Development of small hotels in Russia and abroad. All about hotels and the hotel business The history of hotels in the world
The history of the first hotel dates back to the ancient period of antiquity. Such countries - the owners, in those days, like Greece and Rome - made the most important and greatest contribution to the development of their states. Under their possession were vast lands that captured the Mediterranean Sea, the coast Atlantic Ocean, Middle Eastern countries and others. The traditional atmosphere of antiquity, discipline, uniform legislation, a large trade route and great traditions reigned throughout this territory.
Hospitalists (people who received guests) received merchants, merchants and simply foreign visitors in their home. Such establishments—the first hotels—were called “taverns.” But, according to the code of King Hammurabi, the owners of such taverns had to report to the authorities all dubious conversations of visitors about government officials. Therefore, such establishments were not in demand. Later, the Romans created several houses for visitors to their state, they were built along the roads and were free.
The huge trade route, which went through the countries of the Middle East, Asia and Transcaucasia, provided for the construction of buildings for the temporary accommodation of traders with all the amenities they needed. The buildings included rooms for the guests themselves, as well as separate pens for animals (camels and horses were the main guides of trade caravans). These first hotels played an important role in the development of hospitality.
Soon, religion made a great contribution to the history of hotels. In the Middle Ages there was a “boom” of pilgrimage, so many believers traveled all over the world and needed temporary rest and accommodation. Of course, all this was provided to them in separately constructed buildings at churches and monasteries. These were special shelters where pilgrims could be accommodated for the night and fed for free. But at the end of the 1950s. free services were removed by the British king Henry VIII, churches became private property and began to receive and accommodate pilgrims for a fee.
Pits are the name of the inns that appeared on the territory of Rus' in the 12th-13th centuries. They improved and multiplied after the development of transport routes and postal services in Europe. Since postal trips were made on horseback, yards were built along the road where carriers could rest, as well as feed and change their horses. It looked more like a postal station. But soon, after they were combined with inns, the first prototypes of modern motels appeared.
The very concept of “hotel” appeared in a country with the highest level of service and hospitality - in France. There were multi-storey buildings on the territory of the country - the first hotels, which had several apartments and could be rented out to visitors for any length of time (from one day to a whole month). French hotel became the standard of hospitality and, soon, American taverns were renamed in the French style. True, all technologies, services, the concept of service and its development, the emergence of the first hotel and the rules for settling in it belong to the USA. Here, the first “City Hotel” was opened, which was located on Broadway and contained 70 (seventy) rooms. A hotel more similar to the modern type (with a reception, corridors, distribution of rooms and the presence of bath cosmetics) appeared in Boston in 1829.
The largest, most significant and first contribution to the hotel business was made by Caesar Ritz (Switzerland) and Statler (America). The Swiss became a seminal figure in the development of hotels around the world, he developed many new details to make the stay of tourists in hotels even more comfortable. The Ritz diversified restaurant and hotel meals with orchestras playing. Due to this, visitors could not only enjoy food, but also classical music for the soul.
Statler, in turn, became the pioneer of the appearance of mirrors in rooms, telephones, additional lighting above the beds and at the door of the room, the presence of stationery and, most importantly, became the creator of uniforms for staff. An American fan of the hotel business, he knew a lot about service and therefore repeatedly exclaimed the phrase that is still famous today: “The customer is always right.”
Thus, the FIRST hotels went from a “tavern” to a FIRST-CLASS world-class hotel.
There are many professions, spheres of human activity that arose neither yesterday nor today, but have their roots in the distant past. These rightfully include the hotel business. The modern word “hotel” is directly related to the root “hospitality”, which has been known since the emergence of human civilization. The first guest enterprises - the prototypes of modern hotels, as well as the profession of serving traveling people, arose in the distant past - more than 2 thousand years BC. e. - in ancient Eastern civilization. It is impossible to establish the exact date of the first hotels. Once people started traveling, they needed a place to stay.
In Rome, as in other civilizations, Ancient Greece or Ancient Egypt, the hotel industry began to emerge. This process was an integral part in the development of society, because there were travelers who were looking for places to spend the night, visiting guests who also needed shelter. The main achievements in the development of hotels arose precisely due to migration processes throughout the human-inhabited part of the earth.
Ancient “hotels” reached a special peak during the Roman Empire, when travelers, officials, couriers and government employees stayed in them.
The development of trade relations in the Middle East, Asia and Transcaucasia played a huge role in the emergence of hospitality enterprises. The largest trade routes passed through the territory of these regions, along which caravans with goods moved.
To organize overnight accommodation for travelers along trade routes, special accommodation points were created - caravanserais (premises for stay and rest of travelers), which, as a rule, included rooms for people and pens for camels and horses. All this was surrounded by a high wall that protected from wind, rain, storms, as well as from robbers and robbers.
In the Middle Ages, the development of hospitality businesses was significantly influenced by religious traditions. During this period, many people made pilgrimages to holy places, and travelers sought refuge primarily in monasteries and abbeys. The Church obliged the monasteries to provide shelter to pilgrims - to feed and organize overnight accommodation for them. The free services provided by the monasteries to travelers hampered the development of private accommodation enterprises. However, there were already inns, and their number was growing, but so far they only offered shelter - without a table.
The impetus for the development of private inns and taverns was given only in the late Middle Ages. So, in England in the 1530s. King Henry VIII transferred church property to secular property and travelers could no longer count on free accommodation in monasteries and were forced to stay at private inns.
In Rus', inns appeared in the 12th-13th centuries, then they were called pits and were located one from the other at a distance of a horse ride.
The next notable period in the development of the hotel industry is associated with the establishment of regular postal and transport network horse-drawn (stagecoaches in Western Europe, Yamsk stations in Russia). Postal stations for state transport appeared along the postal routes, which also served as a resting place; they provided shelter from bad weather and simplified the procedure for changing horses.
By the 15th century inns joined postal stations; in fact, they can be called prototypes of motels. In large Russian cities, guest courtyards appeared, differing from inns in that here travelers had the opportunity not only to receive accommodation and food, but also to perform commercial operations, i.e., furnished rooms, shopping arcades, shops, and warehouses were combined in the guest courtyards. As a rule, all this was surrounded by walls and towers with entrance gates.
The word “hotel” appeared in the 18th century. In France, a hotel was originally called an apartment building in which apartments were rented out for a month, a week, or even a day. The term soon spread widely in America. Most taverns were quickly renamed hotels, which, according to the owners, gave them a European (French) chic. It is generally accepted that the United States of America is the birthplace of most innovations in the field of hotel technology. The need for hotels in this country has always been very great due to the continuous flow of emigrants who needed temporary accommodation, and the incessant demand contributed to the rapid development of the hotel business.
In 1794, the first hotel was opened in the United States - the 70-room City Hotel on Broadway in New York. In 1829, the Tremont Hotel opened in Boston, the first first-class hotel in the United States, with bellhops, a reception desk, locks on the doors of rooms (double and single), and even free soap for guests. This event marked the beginning of the hotel boom in this country. In the middle of the nineteenth century. The first hotel with central heating operated in the country.
TO end of the 19th century V. Two types of hotels were common. Some were large and luxurious, and some were simply architectural masterpieces- with spacious lobbies and ballrooms. They had all the amenities possible at that time - an elevator, toilets, electric lighting, etc. Others, small and outdated, offered services at low prices.
The Swiss Caesar Ritz made a significant contribution to the development of the hotel business; his name still bears one of the most famous and expensive European hotel chains, although Ritz himself was only a hired manager all his life and did not own a single hotel. The Swiss Ritz and the American Statler were fanatics of the hotel business. They paid attention to the most seemingly insignificant details. It was Statler who came up with the slogan “The customer is always right,” which still serves as the basis for the “scientific” approach to service.
It has become fashionable for members of high society to visit upscale hotels; Thus, in London, instead of dining in all-male clubs, gentlemen began to dine with ladies in hotel restaurants.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. V major cities In Europe and America, luxury (five-star in modern terminology) hotels appeared, designed to satisfy the demand of new millionaires and old nobility, for whom travel had become a fashionable pastime. Several such hotels were built in Russia, for example, “Metropol” and “National” in Moscow, “Europe” in St. Petersburg.
After World War II, international hotel chains became widespread.
Currently, there are dozens of international hotel chains operating in the world. Among them we can mention “Hod Id Inn”, “Choice”, “Best Western”, “Marriott”, “Hilton”, “Sheraton”, etc.
Today the hospitality industry is the most powerful system economy of the region or tourist center and an important component of the tourism economy. The hotel industry as an economic activity includes the provision of services and the organization of short-term accommodation in hotels, motels, campsites and other accommodation facilities for a fee.
According to experts, the entire 21st century will be the century of tourism. Over the past few years, tourism has become available to wide sections of the population in our country. Simultaneously with the growth in the total number of tourists, the tourism infrastructure and its main component, the hotel sector, have undergone significant development. Hotels are trying to get their share of the business and are trying in every possible way to convince tourists to spend money on the hotel services they provide.
The first mention of the hotel was found in ancient manuscripts - in the famous code of laws of the king of Babylonia - Hammurabi (1700 BC). It talked about taverns whose reputation was rather dubious. The Code of Hammurabi obliged tavern owners to report visitors who were talking about the authorities. The composition of the visitors was quite diverse and specific.
Hotels where one could find shelter for money were not known at that time. Foreigners could always find hospitable shelter in private homes.
The word “hospitality” itself, according to one version, comes from the Old French - “ospis” - a hospitable house, and according to another - from the Latin “hospitalis”, which means hospitality. In antiquity, hospitable people were called people together with their family who received guests in their home. With the hosts, the foreign state entered into an alliance of mutual assistance, friendship and protection.
The bulk of the Roman population lived in rural tribes. In the early era these were atrium-type houses. Mostly one-story. The name comes from the word atrium, derived from the adjective ater (black). The main room - the room - was not named by chance. There was a fireplace in the room (which stained the walls with its soot and soot during cooking). The stove was located in the back of the room, and in the foreground stood the master's wedding bed. In the center of the atrium there was a pool into which rainwater flowed through a hole in the roof. There were few windows, and all were located upstairs. On both sides of the doors along the walls, rooms were separated from each other by boards, the entrance to which was separated from the atrium by curtains. So they served as bedrooms for other family members or guests. The house was not cluttered with furniture: a table, benches, a chest for clothes, wall cabinets and shelves - that’s all the simple furnishings of the hotel.
The development of trade and changes in the social life of society predetermined the emergence of a new type of enterprise - inns (hotels).
The most extensive network of inns was created on the territory of the Roman Empire. Inns began to be located along the main roads at a distance of 25 miles from each other (40.2 km). The length of roads in its heyday was about 85 thousand sq. km. The state participated in the construction of these inns and in the control of their activities.
Modest village inns were called kumpons, and richer ones, with stables, etc., were called stabuls. However, as economic relations developed, the demands of travelers increased, and many landscaped courtyards arose. Appropriate conditions were created for the aristocracy, buildings were built according to all the rules of architectural art, a wide range of services were offered (plumbing, servants, etc.)
Even representatives of the highest nobility – kings and members of their families – had no shame in staying at Roman inns (hotels). The houses had separate kitchens, guest rooms, several bedrooms, rooms for restrooms, servants, clothes, baths, cosmetic (massage, haircut) rooms, laundries, clothing repair and shoe shine rooms, stables, blacksmith services, etc.
Already in the 3rd century. BC. The builders of Rome erected tall apartment buildings - insula - to accommodate both the city's growing population and visitors. These were three-, four-, and sometimes five-story buildings with a wooden frame. In Rome, the insulae were inhabited by both the poor and the middle class of townspeople; Rich people lived in mansions. In such a multi-storey building, individual rooms or entire floors were rented out.
The Middle East, Asia, and Transcaucasia played a huge role in the emergence of hospitality enterprises. The largest trade routes passed through the territory of these regions, along which caravans moved in long streams. There was a need to organize overnight stays and rest for people and animals.
The ancient Persians were among the first to organize guest complexes (hotels): caravanserais (for people and camels). The entire complex was surrounded by a fortress wall, which provided protection from the elements and robbers. In Persia, all inns belonged to the Shah. People traveling on official business stayed in them. In the Ancient Persian state, inns for government officials were organized at a good level.
The level of development of the hotel business in Chaldea is evidenced by the ruins of an inn in the town of Ur (modern territory of Iran). It was a hotel complex of several modest rooms, probably one-story, with various purposes - kitchens, bedrooms, stables for animals. All rooms were located around a courtyard, to which three entrances led into the wall on the street side.
The first hotels in Medieval Europe were often characterized by poor service and general maintenance of living rooms:
- the roofs of many hotels were leaking;
- Naturally, there was no security service (so staying in such places was unsafe and even dangerous; one could well expect an attack by robbers or theft in general);
- owners of inns were often accused of deceit and fraud, and women running such shelters were even accused of witchcraft.
But, nevertheless, if a person did not have relatives or friends in the city where he was visiting, he had to use just such shelters.
In medieval Europe, monasteries also served as hotels, where Christian travelers were offered shelter and two-day free boarding. Interestingly, at the same time in the East in caravanserais this period was three days. Moreover, in caravanserais, low-income guests, regardless of nationality and religion, were given a free pair of shoes.
By and large, the hotel business as such began to develop only during the era of the Crusades, when not only crusader warriors, but also numerous pilgrims set out on the road. At this time in Northern Italy The first inns appeared, which became the prototypes of modern hotels.
Later, with the development hotel service so-called state inns appeared, which were distinguished by the fact that the owner of the establishment was responsible for the guest’s belongings, this became a guarantee of a safe overnight stay. This gave rise to a qualitative difference between inns! The taverns where the common people stayed sometimes did not even have beds and people sat in them right on the straw. On the contrary, representatives of the aristocracy and government officials stayed in hotels that were built according to all the rules of architectural art and had a wider range of services.
Hotels began to acquire a more or less modern appearance in the 18th century, when the first large houses appeared, each of the apartments in which was rented out for certain time. In Europe, such houses were called hotels, which the ubiquitous Americans immediately adopted, converting their taverns into hotels. According to tavern owners, the new name was supposed to give the establishment respectability and attract guests.
A real hotel boom around the world was observed in the second half of the 19th century, when the fashion for travel spread among the wealthy. It was then, thanks to the efforts of Sutler (in America) and Ritz (in Europe), that hotels acquired the gloss, style and charm that the whole world strives to imitate. This is the time of the emergence of luxury five-star hotels.
The 21st century has introduced a fashion for exotic hotels, although ordinary (familiar to our understanding) hotels remain just as popular.
Modern hotels are, first of all, about comfort for the guest and quality of service. Now it’s enough just to fill out the online application form and book a suitable hotel room. Internet, breakfast, taxi call, alarm clock service - this is a small list of services provided by modern hotels.
Pilgrims and wanderers. How has the hotel business developed?
With the emergence of people's desire to travel, the first hotels appeared. The era of the hotel business began with inns, taverns and taverns. In every era, they met their main requirements - providing guests with the opportunity to stay overnight.
Hotels from ancient times to the present day
The first hotels appeared about two thousand years ago, and, like many things that we now use, they originated in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome The taverns and hospiceums that appeared here were the predecessors of modern hotels. Merchants, traveling artists and minstrels, and pilgrims stopped in such places. Most of them were traveling people. For a long time, hotels looked something like this: a two-story building with a place where horses and other animals could be left. On the first floor there was most often a spacious room where people could relax and communicate; on the second floor there were living rooms for those who stayed at the hotel. Hotels of that time served as a kind of center cultural life, here you could chat, learn about current events, and have a drink. In establishments such as the tavern, cockfighting originated and darts were played here.
In the Middle Ages, hotels were most often built next to churches. Thus, the church ministers tried to shelter the pilgrims. But in 1530, the king prohibited the accommodation of all travelers at the church, then the need arose to revive private hotels. It is worth noting that in England there were the following requirements for hotels - friendliness, plentiful food, comfort of guests, a pleasant atmosphere. But hotels acquired their modern appearance not in the lands of Eurasia, but in the USA. Researchers believe that this happened around the middle of the 19th century, when they began to rent out not just rooms, but full-fledged rooms with amenities such as a separate toilet.
What was it like in Rus'?
The origin of the hotel business in Russia is considered to be the 11th-13th centuries. It was at this time that inns began to appear, which, by the way, were popular among messengers. A little later, in the 15th century, postal stations appeared; here one could stop, wait out bad weather, and replace horses. Only in the 18th century did the rapid construction of guest courtyards begin, which, by the way, were built on a national basis. In Moscow, the gostiny dvors are “Aglitsky”, “Sveisky”, “Greek”, “Armenian”, in Nizhny Novgorod- "German", "Dutch". Gostiny Dvors in Russia are not just hotels, but also places of vibrant trade, shops, and all kinds of warehouses. Such guest courtyards had walls, towers, gates, in general, they were very different from the hotels that we see now. The construction boom began in the 20th century, by the way, by the beginning there were 4,500 hotels, not counting taverns and other recreational places. In the USSR, the impetus for the development of the hotel business was the ongoing socio-political events, meetings of heads of state and others. But the service became truly European only after 1993, when Russia began to strive for Western standards.
Star categories
The hotel business has developed rapidly; now there are dozens of hotel chains, which, admittedly, can be considered enterprises of the highest level. Hotels such as Marriott, Hilton, Best Western top the list of the largest hotels. The way hotels are divided into categories is another very interesting piece of information. Thus, the division into categories that arose in Britain became a kind of standard.
A one-star hotel is a hotel with a small range of services, most often they are located somewhere on the outskirts of the city. Two stars go to those hotels that are slightly larger in size and that have their own bars and restaurants. Three-star hotels already meet the main service requirements, the number of services is expanding, but the fact that such a hotel must have a bar and restaurant remains unchanged. Four-star hotels are considered first-class hotels; here guests are simply obliged to provide comfort and service of the highest quality. Such hotels most often already have restaurants serving cuisines of different nations. Five-star hotels are those that have not only restaurants and bars, but also spa centers and sports centers. Accommodation in such hotels is very expensive, but the range of services is significantly different from those that have earned fewer stars. Depending on the hotel, guests can be offered a wide variety of services, including a golden toilet and a personal butler.
based on information from the website www.prohotel.ru
I.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………3
II. Main part
2.1 History of the development of the hotel business…………………………………….6
2.2 History of the hotel……………………………………………………………..12
2.3Golden ring……………………………………………………………..15
2.4 Administrative………………………………………………………...17
2.5 Reservation………………………………………………………………...20
2.6 Reception and accommodation………………………………………………………23
2.7 Service……………………………………………………….26
2.8 Rooms……………………………………………………………….27
2.9 Rooms maintenance service………………………….………..32
2.10 Catering……………………………………………………….34
2.11 Restaurants and bars………………………………………………………...39
2.12 Security service……………………………………………………….43
2.13Usltsgi…………………………………………………………………………………48
III.Conclusion…………………………………………………………….....63
IV References………………………………………………………65
I.Introduction
In his course work I want to talk about hotel services using the example of a hotel " Gold ring", as well as what a service is, what they are, how they are provided correctly and in what order.
First of all, it should be noted that the Golden Ring Hotel is a high-level hotel. The hotel has comfortable rooms, bars, restaurants, congress halls, a business center, as well as Additional services such as: catering, sauna, billiards, proposal for newlyweds, florists, fitness center, and many others.
Also, the high level of service in this Hotel cannot go unnoticed, since the hotel staff consists of highly qualified specialists in their field, they know their rights and responsibilities, as well as how to properly provide the service to the guest so that he is satisfied. In a hotel, a lot depends on the client’s impression, on how he was greeted, so a hotel cannot exist without the concept of hospitality.
Hospitality is one of the fundamental concepts of human civilization. As it developed, the provision of hospitality services to people who found themselves, for one reason or another, not at home, turned into a profession for more and more people, until it turned into a genuine industry. The term "hospitality" comes from the Old French word hospice, which means hospitable home. Hospitality is a more precise concept, as it is aimed at meeting the needs of not only tourists, but also consumers in general. It should be noted that the concepts of tourism and hospitality cannot be considered separately: they are two interrelated terms.
Tourists are potential consumers with varied desires and needs, depending on the purpose of their travel.
The concept of “hospitality” in all dictionaries is interpreted as a gracious reception of guests, cordiality towards guests. Hospitality is one of the concepts of civilization, which, thanks to progress and time, has turned into a powerful industry in which millions of professionals work, creating the best for consumers of services (tourists). The hospitality industry includes various areas of human activity - tourism, recreation, entertainment, hotel and restaurant business, catering, excursion activities, organizing exhibitions and holding various scientific conferences. Thus, the hospitality industry is a complex field of activity of workers who satisfy any needs and desires of tourists. The commercial orientation of tourism enterprises leads to the emergence of tourism and service businesses, as well as the creation of a specialized industry for the production of souvenirs and tourist goods.
This circumstance allows us to distinguish tourism and service into an independent complex of service and tourism enterprises. All this can be defined as tourism industry, the pace of development of which is striking in its speed.
Over the past five years, Russia has seen rapid development of the hotel business. In the modern world, the hotel business is developing at such a pace that the primary task of hotel management is high service in the hotel business: quality hotel services and competent hotel management. Hotel services are placing increasing demands on hotel management.
The hospitality industry unites all related sectors of the economy that specialize in serving traveling people through specialized enterprises: hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, National parks, parks of culture and recreation.
The highest goal of business activity in the hospitality industry is, first of all, to satisfy the needs of the client, and only then - to increase the income of the enterprise.
In the conditions of fierce competition that dominates the hospitality services market, this is the only way to attract and, most importantly, retain a client, and this is what creates the basis for prosperity hotel enterprises.
Therefore, one of the main tasks of the hospitality industry is to develop the service side of the business and develop a culture of service.
Goal of the work:
1)Talk about the development of the hotel business
2)Tell about the Golden Ring Hotel
3)Tell about the services provided at the Golden Ring Hotel
II. Main part.
History of hotel business development
The hospitality industry first appeared during Antiquity. The first documentary evidence of the existence of the hospitality industry was recorded in the era of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. One of the documents confirming the existence of the hospitality industry in ancient states is the Code of the Babylonian king Hammurabi. The said act mentioned taverns, which had a dubious reputation and sometimes served as brothels. The code stipulated that tavern owners must denounce visitors if they were planning to commit a crime against the sovereign. The composition of the visitors was extremely diverse and specific. In Ancient Greece there were also taverns, which played a fairly important role in the life of society, as they were an important part of the religious and social life of the population. Although taverns had places to stay overnight, they were intended for public catering. The development of trade implied the need for travelers to spend the night, so another type of enterprise appeared - inns. The most extensive network of inns was in Ancient Rome. The construction of inns by the Romans marked the beginning of the creation and formation of the hospitality industry. The location of the inns in Rome was carefully thought out. They were built at a distance of 25 miles from each other, so that travelers and messengers would not get too tired on the road, resting in each of them. However, it was possible to use the inns only with a special document confirming the status of the visitor. Such papers were often stolen on the road and forged.
During the early Middle Ages, religious institutions provided services for ordinary people. The trips were made mainly by missionaries, priests and pilgrims, so inns began to be located closer to churches and temples. In England, inns were no longer built for travelers, but rather for the population consuming alcoholic drinks. In the Middle Ages, the number of inns constantly increased, but the level of services provided there remained low. Guests spent the night on mattresses or simply on the floor. The food was also quite meager and monotonous. Most often, the guests ate what they brought with them or bought from the owner of the yard. Wealthier people did not stay at inns, but traveled in their carriages or on horseback. The poor population, who made such trips on their own, were not allowed into such establishments. In all inns there was a clear differentiation along class lines. Wealthy guests dined in the dining room or in their rooms. The poor ate with the owner and his family. They were provided with simple food, no frills, for a minimal price. Wealthy people could order whatever they wanted and could go into the kitchen and watch the food being prepared. Trying to please and please a wealthy guest, the owner of the inn usually offered him something special from the kitchen, a dish that was famous throughout the area. Food prices also varied. In the XII-XIII centuries. In Rus', the first prototypes of modern hotels appeared - inns. Any traveler could get food and shelter there, but the inn was not particularly comfortable. Services were provided here for housing horses and Vehicle travelers. In the 15th century inns were created at post stations located close to each other. In addition to food and accommodation, an additional set of services was provided by coachmen.
They kept horses and transported “by sovereign decree” everyone who had a special document. The inns existed for a long time, until the middle of the 19th century. Development railways suspended the construction of inns. The development of the automobile industry necessitated the emergence of hotels located along the roads - motels. In Russian cities, such a type of hotel as gostiny dvors was also common. They differed from inns in that, in addition to food and accommodation services, they included the opportunity to carry out commercial transactions and operations, i.e. in the guest courtyards there were furnished rooms, shops and shopping arcades. Gostiny dvors were also intended for storing goods and trading them, since merchants were not allowed to do this in their own homes. This ban applied to all merchants and was lifted only in the 18th century. Gostiny dvors first appeared in Veliky Novgorod in the 12th century. Accommodation of guests was based on nationality. Novgorod in the XII−XV centuries. was famous for its Gothic, German, and Danish guest houses. In Moscow there were English, Greek, German, Persian and Armenian courts. The activities of guest houses in medieval Rus' were regulated by special rules called “skroy”. The mention of the first rules for the provision of hotel services dates back to the 12th century. These rules included the procedure for establishing relationships between the residents of the yard and local population. Particular attention was paid to ensuring the safety of life, property and home. In the 18th century Hospitality businesses have developed widely in the United States of America. In 1607, the first inn appeared here. In 1634, one of the first taverns was opened in Boston. Since then, taverns have become centers of social life, resting places for soldiers and entrepreneurs. Taverns successfully developed at crossroads and in city centers.
European settlers who came to the Americas brought with them experience in building and managing inns and taverns. American taverns from the very beginning of their existence had a commercial orientation, i.e. were created for the purpose of making profit. XIX century became the time when the hospitality industry received its greatest development. During the period of the XVIII–XIX centuries. New hotels are opening in Russia, the number of cities is growing, which is caused by the expansion of trade relations and the growth of industrial production. In 1818 there were seven hotels in Moscow, and in St. Petersburg in 1900 there were 325. A feature of the Russian hospitality industry was the existence of tea establishments. They appeared in the 19th century. under Alexander II in the Tver province. In St. Petersburg, the first teahouse was opened on August 28, 1882. Tea establishments were placed in special operating conditions: a minimum wage was established for them rent, very low tax rate. The teahouses opened from five o'clock in the morning. This type of establishment spread to other cities and quickly gained popularity. XIX and early XX centuries. left a noticeable mark on the history of the development of the hospitality industry in Russia. At this point, famous hotel enterprises were built, some of which continue to operate today. It should be noted that they basically corresponded to European examples of architecture, hospitality and interior design. So, in 1911−1912. designed by architect F.I. Lidval, the Astoria Hotel was built, which was considered at that time the best hotel in St. Petersburg. A restaurant with French cuisine was opened under her. By the end of the 19th century. In Moscow, such hotels as Dresden, Paris, England, Germany, North, Grand Hotel, Europe, Berlin were known and popular. In the first years of the 20th century. in Moscow, hotels of the highest class were built - “Metropol” (1904, designed by architect V. Walcott with the participation of L.N. Kekushev and A.E. Erichson), “Boyarsky Dvor” (1901, architect F.O. Shekhtel),
"National" (1902, architect A.V. Ivanov). In 1910, there were more than 5,000 hotels in Russia. They were owned by private individuals and were considered commercial enterprises. After the revolution, most of the hotel stock was nationalized. The Astoria Hotel in St. Petersburg became the seat of the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies, and the government was located in the National Hotel in Moscow. The new government did not seek to develop market relations, and income from the hotel industry was directed to the development of heavy industry. Hotels built during the Soviet period were not well equipped. The furniture was of poor quality, the rooms were poorly lit. Most of The rooms did not meet sanitary conditions. There were no uniform tariffs for hotel services before. In 1934, a standard charter for a local council hotel trust was developed and approved. The hotel trust was an independent economic unit and operated on the principles of economic accounting. According to this charter, the hotel was a legal entity and was liable for all obligations within the limits of the property that it owned and which could be foreclosed on. By 1940, hotels had been built in almost 700 cities of the USSR. During the Great Patriotic War, enormous damage was caused to the hospitality industry, and, consequently, in the post-war period it was subjected to a thorough reconstruction. Since 1950, large-scale construction of new hotels began. In accordance with the general trend of the post-war years, hotel interiors were given palace splendor. Hence, some abstraction of architects from consideration of issues related to the better organization of life of citizens living in hotels. Functional and aesthetic requirements were imposed on hotel interiors.
The further growth of the material and technical hotel base in the country was determined by the following factors: development existing cities and the emergence of new ones, the growth of industry, science, culture and art, and the increase in the material well-being of people. This created the preconditions for the development domestic tourism, exchange of delegations, increase in the number of business travelers and vacationers. At the same time, the need to increase the hotel stock in the USSR increased. During the tenth five-year plan, 158 hotel enterprises with 30,000 beds were built in the RSFSR. Tall hotels, equipped with modern technology and equipment, were built in Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk (with 1000 beds each). Along with general hotels, the growth of boarding houses, sanatoriums, motels, tourist centers and camps has increased. In 1980, on the eve Olympic Games in Moscow, the USSR hotel industry consisted of 7,000 hotels with a total capacity of 700,000 beds. Many large, comfortable hotels were built. One of the largest hotels in Russia is the Izmailovo hotel complex, designed for 10,000 beds. Unfortunately, in the 1990s. Due to the economic and political situation in the country, there has been a significant decline in demand for hotel services. At the end of the 1990s. according to the State Committee Russian Federation According to statistics, Russia had 5,043 hotel-type enterprises with a total number of beds of 390,931. In Russia as a whole, 65% of hotels are located in urban areas, and 35% in rural areas. The largest hotels in terms of room capacity are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the 20th century The hospitality industry has developed particularly intensively in Europe and the USA. It was there that new forms of organization of this service sector appeared. Significant changes have occurred in the restaurant business.
In the modern world, there are main directions for the development of hotel industry enterprises:
1) deepening the specialization of hotel and restaurant offers;
2) formation of international hotel and restaurant chains;
3) development of a network of small enterprises;
4) introduction of computer technologies into the hospitality industry.
History of the hotel.
The Golden Ring Hotel, Moscow was built in 1970 and was known among Muscovites and guests of the capital under the name “Belgrade-2”. It received its new name - the Golden Ring - after reconstruction in 1994-1998. The Golden Ring Hotel, Moscow has changed not only the appearance and name of the hotel, but also received more high category, receiving the status of one of the best hotels in the capital. . The best designers from Italy and Switzerland worked on the interior decoration of the hotel.
Despite the fact that the official status of a 5-star hotel was confirmed only in 2004, already in 2003 the Golden Ring Hotel, Moscow became a laureate of the Crystal Boat competition. The hotel manager received a special prize “For great personal contribution to hotel management”, and the hotel restaurant was recognized as “The best hotel restaurant in organizing and holding events at the city and international level.”
Despite the fact that the Golden Ring Hotel belongs to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, it is not a closed institution: anyone can stay here. The hotel's capabilities and its location opposite the Russian Foreign Ministry make it possible to receive both foreign government delegations and heads of state, as well as representatives of Russian and Western business circles. The hotel itself positions itself as a business hotel, where businessmen will find excellent conditions for work and leisure. A corporate newspaper is periodically published, intended “for those engaged to business,” in English and Russian, in which hotel clients can find information about hotel services, partners, restaurants and entertainment.
Golden ring
All rooms at the Golden Ring Hotel are equipped with modern technology. For the convenience of guests, all rooms have a safe, a minibar, an adjustable heat-ventilation system, all types of Internet access, including Wi-Fi, and the ability to connect any necessary office equipment. All beds in hotel rooms have orthopedic mattresses. Printouts of electronic versions of newspapers from around the world are also delivered to hotel guests. The staff of the Golden Ring Hotel is famous for its sensitivity and friendliness. Particularly noteworthy is the convenient location of the Golden Ring Hotel. The hotel is located in the very center of Moscow, a five-minute walk from the Smolenskaya metro station, surrounded by historical attractions, major cultural sites, and major business centers. The Kremlin can be reached on foot in 20 minutes from the Golden Ring Hotel.
Accommodation prices at the Golden Ring Hotel are high. However, taking into account the location of the hotel and the level of service, the price of a room in the Golden Ring Hotel is an objective value. At the same time, if we compare the Golden Ring Hotel with other hotels in Moscow, then the prices of this hotel are quite reasonable.
The Golden Ring Hotel has extensive experience in holding conferences and banquets, both social and business, for which the hotel has 7 conference rooms, 2 banquet rooms, 3 restaurants. Each restaurant at the Golden Ring Hotel has its own unique look. All hotel restaurants employ famous chefs who have won international recognition. The Golden Ring Hotel has its own confectionery shop, producing exclusive designer cakes and pastries. Professional florists working in the hotel can decorate the interior for any event according to your taste.
The Golden Ring Hotel has its own beauty and health center. It has everything you need to spend time with beauty and health benefits: Gym, solarium, sauna, jacuzzi, everything types of SPA procedures.
The Golden Ring Hotel is considered the best 5-star hotel in Moscow in terms of price/quality ratio.