Presentation on the topic "Crimean Peninsula". Presentation on the topic "geographical location of Crimea" Inland waters of Crimea. Rivers

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In March 2014, rallies in support of Crimea were held in many Russian cities.

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On March 16, 2014, a referendum was held in Crimea on possible secession from Ukraine and joining Russian Federation.

CHRONICLE OF EVENTS.

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• On March 19, the Constitutional Court recognized the agreement as complying with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
• On March 20-21, the Treaty was ratified by the State Duma and the Federation Council.
• March 21, 2014 - President V.V. Putin signed the law on ratification of the treaty on the admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation

CHRONICLE OF EVENTS.

• On March 18, 2014, an interstate agreement was signed in the Kremlin on the admission of the Republic of Crimea to Russia, in accordance with which new subjects of the Russian Federation are formed - the Republic of Crimea and the city federal significance Sevastopol.

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• 84th subject of the Russian Federation – REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA
• 85th subject of the Russian Federation - federal city SEVASTOPOL

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The Crimean Peninsula is located in the south of Eastern Europe.

In the north, the peninsula is connected to the mainland by the narrow Perekop Isthmus, and in the east by the Kerch Strait.

From the west and south, the peninsula is washed by the Black Sea, from the northeast - by the waters of the Azov Sea.

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The name "Crimea" comes from the Turkic - rampart, wall, ditch.

The Perekop shaft was built 2 thousand years ago.

Until the 13th century. The peninsula was called Tavrika, named after the ancient Taurian tribes who lived here.

Since the 15th century, the peninsula began to be called Tavria, and after it became part of Russia in 1783 - Tavrida.

A little history.

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The first Russian possessions in eastern Crimea appeared in the 10th century and entered the Principality of Tmutarakan, created under Svyatoslav.

In ancient Chersonesos (now part of Sevastopol), Grand Duke Vladimir I was baptized in 988.

The ruler of Crimea (Tmutarakini) was Mstislav Udaloy, brother of Yaroslav the Wise.

A little history.

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In the XIII-XIV centuries. Crimea was part of the Golden Horde.

And after its collapse - as part of the Crimean Khanate.

In 1478, the Crimean Khanate became a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.

Since the end of the 15th century, the Crimean Khanate made constant raids on Russian state and Poland. The main purpose of the raids was to capture slaves and resell them in Turkish markets.

A little history.

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Russian-Turkish War of 1768 - 1774.

During the war, the Russian army under the command of Pyotr Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov defeated Turkish troops in the battles of Larga, Kagul and Kozludzhi, and the Mediterranean squadron of the Russian fleet under the command of Alexei Orlov and Grigory Spiridov defeated the Turkish fleet at Chiossku and Chesme.

As a result of the war, which ended in the victory of the Russian Empire, Novorossiya and Novorossiya became part of it. North Caucasus, and the Crimean Khanate came under its protectorate.

A little history.

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A little history.

From the Manifesto of Catherine II on the annexation of Crimea.

“...the eternal peace between the All-Russian and Ottoman Empires is concluded, which We sincerely wish to preserve forever, and no less, in replacement and satisfaction of Our losses, We decided to take under Our power the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side...[...]

... Proclaiming to the inhabitants of those places ... we promise sacredly and unshakably for ourselves and the Successors of Our Throne to support them on an equal basis with our natural subjects, to protect and defend their persons, property, temples and natural faith ...

Given in Our capital city of St. Peter, on April 8 DAYS from the Nativity of Christ, 1783, and in the twenty-first summer of Our reign. Catherine II"

Catherine the Great called Crimea “the best pearl” of her crown.

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A little history.

Potemkin Grigory Alexandrovich, Prince Tauride favorite and closest assistant to Empress Catherine II. He supervised the development of the Northern Black Sea region and the construction of the Black Sea Fleet. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.

In 1776 he became governor-general of the Novorossiysk, Azov and Astrakhan provinces.

At the mouth of the Dnieper, Potemkin founded Kherson with a shipyard, supervised the construction of Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk) and the construction of Sevastopol as a military and seaport Russia, the creation of the Black Sea Fleet, both military and commercial.

Inviting colonists, founding cities, planting forests and vineyards, encouraging sericulture, establishing schools, factories, printing houses, shipyards - all this was undertaken on an extremely large scale, on a large scale, sparing neither money, nor labor, nor people.

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A little history.

Fireworks in honor of Catherine II during her trip to Crimea.

In 1787, the famous journey of Catherine II to Crimea was undertaken, which turned into a triumph for Potemkin.

The Amazon company, created by order of the prince, brought considerable pleasure to the empress; Kherson, with its fortress, surprised even foreigners, and the sight of the Sevastopol raid with a squadron of 15 large and 20 small ships was the most spectacular sight of the entire trip. When bidding farewell to the Empress in Kharkov, Potemkin received the honorary title of Tauride.

"POTEMKIN VILLAGES"

The luxurious appearance of the settlements and the well-groomed manner of their inhabitants were so amazing that they raised doubts about the authenticity of the picture presented. Therefore, envious people began to claim that these were dummies, models of houses installed on Potemkin’s orders, and that in reality there were no villages.

However, the fact remains that cities and towns were built, the population settled, and Russia’s borders were strengthened. In addition, it was a serious diplomatic step. It was necessary to show foreign guests (including the Austrian Emperor Joseph II) that Russia had a firm foot on the newly acquired lands and intended to maintain them in the best possible way.

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SEVASTOPOL is a city of Russian glory.

In the 5th century BC. e. Greek colonists built their fortress-colony Chersonesus (part of the territory of modern Sevastopol)

Immediately after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, Catherine II gave instructions to find a place to build a military port. The founder of the city was Rear Admiral Foma Fomich Mekenzi, who laid the first four stone buildings of Sevastopol on June 14, 1783.

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Dzhankoy district (Ukrainian: Dzhankoy district, Crimean Catholicate. Canköy rayonı, Dzhankoy districts) is one of 14 districts of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Located in the steppe Crimea, in the Sivash region in the north of the republic. The relief is flat, most The area is occupied by plowed steppe. The city of Dzhankoy, which is the center of the region, is not itself part of it. The North Crimean Canal, the main water artery, passes through the territory of the Dzhankoy district northern Crimea, which supplies the republic with water from the Dnieper. Dzhankoy

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Krasnoperekopsk

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SEVASTOPOL

Sevastopol is a resort city on Black Sea coast Crimea, in Ukraine, a hero city. Population - 379,200 people, area - 1079 sq. km. Founded in 1783 after the conquest of Crimea Russian Empire as a fortress and, subsequently, a port. Sevastopol today is the largest ice-free sea trade and fishing port, industrial, scientific, technical, recreational and cultural-historical center of Crimea and the South of Ukraine. The bases of the Russian and Ukrainian navies are located in Sevastopol. COUNTY pier

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BAKCHISARAI

Several settlements have long existed on the territory of present-day Bakhchisarai. By the time the city was formed in the first half of the 16th century. among them there were three main ones: the fortress city of Kyrk-Era on a mountain cape (now known as Chufut-Kale), the village of Salachik in the gorge at the foot of Kyrk-Era and the village of Eski-Yurt at the exit from the valley. In Salachik and Kirk-Era, since the times of the Golden Horde, there have been administrative centers. At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, Khan Mengli I Giray launched urban construction in Salachik, planning to turn it into a large metropolitan center.

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ALUPKA

This city is located 17 km west of Yalta. It stretches 4 km along the sea. Its palaces, villas, and healing places face the gentle sea. And from northern winds they are reliably closed by the gigantic wall of the Ai-Petri plateau. Air humidity does not exceed 70%, the number of sunny days per year reaches 246. There are 14 sanatoriums. For 200 years, the most severe ailments - bone tuberculosis and lung diseases - have been cured here.

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ATTRACTIONS OF CRIMEA There are a huge number of attractions in Crimea. A month is not enough to examine everything carefully. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMEA       The capital of Crimea is the city of Simferopol (about 400 thousand inhabitants). Crimea (25 thousand km2) a little less than Belgium, Albania or Haiti, but more than Israel, Cyprus, Lebanon, Jamaica. The population of Crimea, including Sevastopol, is about 2 million 700 thousand people. The peninsula is diverse natural conditions, a combination of mountains and plains, is favorable for agriculture and has a convenient sea coast. South coast Crimea is called the sub-Mediterranean for the proximity of the main features of its climate, flora and fauna to the coast Mediterranean Sea, subtropics. The northern, flat part of Crimea has a continental climate of the temperate zone. The economy of the peninsula is known for mechanical engineering and instrument production, orchards and vineyards, as well as essential oil crops, where Crimea simply has no equal. The food industry of the peninsula is of export importance. The honor of the Crimean brand is maintained by dozens of rural canning shops. Well, the finest Crimean muscats are the best in the world; wines of other brands also meet the most demanding taste. SOUTH COAST OF CRIMEA CASTLE PALACE “SWALLOW’S NEST” One of the world-famous symbols of Crimea was built in 1912 on a steep forty-meter Aurora rock on Cape Ai-Todor near Yalta. Currently, work is underway to strengthen the rock on which the castle stands, because Under the weight of the structure, the rock gradually collapses. VORONTSOV PALACE The palace and the adjacent park form a single ensemble, located in Alupka at the foot of picturesque mountain Ai-Petri. Construction of the palace was completed in 1848, and Vorontsovsky Park was developed over the course of 25 years to become an example of garden art. Today there is a museum in the palace; the interiors have almost completely preserved their original appearance. MASSANDRA PALACE Massandra Palace of Emperor Alexander III. Nowadays it is a palace museum - a branch of the Alupka Palace and Park Museum-Reserve LIVADIA PALACE Livadia Palace is the pearl of the Southern Coast of Crimea. the last building erected in the Russian Empire for the Romanov family. DULBER PALACE Palace “Dulber” (beautiful), built in Koreiz for Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich Romanov in 1895–1897. is an asymmetrical two to four-story building with more than a hundred rooms. Architect Nikolai Krasnov YUSUPOV PALACE Yusupov Palace in Koreiz, near Yalta, is a magnificent building in the neo-Romanesque style. It was built by the famous Yalta architect Nikolai Krasnov for Prince Felix Yusupov MOUNTAIN AYU-DAG  (Bear Mountain). The shape of the mountain is characteristic of all laccoliths - the so-called “failed volcanoes”. The time of formation is about 150 million years ago. The mountain consists of hard igneous rocks “gabbro-diabase”. The mountain is called the natural mineralogical museum of the South Coast. The height of “Bear Mountain” is small - 577 m above sea level, area - 5.4 square meters. km. The mountain protrudes into the sea for more than two kilometers and ends with capes Monastyrsky, Akustani and Mussert. MOUNTAIN AI-PETRI Mount Ai-Petri is the peak in Crimean mountains ah, part of the Ai-Petri plateau. Located above the city of Alupka and the village of Koreiz. The height of Mount Ai-Petri is 1234 m. GLADE OF FAIRY TALES Glade of Fairy Tales is unusual museum in Yalta. The “Glade of Fairy Tales” was founded in 1960 by folk craftsman Pavel Pavlovich Bezrukov. More than 300 sculptures that make up the museum’s exposition were created by professional sculptors and folk craftsmen. WESTERN COAST OF CRIMEA Evpatoria is one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe: many excursion objects, ranging from ancient times to unique space objects and modern centers of children's and youth creativity. Water park KALOS LIMENA (BEAUTIFUL HARBOR) An ancient settlement. This is one of the most valuable monuments of ancient Greek and Scythian culture, which were mentioned in their time by many ancient and medieval authors: Herodotus, Strabo, Flavius ​​Arrian and others. KARA-TOBE The Kara-Tobe settlement is located in the western Crimea , on the outskirts of the modern city of Saki. There was once a thriving Greek settlement here, probably founded in the 4th century. BC e. According to some scientists, it was called Eupatorion. UNDERWATER MUSEUM-ALLEY OF LEADERS Today, the underwater museum “Alley of Leaders” has more than 50 different exhibits. The foundations of this original museum were laid by a scuba diving enthusiast from Donetsk, Vladimir Borumensky. Through his efforts, in 1992, the first “inhabitants” of the Tarkhankut underwater kingdom appeared - busts of Lenin, Karl Marx and Klim Voroshilov. Borumelsky said that his plans were to place Mao Zedong, Mussolini and Napoleon next to these comrades. Gradually, enthusiastic divers from other cities began to supplement the museum’s collection. KERCH REGION OF CRIMEA 4 different sea areas: the Black Sea, the Kerch Strait, Azov, Sivash and a dozen healing lakes   exposition of the Tsar’s Mound;  excavations on Mount Mithridates, where the capital previously was - Panticapaeum; Church of John the Baptist (VIII century) - one of the most ancient in Eastern Europe;  Turkish fortress Yeni-Kale ( New fortress) – 18th century MOUNT MITRIDATES The height of Mount Mithridates is 92 meters. The mountain is named after the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator (132-63 BC), a descendant of Alexander the Great. Excavations have been ongoing on this mountain for many years. Thanks to this, the remains of the buildings of Panticapaeum were discovered here - which was the capital of the famous Bosporus, the largest craft and shopping center Northern Black Sea region. ROYAL BURGAL is the tomb of one of the Bosporan kings. Inside the hill are stone crypts, silent witnesses to the former glory of the city of Panticapaeum. The Royal Mound is a rare example of ancient architecture, which was allegedly built in the second half of the 4th century BC. THE TEMPLE OF JOHN THE BARRENT is an architectural monument of early medieval Byzantine architecture of the 8th-10th centuries. Almost the only building that has survived from the heyday of the Tmutarakan principality (X-XI centuries). It is considered one of the oldest temples in the CIS. ENI-KALE Yeni-Kale is a Turkish fortress, built approximately 1699 - 1706. It occupied an important strategic position due to its location in the narrowest part of the Kerch Strait, where its width is only 4 km, and thus controlled the passage of ships between the Black and Azov Seas. In addition, the Yeni-Kale fortress served as the residence of the Turkish Pasha. Currently, there is a working road passing through the territory of the fortress. Railway, leading from Kerch to the Kerch ferry crossing (Crimea Caucasus). EASTERN CRIMEA Sudak;  Morskoe (V. Tsoi), Vesele;  New World(champagne factory, Museum, tasting room);  Kopsel, Meganom, Solnechnaya Dolina;  Feodosia, Golden Beach, Beregovoe, Primorsky;  Karadag, Koktebel and Ordzhonikidze.  GENOOSE FORTRESS According to the legend recorded in the late source “Sudak Synaxar”, the fortress was built in 212 by the Alans, but no archaeological evidence of this date has been found to this day. In this regard, many scientists date its construction to the end of the 7th century and associate it with the Khazars or Byzantines. In addition to the Khazars, Byzantines and Genoese, the fortress was also owned by the Cumans (XI-XIII centuries), the Golden Horde (XIII-XIV centuries) and the Turks (XV-XVIII centuries). ASANDRA FORTRESS  Above the cliff of Kutlak Bay rise the ruins of an ancient fortress of the second half of the 1st century BC. until the beginning of the 1st century AD. The fortress was built by King Asander, and was the westernmost defensive point of the Bosporan kingdom. GOLICIN TRAIL A mountain trail, carved on the slope of Koba-Kaya, located southwest of the village of Novy Svet. Built in 1912 for the arrival of Tsar Nicholas II by order of Prince Lev Sergeevich Golitsyn. CAPE CHAMELEON Depending on the lighting, it changes its color. Throughout the day, the Chameleon can be ocher-yellow, violet, greenish, blue, crimson, and pink. They are explained by the fact that Chameleon consists almost entirely of clay shales. ALEXANDER GREEN MUSEUM An ancient sailing ship in the center of Feodosia keeps the secrets of the famous writer. PIDMOUNTARY CRIMEA Cave cities and monasteries, ruins of ancient temples and active monasteries, modern places of worship, caves, waterfalls, natural monuments:  Bakhchisarai;  ancient source Tash-Air;  cave cities Bakla and Mangur; Red caves and caves of the Chatyrdag plateau: Mramornaya, Emine-bair-khosar and others;  Karabi-yayla;  Old Crimea. KHAN'S PALACE IN BAKCHISARAI The former residence of the Crimean khans has preserved many evidence of the history of those times. The Bakhchisarai Palace displays utensils, weapons, costumes, and art objects from the times of the Crimean Khanate. On the territory of the complex there is the famous Bakhchisarai fountain, which inspired Pushkin to write the poem of the same name. TASH-AIR On the territory of the Kachin Canyon, near Bakhchisarai there is amazing place - a rocky canopy, or rather a grotto - Tash-Air, which literally translated from Turkic means “the stone has separated.” This place is remarkable for its ancient rock paintings. People lived in this grotto since the third millennium BC and left behind a real art gallery - about ten square meters of rock paintings of various themes. SILVER STREAM WATERFALL Located at an altitude of approximately 900 m above sea level. It is considered one of the deepest waterfalls on the Crimean Peninsula. a large overhanging cap of moss, silver streams of water flowing from it and a grotto hiding in the darkness. WATERFALL ABOVE THE ENTRANCE TO THE RED CAVE MARBLE CAVE LOCATION: SIMFEROPOL IS LOCATED ON THE PLATEAU OF THE CHATYR-DAG MOUNTAIN MASSIF IN THE CRIMEA. THE MARBLE CAVE WAS DISCOVERED IN 1987. THE ENTRANCE TO IT IS LOCATED AT AN ALTITUDE OF 920 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL EMINE-BAIR-HOSHAR CAVE. Located on Chatyr-Dag. It was discovered in the 70s and became one of the most beautiful caves in the USSR. The sensational find in 1996 aroused great interest among scientists. in one of the halls of the cave there is a huge number of bones of animals from the Ice Age. Currently, a unique underground paleozoological museum is being prepared for the opening for the exhibition of the bones of a mammoth, cave lion, woolly rhinoceros, cave bear, etc. found in the cave. EMINE-BAIR-KHOSAR CAVE CAVE CITIES OF THE CRIMEA. BAKLA (TRANSLATED AS BEANS, BEANS) THE FORTELOGY WAS FOUNDED IN THE 4th-5th CENTURIES. IT IS LOCATED ON THE VERY BORDER OF MOUNTAINS AND STEPES, DIFFERENT FROM OTHER CAVE CITIES BY THE ABUNDANCE OF PITS FOR STORING GRAIN, CUT DIRECTLY IN THE ROCK. Mangup-Kale is the largest medieval city in area in this part of the peninsula. ESKI-KERMEN The fortress was founded at the beginning of the 6th century. The main function of the fortress is to protect the approaches to Chersonesus. It was a large trade and craft center, which at that time had very good defensive structures CHUFUT-KALE. The emergence of the fortified settlement dates back to the 6th century, and the Sarmatian Alan tribe is considered its founders. Until the 13th century, Alans lived in the fortress; in 1299, the city was captured by the Mongol-Tatars and received the name Kyrk-Or “forty fortresses”, and later became known as Chufut-Kale “Jewish fortress”. This is due to the fact that the predominant part of the city’s population were the Karaites, an ethnically and religiously special group of followers of the Pentateuch of Moses - the Old Testament Bible. In 1854, the last inhabitants left Chufut-Kale. TEPE – KERMEN IN TRANSLATION MEANS “THE FORTRESS ON THE TOP”. One of the least studied "cave cities". Archaeological research carried out here in the late 60s and early 70s. XX century found out that the settlement existed from the 6th to the end of the 13th - mid-14th centuries. However, the vast majority of cultural strata date back to the time after the 10th century, and dense buildings appeared only in the 12th–13th centuries. KARABI YAYLA Karabi-yayla - mountain range(yayla) composed of Main ridge Crimean Mountains, the easternmost of the large yayls of Crimea. Average height massif about 1000 m above sea level. The upper plateau of Karabi-yayly is the Kara-Tau ridge, highest point which, Mount Tai-Koba (1262 m). Translated from the Crimean Tatar “spring-summer pasture, a place of unexpected disasters”, this description was given to this plateau by shepherds grazing flocks of sheep due to sudden changes in weather conditions TOURISM IN CRIMEA  Beach tourism;  Educational  Cycling tourism; and auto tourism;  Diving;  Extreme tourism; THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

The capital of Crimea is the city of Simferopol (about 400 thousand inhabitants). Crimea (25 thousand km 2) is slightly smaller than Belgium, Albania or Haiti, but larger than Israel, Cyprus, Lebanon, Jamaica. The population of Crimea, including Sevastopol, is about 2 million 700 thousand people. The peninsula is distinguished by a variety of natural conditions, a combination of mountains and plains, is favorable for agriculture and has a convenient sea coast. The southern coast of Crimea is called the sub-Mediterranean for the proximity of the main features of its climate, flora and fauna to the Mediterranean coast and subtropics. The northern, flat part of Crimea has a continental climate of the temperate zone. The economy of the peninsula is known for mechanical engineering and instrument production, orchards and vineyards, as well as essential oil crops, where Crimea simply has no equal. The food industry of the peninsula is of export importance. The honor of the Crimean brand is maintained by dozens of rural canning shops. Well, the finest Crimean muscats are the best in the world; wines of other brands also meet the most demanding taste.

PALACE-CASTLE “SWALLOW’S NEST” One of the world-famous symbols of Crimea was built in 1912 on a steep forty-meter Aurora rock on Cape Ai-Todor near Yalta. Currently, work is underway to strengthen the rock on which the castle stands, because Under the weight of the structure, the rock gradually collapses.

The palace and the adjacent park form a single ensemble, located in Alupka at the foot of the picturesque Ai-Petri Mountain. Construction of the palace was completed in 1848, and Vorontsovsky Park was developed over the course of 25 years to become an example of garden art. Today there is a museum in the palace; the interiors have almost completely preserved their original appearance.

(Bear Mountain). The shape of the mountain is characteristic of all laccoliths of the so-called “failed volcanoes.” Formation time: about 150 million years ago. The mountain consists of hard igneous rocks “gabbro-diabase”. The mountain is called the natural mineralogical museum of the South Coast. The height of “Bear Mountain” is small - 577 m above sea level, the area is 5.4 square meters. km. The mountain protrudes into the sea for more than two kilometers and ends with capes “Monastyrsky”, “Akustani” and “Mussert”. Bear-goralakcoliths

The settlement of Kara-Tobe is located in western Crimea, on the outskirts modern city Saki. There was once a thriving Greek settlement here, probably founded in the 4th century. BC e. According to some scientists, it was called Eupatorion. western Crimea Saki

Today, the underwater museum “Alley of Leaders” has more than 50 different exhibits. The foundations of this original museum were laid by a diving enthusiast from Donetsk, Vladimir Borumensky. Through his efforts, in 1992, the first “inhabitants” of the Tarkhankut underwater kingdom appeared - busts of Lenin, Karl Marx and Klim Voroshilov. Borumelsky said that his plans were to place Mao Zedong, Mussolini and Napoleon next to these comrades. Gradually, enthusiastic divers from other cities began to supplement the museum’s collection.

4 different sea areas: the Black Sea, the Kerch Strait, Azov, Sivash and a dozen healing lakes, an exposition of the Tsar’s Kurgan; excavations on Mount Mithridates, where the capital previously was - Panticapaeum; Church of John the Baptist (VIII century) - one of the most ancient in Eastern Europe; Turkish fortress Yeni-Kale (New Fortress) - 18th century.

The height of Mount Mithridates is 92 meters. The mountain is named after the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator (BC), a descendant of Alexander the Great. Excavations have been going on on this mountain for many years. Thanks to this, the remains of the buildings of Panticapaeum were discovered here - which was the capital of the famous Bosporus, the largest craft and trade center of the Northern Black Sea region in ancient times.

Yeni-Kale is a Turkish fortress, approximately built. Occupied an important strategic position due to its location in the narrowest part Kerch Strait, where its width is only 4 km and thus controlled the passage of ships between Cherny and Seas of Azov. In addition, the Yeni-Kale fortress served as the residence of the Turkish Pasha. At the moment, an operating railway passes through the territory of the fortress, leading from Kerch to the Kerch ferry crossing (Crimea - Caucasus).

According to the legend recorded in the late source “Sudak Synaxar”, the fortress was built in 212 by the Alans, but no archaeological evidence of this date has been found to this day. In this regard, many scientists date its construction to the end of the 7th century and associate it with the Khazars or Byzantines. The fortress, in addition to the Khazars, Byzantines and Genoese, was also owned by the Cumans (XIXIII centuries), the Golden Horde (XIII-XIV centuries) and the Turks (XV-XVIII centuries).

Cave cities and monasteries, ruins of ancient temples and active monasteries, modern places of worship, caves, waterfalls, natural monuments: Bakhchisarai; ancient source Tash-Air; cave cities of Bakla and Mangur; Red caves and caves of the Chatyrdag plateau: Marble, Emine-bair-khosar and others; Karabi-yayla; Old Crimea.

The former residence of the Crimean khans has preserved many evidence of the history of those times. The Bakhchisarai Palace displays utensils, weapons, costumes, and art objects from the times of the Crimean Khanate. On the territory of the complex there is the famous Bakhchisarai fountain, which inspired Pushkin to write the poem of the same name.

On the territory of the Kachin Canyon, near Bakhchisarai, there is an amazing place - a rocky canopy, or rather a grotto - Tash-Air, which literally translated from Turkic means “the stone has separated.” This place is remarkable for its ancient rock paintings. People lived in this grotto since the third millennium BC and left behind a real art gallery - about ten square meters of rock paintings of various themes.

The sensational discovery in 1996 of a huge number of bones of Ice Age animals in one of the halls of the cave aroused great interest among scientists. Currently, a unique underground paleozoological museum is being prepared for the opening for the exhibition of the bones of a mammoth, cave lion, woolly rhinoceros, cave bear, etc. found in the cave. It is located on Chatyr-Dag. It was opened in the 70s and has become one of the most beautiful caves in the USSR

The emergence of the fortified settlement dates back to the 6th century, and its founders are considered to be the Sarmatian tribe of Alans. Until the 13th century, Alans lived in the fortress; in 1299, the city was captured by the Mongol-Tatars and received the name Kyrk-Or - “forty fortresses”, and later became known as Chufut-Kale - “Jewish fortress”. This is due to the fact that the Karaites became the predominant part of the city’s population - a special ethnically and religiously group of followers of the Pentateuch of Moses - the Old Testament Bible. In 1854, the last inhabitants left Chufut-Kale.

One of the least studied "cave cities". Archaeological research carried out here in the late 60s and early 70s. XX century found out that the settlement existed from the 6th to the end of the 13th - mid-14th centuries. However, the vast majority of cultural strata date back to the time after the 10th century, and dense buildings appeared only in the 12th–13th centuries.

Karabi-yayla is a mountain range (yayla) as part of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains, the easternmost of the large yaylas of Crimea. The average height of the massif is about 1000 m above sea level. The upper plateau of Karabi-Yayly is the Kara-Tau ridge, the highest point of which is Mount Tai-Koba (1262 m). Kara-Tau ridge Translated from the Crimean Tatar “spring-summer pasture, a place of unexpected disasters”, this was the description given to this plateau by shepherds grazing flocks of sheep due to sudden changes in weather conditions

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