Natural uniqueness of the Far East briefly. Abstract on geography. Topic: Kamchatka Peninsula. Natural uniqueness of the Far East
Answers (2)
Glyadensky basic secondary school No. 11.
Essay
by geography
Subject: Kamchatka Peninsula.
Natural uniqueness Dalny
East.
Completed by: Tykvenko Marina.
Checked:
Looked 2007
Kamchatka Peninsula. Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, and captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs– all this is on the peninsula.
This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About ⅔ of Kamchatka's area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded-volcanic mountains with tundra and forest vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - Median And Oriental, shared Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are topped with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 130 on the peninsula extinct volcanoes. One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world - Klyuchevsky, its height is 4750 m.
Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. Thus, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.
Forecast volcanic eruptions deals with the science of volcanology. Almost all large volcanoes have special stations where, with the help of modern instruments, they monitor the temperature of rocks, conduct chemical analyzes of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, it is possible to predict the beginning of increased volcanic activity and warn residents of surrounding towns and villages.
Volcanologists are people in a dangerous profession. Sometimes they have to work on channels of lava that has not yet cooled down, descend into the crater of a volcano, be under “fire” from hot stones, near red-hot lava with a temperature of about +1300 ° C.
The climate of Kamchatka is characterized by excess humidity throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression.
The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous and birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the widespread occurrence of tall grasses.
Stone birch has gray or reddish bark and a thick curly crown: the height of the trees usually does not exceed 10 m. Due to the curvature of the trunk, stone birch is little used in construction, but is used mainly for firewood and crafts. However, stone birch forests play an important water and soil protection role.
Common herbs include shelamaynik, basilisk, bear's flute and other umbelliferous herbs.
The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf cedar and shrubby alder; mountain tundras are located even higher, alpine meadows and the snow zone of Kamchatka glaciers.
The dwarf cedar forests are home to very large brown bears, Kamchatka sables, squirrels, chipmunks, lynx, Kamchatka nutcrackers, etc. Reindeer live in the mountain tundras, and bighorn sheep graze in the alpine mountain meadows.
Historical reference. The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the “tales” (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in the years. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also drew up a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave a detailed description of it.
As a result of the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions led by the Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the division of Asia and North America, open Aleutian And Commander Islands, maps have been drawn up.
Natural uniqueness of the Far East. Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.
The most active volcanoes are on the Eastern volcanic plateau, composed of lava covers, tuffs, ash and elevated to m. Numerous geysers are associated with these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest attraction of Kamchatka. Geysers were first discovered by an employee of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve in 1941, penetrating to the river, which later received the name Geysernaya(inflow R. Noisy). Here, in a deep canyon-like gorge, there are several groups of geysers. Among them “Firstborn”, “Giant”, “Triple”, “Fountain”, “Pearl”, “Double” and others - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small, boiling and freely flowing springs. The largest geyser, “Giant”, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley.
Grove of grandiose fir (Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter is 20 - 25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell pleasant. Botanists classify the grandiose fir as an ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation.
Lake Khanka – females are large in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width up to 65 km, area more than 4 thousand square meters. km, average depth is about 4 m. About 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily whose leaves reach 2 m in diameter, and a water chestnut.
Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) Nature Reserve (area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-deciduous forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and wapiti, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is also small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of the bay Xiaohe. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years old.
The position of the territory of the Far East on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean on Earth significantly influenced the characteristics of the region’s natural-territorial complexes and their location. Marine air masses arriving on land in summer are colder than the continent.
Therefore, due to the heat spent on warming them up, summer air temperatures over the coast are significantly lower than in the interior parts of the mainland. Sea air brings a lot of moisture, which leads to an increase in precipitation compared to inland areas.
These conditions are the main reason for the sharp shift in the south of the boundaries of natural zones in the Far East compared to mainland territories.
Using the atlas maps, determine how much further south in the Far East the border of the tundra and taiga zones is compared to Eastern Siberia.
The physical-geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: the structural features of the surface and the nature of vegetation. Let's consider the most typical physical and geographical regions of the Far East: the Chukotka tundra highlands, the Kamchatka young tundra-forested mountains, Sakhalin Island with coniferous-deciduous forests, the Ussuri taiga.
Chukotka Highlands. The climate of the Chukotka Highlands is one of the harshest in the Far East.
Therefore, the Chukotka Plateau is a combination of flat and mountain tundras with a mountainous Arctic desert.
In the north of the Chukotka Peninsula, the mountain tundra rises no higher than 100-200 m; in the south, the tundra is located much higher. Common inhabitants of the tundra are reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings and tundra partridges. Many waterfowl nest in the swampy lowlands. On the coast of the Chukchi Sea there are walrus rookeries, and on the coastal cliffs there are bird colonies.
Kamchatka Peninsula. Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, and captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is on the peninsula.
This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About 2/3 of Kamchatka's area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded volcanic mountains with tundra and forest vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - Sredinny and Vostochny, separated by the Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are topped with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 30 active and more than 130 extinct volcanoes on the peninsula. One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world - Klyuchevskaya Sopka, its height is 4750 m.
Find the active volcanoes of Kamchatka on the map in the atlas, write their names on the contour map. Remember the names.
Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. Thus, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.
The science of volcanology deals with the prediction of volcanic eruptions. Almost all large volcanoes have special stations where, with the help of modern instruments, they monitor the temperature of rocks, conduct chemical analyzes of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, it is possible to predict the beginning of increased volcanic activity and warn residents of surrounding towns and villages.
Volcanologists are people in a dangerous profession. Sometimes they have to work on flows of lava that has not yet cooled down, go down into the crater of a volcano, be under “fire” from hot stones, near hot lava with a temperature of about +1300°C.
Climate of Kamchatka characterized by excess humidity throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression.
Explain the distribution of heat and moisture in Kamchatka, comparing the climatic and physical maps of the atlas and textbook.
Rice. 131. Volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula
The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous and birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the widespread occurrence of tall grasses.
Stone birch has gray or reddish bark and a thick curly crown: the height of the trees usually does not exceed 10 m. Due to the curvature of the trunk, stone birch is little used in construction, but is mainly used for firewood and crafts. However, stone birch forests play an important water and soil protection role.
Among the herbs, shelomaynik, cornflower, bear's pipe and other umbelliferous are common.
The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf cedar and shrubby alder; even higher are mountain tundras, alpine meadows and the snow zone of Kamchatka glaciers.
Rice. 132. Scheme of monsoon circulation in summer and winter time(arrows indicate wind direction, numbers indicate atmospheric pressure, in mb)
The elfin pine forests are inhabited by very large brown bears, Kamchatka sables, squirrels, chipmunks, lynx, Kamchatka nutcrackers, etc. Reindeer live in the mountain tundras, and bighorn sheep graze in the alpine mountain meadows.
Historical reference. The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the “tales” (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in 1697-1699. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also drew up a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave a detailed description of it.
As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions under the leadership of the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were compiled, and valuable material about Kamchatka was collected. S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” is one of the classic works of geographical literature.
In the 19th century voyages from St. Petersburg to Russian America began with an obligatory stop at Kamchatka and Petropavlovsk. During this period, Petropavlovsk became Russia's main base in the Far East. The city is located on the shores of the unusually beautiful Avacha Bay, a part of Avacha Bay that juts deep into the land. Avachinskaya, Koryakskaya and Vilyuchinskaya hills rise above it.
Sakhalin is the most big Island Russia, its area is 76,400 km 2, its length from north to south is more than 900 km, its greatest width is 160 km, its smallest is 47 km.
What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the Russian border with Japan?
The island is mountainous, but the mountains are not high - average height 500-800 m. The highest point of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is why frequent earthquakes occur within its borders. The last one, with a force of 8, occurred in 1995. The geological structure of Sakhalin consists mainly of sedimentary rocks, which are associated with deposits of oil, gas, and building materials.
A characteristic feature of the climate of Sakhalin- high relative humidity and frequent winds. Precipitation is clearly distributed over the seasons, which is explained by the dominance of the monsoon circulation.
The island has many short, rapids mountain rivers and mountain and valley lakes. The flora and fauna of the island are poorer than on the mainland. But in the adjacent sea waters Species that have disappeared or are very rare on the mainland are preserved here, for example, the one and a half meter sea otter and the two-meter fur seal. In the north of the island you can find reindeer moss, and in the far south you can find blooming magnolias.
Two thirds of Sakhalin's territory is occupied by forests. In the north, light-coniferous taiga of Daurian larch with an admixture of birch and alder dominates; in the south - dark coniferous forests of Ayan spruce, fir with an admixture of broad-leaved species - oak, yew. Thickets of bamboo and vines are common throughout the south.
Primorye, or Primorsky Krai, is located in the southern part of the Far East, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. Its territory could easily accommodate such European countries as Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland combined. The appearance of the region is characterized by numerous ridges, ridges and isolated hills. Tectonically they are quite young. Almost all the mountains of Primorye belong to the mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin.
The monsoon climate, characteristic of the entire Far East, is most pronounced in Primorye.
In terms of the amount of solar heat, Primorye ranks one of the first places in Russia, not inferior to Black Sea coast Caucasus.
Using the maps in the textbook, determine how much solar radiation the areas of Vladivostok receive and what is the duration of the frost-free period there.
Rice. 133. Ussuri Nature Reserve
Abundance of moisture in summer time promotes the development of powerful vegetation cover. Most The territory of Primorye is occupied by the famous Ussuri taiga, in which coniferous and broad-leaved species are combined in the most bizarre way. Cedar and larch grow next to Manchurian walnut and Amur velvet. Over 250 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of the region. Primorye occupies one of the first places in Russia in the number of endemics - plants distributed only in this area. Only here do Amur velvet (cork tree), iron birch, etc. grow. There are many relict plants in the region that have been preserved since the Neogene.
The fauna of Primorye is diverse and rich. Endemics include the Ussuri tiger, the leatherback turtle, the remains of the Neogene and Quaternary fauna include the sika deer, the Ussuri black bear, the Amur goral antelope, the small graceful mandarin duck, striking in the beauty of its plumage, the ground thrush, etc.
Up to hundreds of species of fish live in the lakes and rivers of the region. In coniferous-deciduous forests there are many midges and ticks that cause harm to humans and animals.
Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1711-1755)
Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov - famous traveler, geographer, botanist, ichthyologist, ethnographer, historian and linguist - born in Moscow on October 31 (XI 11), 1711.
In August 1733, S. Krasheninnikov was included in the Kamchatka expedition, whose task was to explore and describe little-known areas of Siberia and Kamchatka. During 1733-1736 S.P. Krasheninnikov studied the nature of Siberia, visited Tobolsk, Altai, Transbaikalia, Irkutsk, Yakutsk. From October 1737 to June 1741, Stepan Petrovich lived and worked in Kamchatka. The result of the expedition work was the publication of the work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (1756). It was read by scientists - geographers and historians, and writers, including A. S. Pushkin. A volcano in Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island, and a cape on Novaya Zemlya are named after the scientist-traveler.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)
N. M. Przhevalsky is a famous Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia. For his services he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
He made his first trip to the Ussuri region. After this, he led five large expeditions to Central Asia (from 1870 to 1888). Przhevalsky discovered the giant Altyn Tag ridge, visited Lake Lop Nor, described the sources of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze, explored the Taklamakan desert, discovered hundreds of species of plants and animals, including a wild horse, later called Przhevalsky's horse, and the Tibetan bear.
During the fifth expedition, N. M. Przhevalsky fell ill and died on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul in the city of Karakol.
The expeditions of M. I. Venyukov (1858), N. M. Przhevalsky (1867-1869), V. K. Arsenyev (1906-1910) were engaged in exploring the nature of the region.
Rice. 134. Research of the Far East
Natural uniqueness of the Far East. Valley of Geysers.
Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.
The most active volcanoes are on the Eastern volcanic plateau, elevated to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are associated with these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest landmark of Kamchatka, which was mentioned in “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” by S.P. Krasheninnikov. Geysers were first described in detail by G.I. Ustinova, an employee of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, in 1941. Having penetrated to the river, which later received the name Geysernaya (a tributary of the Shumnaya River), she discovered several groups of geysers in a deep canyon-like gorge. Among them are Firstborn, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double, etc. - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small ones, boiling and freely flowing. The largest geyser, the Giant, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley. In 2007, the Valley of Geysers suffered from a mudflow.
Rice. 135. Autumn in the Primorsky Territory
Grand fir grove(Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell pleasant. Botanists classify grand fir as an ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation.
Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width up to 65 km, area more than 4 thousand km 2, average depth about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m in diameter, and water chestnut.
Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) Nature Reserve(area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-broad-leaved forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and wapiti, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is the small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of Xiaohe Bay. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years old.
Questions and tasks
- Indicate what main factors form the basis of the physical-geographical zoning of the Far East, and name the most typical natural complexes for it.
- Compare the natural complexes of the northern and southern parts of the Far East.
- Describe the natural complexes of Kamchatka.
- What is the main difference between the natural complexes of the island parts of the Far East and the mainland?
- On contour map area, apply everything indicated in the text geographical features, underline the names of those that are associated with the names of researchers of the region.
Objectives: to study the location of natural complexes in the Far East; to generate knowledge about the uniqueness of the natural conditions of various regions of the Far East; improve the ability to explain this uniqueness when solving cognitive problems.
During the classes
I. Testing knowledge and skills on the topic “The Far East: a land of contrasts.”
It is advisable to test the level of assimilation of knowledge and skills in a condensed form. Factual knowledge can be tested frontally in the form of a small multiple-choice test.
1) Match: Age of folding
a) Mesozoic;
b) Pacific.
Territory
1) Sikhote-Alin Ridge;
2) Kamchatka Peninsula;
3) Kuril Islands;
2) The Earth’s crust of the Far East is formed by:
a) areas of Mesozoic and Pacific folding;
b) the area of the Pacific fold and the ancient platform;
c) ancient platform and area of Mesozoic folding.
3) The territory of the Far East is washed by:
a) the Pacific Ocean;
b) the Pacific and Arctic oceans.
4) Geysers are located:
a) in Kamchatka;
b) in Kamchatka and Sakhalin;
c) in Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Primorye.
5) Isotherms on the territory of the Far East extend meridianally:
c) all year round.
b) In summer in Primorye the main direction of movement of air masses is:
a) from sea to land;
b) from land to sea;
c) by sea along land
1) Match: Age of folding
a) Mesozoic;
b) Pacific.
Territory
1) Sakhalin Island;
2) Dzhugjur ridge;
3) Koryak Highlands.
2) The Earth's crust of the Far East is formed by:
a) ancient platform and area of Mesozoic folding;
b) the area of the Pacific fold and the ancient platform;
c) areas of Mesozoic and Pacific folding.
3) The great contrast of the nature of the Far East is predetermined by the large extent of the territory:
a) from north to south;
b) from west to east.
4) Active volcanoes are located:
a) on the Kuril Islands;
b) on the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka;
c) on the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
5) In winter in Primorye the main direction of movement of air masses is:
a) from sea to land;
6) from land to sea;
c) by sea along the land.
b) In the south of the Far East the rivers have:
a) snow feeding and summer floods;
b) rain nutrition and summer flood;
c) rain nutrition and spring
flood_______________
Definitions can be read in the following sequence:
1) Regions of the earth's crust characterized by high mobility.
2) A tropical cyclone that forms in the seas off the coast of East Asia causes heavy rains.
3) A deep-sea depression in the oceans.
4) Introduction of magma into the rock mass earth's crust.
5) A device that records vibrations of the earth's crust during earthquakes.
6) Giant waves that occur during an earthquake at the bottom of the sea.
7) Annually recurring seasonal high and prolonged rise in water level, accompanied by flooding of the river floodplain.
8) The wind blows from land to sea in winter, and from sea to land in summer.
9) A cone-shaped mountain with a depression at the top.
10) Science that studies the structure and movement of the earth's crust.
11) Hot springs, periodically operating in the form of fountains.
12) A place on the earth’s surface above the earthquake source located in the bowels of the Earth.
13) Flat hill with well-defined steep slopes.
Answers:
Option I - 7, 12, 9, 10, 8, 1, 11.3, 5, 13, 6, 2, 4.
Option II - 7, 2, 5, 4, 6, 13, 3, 11.9, 1, 8, 12, 10.
II. Gaining new knowledge.
This block of the lesson begins with restoring in the students’ memory the general concept of a natural-territorial complex. The teacher organizes work on analyzing the soil map and vegetation map.
1) What is a natural complex?
2) What general features characterize each natural complex of the Earth’s surface?
3) What is the basis for the isolation of PTC?
4) In what natural zones is the territory of the Far East located?
5) What natural zones occupy Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka?
6) Using the soil map, determine the types of soils in Primorye.
Usually students answer these questions correctly, and the teacher only needs to emphasize that each natural complex is characterized not only by general characteristics, but also by the originality, uniqueness, and individuality of natural conditions.
In the last lesson, students were given advanced tasks. And now they tell, using clarity, about the harshness and beauty of the nature of the Chukotka and Koryak highlands, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Amur region, and the islands Pacific Ocean. Usually there are no problems with the selection of material, but the teacher can offer such passages.
Volcanoes in Kamchatka
“Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the most high volcano Kamchatka: 4750 m above sea level. But he is not the only one on the Kamchatka Peninsula, there are many of them.
Volcanoes smoke and occasionally emit lava. For every volcano there comes an hour when, amid the peals of an underground roar, a black pillar rises high into the sky, illuminated from below, from the crater, by a crimson flame; then arrows of lightning begin to sparkle, rain of ash and a hail of hot stone bombs begin to fall on the ground, and rivers of fire pour out from the mouth of the volcano, foaming and hissing, emitting a strong smell of sulfur.
In the fall of 1966, Klyuchevskaya Sopka woke up and began to go wild. IN last years The study of this volcano has progressed. An institute of volcanology has been established in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. In the timber industry village of Klyuchi, not far from Klyuchevskaya Sopka, there is a volcanological station.
A volcano-physical station was also built at the foot of another volcano - Avachinskaya Sopka. This is the first scientific station located on active volcano. Climbers and volcanologists not only climb to the top of the volcano, but also descend into the crater.”
(According to N. Mikhailov.)
“We were approaching the crater... Molten rocks had recently burst out of it... We knew that now the crater was not active, but still it was, although closed, a hole communicating with the hot layers of the earth. And who knows how strong his “plug” was!..
We descended carefully. Needless to say, we feel like heroes...
I sat on a big round bomb. The deep silence was broken only by the slight hiss of hot jets. I looked at the stones surrounding me and thought about how here, in the land of fire-breathing mountains, the usual ideas about many objects change. There are stones around me. They vary in color, strength, and composition. But they all have one thing in common: they are very young. We are accustomed to the fact that the stones that we encounter every day, whether they are beautiful pebbles on the seashore or rough debris on the roads, overhanging rocks in cliffs on the river bank or, finally, high mountains, all of them are multi-million years old.
The stones that surrounded me had just come into being. These are newborn stones. Some of them are perhaps only 2-3 years old. Until that time, they were not stones, but a fiery melt, magma with a temperature of several thousand degrees. Magma poured onto the surface of the earth and received another name: lava. The lava was also liquid and hot at first. It is difficult to imagine that just recently the bottom of the crater, along which we so boldly walk, was a gigantic cauldron in which a dazzlingly bright liquid - molten stones - boiled and seethed. Just recently, the lava, boiling, overflowed over the edge of the crater, and these now cold stones, wet with dew, flowed in a stormy stream, scattering sparkling splashes around.”
(According to G. Ganeizer.)
Eruption of Shiveluch volcano
"From ancient times local residents Kamchatka volcanoes were divided into “smoking mountains” and “fire-breathing mountains.” Shiveluch was considered a “smoking mountain”, weakly active, only moving from time to time. Hence, apparently, the name Shiveluch (Sheveluch). Over the past two centuries, only 6 eruptions have been recorded. During the same time, Klyuchevskaya Sopka erupted 20 times, Avachinskaya -
Meanwhile, Shiveluch, as evidenced by the chronicle of the Earth, is one of the oldest volcanoes on the peninsula. It is more than 5 thousand years old...
In early February, on a clear, frosty afternoon, a fiery red column of ash rose from the smoking crater of the Shiveluch volcano. The wind carried him to the west. Falling off, the cooled ashes covered the snow in the valleys with a thick layer and completely transformed the taiga, turning the trees dull gray. Residents of the Kamchadal village of Kamaki reported the incident to the volcanological station...
Meanwhile, the volcano's activity intensified. With each passing hour, the column of ash blown out of the crater became thicker, and the wind could no longer blow it away. Ash spread across the sky in a swirling cloud and fell into dry, ringing rain.
Scientists, notified by messengers, arrived at the eruption site...
Only in the evening we managed to reach the crater. Despite the hot air, there was snow at an altitude of 2000 m, and it was very cold on the slopes of the hill... explosions and shaking of the soil followed with increasing force. Fortunately, the volcanic bombs fell away from the scientists' tent. A hot cloud of ash and fragments of stones suddenly blew out of the crankcase and rolled down the slope. But suddenly it rose up, revealing fiery red lava on the dome...
Hot ash, getting under the mask, blinded my eyes and burned my face. It became unbearably stuffy. The air, saturated with poisonous gases, took your breath away. A fiery rockfall began. Hot debris, like shrapnel, hit the stone behind which the scientists were sitting.
Continuously throughout the day, volcanologists monitored the temperature of the dome and dry flow, studied the composition of lava, ash and sublimates, and determined the dynamics of the Shiveluch eruption.
A few years later, a permanent observation base was established on the ridge of the volcano.”
(According to S. Bytovoy.)
The underground boiler room of the planet
“It’s a frosty winter day. Calm and sunny - a happy combination in these parts. Dozens of skiers head to the village of Paratunka, which is located 50 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, on such days. One after another, snow-covered hills are left behind - and suddenly... a valley covered with delicate greenery. Stop, skiers! Winter ends here. Steam swirls over a small lake, and swimmers splash in its water. Warmth. It’s probably even hot in ski suits, although the contemplation of the snow, which lies in a dense layer just a few hundred meters away, involuntarily gives you goosebumps. But then the clothes are shed, and the skiers jump into the steamy lake. Fine! The sun is shining with all its might. The snow sparkles under its rays, and the delicate greenery covering the shore of the lake stretches even more persistently upward.
Fantastic? Perhaps. But only for those who have never visited Kamchatka, this region rich in natural wonders.”
(According to L. Shevchenko.)
At the Kamchatka geysers
“Everything here is saturated with the smell of sulfur. The slopes of the Valley of Geysers are hot, they are covered with strange flowers made of crystalline sulfur, whitish patterns made of ammonia, and roses of the finest work. Near the geysers, the slopes are covered with geyserite - siliceous deposits of salts of mineralized water. These are deposits of pearl, brown, or bright orange shades. In the valley there are many warm, hot and boiling lakes and just puddles of various colors (from sky blue and turquoise to brick red). In the thickets of the shelomine, mud pots snort and spit, and on the slopes with springs, every centimeter puffs and gurgles like tiny hot fountains - living its own intense life, reminiscent of the distant past of our Earth. The soil hums underfoot, and treacherously green grass grows in the hottest areas. Don't step on it - you'll get burned!
The valley is especially beautiful in the early evening hours, when the air becomes cooler and the whole valley is smoking with many columns, streams and wisps of steam. Huge, fantastically ominous clouds of it slowly rise above the geysers, covering the sun and the sides of the valley. In the first 30 seconds of the eruption of the Giant, one of the largest geysers, a powerful jet of hot water shoots 30-35 m up, and a column of steam reaches a height of 300-400 m.
There are 20 large geysers in the valley. They have interesting names, given for their character traits or the color of the geyserite: Firstborn, Neighbor, Sugar, Fickle, Big Stove, Fountain, Weeping... No one can say how many years geysers live. But, of course, they can be born and die.”
(According to various sources.)
In the final part of the lesson, to activate the cognitive interest of students, develop their thinking and develop the ability to independently explain natural phenomena, the teacher offers a task.
The Commander Islands are located at the latitude of Moscow. However, if in the Moscow region there is a zone of mixed forests, then on the islands there is forest-tundra. Explain the severity of natural conditions on the Commander Islands.
If students find it difficult to explain, the teacher teaches them the techniques of a logical approach:
1) identify the main natural factor under the influence of which the conditions of natural zones on the plains are formed (climate);
2) determine, using maps, features climatic conditions on the islands in comparison with the climate of the Moscow region and factors explaining these climatic features on the islands (the Commander climate is formed under the influence of the cold Kamchatka Current and cold air masses with Bering Sea, Pacific Ocean and North-Eastern Siberia, therefore the climate of the islands is colder and harsher than in the Moscow region);
3) identify the causes of low summer temperatures on the islands; It is known that vegetation develops in summer, so it is important to explain why in summer the sea temperate air from the Pacific Ocean is very cool and humid over the islands (to answer this
question it is necessary to use not only geographical knowledge
about the influence of the cold Kamchatka Current on the thermal properties of sea air, but also knowledge in physics about the large specific heat capacity of water, energy absorption during evaporation and the large specific heat of vaporization, and explain the features of the interaction of the atmosphere with the surface of the ocean, as a result of which in the summer over the ocean in temperate latitudes the formation of cool and humid marine air masses;
4) draw a conclusion about the influence of harsh climate on the development of vegetation and soils on the islands, guided by the idea of the interaction of components in natural complexes using the example of the relationship between climate - vegetation - soils.
The vegetation map shows that the tundra and thickets of dwarf cedar and alder in the Far East extend far to the south, in some places to a latitude of 50°. Explain the reasons for this natural phenomenon.
The peculiarity of this task is that students must name reasons explaining this a natural phenomenon, not only climate, but also other natural factors, permafrost, the location of mountain ranges and their height above sea level.
Using maps, compare natural conditions Chukotka and Kola Peninsulas, located at the same latitude. Explain the similarities and differences.
Explain why excess moisture is observed almost everywhere in the Far East. Why does the Pacific Coast receive most of its precipitation in the summer? Why is the amount of total solar radiation in the south of the Far East less than at the same latitude inside the continent?
There are currently 650 glaciers on the Koryak Highlands with total area 216 km2. The snow line lies at an altitude of 1200-1700 m, and on the eastern slopes in some places it drops to 500-600 m. Explain why there is modern glaciation on the Koryak Highlands, while in the Urals there are no glaciers at the same latitude and altitude.
Homework: § 42, prepare a report on the history of the discovery and development of the territory of the Far East.
Students will take a fascinating lesson-trip through the Russian Far East within 45 minutes. A bright presentation about the nature of the region, a mini-play, and a fascinating story from student guides will help children get acquainted with the natural complexes and unique things of this region of Russia.
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lesson by geography teacher MBOU "Secondary School No. 15 of Zelenodolsk RT" Jamili Nailievna Garipova on the topic "Natural complexes and unique features of the Far East."
Tasks:
educational– consider the features and main features of the nature of the Far East, expand and deepen students’ knowledge about the unique nature of the region;
developing – develop skills in working with additional literature and Internet resources; to intensify the cognitive activity of students, interdisciplinary connections;
educational – patriotic education, environmental education.
Methods: explanatory-illustrative, partially search, comparative, problematic.
Equipment: presentations physical map Russia, atlases, student reports.
Lesson format: lesson-travel.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes:
- Organizing time.
- Frontal survey.
We continue to get acquainted with the Far East. What do we know about him?
Questions:
- How many kilometers does the Far East stretch from north to south?
- What oceans does it wash?
- Which of them has the greatest impact on the nature of the region?
- The region's topography is dominated by _____
- Why?
- What folded areas are represented in the east of the country.
- What processes are characteristic of areas of Cenozoic folding?
- What natural phenomenon is associated with them?
- In what climatic zones is the region located?
- Most of it?
- Name the rivers and lakes of the Far East.
- Why do most rivers in this region experience high water in the warm part of the year?
3. Studying new material.
The topic of the lesson is “Natural complexes, unique things of the Far East.”
State its purpose.
The purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with the peculiarities of the nature of large PCs of the Far East, with its unique ones.
The nature of the Far East is extraordinary. This region has many things that are not found anywhere else in Russia. Where else can you see a spruce entwined with grapes, a blue magpie or a black squirrel? Where else do birches grow: white, black, yellow, stone? Where else do tigers roam in the snow? Where can you see bears hibernating in tree hollows? Only here you can see bear fishing. Admire the fire-breathing volcano and look deep into the Earth.
Today we will go on a trip to the Far East. Your classmates will be your guides. The task of the class is to listen carefully, find objects on the map, take short notes, and be prepared for questions from our guides.
Where would you like to visit?
Let's start our journey with Chukotka.
Local residents joke: “It’s winter here for 12 months, and the rest of the year is summer.”
Slide show.
Two students act out the story “Chukotka” by Vasily Sadkovsky.
“A long time ago, when I was just getting used to life in Anadyr, the old-timers reassured me: “We have nothing yet, it’s like in Sochi in the summer - it’s warm, and the mosquitoes don’t really bite. Here at Cape Schmidt - yes, it’s terrible what’s going on there... I also took me to Cape Schmidt, I saw enough of boys flying off the roofs of two-story buildings on sleds - there were such snowdrifts. But the northerners were cheerful: “Okay, this is normal for us. Not like in Pevek. Can you imagine, stones are flying there!” And indeed, in Pevek there are such powerful winds - “yuzhaki” - that small pebbles whistle through the streets like bullets. “Oh, well, what a miracle! “And we all wear motorcycle glasses,” the Pevek residents showed me a set of rocker glasses for the whole family. - No way to knock out an eye! Here on the island of Aion!...
I visited the island of Aion, and we sat with our legs dangling from the cliff to Arctic Ocean, with one of its few inhabitants. “It’s like we’re living on a weather vane,” he said joyfully. “If it blows from there, we’ll take cover here; if it blows from the other side, we’ll hide here too.” The main thing is that the winds move horizontally. Nothing life! And here…".
Question for students:
How can you explain snowdrifts the size of a two-story house on Cape Schmidt? (Passage of cyclones along the Arctic front).
Kamchatka.
Reading historical information in the textbook by I.I. Barinova, p. 232.
Story about Kamchatka, slide show.
Features of Kamchatka FGP, relief.
Pages 33-34 – Behind the pages of a geography textbook.
Guys, I can’t get past this birch tree. Here it is called stone. This birch is the most ancient in origin of all the birches in the world. It appeared in pre-Quaternary times. Maybe that’s why, or maybe because of the constant furious winds from the Pacific Ocean, most of its trunks are twisted, as if hunched over from old age. And you can’t cut wood with an axe, it’s really stone. Stone birch lives, like oak, up to 500 or even more years, while ordinary birch does not survive 200 years.
Questions for students:
Who discovered Kamchatka?
What volcanoes did you meet?
Name the tallest one.
Name the geysers of Kamchatka.
“Volcanoes Tyatya, Ivan the Terrible, Kucheryavyi, Nemo, Trident, Bell, islands with names and unnamed - the Kuril underwater mountains with peaks on the surface stretch for more than a thousand kilometers. The depths in these places are such that if the ocean were drained, climbers would have to climb higher peaks than Chomolungma.
You can’t travel around the Kuril Islands by sea even with short stops in six months. Fogs. Typhoons. Rough currents in the straits between the islands. Treacherous pitfalls, marked on maps with the word “traps.” All this forces captains to be careful.”
Vasily Peskov “Journey with the New Moon.”
Waterfall Ilya Muromets.
Questions for students:
What is the origin of the Kuril Islands?
Name the most large islands this ridge.
What is the height of the high waterfall Russia - Ilya Muromets?
Sakhalin island.
Guys, what do you know about Sakhalin Island? (the largest island off the coast of Russia, mainland in origin).
Page 232 textbooks, reading brief information about the island.
Sakhalin is unique not only for its impressive size, but its nature is no less unique.
“Sakhalin, as it were, set a goal, compressing three zones, to combine the subarctic, temperate taiga zone and subtropics, bypassing the steppe due to its excessive dampness. On Sakhalin, it’s easy to find larch and dwarf cedar, generated by the harshest living conditions; nearby there are bamboo and wild grape vines”, a blooming mognolia.
“For anyone who has not been to Sakhalin, it is probably difficult to imagine that under a burdock tree, almost 1.5 meters in diameter, two people can hide from the rain under an umbrella. It is impossible to place grass, for example Sakhalin buckwheat or butterbur 3 meters high, in a regular herbarium. Rarely did anyone pick blueberries at chest height. The umbrella plant bear root generally grows more than four meters long with a trunk like a subarctic larch.” (p. 145)
The history of the island is interesting. (p. 146)
The stories “Fish Island” and “A Little History” from the book “Living Geography” by Yu.P. Pimurzin.
Questions for students:
Name the most high point islands (Mount Lopatina). Define it absolute altitude and geographical coordinates.
What natural zones are represented on Sakhalin? (tundra, taiga, subtropics).
Ussuri taiga.
The Strait of Tartary separates the island from Primorye, which is the name of the territory of the Far East in its southern part.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky made his first trip to the Ussuri region.
“When I saw this for the first time, I vividly imagined the picture tropical forest,... tall trees, the sight of a spruce entwined with grapes, a cork tree and a walnut, next to cedar and fir, is striking.”
A story about the Ussuri taiga, slide show.
A story about a lotus.(magazine “Geography at School” No. 3 2003)
In the Khingan Nature Reserve, located in the Amur region, the Komarov lotus lives. This is a perennial aquatic plant with a powerful rhizome (up to 2 meters), floating shield-shaped leaves up to 50 cm in diameter. Lotus flowers are large above water (up to 25 cm in diameter). The plant is listed in the Red Book.
Lotus is a tropical plant that is a relict of the Tertiary era. The great vitality of this relic is amazing! In 1933, in the famous botanical garden Lotus plants grown from seeds 400 years old have bloomed in Kew, near London. In 1961, in Japan, at a depth of 6 meters, a human site was found, where three lotus nuts were found. In the Tokyo Botanical Garden, they sprouted and the plants bloomed, although the seeds lay in the ground for 5,000 years.
Questions for students:
From the stories of our guides, you saw how unique and beautiful the nature of the Far East is. How can you explain its uniqueness?
Answers:
- Huge extent from north to south;
- Weak manifestation of glacial activity in Quaternary times;
- Permanent territorial unity with the rest of Asia and the past connection of Asia with America in the Bering Strait region.
Ecological situation in the region.
Nature itself makes its own adjustments to changing the appearance of the region. We saw this in the example of the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka. But even greater, sometimes irreparable, interference in nature is caused by human activity.
What is it?
- Mining;
- Deforestation (and this is someone's home);
- Fishing (sometimes predatory);
- Hunting for land and sea animals;
- Industrial production;
- Radioactive contamination of the Sea of Japan.
What are the consequences of this intervention?
- Subsoil depletion;
- Reduction of forest areas and animal habitats;
- Depletion of fisheries resources;
- Disappearance of animals, disruption of biological systems;
- Pollution of water, air, soil, etc.
What ways can you suggest to solve the problems that have arisen?
Creation of nature reserves, national parks;
Use of modern treatment facilities;
High fines for environmental pollution and poaching;
4. Summing up the work in the lesson.
Grading.
5.Homework:
1. prepare a report on any reserve in the region;
or
2. On the map of the Far East you can find unusual names geographical objects, For example,
Bay and Terpeniya Peninsula on the island. Sakhalin;
Strait of Hope on the Kuril Islands;
Some objects are named, e.g.
Peter the Great Bay in Primorye, Nevelskoy Strait between Sakhalin Island and the mainland, etc.
Continue the list. Perhaps someone will prepare a report on the brave pioneers whose names are on the geographical features of the map of the Far East.