The sailing ships they sailed on. The largest sailing ships in the world. Classification of sport sailing vessels

Battleship(English) ship-of-the-line, fr. navire de ligne) - a class of sailing three-masted wooden warships. Sailing battleships were characterized by the following features: a total displacement from 500 to 5500 tons, armament, including from 30-50 to 135 guns in the side ports (in 2-4 decks), the crew size ranged from 300 to 800 people when fully manned. Ships of the line were built and used from the 17th century until the early 1860s for naval battles using linear tactics. Sailing battleships were not called battleships.

General information

In 1907, a new class of armored ships with a displacement from 20 thousand to 64 thousand tons was called battleships (abbreviated as battleships).

History of creation

"In times long past... on the high seas he battleship I wasn't afraid of anything. There was not a shadow of a feeling of defenselessness from possible attacks from destroyers, submarines or aircraft, nor trembling thoughts about enemy mines or air torpedoes, there was essentially nothing, with the exception of perhaps a severe storm, drift to a leeward shore or a concentrated attack of several equal opponents, which could shake the proud confidence of a sailing battleship in its own indestructibility, which it assumed with every right." - Oscar Parks. Battleships of the British Empire.

Technological innovations

Many related technological advances led to the emergence of battleships as the main force of navies.

The technology of building wooden ships, considered today to be classical - first the frame, then the plating - finally took shape in Byzantium at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia AD, and thanks to its advantages, over time it replaced the previously used methods: the Roman one used in the Mediterranean, with smooth lining boards, the ends of which were connected by tenons, and clinker, which was used from Rus' to the Basque Country in Spain, with overlapping cladding and transverse reinforcement ribs inserted into the finished body. In southern Europe, this transition finally took place before the middle of the 14th century, in England - around 1500, and in Northern Europe, merchant ships with clinker lining (holkas) were built back in the 16th century, possibly later. In most European languages, this method was denoted by derivatives of the word carvel; hence the caravel, that is, initially, a ship built starting from the frame and with the skin smooth.

The new technology gave shipbuilders a number of advantages. The presence of a frame on the ship made it possible to accurately determine in advance its dimensions and the nature of its contours, which, with the previous technology, became fully obvious only during the construction process; ships are now built according to a pre-approved plan. Besides, new technology made it possible to significantly increase the size of ships - both due to the greater strength of the hull and due to the reduction in the requirements for the width of the boards used for plating, which made it possible to use lower quality wood for the construction of ships. The qualification requirements for the workforce involved in construction were also reduced, which made it possible to build ships faster and in much larger quantities than before.

In the 14th-15th centuries, gunpowder artillery began to be used on ships, but initially, due to the inertia of thinking, it was placed on superstructures intended for archers - the forecastle and sterncastle, which limited the permissible mass of the guns for reasons of maintaining stability. Later, artillery began to be installed along the side in the middle of the ship, which largely removed the restrictions on the mass of the guns, but aiming them at the target was very difficult, since the fire was fired through round slots made to the size of the gun barrel in the sides, which were plugged from the inside in the stowed position. Real gun ports with covers appeared only towards the end of the 15th century, which paved the way for the creation of heavily armed artillery ships. During the 16th century, a complete change in the nature of naval battles took place: rowing galleys, which had previously been the main warships for thousands of years, gave way to sailing ships armed with artillery, and boarding combat to artillery.

Mass production of heavy artillery guns for a long time was very difficult, therefore, until the 19th century, the largest ones installed on ships remained 32...42-pounders (based on the mass of the corresponding solid cast-iron core), with a bore diameter of no more than 170 mm. But working with them during loading and aiming was very complicated due to the lack of servos, which required a huge calculation for their maintenance: such guns weighed several tons each. Therefore, for centuries, they tried to arm ships as much as possible big amount relatively small guns that were located along the side. At the same time, for reasons of strength, the length of a warship with a wooden hull is limited to approximately 70-80 meters, which also limited the length of the onboard battery: more than two to three dozen guns could only be placed in several rows. This is how warships arose with several closed gun decks (decks), carrying from several dozen to hundreds or more guns of various calibers.

In the 16th century, cast iron cannons began to be used in England, which were a great technological innovation due to their lower cost relative to bronze and less labor-intensive manufacturing compared to iron ones, and at the same time they had more high performance. Superiority in artillery manifested itself during the battles of the English fleet with the Invincible Armada (1588) and has since begun to determine the strength of the fleet, making boarding battles history - after which boarding is used exclusively for the purpose of capturing an enemy ship that has already been disabled by fire from the guns of an enemy ship.

In the middle of the 17th century, methods for mathematical calculation of ship hulls appeared. Introduced into practice around the 1660s by the English shipbuilder A. Dean, the method of determining the displacement and waterline level of a ship based on its total mass and the shape of its contours made it possible to calculate in advance at what height from the sea surface the ports of the lower battery would be located, and to position the decks accordingly and the guns are still on the slipway - previously this required lowering the ship’s hull into the water. This made it possible to determine the firepower of the future ship at the design stage, as well as to avoid accidents like what happened with the Swedish Vasa due to the ports being too low. In addition, on ships with powerful artillery, part of the gun ports necessarily fell on the frames; Only real frames, not cut by ports, were power-bearing, and the rest were additional, so precise coordination of their relative positions was important.

History of appearance

The immediate predecessors of battleships were heavily armed galleons, carracks and the so-called “big ships” (Great Ships). The first purpose-built gunship is sometimes considered to be the English carrack. Mary Rose(1510), although the Portuguese attribute the honor of their invention to their king João II (1455-1495), who ordered the arming of several caravels with heavy guns.

The first battleships appeared in the fleets European countries at the beginning of the 17th century, and the first three-decker battleship is considered HMS Prince Royal(1610) . They were lighter and shorter than the “tower ships” that existed at that time - galleons, which made it possible to quickly line up with the side facing the enemy, when the bow of the next ship looked at the stern of the previous one. Also, battleships differ from galleons in having straight sails on a mizzen mast (galleons had from three to five masts, of which usually one or two were “dry”, with oblique sails), the absence of a long horizontal latrine at the bow and a rectangular tower at the stern , and maximum use of the free area of ​​the sides for the guns. A battleship is more maneuverable and stronger than a galleon in artillery combat, while a galleon is better suited for boarding combat. Unlike battleships, galleons were also used to transport troops and trade cargo.

The resulting multi-deck sailing battleships were the main means of warfare at sea for more than 250 years and allowed countries such as Holland, Great Britain and Spain to create huge trading empires.

By the middle of the 17th century, a clear division of battleships by class arose: the old two-deck (that is, in which two closed decks one above the other were filled with cannons firing through ports - slits in the sides) ships with 50 guns were not strong enough for linear battle and were used in mainly for escorting convoys. Double-decker battleships, carrying from 64 to 90 guns, made up the bulk of the navy, while three- or even four-decker ships (98-144 guns) served as flagships. A fleet of 10-25 such ships made it possible to control maritime trade lines and, in case of war, to close them off to the enemy.

Battleships should be distinguished from frigates. Frigates had either only one closed battery, or one closed and one open battery on the upper deck. The sailing equipment of battleships and frigates was the same (three masts, each with straight sails). Battleships were superior to frigates in the number of guns (several times) and the height of their sides, but they were inferior in speed and could not operate in shallow water.

Battleship tactics

The term “battleship” itself arose due to the fact that in battle, multi-deck ships began to line up one after another - so that during their salvo they would be turned broadside by the enemy, because the greatest damage to the target was caused by a salvo from all onboard guns. This tactic was called linear. Formation in a line during a naval battle first began to be used by the fleets of England and Spain at the beginning of the 17th century and was considered the main one until the middle of the 19th century. Linear tactics also did a good job of protecting the squadron leading the battle from attacks by fireships.

It is worth noting that in a number of cases, fleets consisting of battleships could vary tactics, often deviating from the canons of the classic firefight of two wake columns running parallel courses. Thus, at Camperdown, the British, not having time to line up in the correct wake column, attacked the Dutch battle line with a formation close to the front line followed by a disorderly dump, and at Trafalgar they attacked the French line with two columns running across them, wisely using the advantages of longitudinal fire, striking not separated by transverse bulkheads caused terrible damage to wooden ships (at Trafalgar, Admiral Nelson used tactics developed by Admiral Ushakov). Although these were extraordinary cases, even within the framework of the general paradigm of linear tactics, the squadron commander often had sufficient space for bold maneuver, and the captains for exercising their own initiative.

Design features and combat qualities

The wood for the construction of battleships (usually oak, less often teak or mahogany) was selected with the most care, soaked and dried for a number of years, after which it was carefully laid in several layers. The side skin was double - inside and outside of the frames; the thickness of one outer skin on some battleships reached 60 cm at the gondeck (at the Spanish Santisima Trinidad), and the total internal and external - up to 37 inches, that is, about 95 cm. The British built ships with relatively thin plating, but often spaced frames, in the area of ​​which the total thickness of the side of the gondeck reached 70-90 cm of solid wood; between the frames, the total thickness of the side, formed by only two layers of skin, was less and reached 2 feet (60 cm). For greater speed, French battleships were built with thinner frames, but thicker plating - up to 70 cm between frames in total.

To protect the underwater part from rot and fouling, an outer lining of thin strips of soft wood was placed on it, which was regularly changed during the timbering process at the dock. Subsequently, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, copper cladding began to be used for the same purposes.

• List of men-of-war 1650-1700. Part II. French ships 1648-1700.
• Histoire de la Marine Francaise. French naval history.
• Les Vaisseaux du roi Soleil. Contain for instance list of ships 1661 to 1715 (1-3 rates). Author: J.C Lemineur: 1996 ISBN 2906381225

Notes

For early ships “This name of a warship is a compound abbreviated word that arose in the 20s of the 20th century. based on the phrase battleship." Krylov's Etymological Dictionary https://www.slovopedia.com/25/203/1650517.html

The very first sailing ships (will be described in this article) appeared more than three thousand years ago in Egypt and were a regular raft with a straight mast and a steering oar. A little later, the Phoenicians began to make more advanced models. For their construction they used Lebanese cedar and oak wood. The ports of Phenicia had shipyards that produced merchant single-masted boats and more equipped warships. Around the 5th century. BC e. The ancient Greeks and Romans already had a navy. However, large sailing ships appeared in Europe during the period of the great geographical discoveries. It was then that the most powerful European powers, in search of new colonies, began to equip sea flotillas for travel not only across the ocean, but also around the world. Thus began a stubborn struggle for supremacy at sea, which contributed to the active development of the shipbuilding industry.

in modern world

Nowadays, when the navy consists of powerful ships equipped with the latest technology, sailing models have begun to be used mainly for entertainment. Most modern sailing ships are yachts. In Europe and America, where there are sports yacht clubs, sports regattas are held annually. Most often people take part in such events

A regatta is a water competition between sailing or rowing vessels.

Traditionally, such competitions are held in America and England. Some regattas are major international competitions, such as. "America's Cup".

The classification of sailing ships is determined depending on the equipment and technical characteristics. Below are the main types of sailboat varieties.

Classification by sail type

Vessels with straight sails.

Vessels with oblique sails.

The straight sail was used by the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians. It is a trapezoid-shaped canvas attached to a horizontal yard. Ships with straight sails sail well only with a tailwind, so they were quickly replaced by ships with oblique sails.

The oblique sail is located with back side the mast to which it is attached with its leading edge. Vessels with oblique sails sail well both with a fair wind and with a course sharp to the wind. Oblique sails, in turn, are divided into:

Latin.

Gaff sails.

Jib and jib.

Classification by number of masts

Single mast sailing yachts.

Two-masted yachts.

Multi-masted yachts.

The mast is part of the sailing rig. It is a vertical ship structure, which is usually supported by special guy wires. Masts were made mainly from softwood.

Masts in the modern world

On large modern ships that do not have sailing equipment, masts have lost their main function and are used for other purposes:

To carry the national attributes of your country (flag and coat of arms).

To carry identification marks about the current state of the vessel (quarantine on board, fire on board, drill, etc.).

For installation of various lighting signal signs.

For installation of some audible warning devices.

In order to pay tribute to the state in whose waters this moment there is a ship. The national flag of that country is installed on the mast.

If there is a deceased person on board, the national flag is lowered at half-mast as a sign of mourning and tribute to his memory.

Types of masts

Foremast. This is the very first mast, if you count from the bow of the ship.

Mainmast. It is the second structure of this type from the bow of the ship. On two- or three-masted ships it is also the highest.

Mizzen mast. The stern mast, which on any ship is the last one from the bow.

What types of watercraft are there?

Classification of sailboats by hull type:

Wooden.

Plastic.

Steel.

Classification of sailing ships by number of hulls:

Single-hull

Double-hulled (sailing catamarans)

Three-hull (sailing trimarans).

And finally, the classification of sailing ships depending on the use of the keel:

Keel yachts (heavy ones are used on such vessels, which significantly reduces the drift of the vessel and lowers the center of gravity).

Dinghy boats (on such yachts a special centerboard is installed; if necessary, it can be raised and the vessel’s draft reduced).

Yachts are compromises (they use intermediate design solutions between dinghies and keel structures).

Variety of ships

The names of sailing ships should be listed.

Aak is a small, single-masted, flat-bottomed vessel designed to carry small cargo.

A barque is a large ship with three to five masts. The vessel is mainly equipped with straight sails, only one scythe is attached to the aft mast.

Barquentine is a seagoing three-to-five-masted sailing ship. Most masts are equipped with forward sails. Only the bow structure has a straight sail.

A brig is a two-masted ship with a straight sail on the main and foremast and a slanting gaff sail on the main.

A brigantine is a light two-masted ship with oblique sails on the main mast and straight sails on the foremast; this type of sailing rig is called mixed.

A galleon is a large multi-deck sea vessel with powerful artillery weapons. Galleons were intended for long sea voyages and battles. Such sailing ships were quite fast and maneuverable and made up the bulk of the Spanish and English fleets.

Junk - a wooden two-to-four-masted ship, which was used mainly in the South- East Asia and was intended for river or coastal sea freight transport.

Iol is a two-masted ship with oblique sails and the position of the stern mast behind the rudder axis.

Caravel is a three- to four-masted sea vessel with mixed sailing equipment, designed for sea ​​voyages and significant freight traffic.

Galera - this is the name of almost all sailing and rowing ships; they were used in ancient times. In addition to sailing weapons, they had one or two rows of oars.

The Karakka was a large three-masted ship used for trade and military purposes. The ship could have up to three decks and had an impressive cannon armament.

Catch is a small two-masted vessel. It differs in the location of the stern mast in front of the rudder axis.

A frigate is a military three-masted vessel with full sailing rig. The classic frigate was created in France in the mid-eighteenth century and was a light, maneuverable vessel with good armament.

Flute is a good sea sailing vessel designed for military transport purposes. Due to the fact that the length of this ship was several times greater than its width, the flute could sail quite steeply into the wind, and this gave it a significant advantage over other, less maneuverable ships.

A sloop is a three-masted military ship sailing under straight sails. Used as a patrol and transport vehicle.

A schooner is a light sailing vessel that had at least two masts with slanting sails. Schooners are very easy to navigate. They were mainly used for various trade transport.

Yacht

Initially, sailing yachts were fast and light vessels used to transport high-ranking persons. Subsequently, a yacht began to be called any or simply sailing vessel intended for tourist or sporting purposes.

The first yachts appeared in the eighteenth century. They were quite fast and comfortable, which is why rich people preferred this type of sea transport. Modern sailing yachts have an outboard motor, which makes it easy to maneuver in port and sail at low speed even during complete calm. They are divided into cruising (they have a cabin on board), pleasure and racing.

Buy in store

Today, many historical sailing ships no longer exist and remain only on the pages of adventure novels and in pictures in magazines and books. But don't get too upset. In the store you can purchase vessels designed for themed decor. There are also special kits and manuals for assembling sailing ships with your own hands. It is worth noting that collecting ship models is a very entertaining hobby that is gaining momentum in Russia.

The most famous and legendary sailing ships, photos and models of which are popular:

The bark Endeavor is the famous ship of James Cook, on which he sailed to the then uncharted shores of Australia and New Zealand.

"Neva" and "Nadezhda" are two sloops that, for the first time in Russian history circumnavigated the world.

"Prince" is an English frigate that sank in 1854 in the Black Sea after a catastrophic storm. It gained popularity due to rumors about the sunken treasures it carried.

The Mary Rose was the flagship of King Henry VIII of England, which tragically sank in 1545.

The Great Republic is the largest clipper ship of the nineteenth century, which was built by the famous shipbuilder Donald Mackay.

The Ariel is a British clipper ship that became famous for winning the famous “tea race” from China to London in 1866.

"Adventure" is the ship of one of the most famous pirates - Captain William Kidd.

Conclusion

The age of sailing ships was a truly exciting time of adventure and romance. Sailing ships took part in numerous sea battles, sailed to uncharted shores and transported priceless treasures, which are associated with a great many legends. Dedicated to ships of this type great amount literary works. Based on historical events and mystical stories Many famous adventure films have been shot with the participation of sailing models.

“Prussia” is a five-mast sailboat with an all-steel hull. Previously, she was the world's largest ship with square sails, as well as the only five-masted sailing ship of this class in the world merchant fleet. The sailing ship was built in 1902 by order of the Hamburg shipping company Lajes. Hamburg is the home port of the sailing ship. Unlike many others, the sailing ship Prussia was never equipped with auxiliary engines. The length of the ship is 147 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 11,150 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,081 rt (register tons), sail area - 6,806 square meters, years of operation - from 1902 to 1910.

France II is a French five-masted sailing ship. This sailboat is considered one of the largest in the history of shipbuilding. “France II” was laid down at the shipyards “Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde” in French city Bordeaux in 1911. The length of the sailboat is 146.20 meters, width - 17 meters, displacement - 10,710 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,633 mercury, volume of sails - 6,350 square meters.

The R.C. Rickmers was a German five-masted sailing ship and also served as a merchant vessel. The length of the sailing ship is 146 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 10,500 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,548 register tons, sail area - 6,045 square meters.

The schooner Thomas W. Lawson is the only seven-masted sailing ship in the world. It was launched in Quincy in 1902. The famous shipowner Deon Crowley really wanted to create the largest sailboat in the whole world, and therefore he became the inspirer and author of the idea of ​​​​its construction. The length of the sailing ship is 144 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 10,860 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,218 rt, sail area - 4,330 square meters, the gross tonnage of the schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" was 5,218 (grt), which is 137 (grt) was at that time more than that of the five-masted bark Prussia, which was put into operation a few months before the schooner Thomas. W. Lawson.”

Royal Clipper is a five-masted four-star cruising sailboat, which was built in the image and likeness of “Prussia” (1902 - 1910). The model of the sailing ship was developed by Zygmunt Horen, a Polish specialist in ship devices, and the sailing ship itself was put into operation in 2000. The longest sailing ship in the world can accommodate 227 passengers. “Royal Clipper” can reach speeds of up to 20 knots. The length of the ship is 134.8 meters, width - 16.5 meters, displacement - 5,061 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,425 mercury, sail area - 5,202 meters square.

“Potosi” is a five-masted sailing merchant ship that was built in 1895 by order of the Hamburg shipping company “Lajes”. The sailboat's route passed between Germany and Chile. The length of the sailing ship is 132.1 meters, width - 15.1 meters, displacement - 8,580 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,026 mt, sail area - 4,700 square meters.

Copenhagen “Cobenhavn” is the last five-masted barque, which was built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard “Ramage and Ferguson” by order of the Danish East Asia Company after the First World War in Copenhagen. The length of the barque is 131.9 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 7,900 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,901 mt, sail area - 4,644 square meters.

“France I” is one of the largest five-masted barques. The sailing ship was built in 1890. It was the first French sailing cargo ship and the second in the world in this era. The length of the ship is 133 meters, width - 14.9 meters, displacement - 7,800 tons.

Wyoming is a six-masted, 125-meter, double-decker schooner that was built primarily from Canadian pine. At that time, this was the height of perfection in wooden shipbuilding. The Wyoming is the world's largest all-wood ship. The length of the ship is 137 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 8,000 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,731 mercury, sail area - 3,700 meters square.

The Great Republic is the largest wooden clipper ship of the 19th century. It was built by the famous American shipbuilder Donald McKay. The Great Republic clipper had no equal in size. Most American clippers of the 19th century were about 70 meters long and were considered the largest in the world; English clippers averaged about 60 meters. The length of the Great Republic was 101.5 meters, the width of the clipper was 16.2 meters, and the displacement was 4556 tons. The height of the Great Republic grotto reached 70 meters. The total sail area is 6070 square meters.

Viking is a four-masted steel barque that was built in 1906 in Copenhagen. This is the largest sailing ship ever built in Scandinavia. The Viking's length is 118 meters, width - 13.9 meters, displacement - 6,300 tons, vessel volume - 2,959 mercury, sail area - 3,690 square meters.

“Sedov” is a four-masted barque that was built in 1921 under the name “Magdalene Vinnen II”. Since 1936, the name has changed to “Kommodore Johnsen”. And in 1945, the barque was transferred to the USSR by Great Britain and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Today, “Sedov” is one of the largest sailing training ships in the world. Length - 117.5 meters, width - 14.6 meters, displacement - 7,320 tons, vessel volume - 3,556 mt, sail area - 4,192 meters square.

Union is a training sailing vessel of the Peruvian Navy. The sailboat has a four-masted steel hull. Union was built in 2014 by Shipyard Marine Industrial Services of Peru, also known as SIMA. The length of the barque is 115.75 meters, width - 13.5 meters, displacement - 3,200 tons, sail area - 4,324 meters square.

“Kruzenshtern” is a four-masted barque, a Russian training sailing vessel. It was built in 1925-1926 in Germany. When launched, the barque bore the name Padua, but in 1946 it became the property of the USSR and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. The vessel's home port is Kaliningrad. The length of the sailing ship is 114.5 meters, width - 14.4 meters, displacement - 5,805 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,064 mercury, sail area - 3,900 square meters. The ship made repeated transatlantic and round the world expeditions. Mikhail Kozhukhov's travel club provides a unique opportunity not just to visit Kruzenshtern, but to go on a trip to.

Pamir is a multi-masted sailing ship. At one time, multi-masted sailing ships, which received the unofficial name “flying “P””, gained worldwide popularity. This series of sailboats was built in late XIX century, commissioned by the German shipping company “F. Laeisz.” The bark “Pamir” is one of them. The length of the vessel is 114.5 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 3,910 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,020 mercury, sail area - 3,800 square meters.

“Juan Sebastian de Elcano” is a training ship of the Spanish Navy. It is used as a training base for cadets of the Naval Academy. Elcano is the largest of the world's training schooners. According to the type of sailing equipment, “Elcano” belongs to the topsail (topsail) schooners; on the foremast it carries four straight sails and three oblique sails, on the other three masts there are only oblique sails. The ship was designed and built at the Echevarieta y Larinaga shipyard in Cadiz and launched on March 5, 1927. The schooner was named after Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), ​​the first sailor to circumnavigate the world. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,670 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,464 mercury, sail area - 3,153 square meters.

“Esmeralda” is a training sailing ship of the Chilean Navy built in the mid-20th century. She was laid down at the Cadiz shipyard in 1946, and six years later the ship was sold to Chile as part of the repayment of Spain's debt to that country. On May 12, 1953, the ship was launched, and on June 15, 1954, the Chilean flag was raised. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,673 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,400 mercury, sail area - 2,935 square meters.

“Mir” is a three-masted training ship, a frigate according to the accepted classification of training ships, or a “ship” according to sailing equipment - a ship with full sailing equipment, which belongs to State University sea ​​and river fleet named after Admiral S. O. Makarov (St. Petersburg), and since 2014 - to “Rosmorport”. Mir was built at the Gdansk shipyard in 1987. Vessel length - 109.6 meters, draft 6.6 meters, total area the sails are 2771 meters square, the height of the middle mast is 49.5 meters. Accommodates up to 200 people.

“Nadezhda” is a three-masted training ship. The ship is fully rigged and is listed in the register as a frigate. Currently it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". The length of the vessel is 109.4 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,297 tons, sail area - 2,768 meters square.

The training sailing ship “Dar Molodezhi” is a Polish three-masted training sailing ship, frigate. It was built at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard and launched in 1982. Heir legendary sailing ships“Lwоw” (“Lviv”) was launched in England in 1869, one of the first steel sailing ships. Length - 108.8 meters, width - 13.94 meters, displacement - 2,946 tons, vessel volume - 2,384 mercury, total sail area - 3,015 square meters.

“Pallada” is a training three-masted ship (a ship with a full sail, listed as a barque in the register, sometimes called a frigate in the press), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok). Length - 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,284 tons, total sail area - 2,771 square meters.

“Khersones” is a training three-masted frigate (a ship with full square sail), the training base of the Sevastopol branch of the State Maritime University named after. Admiral F.F. Ushakova (port of registry - Sevastopol). The length of the frigate is 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,987 tons, total sail area - 2,770 square meters.

Libertad is a training sailing vessel of the Argentine Navy. She was built in the 1950s at the Rio Santiago shipyard near La Plata and became one of the largest sailing ships in the world. The first trip to sea was made in 1962. Traveled more than 800 thousand nautical miles (1.5 million kilometers), visited about 500 ports in more than 60 countries. The length of the vessel is 103.7 meters, width - 13.8 meters, displacement - 3,765 tons, total sail area - 3,652 square meters.

“Amerigo Vespucci” is an Italian training sailing vessel. The three-deck sailing ship “Amerigo Vespucci” is a reminiscence of the linear steamship-sailing ship of the 50-60s. XIX century. It was launched in February 1931 in Naples. The length of the vessel is 100.6 meters, width - 15.56 meters, displacement - 4,146 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,545 mercury, total sail area - 2,580 square meters.

“Stadsraad Lehmkuhl” is a three-masted Norwegian sailing ship, barque, built in 1914. Registered at the port of Bergen. She is the oldest and largest sailing ship in Norway. The length of the vessel is 98 meters, width - 12.6 meters, displacement - 1,516 tons, volume of the vessel - 1,701 mercury, total sail area - 2,026 square meters.

Currently, a ship is called a warship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once upon a time, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on sailing directions with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. Each of them had guns on board, and the crew consisted of desperate young men who were ready to do anything for the sake of profit and the romance of distant travels. Then, in these turbulent centuries, a division into types of ships occurred. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe we can add some rowing ships.

Galleys

Getting into them is an unenviable lot. In ancient times, such punishment awaited inveterate criminals. And in Ancient Egypt, both in Fincia and in Hellas they were already there. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. The main driving force was those same convicts, but they were sometimes assisted by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. By modern standards, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and their length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those distant times the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of galleys consists of ballistae and bow rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The progress, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

Barki

So, a barque (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word “bark”) is a ship with a number of masts from three to five. All of its sails are straight, with the exception of the mizzen (stern mast) rigging. Barks are quite large vessels, for example, the Kruzenshtern has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 m, and a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the vessel even today does not seem low; under sail, the speed of this barque reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, was common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers along sea lines.

Brigantine raises sails

In fact, the same barques, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and navigability. Brigantines stand out for their speed and lightness. The sailing rig is mixed, with straight sails on the foresail (front mast) and oblique sails on the mainsail. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called “Bermuda mainsail”, that is, a triangular sail stretched between the luff line and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others acquired a different meaning. An example would be a frigate. This concept survived later types such as ironclads, dreadnoughts and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In its original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. To the word "frigate" starting with XVII century for a long time they added the adjective “Dunkirk”, which meant predominant use in a separate zone of the naval theater of operations adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by its speed. Then, as the range of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. The displacement is average for that time, approximately. The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on which in 1855 a glorious expedition was undertaken to the shores of East Asia under the command of Admiral E.V. Putyatin.

Caravels

“She passed like a caravel...” is sung in a famous pop song. It doesn't hurt to study the types of sailing ships before composing lyrics for future hits. The compliment turned out to be somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared to a lifting, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the caravel’s nose is raised high, which can also be seen as an undesirable hint.

However, in general this type certainly has good seaworthiness. It is most famous for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World on three caravels (“Santa Maria”, “Pinta” and “Nina”). Externally, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. There are three masts, a foresail with straight sails, and the rest with lateen (oblique) sails.

Purpose: long-distance sea and transoceanic voyages.

The Russian word “ship” is morphologically derived from the word “caravel”. It gave its name to the famous French passenger airliner, which was very beautiful.

Clippers

All types of ships are created for fast sailing and are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word “cruiser”, and immediately everyone around will think something - some “Aurora”, others “Varyag”. Regarding clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This ship with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly bringing mail to distant colonies and carrying out especially delicate orders from the queen was the lot of clipper ships and their crews. And these ships carried out their work until the advent of steamships, and in some cases even later.

Galleons

Looking through the ancient types of warships, one cannot help but recall the Great Armada, which competed with British Navy in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. No sailing ship of that time could compare with it in perfection. At its core, this is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (that same “raised nose” has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, ancient Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too tall next to the galleon (this was a disadvantage, such a target was easier to hit). The outline of the poop (stern superstructure) acquired a rectangular shape, and the crew’s conditions became more comfortable. It was on galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of this word.

The displacement of these “16th century battleships” ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and the nose was crowned with a majestic sculpture.

Schooners

There are types large ships, which have become “workhorses” designed to transport a wide variety of cargo. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, distinguished by the fact that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be taken into account that the line between a two-masted topsail or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. It reached its greatest popularity in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, and his crew hunt on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to control (According to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A kind of record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy Shipyard) was launched.

Other types of ships

Photos of sailboats arriving at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on websites. Such a parade is always an event; the beauty of these ships is incomparable. Barques, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, ketches, and yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer to bygone centuries, full of adventure and romance of distant travels. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they believe in many countries, including ours. Having climbed up the shrouds, unfurled the sails and breathed in the free wind of the sea, you can take your places at the modern control panels of dry cargo ships, bulk tankers and cruise ships. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers; he will not let you down.

Currently, the phrase “sailing ship” is used to refer to any vessel that has at least one sail, but from a technical point of view, a sailing vessel is a ship that uses wind energy converted by sails to propel it.

The types of sailing ships have been varied at all times. In addition to the original design, the sailboat could undergo changes at the request of the owner, depending on sailing conditions or local traditions. As a rule, such reconstructions were created with the aim of improving seaworthiness, using a smaller crew. Until the mid-19th century, sailing ships were the main means of maritime transport and warfare at sea. Currently, they are used only as training, sports and pleasure vessels. Due to rising fuel prices and stricter environmental protection requirements, a number of countries have begun the development and construction of experimental sailing ships equipped with modern sailing rigs. The voyage of sailing ships can take from one day to several months, but long voyages require careful planning with calls at ports to replenish supplies.

Exist different kinds sailing ships, but they all have common basic characteristics. Every sailing vessel must have a hull, spar, rigging, and at least one sail.

Spar - a system of masts, yards, gaffs and other structures designed to accommodate sails, signal lights, observation posts, etc. The spar can be fixed (masts, topmasts, bowsprit) and movable (yards, gaffs, booms).

Rigging - all the gear of a sailing ship, consists of stretched cables. The rigging is divided into standing and running. The standing rigging serves to hold the spar in place and plays the role of guy wires. Standing rigging cables on modern sailing ships are usually made of galvanized steel. Running rigging is designed to control the sails - raising them, retracting them, etc.

The sail - the propulsion device of a sailing vessel - is a part of fabric, on modern sailboats - synthetic, which is attached to the spar using rigging, which allows transforming wind energy into the movement of the vessel. Sails are divided into straight and oblique. Straight sails have the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, oblique sails have the shape of a triangle or unequal trapezoid. The use of oblique sails allows sailing ship move steeply into the wind.

CLASSIFICATION OF SAILING SHIPS AND VESSELS

The most common classification of sailing ships is by type and number of masts. This is where the name of the type of sailing ship comes from. Thus, all sailing ships can carry different types of sails on their masts in varying quantities, but they are all divided into the following categories:

single-masted sailing ships

yal- light ratite sailing boat (dinghy). The yawl has one mast, often removable, and is called the foremast.

kat- a sailing vessel characterized by the presence of one mast placed far forward, that is, near the bow of the boat.

sloop- a single-mast sea sailing vessel.

tender- a single-masted sea sailing vessel with three types of sails on the mast - staysail, trysail and topsail.

cutter- a sailing vessel that has one mast with an oblique, usually gaff, rig and two staysails.

two-masted sailing ships

yol- a two-masted vessel, in which the mizzen mast is located in the stern near the rudder head, and has an oblique sail rig.

ketch- a two-masted sailing ship, differing from the iola by a slightly larger mizzen mast. In addition, the sail area of ​​the stern mast is about 20 percent of the total sail area of ​​the sailboat. This feature provides advantages in controllability in strong winds.

schooner (Bermudian schooner)- a sea sailing vessel with two masts with oblique sails.

brigantine- a two-masted sailing vessel with a combined sailing rig, having a straight sail rig on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast.

brig- a two-masted sailing vessel with a straight rig.

three-masted sailing ships (multi-masted sailing ships)

caravel- has three masts with straight and oblique sails.

schooner- a type of sea sailing vessel that has at least two masts with forward sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into: gaff, Bermudian, jib, topsails And front-sail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. At the same time, in a number of cases, Marseille and top two-masted schooners, especially with a briefock, can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails - gaff or Bermuda, a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The schooners have a shallow draft, which allows them to enter even shallow waters.

barque- a large sailing vessel with three or more masts, having direct sails on all masts, except for the stern mast, which is equipped with forward sails.

barquentine (barque schooner)- as a rule, this is a sailing vessel with three or more masts with mixed sailing equipment, and has direct sails only on the foremast; the remaining masts have oblique sails.

frigate- a sailing vessel with three or more masts with straight sails on all masts.

In addition to the above types of sailing ships, in the history of navigation there were a large number of other names, many of which have disappeared over time, but thanks to enthusiasts, some ships have survived to this day in the form of fully functional copies or replicas: corvette, flute, galleon, lugger, clipper, xebec, karakka, windjammer.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS SAILING VESSELS

Sailing originated in countries that have always been famous for sailing - England and the Netherlands. Its origins are closely connected with professional sailing on small sailing ships, where the advantage in speed made it possible to successfully compete, for example, in fishing or pilotage service. The sporting interest that arose as a result of the improvement in the performance of such sailing vessels, as well as the holding of races between them, led to the emergence of special vessels intended exclusively for amateur sailing, which began to be called yachts. This name comes from the Dutch word “jagie” - this is how small high-speed single-masted ships were called in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The widespread use of exciting water competitions has also led classifiers to divide sport sailing yachts into types.

Classification of sailing sports vessels (yachts)- this is the division of sailing, sports, vessels into classes depending on the sizes and their ratios, affecting the performance and seaworthiness of these sailing vessels. There are four main classes of sailing and sports vessels (yachts): free classes; formula classes; monotypes And handicap classes.

Classes of sailing vessels (yachts) are constantly being improved and changed and can be national and international. International classes of sailing vessels attracted to Olympic regattas are called “Olympic”. As of 2012, there are six classes of monohull racing yachts: Finn class boats, 470 class boats, 49er class boats, 49erFX class boats, Laser-Standard class boats, Laser-Radial class boats.

Stands out separately from the group class of multihull sports boats, called Nacra 17. And also competitions on surfboards with sails (windsurfing) have their own class - RS:X.

In addition to the above, there is the concept of sail-motor vessels - these are vessels that have sailing weapons and an auxiliary diesel engine. power plant, used for the movement of a vessel in calm conditions, entering (exiting) ports, passing through narrow passages (straits, canals), etc. Most sailing and motor vessels are small fishing, educational and pleasure craft.

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