The height of the Sparrow Mountains. Observation deck “Sparrow Hills. General historical background

Favorite place tourist recreation, students, newlyweds, bikers and sports car enthusiasts.
Observation deck at an altitude of 80 m above sea level it offers a breathtaking panoramic view of the city.
Architectural landmarks‒ sports complex Luzhniki, Shukhov TV Tower, Novodevichy Convent, St. Andrew's Monastery and others.
The most impressive buildings‒ three Stalinist high-rise buildings and the main building of Moscow State University in the Stalinist Empire style.
In summer you can do boat trip, ride the cable car, bike, roller skate, feed the animals, just take a walk.
In winter you can practice skiing here, ski jumping, snowboarding.

One of the most famous park areas of Moscow - favorite place recreation for students, bikers, newlyweds and tourists. Here are located, offering a panoramic view of the whole of Moscow, and the symbol of the Stalinist Empire style - the Main Building of Moscow University.

In the Middle Ages, there were several villages on this site. One of them, Vorobyovo, stood on the current territory of the university. Today, the preserved Church of the Life-Giving Trinity reminds of the village. In 1453, these lands were bought by Princess Sophia, the wife of Moscow Prince Vasily I, and they became part of the royal domain. Prince Vasily III loved this place very much, often visited it and, according to legend, even took refuge here from the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray, who attacked Moscow in 1521. And in 1547, in this village, together with his family, he took refuge from the Moscow fire.

Observation deck

From the observation deck of the Sparrow Hills, located at an altitude of 80 m above sea level, an excellent panorama of the city opens. City holidays are widely celebrated here, where motorcyclists and sports car enthusiasts gather. From the observation deck you can see the architectural dominants of the city: the Luzhniki sports complex, the Moscow City business center, and St. Andrew's Monasteries, the building of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Shukhov TV tower, three Stalin's skyscrapers‒ the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the high-rise building at the Red Gate and the Ukraine Hotel, the Kremlin domes, the monument to Peter I by Zurab Tsereteli.

Address: intersection of st. Kosygin and Universitetsky proezd

Trinity Church

The Church of the Life-Giving Trinity is the only reminder of the village of Vorobyovo that was once located here. At first it was wooden, but at the end of the 18th century. On the instructions of Catherine II, a new Empire church was built in its place under the leadership of the architect Karl Witberg. The temple is active and is located in close proximity to the observation deck. The bell tower, the main volume and the gallery connecting them are on the same axis, that is, the temple was built by a “ship”. The temple building ends with a large drum with a dome resembling a rotunda, which is quite typical for Empire buildings. However, inside the church has a quadrangular rather than a round configuration. On the outside it is decorated with Tuscan order columns, pilasters and paintings.

Address: st. Kosygina, 30

St. Andrew's Monastery

At the foot of the Sparrow Hills is the St. Andrew's Monastery. It was founded in the 17th century. favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Fedor Rtishchev in honor of the liberation of Moscow from the invasion of the Crimean Khan Kazy-Girey. Since this happened on the day of remembrance of the martyr Andrei Stratelates, the monastery was consecrated. Initially, the gate temple was wooden, but in 1675 it was rebuilt in stone. Particularly noteworthy are the tiles made by Belarusian masters of the “tsenin” craft, among whom was the famous Stepan Polubes. Later, another stone structure appeared - the Church of the Resurrection of Christ. Today on the territory of the monastery you can see the bell tower, which received its modern appearance in the middle of the 19th century. Throughout the 19th century. Utility buildings were also built around these three buildings.

Address: Andreevskaya embankment, 2

The lands with the royal residence and monastery settlement were owned in turn by several famous noble families - the Saltykovs, Dolgorukovs, Yusupovs, as well as Count Matvey Dmitriev-Mamonov, in whose honor the manor house is often called the “Mamonova Dacha”. After the name of the first owner from the Dolgorukov family, the entire estate was named Vasilyevskoye. There was a noisy social life here, many guests came, and gardens with exotic plants grew around the house. The building of the main house in the Empire style, which can be seen now, most likely belongs to the author of the architect Osip Bove, who built a lot in Moscow after the fire of the War of 1812. Its main feature is the presence of a large domed rotunda. On the facade it is highlighted by a mezzanine and a six-column portico of the Ionic order. The rotunda is echoed by the belvedere towers crowning the two estate wings. The house is harmoniously integrated into the environment: standing on a hill, it allowed guests and owners to enjoy the panorama of Moscow. Now this building houses the Institute of Chemical Physics.

Address: st. Kosygina, 4

XX - XXI centuries

Main building of Moscow State University

In the second quarter of the 20th century. Vorobyovy Gory was renamed Leninsky Gory. It was here that one of the most famous Moscow buildings of the Stalin era was built - the main building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. It was built from 1949 to 1953, and was completed after Stalin's death. Its architects were Boris Iofan, Lev Rudnev and Sergei Chernyshev; The sculpture on the facades was done by Vera Mukhina, who initially planned to place her famous composition “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” in front of the building.

The main building of Moscow State University is one of the seven embodied. Its height together with the spire is 240 m. Despite the difficult soils, the Main Building stands strong thanks to the special system of foundation, columns and supports designed by the architect and designer Nikolai Nikitin. The premises of the physics, chemistry and biology faculties were built as separate buildings, forming an entire campus. The general style in which the buildings were erected is usually called a variant of Art Deco, “grand style” or Stalinist Empire style.

The building looks grandiose: a high spire, bas-reliefs, a giant order, expensive materials, luxurious stucco. Inside it was supposed to place everything necessary to ensure autonomy - post office, canteens, hairdressers, shops, etc. There are a lot of legends surrounding the construction of Moscow State University. It is believed that somewhere in the Main Building there is even underground passage and a bomb shelter, entrance to the express metro (in the area of zone “B”).

Address: Lenin's mountains, no. 1

the Russian Academy of Sciences

The building of the Russian Academy of Sciences is also impressive in scale. Its construction took 16 years, from 1974 to 1990. In plan, the building resembles two towers that stand side by side. They are surrounded by low extensions included in a single ensemble. On top of the complex is decorated with an intricate golden composition with a clock. Now on the upper floors of the RAS building there is concert hall and an expensive restaurant with panoramic views.

Address: Leninsky Prospekt, 32a

Metropolitan

In 1959, the first open station of the Moscow metro, Vorobyovy Gory, was built in this area. It is located on the Luzhnetsky Bridge over the Moscow River. The construction of the station was fraught with significant difficulties and numerous errors; the station was closed for large-scale reconstruction. Now this is one of the most beloved stations by Muscovites: laconically decorated, spacious, bright, with an opening panorama of the city. It is the station with the longest hall in the Moscow metro, and its glass-enclosed station lobby periodically hosts temporary exhibitions.

Address: Vorobyovy Gory station, Sokolnicheskaya line of the Moscow Metro.

Luzhniki is a large multifunctional sports complex, which, in addition to matches and tournaments, hosts large-scale concerts and public holidays. The main construction took place in the 1950s; later the complex was partially reconstructed in preparation for the famous 1980 Summer Olympics. Many sports competitions in Russia and the world took place in this sports complex. Today you can rent courts, sports grounds, and use the services of a tour desk. Luzhniki has: a golf complex, a swimming pool, sport sections, hotel, restaurant, medical center. Around the complex there is big park, there are several notable sculptures from the 1960s to the 1990s, as well as a small modern octagonal chapel of Prince Vladimir.

Address: Luzhniki, 24 (Big Sports Arena)

Active recreation on Vorobyovy Gory

The Vorobyovy Gory nature reserve lays wooden paths to several springs in the summer, spring and autumn and organizes “ecological” walking routes. You can book an excursion and feed the animals (there are special feed vending machines).

In the Moscow Palace of Children and Youth Creativity (Kosygina St., 17) there are many different clubs and sections. On the territory of the complex you can ride a slide, rent bicycles and tubes.

Sparrow Hills - famous place recreation, with its own history and preserved natural beauty Moscow lands. This is one of the “seven hills of Moscow” from which the capital was built. What to see on Sparrow Hills in Moscow? Once here, you can choose from several proposed landscapes: take a walk, visiting Vorobyovskaya Embankment, or perhaps wander along ecological trails in a protected forest or look at Moscow from a 200-meter-high observation deck.

Content:

Story

The history of this place dates back to the Iron Age - even then ancient settlements stood on these hills.

The area got its name from the Vorobyovo settlement, which belonged to the wealthy Vorobyovo boyars. The ancient thousand-year-old family of the Vorobyevs enjoyed special honor and recognition among the rulers. Sloboda is repeatedly mentioned in chronicles; Ivan the Terrible and Boris Godunov loved to visit it.

In the 15th century the lands were transferred to Grand Duchess Sofya Vitovtovna - and since then they have become a place of royal rest. The residence of Moscow princes, kings and emperors was built. The beautiful Vorobyovsky Palace has not survived to this day, having been completely destroyed by a fire in 1812. But the Dmitriev-Mamonov estate from the same times has been preserved, and today the lower part of its park is open to visitors.

IN Soviet time An attempt was made to rename the mountains “Leninskie”, but it was not successful - the original name was retained.

The main architectural attraction of the Sparrow Hills can rightfully be considered a monumental complex of eight buildings of Moscow State University (MSU). In 1949, the first stone was solemnly laid.

The hill of the Sparrow Hills also attracted religious ministers. Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, built in the 19th century. in place of a dismantled dilapidated wooden church 17th century - an Orthodox church that is still active today.

At the foot of the Sparrow Hills stands the St. Andrew's Monastery in Plennitsy.

What to see?

Sparrow Hills, being a nature conservation area, a large park, and green area, acts as an island of calm and tranquility. The area stretches along the right bank of the Moscow River from the Setun River to the St. Andrew's Bridge. The local park of the same name will delight you with three ponds, lost in the broad-leaved forest. It contains flora and fauna rare for Moscow. Between the old linden, oak, and maple trees there are three ecological trails. Walking along them, you can hear bird trills - the park has special places for birds to feed.

In summer, you can diversify your walk by renting roller skates or a bicycle. There are gazebos designed for 7-10 people. Instead of walking along the embankment, you can take a river bus.

In winter, the slope is used for sledding; separate ski slopes, the lift is working.

In addition to hiking trails, there is a cable car. Today it is under restoration; the length of the new funicular will be 737 m. The new cable car station on the embankment will also be a museum.

From this observation deck, Karamzin, Bulgakov, Blok and others admired the view centuries earlier. A romantic place for lovers, inspiring for creators. The site offers a picturesque panorama of Moscow; a bird's-eye view allows you to see in full view the Moscow River, the roofs of houses and the domes of churches, a monument of modern architecture - the Moscow City business complex.

Since 2014, the site has been equipped interactive map Moscow, a recreation area has been landscaped under the site.

How to get there?

It is convenient to get to Vorobyovy Gory by metro. There is a bridge across the Moscow River, on which there is an unusually designed Vorobyovy Gory metro station - it runs along the red line of the metro.

When leaving the station, follow the sign to the exit “To Vorobyovy Gory, Kosygina Street” and you will find yourself right under the bridge in the park area. Walk from the metro to the observation deck along the paved paths for 15-20 minutes, depending on the step. However, there is so much along the way beautiful places, benches and gazebos, a lake with birds, that you will want to explore it all, and then the walk to the observation point may take longer. At the same time, there will also be more pleasure.

This slope was formed 150 million years ago, when there was a sea on the territory of Moscow. When it retreated, the Mamonovo settlement appeared here - one of the oldest settlements. Little is known about him. And in 1453, Princess Sofya Vitovtovna bought the village of Vorobyovo near Moscow from a priest nicknamed Sparrow. Hence the name of the area. Although sometimes it is taken literally, supposedly there were a lot of sparrows here.

Sofya Vitovtovna set up a summer residence in Vorobyovo. It is not surprising that this village was listed among the most valuable property in the wills of the great princes.

Sparrow Hills were often attacked. Under Vasily III, the Crimean Khan Magmet-Girey approached Moscow, from whom the Grand Duke escaped in a haystack. In 1571, Khan Divlet-Girey attacked Moscow. And 20 years later, Kazy-Girey, standing on the Sparrow Hills, examined the city. In times of troubles, Hetman Khatkevich fled here and then retreated to Mozhaisk. Vorobyovy Gory was also one of the defense points against Napoleon's army in 1812. But the position near the city was uncomfortable, and Kutuzov’s army left Moscow.

The royal palace on Vorobyovy Gory was built under Princess Sofya Vitovtovna. It was rebuilt many times. But only stone foundations have reached us.

The kings willingly used the Vorobyovsky Palace as an entertainment residence. Peter I even started the tradition of cannon firing here: in 1683 he built a fortress with cannons, which he used to celebrate his birthday. And in 1707, Peter came to Vorobyovy Gory to inspect the first mirror factory in Russia. It appeared here thanks to the exceptional quality of sand, which was used instead of blotting paper even in the 20th century.

When the conclusion of peace with Turkey was celebrated in Moscow, they moved from Prechistenka to Vorobyovy Gory new palace. It was renovated several more times, and finally destroyed during the construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. True, the temple was never built, and in its place on August 12, 1912, a foundation cross was erected.

In Soviet times, only a pedestal remained from it. It was at this place that in 1978 a memorial sign to the work of N.A. was installed. Shmakov in honor of Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Ogarev.

We left them ahead and, far ahead, ran up to the site of the foundation of the Witberg Temple on the Sparrow Hills. Out of breath and flushed, we stood there, wiping off the sweat. The sun was setting, the domes were shining, the city spread out over the vast expanse under the mountain, a fresh breeze was blowing on us, we stood, stood, leaned on each other and, suddenly hugging each other, swore, in full view of all Moscow, to sacrifice our lives for the struggle we had chosen. This scene may seem very strained, very theatrical, and yet twenty-six years later I am moved to tears, remembering it, she was sacredly sincere, our whole life has proven this.

The monument consists of two parts, symbolizing the friendship of the young men, and ends with two lamps - symbols of the Polar Star magazine and the Bell newspaper. On the low wall behind you can see bas-reliefs of Herzen and Ogarev.

And in the barracks remaining after the unsuccessful construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, a transit prison was set up in the 19th century. Criminals were brought here before being sent to Siberia. It was to this prison that Fyodor Gaaz came every week to better get to know the life and living conditions of prisoners. He did a lot to ease the suffering of detainees and for this he received the nickname “Holy Doctor.”

Few people know that on Vorobyovy Gory there is a reservoir of the Rublevsky water pipeline with a capacity of 170,000 cubic meters of water.

By the 20th century, the Mytishchi water supply system could no longer cope with the increased needs of Moscow. The Moscow River became a possible source of water. On September 1, 1900, architect M.K. Geppener founded a reservoir on Vorobyovy Gory. After 2 years it was ready, and a pavilion with an observation deck was even built above the reservoir.

At the same time, construction was underway in Rublyov according to the design of engineer N.P. Zimina. And by 1904, a water intake, a pumping station, settling tanks, filters and a laboratory appeared there. From here the water went to the Vorobyov reservoirs and was further distributed to the Kaluzhskaya Zastava and Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street. The station is still in operation, but access to the Vorobyovsky reservoir is closed.

With the installation of a water supply system, the Moscow City Duma decided to set up a park on Vorobyovy Gory, but the matter did not move beyond the idea. Nevertheless, Muscovites came here to drink tea and listen to gypsy songs. Back in 1924, one could see peasant gardens with tables, benches and handwritten signs “Wave”, “Rendezvous of Friends”, “El Dorado” dug into the ground.

Before the revolution, there was a three-story building of Peter Krynkin’s restaurant on the observation deck. From its terrace the whole of Moscow was visible, and visitors were even given binoculars.

During Soviet times, the building stood abandoned for a long time, and then the main house of the Red Stadium was built in it. Here they wanted to build a stadium for 40,000 spectators, a sports palace, an open theater and a park named after the Revolution. But the main house burned down, and the idea was forgotten. Only part of Ostroumovskaya Grove was built up with mansions of the party elite. Muscovites called them Ilyich's covenants.

Vorobyovy Gory has always been a popular holiday destination. In the summer, families and large groups came here for the whole day. In winter we went skiing here. The continuation of this pre-revolutionary tradition was the construction in 1953 of a ski jump, a ski slope and a funicular. Another large-scale construction project took place in 1949-1953 - the Moscow State University high-rise building appeared.

Now Observation deck on Vorobyovy Gory - one of popular places recreation for Muscovites and one of the main places visited by wedding processions. And on the slopes there is a natural reserve where you can visit free ecological trails, see rare species of plants and animals and such unique natural sites as, for example, St. Andrew's Ponds.

They say that......there is no exact date for the renaming of the Sparrow Hills to the Lenin Hills, because it was unofficial. It appeared after a mistake by a tired newspaper compositor, who indicated that the holiday in honor of Lenin would be held on the “Lenin” Mountains. And since the whole country saw this incident, in 1936 this name appeared on maps of Moscow. And in response to the proposal to return the historical name to Vorobyovy Gory they said:
- Comrade Lenin is known all over the world, but who knows Comrade Sparrow? .
...the French artist Vigée Lebrun, at the invitation of Emperor Paul, came to Moscow to paint a view of the city from the Sparrow Hills. She stood for a long time and looked at the unfolding panorama. And then she threw the palette and said: “I don’t dare...”.
...on the Sparrow Hills there grew a birch grove planted by Peter I.
...Fyodor Chaliapin often visited Krynkin’s restaurant. And every time he sang, standing over the cliff and looking at Moscow.
...when the film “Alexander Nevsky” was filmed, the sand on Vorobyovy Gory resembled snowdrifts.
...initially it was proposed to build the Palace of Soviets on Vorobyovy Gory. It was supposed to be a giant hemisphere, reminiscent of the sun rising above the horizon.
...people come to Vorobyovy Gory hoping to start new life, because it is here that the Moscow River makes a bend in the form of a huge horseshoe. You need to look for a magical place at sunset and certainly alone.
...during the commissioning and filling of the Vorobyov reservoir with water, engineers poured a bottle of champagne purchased at Krynkin’s restaurant into it so that all Muscovites would celebrate this event.
...all the main buildings on Vorobyovy Gory are connected by underground passages.

Almost all works where the story is about Moscow mention the Sparrow Hills. Woland Bulgakova observed the ancient city from this wonderful observation point. You can see this place in films, but it’s better to see it yourself. Vorobyovy Gory is filled with history and the spirit of ancient times. They changed the name several times. In fact, these are not mountains, even on old maps these are Vorobyovy Kruchi, in Soviet times they became Lenin Kruchi, and now they are the Vorobyovy Gory park.

Not a single excursion around Moscow is complete without visiting them; there is an observation deck here, and from it you can see great view to the capital.

Historical reference

There is no doubt that the Sparrow Hills have been inhabited since ancient times. Since about the 2nd millennium, these lands have been developed by humans. Numerous people talk about this archaeological finds For example, stone tools were found under the building of Moscow State University. also in different time arrowheads, various decorations, and traces of settlements were found.

The name Vorobyovy Gory was given by one of the first owners of local villages, Kirill Voroby. Sparrow is a nickname that may have come from a tool, a board, walking around on a nail. The villages changed owners many times; at one time there were royal estates here, and kings of different eras rested here, hid and made their plans.

Vorobyovy Gory in the 20th century and in our time

The village of Vorobyovo survived for quite a long time. Summer residents lived here, raised and kept tea houses for tourists. In 1924, the village had 180 households and more than a thousand residents.

Since 1917, local festivities with rides, carousels, fairs, ice cream and waffle stalls have been held on Sparrow Hills. After his death, they began to call them Leninsky, and even the nearest metro station was named that way. It is located on the lower tier of the bridge. The station, like the bridge itself, was rebuilt and remodeled and was closed for use for many years. Now the park on Vorobyovy Gory bears its usual name.

Birth of a green zone

For several centuries, the capital's university asked for the territory of the Sparrow Hills for its buildings and was invariably refused. Only under the rule of the Soviets in 1948 was permission obtained and construction of the Moscow State University building began. The houses of summer residents were demolished and raised near the university Botanical Garden, strengthened the slopes, straightened the rugged bank of the Moscow River, and, in general, improved the territory. This is how the park appeared.

Why you should visit the park

If you find yourself in Moscow, be sure to add Sparrow Hills Park to your list of places worth visiting. How to get there? This is a question with multiple correct answers. You can do this by metro; there is a station with the same name, not far from Frunzenskaya. If you prefer to drive, there are plenty of parking spaces opposite the Moscow State University building on Kosygina Street.

The Sparrow Hills Park is a protected area as a green area. There are no cars driving here, only cyclists and pedestrians walking. The green zone has a total length of 10 km and stretches along the embankment. There is a forest area and shady ponds, good weather You can see local animals, especially squirrels. Here you can disconnect from the non-stop traffic of the capital, relax, breathe fresh air, listen to birdsong, and enjoy the aroma of lilacs, the bushes of which are planted along the embankment.

Near the observation deck there is a cafe where you can eat delicious food, and for lovers active rest During the warm season, bicycle rentals are available.

In addition to the observation deck and nature, there is a chairlift or funicular that you can take down to the pier. All year round There is a 72 meter long ski jump. Near the observation deck there is the Trinity Church, famous for the fact that it was here that Kutuzov prayed before the Battle of Borodino. After enjoying the Sparrow Hills, you can board a pleasure boat at the pier and explore Moscow from the river. And at the next opportunity, be sure to visit Vorobyovy Gory again.

Gorky Park

The famous natural reserve in Moscow is a desirable place for any developer, local residents How can they counteract this? But not so long ago the rights to it were transferred to the Park of Culture. M. Gorky. This greatly excited everyone, since the first action on the part of the park management was the construction of a fence around the perimeter natural reserve, also limited access for park regulars, athletes, coaches and others. They built a buffet, closed one of the jumps and destroyed the informal parking lot that they had been using for a long time and to which they were accustomed. And after rumors about increasing the height of the building and the construction of an underground parking lot under the observation deck, residents began to write letters and complaints to the city administration.

People don't want changes because they are not often for the better. Many are in favor of preserving a piece of nature, and not covering everything with artificial turf, installing communications, and making large-scale lighting. How this story will end and whether the Vorobyovy Gory park will become another shopping and entertainment complex is still unknown. Let us hope for the best.

- (in 1924 91 Lenin Mountains), a high section of the right bank of the river. Moscow in the southwest of Moscow. Steep cliff of the Teplostan Upland. Height approx. 220 m (above the river edge approx. 60-70 m). A network of deep ravines, landslide mounds. Deciduous forests. On... ...Russian history

- (in 1924 91 Lenin Hills), the name of the high right native bank of the Moscow River, opposite the Luzhnikovskaya bend, in the southwest of the city; one of the “seven hills” of Moscow. Extends from the mouth of the river. Setun to St. Andrew's Bridge of the District Railway... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

Sparrow Hills- (in 192491 Lenin Mountains), a high section of the right indigenous bank of the Moscow River in the southwest of Moscow. It is a steep cliff of the Teplostan Upland. Height is about 220 m (above the river edge about 60-70 m). V. g. are composed of sands and... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

Sparrow Hills- Vorobyovy Gory, Vorobyovy Gory (in Moscow) ... Russian spelling dictionary

The former (before 1935) name of the Lenin Mountains (See Lenin Mountains) in Moscow ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Vorobyovy Gory has several meanings: “Vorobyovy Gory” is the name of an area in the southwest of Moscow on the steep right bank of the Moscow River (1924–1991 “Lenin Mountains”). “Sparrow Hills” is colloquial and at the same time outdated official... Wikipedia

Vorobyovy Gory station Small Ring Moscow Railway Railway... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Vorobyovy Gory (meanings). The style of this article is non-encyclopedic or violates the norms of the Russian language. The article should be corrected according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia... Wikipedia

Slopes of the Vorobyovy Gory Trinity Church on the Vorobyovy Gory Vorobyovy Gory (in 1935-1999 Lenin Hills) the name of an area in the southwest of Moscow, which is the high right bank of the Moscow River (steep cliff of the Teplostan Upland, ... ... Wikipedia

Vorobyovy Gory station Sokolnicheskaya line Moscow metro Leninskie Gory before reconstruction (above) and Vorobyovy Gory after (below) ... Wikipedia

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Estates and parks of Moscow. Coloring guide, Olga Butkova. What awaits you under the cover: A fascinating coloring guide to the most beautiful parks and estates of Moscow. Each spread of this book is a journey into the world of history and architecture. For those, who…