Indonesia climate, geographical location, attractions of Indonesia. Economic geography of Indonesia Position of Indonesia in relation to neighboring countries
Area - 1919.4 thousand km2.
Population - 206.1 (2001) million people.
The capital is Jakarta (8.8 million people).
Territory and geographical position. Indonesia is the largest country by territory South-East Asia and one of the largest island countries in the world. In terms of territory size, it ranks 13th in the world.
Indonesia is located on more than 13.5 thousand islands of the Malay Archipelago, which stretches along the equator between Indochina and Australia. The Malay archipelago consists of a group of Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands. Indonesia includes the Moluccas Islands and the western part of the island New Guinea(Irian Jaya) and its surrounding islands. 2/3 of the country's territory is occupied by the Great Sunda Islands(Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Java).
Composition of the territory of Indonesia
Islands
Area, thousand km2
Share of country area,%
Greater Sunda Islands:
1331,4
69,37
Kalimantan (except northern part)
539,5
Sumatra
473,6
Sulawesi
189,0
Lesser Sunda Islands:
92,51
4,82
Flores
15,2
Sumbawa
15,5
Sumba
11,2
Bali
5,6
Lombok
5,4
Moluccas Islands:
74,9
4,35
Irian Jaya (western New Guinea)
412,8
21,46
How island country, Indonesia has predominantly maritime boundaries. The shores are washed by two oceans and 13 seas. In the northwest, the Strait of Malacca separates it from Malaysia and Singapore, in the northeast from the Philippines, the Sulawesi Sea, and in the southeast, the Timor and Arafura Seas - from Australia. Indonesia's land borders are with Malaysia (on Kalimantan Island) and Papua New Guinea (on New Guinea Island).
Natural conditions and resources. The relief of Indonesia is highly dissected and is characterized by a combination of mountainous and flat areas. Most of the surface of the islands is mountainous. The mountains have steep slopes and considerable height. The most high peak country, Jaya (5029 m.) is located in the western part of the island. New Guinea.
Along the coast of the seas and river valleys stretch areas of alluvial plains. They occupy the largest areas in eastern Sumatra, southern Kalimantan and western New Guinea. A significant part of the lowlands is swampy. Swamps are a serious obstacle to the economic development of the territory.
Indonesia is an area of active volcanic and seismic activity. There are more than 500 volcanoes in the archipelago, of which about 100 are active. Volcanic eruptions, which are often accompanied by earthquakes, cause great damage to the economy.
The mountainous terrain affects the level of economic development of the territory and complicates transport connections. The most developed and favorable for farming are fertile mountain valleys and gentle mountain slopes. The mountains contain significant mineral reserves.
Minerals. The component structure of Indonesia's mineral resources is quite diverse, although its subsoil has not yet been fully explored.
The largest reserves are fuel and energy resources, especially oil, the deposits of which are estimated at 1.2 billion tons, almost 2/3 of the total reserves of Southeast Asia. Sumatra is especially rich in oil, East Coast Kalimantan, north coast Java and offshore deposits in the Java Sea. On the east coast of Sumatra is one of the richest oil fields in Asia and the country's largest oil field. Natural gas reserves are estimated at 865 billion m3, which is 1/3 of the subregion's total reserves. Almost all of them are located within oil-bearing regions.
Coal reserves are small. Its main deposits are located in Sumatra. Low quality coal. There are significant reserves of brown coal in Kalimantan. Other fuel and energy resources include uranium and peat.
Indonesia stands out for its tin reserves, which are estimated at 1 million tons. Almost all the main tin deposits are located on the islands of Bangui, Belatung and Sinkep, which are often called the “tin islands”. In terms of tin reserves, the country ranks third in the world and second in the subregion (after Malaysia).
The country has relatively large bauxite deposits. According to their reserves, which are estimated at 150 million tons, Indonesia ranks second in Southeast Asia. They have a high alumina content, and their development is carried out mainly by open-pit mining. Reserves of other metal ores are small. The main iron ore reserves are concentrated in Sulawesi. Reserves of manganese, nickel, cobalt and copper were discovered.
There are reserves of gold and silver in Sumatra, and diamonds in Kalimantan. The country also has sulfur, phosphorites and other minerals.
Climate resources. The territory of Indonesia is located in the equatorial and subequatorial climate zones. Seasonality of climate manifests itself only within the subequatorial belt and is associated with changes in monsoon winds. Most of the country's territory lies within the equatorial climate zone. Lowland areas with an equatorial climate are characterized by high temperatures throughout the year - +24 ° ... 26 ° C. Only in the mountains does the temperature drop to + 15 ° C. Precipitation falls evenly throughout the year in the form of showers. In flat areas, on average, up to 2000 mm falls per year, and in the mountains - up to 4000 mm. The wettest place is in the western part of the island. Sumatra, where more than 6000 mm falls per year. precipitation. The least precipitation is in the Palu Valley in the southwest of the island. Sulawesi - up to 500 mm. in year.
Within the subequatorial climate, only the eastern coast of the island is located. Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. This region is characterized by high temperatures throughout the year and a pronounced alternation of two seasons: wet and dry. On average, up to 1000 mm falls on the plains per year. precipitation, and in the mountains - up to 2000 mm. The dry season lasts from May to October.
In most areas the climate is favorable for human life, especially at an altitude of 500 to 1000 m. These areas also have the highest population density.
Climatic conditions are favorable for the development of agriculture. The upper limit of agricultural activity in a large part of the country is at an altitude above 2000 m above sea level. High temperatures throughout the year make it possible to harvest 2-3 crops from one field.
Soil resources. The soil cover of Indonesia is dominated by lateritic soils, formed under conditions of high humidity and constant high temperatures. In areas with seasonal moisture, red soils are common. Significant areas are occupied by meadow and alluvial-meadow soils. These soils are waterlogged and require reclamation work. Heavy rains reduce soil fertility, but river sediments and volcanic activity restore it. A significant part of the soil cover is subject to erosion as a result of intensive deforestation.
Water resources. There are many years in Indonesia, but their length is short. Largest river- Kapuas flows on the island. Kalimantan.
Most years are full of water throughout the year. Seasonal fluctuations in flow are observed in areas with a monsoon climate. During the wet season, rivers often overflow their banks, during the dry season they become shallow, and some dry up.
Indonesia's rivers have multifunctional significance. In off-road conditions, they serve as means of communication and are used for rafting timber, for irrigation and fishing. Hydropower resources, according to various estimates, range from 10 to 15 million kW.
Rivers also bring natural disasters when they overflow during the rains. Stormy floods - Banjara - are especially dangerous. To protect the elements, dams are built along the banks of many rivers.
Numerous lakes are small. More - Lake Toba in Sumatra.
Forest resources. Indonesia has the largest forest area in Southeast Asia. Forests cover 59.7% of the country's territory. Forest cover is high in Kalimantan, Sumatra and Irian Jaya, and low in Java.
The species composition of forests is very diverse. The most common are moist evergreen forests, which occupy 2/3 of the forested area. Many tree species have valuable wood and edible fruits. Monsoon deciduous forests grow in the southeast of the country. Teak and eucalyptus forests are especially prized. Mangrove forests grow on the coast. their wood is used mainly for fuel.
Bamboo is harvested for local needs. Tree species that have durable and beautiful wood are exported. A significant part of the wood is lost due to difficult transportation conditions.
Intensive deforestation leads to increased soil erosion. The country is developing measures aimed at reforesting some areas.
Population. The ethnic composition of the Indonesian population is very diverse. The country is home to about 300 ethnic groups and 16 major nationalities.
Anthropologically, the majority of the population belongs to the southern branch of the Mongoloid race. The largest peoples include the Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, and Malays. They make up 2/3 of the country's total population and speak languages belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family. In the extreme east of the country live Papuan peoples belonging to the Australoid race. Among the representatives of non-indigenous peoples, Chinese, Indians, Japanese, Arabs and Europeans predominate.
The official language is Indonesian.
In terms of population, Indonesia is one of the largest countries peace. In mid-2000, 206.1 million people lived on its territory (fourth place in the world). Every year the country's population grows by 3-4 million people. Over the past ten years, the average population growth rate was 1.8% per year, and in the late 90s it dropped to 1.4%.
Population growth occurs mainly due to natural increase. External migrations did not have a significant impact either on the formation of the modern ethnic composition of the population or on the dynamics of its numbers. During 1930-1995, the country's population grew 3.2 times.
In the late 1990s, the birth rate in Indonesia was 24 per 1,000 inhabitants and the death rate was 7 per 1,000 inhabitants. The main reason for the high natural increase was the reduction in mortality, especially among children. Indonesia's infant mortality rate - 64 children per 1,000 births - is in line with the world average.
The age structure of the population is dominated by young age groups. Children under 14 years old make up 31.0% of the total population, and people over 65 years old make up only 4.0%. The average life expectancy for men is 65 years, for women - 70 years.
The young age structure of the population has caused a decrease in the share of the economically active population - about 40%. In the sectoral structure, there is a high share of those employed in agriculture - 45% and a low share of those employed in industry - 11%. Unemployment rate - 5.5% (1998). This figure is especially high in Java, where 2/3 of the economically active population is concentrated.
The average population density is 110 people per km2 (2000). According to this indicator, the country ranks 69th in the world. The highest population density on the island. Java - 813 people per km2, and the least populated island. Irian Jaya - 4 people per km2. The country has developed a program for the migration of residents from the island. Java to other islands.
The majority of Indonesia's population lives in rural areas. The country is characterized by so-called false urbanization, in which the growth of the urban population is caused mainly by agricultural overpopulation, and not by industrial development. In the mid-90s, 32% of the population lived in cities. The level of urbanization in Java is particularly high, which is explained by the presence here major cities. Of the six millionaire cities in the country, four are located on this island. The largest city in Indonesia is Jakarta, which is home to 8.8 million people (1996). The cities of Surabaya and Bandung each have more than 2 million inhabitants. About 10% of the country's total population lives in cities with a population of over a million. Big cities located mainly on the coast of the islands.
More than 80% of the population professes Islam, predominantly Sunni. The second largest and largest religion is Christianity. Protestants predominate among Christians. Other religions include Hinduism and Buddhism. Some small nations adhere to traditional beliefs.
Features of development and general characteristics farms. The first states on the territory of modern Indonesia arose at the beginning of our era.
Before the arrival of Europeans, Java and some other islands reached a fairly high level for that time economic development. They carried on brisk trade with China, India and the countries of the Middle East. The main item of their trade were spices, which were grown in the Moluccas.
From the end of the 16th century. The colonization of Indonesia began - first by the Portuguese and then by the Dutch. For more than 350 years, until World War II, Indonesia was a Dutch colony.
During this period, the pace of economic development was very slow. In addition to traditional crops that have long been cultivated in the country (spices, rice), new crops were introduced that were in demand on the world market. For example, at the beginning of the 18th century. The Dutch brought the coffee tree to the country. For a long time, coffee, sugar cane, and from the beginning of the 20th century. - Hevea were one of the most profitable crops.
The agrarian reform of 1870 freed peasants from the forced cultivation of cash crops and assigned them the plots they were cultivating at that time. The remainder of the land was transferred to Europeans to organize plantation farming. Two main sectors emerged in Indonesian agriculture: the large plantation economy of foreign monopolies and the small-scale peasant economy of Indonesians. The main plantation area was Java. From the beginning of the 20th century. The area under plantations expanded in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
At the end of the 19th century. The mining industry began to develop, especially tin and oil mining. They became important exports of the country and a source of large profits for monopolies. In the pre-war period, Indonesia provided 3.2% of world oil production.
However, the main object of exploitation and source of foreign capital inflow in Indonesia was agriculture.
During World War II, Indonesia was occupied by Japan. The Japanese expanded the plantings of rice (for the army), cotton, frame and other fiber crops.
The Japanese occupation disrupted the country's historically established external economic ties and paralyzed its economic life. This led to the decline of important agricultural sectors.
In August 1945, the Indonesian Republic was proclaimed, which was suppressed in the fall of 1945 as a result of armed aggression from Holland. Only in 1949 did Holland recognize the independence of Indonesia.
In the early 50s of the XX century. The restoration of the economy, destroyed during the years of Japanese occupation and Dutch intervention, began. In 1959, the President of the Republic, Sukarno, proclaimed a concept, the essence of which was to strengthen the role of the state in economic life. The country carried out the nationalization of Dutch enterprises. By 1965, the country was developing under the slogan of "Indonesian socialism", which led it to an economic crisis.
In 1965, a coup d'etat took place in Indonesia, a military dictatorship and a "new order" regime were established. Since the late 60s, the country has proclaimed an “open model” of the economy, which provided for the widespread attraction of foreign capital. The new government began to denationalize the economy. A long-term economic development program for 30 years (1970-2000) was adopted. Its main task was to rebuild the structure of the economy and increase the level of socio-economic development of the country.
In 20 years, Indonesia has overcome the economic crisis. There have been positive quantitative and qualitative transformations in the structure of GDP, which have changed the nature of the economy from agrarian-raw materials to agrarian-industrial. In the mid-1990s, the industrial sector of the economy produced 40% of the country's GDP. In terms of GDP, which is estimated at $850 billion (in PPP national currencies, 2000), Indonesia ranks first in Southeast Asia. It accounts for a third of the subregion's economic potential. However, in terms of socio-economic development it is only in sixth place. The GDP per capita here is only $4,100, which is almost three times less than the same figure in the region.
The country's economic development strategy for a long time was based on natural resources and agricultural products. Economic policy ensured high GDP growth rates. For example, if in the 60s they did not exceed 3.5% per year, then in the 70s they already reached 7.8%.
High rates of economic growth were observed in 1980, when they reached 9.8%. They decreased significantly in the 80s, and in the early 90s they increased again to 6.5%.
The level of industrial development and the rate of its growth were determined by the development of the mining industry, especially oil production. Modern industries developed on the basis of imported capital and the latest technology.
Industry is developing at a faster pace compared to other sectors of the economy. As a result, the share of industry in GDP creation increased to 35% (2000). The priority sectors are those that process local raw materials, ensure the development of agriculture and produce products that replace imports.
The sectoral structure of industry is dominated by the mining industry, which produces 2/3 of the total gross industrial output. Until 1973, the manufacturing industry dominated in terms of the value of gross output. Higher oil prices have led to a change in the relationship between the mining and manufacturing industries.
Indonesia's mining industry is deeply integrated into the global economy. It provides raw materials for the development of the manufacturing industry and is an important source of foreign exchange earnings.
In the sectoral structure of the mining industry, the leading place is occupied by the fuel industry.
Countries. Here about 1/2 of all cultivated areas of Indonesia; This region accounts for over 50% of the harvest of rice and sweet potatoes, over 70% of cassava, over 75% of peanuts, about 85% of soybeans, 3/4 of tea, almost all of sugar, kapok and cinchona bark. Java has about 2/3 of the total number of cattle (including buffalo) and over 80% of sheep and goats. Java accounts for all the teak and about 1/4 of the fish catch. Among all the islands of Indonesia, Java stands out for its relatively developed manufacturing industry. About 80% of the total population employed in industrial production, about 70% of enterprises and over 85% of all workers in the factory industry are concentrated here (1964). Main centers of manufacturing industry: , Yogyakarta, Surakarta, . Mining of oil (Chepu and Surabaya region), manganese ore (Karangnungal and West Progo deposits in West and Central Java), (near Cheribon), sulfur (West and East Java), gold and silver (Chikotok deposit). Java accounts for about 1/6 of Indonesia's total exports and 2/3 of its imports
“Elephant Cave” near Bedulu (Bali Island). Around 13th century
O. Sumatra is the second most economically developed region of Indonesia after Java. It has important mineral and agricultural resources. raw materials for export (up to 2/3 of total exports). More than 10% of the entire territory is cultivated. Sumatra - main area plantation economy (60% of Indonesia's plantation area). This region accounts for 2/3 of the total export of rubber, over 9/10 of the production and entire export of palm oil and palm kernels, 2/3 of the production and export of coffee and hard fibers, 1/2 of the export of copra, 1/4 of the export of tea, 9/10 of Indonesia's pepper production and export Sumatra is the main mining region of Indonesia (almost all tin ore and bauxite production, up to 90% of oil production and about 80% of coal). Main and years Medan, and.
Banga Bay near Padang (Central Sumatra).
O. Kalimantan. The largest but underdeveloped region of Indonesia. On its territory, equal to 1/4 of the entire area of Indonesia, only 4% of the country lives. Less than 3% of the area is cultivated (75% of the area - ). Logging (up to 1/3 of exports, 40% rattan and dammars), oil production (Tanjung), coal (Parapattan field), diamonds (Pelaihari region).
O. Sulawesi. Agrarian region with pockets of mining. Less than 10% of the area is cultivated (50% - ). Extraction of nickel ore, asphalt, sulfur. Basic shopping mall and - the city of Makassar, with which the Lesser Sunda and.
Lit.: A., Elimination of the economic positions of the Dutch in Indonesia, M., 1962; Antipov. In Indonesia, Indonesia (Economic and geographical characteristics), M., 1961; his, Indonesia. Economic-geographical regions, M., 1967; Arkhipov. In Ya., Indonesia in the struggle for economic independence, M., 1963; him, and Indonesia (1945-1968), M., 1971; Review of mineral resources of the countries of the capitalist world (capitalist and developing countries) M., 1969; Hicks G. L., McNicoll G., The Indonesian economy, 1950-1967: bibliographic supplement, ; L'é conomie indonesienne, “Documentation franç aise. Notes et études documentaires" 1971, 16 aout, No. 3808-3809; Statistical pocket book of Indonesia, Djakarta, 1958, 1963, 1964-67; Sensus penduduk, 1961. Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, 1962.
Indonesia You will definitely like Indonesia. The wonderful beaches of Bali are one of a kind, here they dazzle the eyes White sand, the turquoise-emerald surface of the sea beckons, the noise of cypress thickets soothes, and the sun seems to be right above your head. Holidays in Indonesia are not cheap, but the hotels and high level of service are one hundred percent worth it.
Amazing and beautiful Indonesia.
One of the countries in Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ranks first in terms of area among island states, it belongs to the islands of the Malay archipelago. Indonesia's borders touch the lands of Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. The area of the state is 1904.5 thousand km2. The population exceeds 230 4 million inhabitants. Capital of Indonesia - most beautiful place Jakarta. Other places most visited by tourists include Surabaya and Bandung.
Holidays on the beaches of Indonesia.
Holidays in this country can be whatever you want them to be. A relaxing beach holiday with plenty of views is equally successful here. active rest, last years Eco-tourism is increasingly developing; tourists can spend a long time observing the life of animals on the archipelago and organize hikes of any complexity. Indonesia gives its guests the opportunity to choose their own type of holiday, so there are endless possibilities for your imagination to run wild.
Tourist tours in this direction are becoming more popular every year. This country has something to surprise both an experienced tourist who has seen a lot, and a couple of lovers who, upon coming here, will believe that there is paradise on earth.
Climate of Indonesia
Equatorial marine. On the islands of Indonesia, almost every day is sunny and this is 365 days a year. average temperature air temperature in Indonesia is within +27 C. When winter begins in the Southern Hemisphere, there is practically no rain in the Indonesian regions. At this time, the influx of visiting tourists increases.
Attractions of Indonesian land
There are large nature reserves on the territory of the Indonesian archipelago. For example, the Gugung Leser Nature Reserve is the country's largest customer; it is valued for its unique collection of Indonesian fauna, and it is also the custodian of the natural landscape formations of North Sumatra. Another amazing customer is Komodo. This reserve occupied the entire territory of Komodo Island. Real dragons live here, this moment these reptiles are the largest on the planet. The third large reserve, Bali Barat, has preserved a huge abundance of exotic plants and animals that live on lands of 20 thousand hectares.
On one of the islands (Borneo), primitive Dayak settlements still live today. Tourists can see the “river city” of Pontianak with their own eyes. There is a lot to see here, in addition to the unusual clothes of the tribe’s inhabitants from traditions, you will see floating houses, a wooden mosque and beautiful canals. The island of Samosir has preserved not only the tombs, but also the royal bedchambers. There is also a working crocodile farm here, most beautiful palace Istana Maimun. Bali has also become a concentration of parks. Nowhere else can you visit the Bird Park and Butterfly Park. Here nature becomes closer, relaxation is bright and easy.
To appreciate the greatness of Indonesia, you will need to travel to the island of Java, where the most old City and at the same time the capital of the state is Jakarta. Decorates the city palace complex, which refers to XVIII century, this is the Sultan’s Kraton, as well as Taman-Sari - “water castle”. An attractive place for tourists is Lara Jonggrang; the construction of these temple buildings dates back to the beginning of the 10th century. It is impossible to comprehend the richness of culture and historical heritage for one trip.
Category:Indonesia is a country located on many tropical islands. Each Indonesian island has its own unique culture, architecture, people and traditions. Indonesia has it all - jungle, rainforests, lakes, active volcanoes and, of course, heavenly beaches. In Indonesia you will meet friendly people, and you will also be able to see the sunrise over the most beautiful Buddhist temples.
Geography of Indonesia
Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago consisting of more than 17.5 thousand islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, and New Guinea (only 6 thousand of them are inhabited). Indonesia borders Malaysia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea. Other nearby countries are Singapore, Philippines, Palau and Australia. total area this country – 1,919,440 sq. km.
A significant part of the territory of the islands that make up Indonesia is occupied by mountains. The largest local peak is Mount Puncak Jaya on the island of New Guinea, whose height reaches 4,884 meters.
The geographical location of Indonesia means that this country has very strong seismic and volcanic activity. those. Indonesia experiences frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. However, special services can already predict all these disasters. In general, in Indonesia there are now about 150 active volcanoes, including the “famous” Krakatoa and Tambora.
On the island of Kalimantan there are three most big rivers Indonesia - Mahakam, Barito and Kapuas.
Capital
The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta, which is now home to more than 9.7 million people. Archaeologists claim that human settlement on the site of modern Jakarta already existed in the 1st century AD. However, the city itself was officially founded in 1527.
Official language
The official language in Indonesia is Indonesian, which belongs to the Austronesian language family.
Religion
More than 88% of Indonesia's population is Muslim (mostly Sunni Muslim). About 8% of the population of this country consider themselves Christians.
Indonesian government
According to the current Constitution of 1945, Indonesia is a parliamentary republic. Its head is the President, elected for 5 years.
The parliament in Indonesia is bicameral - the People's Consultative Congress, consisting of the Council of People's Representatives (560 deputies) and the Council of Regional Representatives (132 deputies). The country's parliament has the right to impeach the president.
The main political parties in Indonesia are the Democratic Party, the Golkar Party, the Indonesian Democratic Struggle Party, the Justice and Welfare Party, and the National Mandate Party.
Climate and weather in Indonesia
The climate in Indonesia is equatorial with subequatorial elements. In general, Indonesia is very hot and humid. The average annual air temperature is +27.7C. Average annual precipitation is 1,755 mm. The rainy season in this country is from October to April. However, it also rains in the so-called. "dry season".
Some travelers like to vacation in Indonesia during the rainy season (October-April). At this time, it usually rains in Indonesia in the evening for no more than 2 hours. The rest of the time, Indonesia is very hospitable. During this season, as a rule, hotel prices in Indonesia are much lower than during the dry season.
In Sumatra and Java, the rainy season lasts from November to March (rains fall in the afternoon). Best time for a trip to Java or Sumatra - May-September.
On the island of Bali, the rainy season is from October to March. However, in Bali, between the rain showers there is a lot of sun and bright blue skies. Therefore, you can relax in Bali even during the rainy season. The best months to travel to Bali are from May to August.
Sulawesi Island, amazing place For beach holiday, has two opposite climatic zones. In the southwest of this island, the monsoon period lasts from October to March, and in the north - from June to July. On the coast of Sulawesi the air temperature can reach +34C, and in the middle of the island, at higher elevations - +24C.
Average air temperature on Bali:
January - +26C
- February - +26C
- March - +27C
- April - +27С
- May - +28C
- June - +27C
- July - +27С
- August - +27C
- September - +27С
- October - +27С
- November - +27C
- December - +27C
Ocean in Indonesia
The shores of the Indonesian islands are washed by the warm waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans.
Average sea temperature near Bali:
January - +29C
- February - +29C
- March - +29С
- April - +28C
- May - +28C
- June - +28C
- July - +27С
- August - +27C
- September - +27С
- October - +27С
- November - +27C
- December - +27C
Rivers and lakes
Some Indonesian islands have many rivers. The largest rivers flow through the island of Kalimantan (these are the Mahakam, Barito and Kapuas rivers). The largest volcanic lake on Earth is located on the island of Sumatra - Lake Toba.
History of Indonesia
On the territory of Indonesia, the ancestors of modern people lived already during the Lower Paleolithic (Javanese ape man and Flores man). About 45 thousand years ago, Homo sapiens appeared on the territory of modern Indonesia. Moreover, Indonesia was inhabited by representatives of the Negroid and Mongoloid races.
The first states in Indonesia existed already in the 4th century AD. - Kutai and Taruma, and later – Srivijaya. All these states were greatly influenced by India and Buddhism.
In the 13th century, the Majapahit Empire reached its peak. At the same time, Islam began to spread in Indonesia.
Europeans arrived in Indonesia at the beginning of the 16th century. These were Portuguese sailors. Then the Dutch began to lay claim to Indonesia, forming the Netherlands East India Company in 1602. At this time, several states existed on the territory of modern Indonesia, among which the Sultanate of Mataram should be highlighted. Gradually these states became a colony of the Netherlands.
In 1811, Indonesia became a British colony. However, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain returned Indonesia to the Netherlands.
In the first half of the 20th century, Indonesians formed several political parties (for example, the Indonesian Communist Party and the National Party).
In the spring of 1942, Indonesia (Netherlands East Indies) was captured by Japanese troops. The Japanese occupation of Indonesia continued until August 1945. It was in August 1945 that the independence of Indonesia was declared. However, the Netherlands did not want to part with their colony and launched hostilities. The fighting ended only in 1950. Sukarno was elected president of the country.
In March 1968, the People's Consultative Congress elected Sukarto, who had previously commanded the ground forces, as President of Indonesia.
Since 2004, the President of Indonesia has been elected by direct universal suffrage.
Culture
Modern Indonesian culture is the result of the interaction of traditions of different peoples who live in this country. In addition, Portuguese traders and Dutch colonists had a significant influence on Indonesian culture.
IN Everyday life Indonesians are guided by the principles of mutual assistance (“gotong royong”) and exchange of opinions (“musyawarah”), which helps to reach agreement (“mufakat”).
Indonesian art is under very strong religious influence. The traditions of the famous dance dramas of Java and Bali go back to Hindu mythology (influences of the Hindu epics “Ramayana” and “Mahabharata” can be seen in them).
In Indonesia, we recommend that tourists definitely see local festivals, which are held everywhere and almost every month. The largest of them are the Galungan festival in Bali, performances of the Ramayana ballet in Java, the Festival of Silence in Bali, the Vesak Buddhist festival in Borobudur, and the Easter parade on the island of Larantuka.
Kitchen
The staple food in Indonesia is rice, but potatoes, corn, sago and cassava are common in the eastern part of the country. Naturally, a very large part of Indonesian cuisine is occupied by fish and various seafood (oysters, shrimp, lobsters, crabs, squid). In addition, it is impossible to imagine Indonesian cuisine without coconut (oil is made from it, and the pulp is added to many dishes).
As for meat, beef and poultry are popular in Indonesia. Pork can only be found in Chinese restaurants or in areas where few Muslims live.
Traditional Indonesian dishes include nasi goring (fried rice), mie goring (fried noodles), and gado-gado (vegetables with eggs in peanut sauce).
Indonesia has a wide variety of exotic fruits (jackfruit, durian, papaya, pineapple and mango).
Traditional alcoholic drink in Indonesia - tuak wine, which is made from red palm sugar. However, most Indonesians drink black tea because... Islam prohibits alcohol.
Sights of Indonesia
Rest assured that travelers will not get bored in Indonesia. Of course, relaxing on the beaches under the Indonesian sky is a great pleasure. But sometimes you want to visit interesting places. There are a lot of such interesting sights in Indonesia. In our opinion, the top ten best Indonesian attractions may include the following:
Cities and resorts
The largest Indonesian cities are Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, Palembang, Semarang, Makassar, and, of course, Jakarta.
Due to its geographical location, Indonesia offers excellent holiday conditions. Tourists have long appreciated islands in Indonesia such as Bali and Lombok. However, some other Indonesian islands offer opportunities for have a wonderful holiday no worse. We advise you to pay attention to the islands of Papua, Lembongan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Java.
Almost every hotel in Indonesia offers spa services. In general, many argue that the best spa treatments are done in Indonesia. Spa programs on the island of Bali are especially varied.
Traditional Indonesian spa services include milk bath ("Mandi susu"), which is considered the beauty bath of the princesses of Java, "Mandi luhur", "flower baths" (jasmine, gardenia, hibiscus, magnolia petals are added to warm water), which, As a rule, they are the final stage of a spa session.
In addition, Indonesian spas use herbal wraps (used to remove impurities from the body and treat skin blemishes) as well as traditional massage.
Souvenirs/shopping
Products made from bamboo and coconut (for example, baskets, rugs), wooden spoons, bowls, figurines, painted ceremonial masks, batik and ikat fabrics (as well as, for example, tablecloths made from these fabrics) are usually brought as souvenirs from Indonesia. , Wayang dolls, traditional Indonesian musical instruments (gamelan, drums, bamboo flutes), tea.
Office hours
Government agencies:
Mon-Fri: 08:00-16:00
Indonesia
Indonesia
The official name is the Republic of Indonesia - a state in Southeast Asia. Population 237.5 million people, territory - 1,919,440 km²
Indonesia
Date of independence - August 17, 1945 official languages- Indonesian Capital - Jakarta Largest cities - Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Bekasi, Medan, Tangerang, Depok, Semarang, Palembang, Makassar, Tangerang Selatan Form of government - Presidential Republic President - Joko Widodo Vice President Yusuf Kalla
EGP
Situated on both sides of the equator on the islands of the Malay Archipelago and the western part of the island of New Guinea and washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and East Timor. It has maritime borders with Singapore, the Philippines, Australia and India.
Relief
Hinterland of all large islands are mountainous: Java and Sumatra are characterized by rectilinear continuous mountain ranges almost along the entire length of the island, for Sulawesi and the Indonesian territories of Kalimantan and New Guinea - more complex configurations mountain systems. The highest peak in Indonesia (also the highest peak in Oceania) is Mount Puncak Jaya (4884 m), located in the western part of New Guinea.
Agroclimatic resources. Soils
The climate in most of Indonesia is equatorial, humid, and in some regions it has signs of subequatorial climate. Humidity level is on average 80%. About 80% of Indonesia's territory is dominated by red-yellow lateritic and montane lateritic soils.
Minerals
Oil reserves in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Seram, as well as on the shelf of these islands. Natural gas fields are located in North Sumatra and East Kalimantan, as well as on the coastal shelves West Irian and Java. There are deposits of iron ores on Kalimantan and Sulawesi, bauxite and aluminum on the island of Bintan, nickel on Sulawesi, and manganese on Java.
Population
There are about 300 peoples living in Indonesia, most of which belongs to the Austronesian group. The most numerous peoples of the country are the Javanese. Among the non-indigenous peoples of Indonesia, the most numerous are the Chinese.
Religious composition
The absolute majority of the population - more than 88% - profess Islam. Almost all Indonesian Muslims are Sunnis, a small number are Shiites. About 2% of the population are Hindus, 1% are Buddhists and Confucians, and 8.7% are Christians.
Economy
Indonesia belongs to the category of agrarian-industrial countries. In terms of national competitiveness in 2010, it ranked 44th in the world. The currency is the Indonesian rupiah. Corruption is a serious economic problem. The economy, given its market nature, is characterized by an active role of the state: it owns approximately 140 large enterprises in various sectors of the national economy, and also controls prices for a number of goods, including basic food products and fuels and lubricants.
Industry
The most significant industries are the food industry, the chemical industry, the textile industry, the tobacco industry, the production of machinery and equipment, the automotive industry, the pulp and paper industry, and the production of ready-made clothing.
Tourism
Since the 1980s, significant funds have been invested in the modernization and expansion of the hotel stock and other related infrastructure, as well as in the popularization of national tourist sites. A steady increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting the country began only in 2007, while the dynamics of corresponding budget revenues remains quite unstable.