away! - he said, moving away from the gun, when an alien, unfamiliar voice was heard above his head: - Captain Tushin! Captain! Tushin looked around in fear. It was the staff officer who kicked him out of Grunt. He shouted to him in a breathless voice: - What, are you crazy? You were ordered to retreat twice, and you... “Well, why did they give me this?...” Tushin thought to himself, looking at the boss with fear. “I... nothing...” he said, putting two fingers to the visor. - I… But the colonel did not say everything he wanted. A cannonball flying close caused him to dive and bend over on his horse. He fell silent and was just about to say something else when another core stopped him. He turned his horse and galloped away. - Retreat! Everyone retreat! – he shouted from afar. The soldiers laughed. A minute later the adjutant arrived with the same order. It was Prince Andrei. The first thing he saw, riding out into the space occupied by Tushin’s guns, was an unharnessed horse with a broken leg, neighing near the harnessed horses. Blood flowed from her leg like from a key. Between the limbers lay several dead. One cannonball after another flew over him as he approached, and he felt a nervous shiver run down his spine. But the very thought that he was afraid raised him up again. “I cannot be afraid,” he thought and slowly dismounted from his horse between the guns. He gave the order and did not leave the battery. He decided that he would remove the guns from the position with him and withdraw them. Together with Tushin, walking over the bodies and under terrible fire from the French, he began cleaning up the guns. “But the authorities came just now, and they were tearing it up,” the fireworksman said to Prince Andrei, “not like your honor.” Prince Andrei did not say anything to Tushin. They were both so busy that it seemed they didn’t even see each other. When, having put the surviving two of the four guns on the limbers, they moved down the mountain (one broken cannon and the unicorn were left), Prince Andrei drove up to Tushin. “Well, goodbye,” said Prince Andrei, extending his hand to Tushin. “Goodbye, my dear,” said Tushin, “dear soul!” “goodbye, my dear,” said Tushin with tears that, for some unknown reason, suddenly appeared in his eyes. The wind died down, black clouds hung low over the battlefield, merging on the horizon with gunpowder smoke. It was getting dark, and the glow of fires was all the more clearly visible in two places. The cannonade became weaker, but the crackle of guns behind and to the right was heard even more often and closer. As soon as Tushin with his guns, driving around and running over the wounded, came out from under fire and went down into the ravine, he was met by his superiors and adjutants, including a staff officer and Zherkov, who was sent twice and never reached Tushin’s battery. All of them, interrupting one another, gave and passed on orders on how and where to go, and made reproaches and comments to him. Tushin did not give orders and silently, afraid to speak, because at every word he was ready, without knowing why, to cry, he rode behind on his artillery nag. Although the wounded were ordered to be abandoned, many of them trailed behind the troops and asked to be deployed to the guns. The same dashing infantry officer who jumped out of Tushin’s hut before the battle was, with a bullet in his stomach, placed on Matvevna’s carriage. Under the mountain, a pale hussar cadet, supporting the other with one hand, approached Tushin and asked to sit down. | ||||||||||||
The mountains and volcanoes of Paramushir Island look picturesque from space, but the view from land and sea is no less impressive. Paramushir is the most mountainous and most “volcanic” of the large Kuril Islands. Of the 23 Paramushir volcanoes, 18 have become quiet Mountain peaks, but five still can’t calm down and erupt regularly. The best volcanic landscapes are in the south of the island: numerous peaks either nest in groups, then stretch out in lines of short ridges with jagged ridges, or rise in majestic single cones...
The name of the island was given by the Ainu - translated from their language “Paramushir” means “wide island”. Purely subjective and ground-based perception: Paramushir from space looks like an elongated sausage about 120 km long and only about 30 km wide. But whoever came first was the one who called.
Previously, there were more people and settlements on Paramushir. There is enough fresh water here for both locals and newcomers. You can live. The name of the island has a second translation from Ainu: “crowded island.” Ainu, Russians, Japanese, after 1945 - Russians again...
After Iturup, Paramushir is the second largest of all the islands of the Kuril ridge (area 2053 sq. km), but in terms of area it is the most sparsely populated. The population of Paramushir today does not exceed 3,000 people, and almost all of them are residents of the only city, Severo-Kurilsk.
Severo-Kurilsk
The city of Severo-Kurilsk is the only permanently inhabited locality on the huge island of Paramushir. The area of the city is only 6 square meters. km, the population does not reach 2,500 inhabitants. All the city streets can be counted on one hand, and the life of the city is concentrated on one (main) street - Sakhalinskaya, where everything that the locals and the few visitors need is located: the administration, the only museum, the only hospital (they say it’s not bad), the only hotel (not too bad). heated), the only restaurant.
“The only thing” in Severo-Kurilsk is the “only thing” on the entire island. Here are the only heliports in Paramushir and sea pier(recently updated by the way). So Severo-Kurilsk is not just a small town, but the main “gate” to Paramushir and quite major port on the way from Vladivostok and Korsakov to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Severo-Kurilsk is economically and historically associated with the production of fish and seafood - navaga, flounder and pollock, crabs and squid. Here they process such a delicacy as scallop. In Severo-Kurilsk there is a fishing port (the base of the seining fleet) and 4 fish processing enterprises. There is a lot of fish here, so in the evening you can come to the port where fishing boats are unloading and simply ask to “wrap the fish.”
There are no special recreational opportunities in Severo-Kurilsk, but there are mineral springs, and around - 2000 sq. km of untouched nature of Paramushir, with its mountains and volcanoes, bears and shrews.
The port city of Severo-Kurilsk is located on the Pacific “storm path”, as well as in a zone of increased seismic and volcanic danger.
In Severo-Kurilsk, the expression “living like on a volcano” can be used without quotation marks. The Ebeko volcano, located seven kilometers from the city, comes to life from time to time and releases volcanic gases. In calm conditions and with a westerly wind, they reach Severo-Kurilsk - it is impossible not to smell the smell of hydrogen sulfide and chlorine. Usually in such cases, the Sakhalin Hydrometeorological Center issues a storm warning about air pollution: it is easy to get poisoned by toxic gases. Eruptions at Paramushir in 1859 and 1934 caused mass poisoning of people and the death of domestic animals. Therefore, in such cases, volcanologists urge city residents to use breathing masks and water purification filters.
The site for the construction of Severo-Kurilsk was chosen without conducting a volcanological examination. Then, in the 1950s, the main thing was to build a city at least 30 meters above sea level. After the tragedy of 1952, water seemed worse than fire.
Secret tsunami
The tsunami wave after the earthquake in Japan this spring reached the Kuril Islands. Low, one and a half meters. But in the fall of 1952, the eastern coast of Kamchatka, the islands of Paramushir and Shumshu found themselves on the first line of disaster. The North Kuril tsunami of 1952 was one of the five largest in the history of the 20th century.
The tsunami, which was later named after the destroyed city - "tsunami in Severo-Kurilsk" - was caused by an earthquake in Pacific Ocean, 130 km from the coast of Kamchatka. An hour after the powerful (magnitude about 9.0) earthquake, the first tsunami wave reached Severo-Kurilsk. The height of the second, most terrible, wave reached 18 meters.
The tsunami arrived at night, after strong but not too frightening tremors (we had time to get used to the seismic activity). The earthquake subsided, the houses stood firm, the lights came on. And in the Pacific Ocean, 200 km from the coast, a wave was born and went to the shores of the Kuril Islands.
After 40 minutes, the wave entered the bay and licked away the city with thousands of people, as if it had never existed. On November 5, 1952, nature seemed to rebel... Three huge waves hit Paramushir in a matter of minutes, destroying both the port of Severo-Kurilsk and several fishing villages. A third died, and according to unofficial data - half of the then population of the island, about 3,000 people.
The Severo-Kurilsk Museum has data on civilian casualties, calculated by various researchers: adults - 6,060, children under 16 years old - 1,742; total - 7,802 people.
It seems that no less military personnel died. Official documentation from 1952 calls them “Urbanovich’s people”, “Gribakin’s people”, after the names of the commanders; there is no general figure.
Total total victims are estimated to be 13-17 thousand people.
There are oral data about 50 thousand; it is this figure that is still used in legends in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.
The city of Severo-Kurilsk was destroyed. The Kuril and Kamchatka villages of Utesny, Levashovo, Reefovy, Kamenisty, Pribrezhny, Galkino, Okeansky, Podgorny, Major Van, Shelekhovo, Savushkino, Kozyrevsky, Babushkino, Baykovo were swept away... The entire coastline was neatly included in the martyrology:
“.. Utesny village, 7 km from Severo-Kurilsk. Excluded from the registration data as a populated area by decision of the regional executive committee
.. Levashovo fishery, at the exit from the Second Kuril Strait. Excluded from the registration data as a populated area by decision of the regional executive committee
..the village of Rifovoye, the center of the village council of the same name in Rifovaya Bay. Excluded from credentials..."
and so 11 places where people lived.
In the fall of 1952, the country lived a normal life. The Soviet press, Pravda and Izvestia, did not get a single line: neither about the tsunami in the Kuril Islands, nor about the thousands of people who died.
The picture of what happened can be reconstructed from the memories of eyewitnesses, rare photographs and 25 seconds black and white chronicle- miraculously removed and miraculously preserved.
Many destroyed villages were never rebuilt. The population of the islands has decreased greatly. The port city of Severo-Kurilsk was rebuilt in a new location, higher up. Without carrying out that very volcanological examination, so as a result the city found itself in even more dangerous place— on the path of the mud flows of the Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands.
The city was rebuilt in a new place, but the villages devastated by the elements and abandoned by people remained ghosts - on maps, where they still exist with the mark “uninhabited”, and in reality - on east coast their half-rotten skeletons appear gloomily through the thick fogs of Paramushir...
This is such a “crowded island”. But here there is freedom for animals - on the island, rich in water and fish, hundreds of brown bears, many almost unafraid foxes and the mysterious animal “Paramushir shrew” have freely settled.
History, legends and facts
On the site of Severo-Kurilsk there was once the largest Ainu settlement on Paramushir, and the island itself was part of Russian Empire. However, in 1875, Russia ceded all 18 Kuril Islands to Japan (including, of course, Paramushir) in exchange for full ownership of Sakhalin (the so-called “St. Petersburg Treaty”).
The Japanese began active development of the island, and on the site of the Ainu settlement they founded the city of Kashibawara, which became the main port city on Paramushir. In addition to fishing, the islands were of key military importance for the Japanese - during the 20th century, Japan and Russia clashed 5 times in armed conflicts in various territories.
On Paramushir and on neighboring island The Shumshu Japanese military garrison numbered 23 thousand people, a powerful anti-landing defense was created (the ruins of Japanese fortifications are still visible in the vicinity of Severo-Kurilsk). There were four airfields on Paramushira, one of them was in Kashiwabara (the other three were Kurabu, Suribatsu, Kakumabetsu).
On August 18, 1945, Soviet airborne units landed on Paramushir, and the fighting lasted five days. On August 23 at 15:30, Red Army troops occupied Kashiwabara.
The city retained its Japanese name until 1946, then it was renamed Severo-Kurilsk.