A message about volcanoes. Mysterious volcanoes lesson plan on the world around us (preparatory group) on the topic How to briefly tell a child about the structure of volcanoes

Geography for the little ones.
Volcanoes.
1.Tell your child a legend about ancient god Vulcan (in Ancient Rome) or Hephaestus (in Ancient Greece):

IN Ancient Greece power over volcanoes belonged to a god named Hephaestus - fire. He was a strange god: ugly, lame. But he is very hardworking and strong. Hephaestus managed to subjugate fire. He was the first to forge weapons and make jewelry. And then he taught it to people. And if steam and fire appeared above the volcano, it means Hephaestus got to work. The ancient Romans gave this god the name Vulcan. It also means fire. And his house was called a volcano.

There lived a god named Vulcan. He liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the forge. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. And the mountain stood right in the middle of the sea. When the volcano was active, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and roar echoed far around. From the hole at the top of the mountain, hot stones, fire and ash flew with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear and went to live away from the mountain, so that the fire would not burn their homes and cover their gardens and fields with ashes. They say since then, all fire-breathing mountains began to be called volcanoes.

Exercise:
Look at pictures of volcanoes with your child. Please note that it looks like an ordinary mountain, but inside it there is a very hot liquid - magma, and while the magma lives in its house, the volcano is considered dormant, but this is the same mountain only with magma, fire, smoke erupting from it - it is active volcano. Look at the shape of the volcano, what does it look like? (on a cone, pyramid). What does the top look like? (a large hole, a funnel is called a crater)
Watch the presentation Fire-Breathing Mountains http://depositfiles.com/files/19ciup3u2

2.Read the poem about volcanoes:
Volcanoes began to "volcano" -
Emit lava from a vent.
Lava flowed down the slopes
And the Earth was badly burned.
Centuries later, the evil one coughed
The volcano is both ash and ash.
The volcano is thundering! The volcano is chugging!
How menacing he looks now!
But then he began to get tired -
The fire in him began to fade.
The last time I breathed fire -
And he fell asleep for decades.
Centuries will pass...
And the volcano will wake up again,
And lava will flow from his insides.

3.Make a volcano with your child
1. Take paper, scissors, tape, compass, ruler
2.Cut out a large circle
3. Cut in half
4. Fasten the edges of the segment to form a cone
5.Make a volcano crater from a paper cylinder (you can use a base of paper towels or foil) and attach it to a surface (cardboard, candy box, etc.)
6.Place the cone onto the cylinder and secure it
7. Cover the entire structure with tape (paper) and cover with glue
8. Sprinkle colorful sand, cereals
9.Color the volcano
10.Eruption: 1 tsp. soda, a little red dry paint and 5 drops of washing liquid, 5 drops of vinegar.
There is another option for creating a volcano http://subscribe.ru/archive/home.child.toy/200711/30134924.html

4.Tell that different volcanoes erupt in different ways. Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain shakes with a terrible roar, a huge column of smoke and ash rises above it, stone rain sprinkles the slopes of the mountains. And sometimes lava flows out “calmly”. We have many volcanoes in our country. Almost all of them are on Far East, Kamchatka, Kuril Islands.
Exercise:
Try to find with your child on the map where volcanoes are located in our country and in the world, what color they are indicated by.
Look at photographs of different volcanoes and read interesting facts about them
o 10 most dangerous volcanoes on the planet - http://www.geo-cafe.ru/Reviews/Articles/review350.php
o Interesting Facts about volcanoes - http://katya.gorod.tomsk.ru/index-1163550018.php
o Walk along the volcanoes of the South and North America- http://www.geo-cafe.ru/Reviews/Articles/review154.php

5.Explain to your child why a volcano erupts in the first place using experience:
Inflate and lightly squeeze the balloon in your fist, continue to inflate. The ball will swell between your fingers. The same thing happens with magma, when mountains are pressed down from above, and magma with gases rises. As a result, some kind of explosion occurs.
6. Explore volcanic rocks with your child:
Material: a bowl of water, stones and a piece of pumice.
Look carefully at the stones and pumice. Compare them to each other: there are a lot of holes in pumice. Ask your child what he thinks: are the holes empty or is there something in them? (air is hidden in the holes, so pumice is lighter than ordinary stone). Suggest placing a piece of pumice in a bowl of water. Are there any bubbles? Does pumice float or sink? Why? The child makes a discovery: pumice is a stone with many holes in which air accumulates. Pumice does not sink, but floats on the surface of the water.

Information for mothers:
How volcanoes form
To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to know the structure of the Earth. The earth consists of several layers formed by different rocks. We live on the outer, thinnest layer called the earth's crust. The bark is so thin, as if it were on a ball (imagine it Earth) stuck a sticker, or rather a lot of stickers next to each other. After all, the crust consists of about 20 large and small plates, which are called tectonic. The plates seem to float on the surface of a viscous, pasty molten substance called magma. The word magma is translated from Greek as dough or paste.
The places where the largest plates touch each other are called faults. Majority active volcanoes concentrated at the boundaries of these plates. The most active zone on Earth is called the Ring of Fire and it is located at the edges Pacific Ocean. There are many mountains and islands in these places that were formed on the site of ancient volcanoes.

What happens during an eruption
Sometimes hot magma seeps out through the cracks. If a powerful flow of magma is blocked by rocks in the earth's crust, the pressure of the magma rushing out increases. When it gets too large, magma breaks through the crust. Then a volcanic eruption occurs, accompanied by a powerful release of magma, ash, gases and pieces of rock.
Magma released from a volcano is called lava. It flows out of the crater of the volcano in the form of a stream. At the beginning, the lava flow has a temperature of 1000 degrees and flows along the slopes of the volcano at speeds of up to 50 kilometers per hour. But in air, the lava cools and hardens, forming a volcanic mountain around the hole in the earth's crust. Pieces of frozen lava - pumice. There are air bubbles inside this pebble. This is because the lava boiled and seethed, and then froze.
Volcanic ash looks like ordinary ash, but if you look at it under a microscope, you can clearly see that these are fragments of volcanic glass. The eruption throws ash to a very high altitude, sometimes even several kilometers. Huge gray clouds of ash are carried by the wind over long distances from the eruption site, and then they settle on the Earth in a thick layer.
Volcanic gases are hot gases. During an eruption, their temperature reaches 800-1000 degrees. Hot heavy gases rush down the slope of the volcano at a speed of over 300 kilometers per hour, destroying trees, houses and people. Volcanic gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide and gases containing sulfur, ammonia and chlorine.

What types of volcanoes are there?
Volcanic eruptions occur in different ways. The nature of the eruption depends on many reasons - mainly the viscosity of the magma and the amount of volcanic gases.
There are volcanoes - they are called Shield volcanoes - they are predictable, rarely accompanied by explosions. Lava constantly erupts to the surface.
Other volcanoes - Stratovolcanoes - are the highest. During an eruption, a lot of ash, stones, and lava are formed.
The most scary volcanoes Calderas - these volcanoes explode so violently that they destroy themselves, leaving only a large crater in their place.

What harm do volcanoes cause?
There are more than a thousand volcanoes on our planet. Most of of them went out, and. it would seem forever. But they are only sleeping and can wake up every minute. Some volcanoes wake up very rarely. Once every 100 or even 1000 years. There are volcanoes that don’t even think about pretending to be asleep; they smoke without ceasing. Every ten minutes, stones, ash, steam and lava flow out of them.
One of the most powerful eruptions on Earth occurred in 1883. The Krakatoa volcano has awakened in Indonesia. The voice of the volcano spread over thousands of kilometers. The air explosions caused air waves of such force that they circled the globe three times. Stones flew into the air to a height of 55 kilometers. The waves rose up to 40 meters in the sea. The volcano spat out so much ash that a cloud covered the sun, and then black dirt fell from the sky. This cloud of dust flew around the entire planet. For a while, twilight fell across the entire Earth. Nothing can stop a volcano. Cities, islands and even countries perish under ash and lava.
Currently, scientists who study volcanoes are sometimes able to predict an eruption in advance and residents can leave cities and escape. But when the Vesuvius volcano, which had been dormant for many centuries, woke up, there were no seismologists yet and the disaster took people by surprise. Residents sought shelter in their houses and tried to escape, but no one managed to escape. When the eruption ended, it turned out that the flourishing cities had completely disappeared from the face of the earth. Almost seventeen centuries passed when the remains of dead cities were accidentally discovered under a layer of compressed volcanic ash. Excavations have begun. Almost the entire city of Pompeii was cleared of ashes. Houses with household items, temples, and monuments appeared before the amazed archaeologists. Everything remained as it was on the day Vesuvius woke up.
Terrible tragedy, which happened in the distant past, made a huge impression on the Russian artist Karl Bryullov, who depicted it on his canvas The Last Day of Pompeii.

Are there any benefits from volcanoes?
A volcanic eruption is a disaster for people. Every year there are 10,000 eruptions on Earth, of which approximately 150 are very strong. Cities are destroyed, people die. However, volcanoes also have benefits for people. Thanks to them, the rocks that make up the earth's crust are formed. Volcanoes, like elevators, bring many useful substances to the surface. Therefore, the soil around them is very fertile. Volcanic dust is used to make medicines, fertilizers, and water purifiers. Houses are built from hardened lava. Volcanoes also supply us with carbon, nitrogen and other gases from the bowels of the earth, without which life on Earth is impossible.

Klyushina Olga Nikolaevna
Job title: teacher
Educational institution: Municipal educational institution Child Development Center No. 10
Locality: Volgograd
Name of material: methodological development
Subject:"The Amazing World of a Volcano"
Publication date: 11.02.2017
Chapter: preschool education

Child Development Center No. 10

Klyushina

Olga

Nikolaevna

Educator

highest qualification

Zotova

Olga Yurievna

Educator

highest qualification

Volgograd 2017

Methodological support

"The Amazing World of Volcanoes"
The didactic manual is a model of the prehistoric era, which includes:  Volcano  Habitat areas of terrestrial and marine representatives of flora and fauna. The contents of the manual include:  Research project  Lesson notes  Riddles  Poems  Conversations  Options for games with a layout  Recommendations for parents  Interesting information about dinosaurs The manual is recommended for educators and parents for working with children of senior preschool age. This manual can be used both in direct educational activities:  Cognitive - research  Communicative  Productive  And in the free activity of a teacher with children. The developmental manual is recommended for working with children, both individually and in subgroup form.
Tasks:

 To introduce children to a natural phenomenon: - A volcanic eruption - Its cause  To form an idea in children about the “age of dinosaurs” and its inhabitants.  Develop children's experimentation and cognitive activity.  Develop mental processes: - Memory - Attention - Thinking - Imagination  Maintain interest in new sources of information.  Enrich children's vocabulary and develop coherent speech.  Cultivate a desire to delve into the connections and relationships that exist in the world.
Municipal preschool educational institution

Child Development Center No. 10

Voroshilovsky district of Volgograd

Research project

"Erupting Volcano"

Volgograd

PROJECT PASSPORT:

Job title
"Erupting Volcano"
Project participants
Pupils of the senior group
Supervisor
Teachers: Olga Yurievna Zotova, Olga Nikolaevna Klyushina
Objective of the project
Study of a natural phenomenon - a volcano.
Research objectives
Introduce children to a natural phenomenon - a volcanic eruption, its cause; Activate children's vocabulary: volcano, lava, crater, crater; To develop children’s cognitive activity in the process of independently performing experiments; Encourage children to independently formulate conclusions based on the results of the experiment, relying on previously obtained ideas and their own assumptions; Cultivate interest in cognitive and research activities, determination, perseverance, and independence.
Object of study
The causes of the volcano, its eruption
Subject of study
Method for making an erupting volcano
Hypothesis

research
You can create a volcanic eruption yourself
Research methods
Observation, experiment, conversation
Project duration
A week

Stages of research
1) Examination of encyclopedias, books, pictures. 2) Proposing a hypothesis. 3) Conducting the experiment. 4) Conclusions.
Materials for

carrying out

experiments
 Pallets,  Imunelle bottles,  cardboard,  plasticine,  soda,  water,  citric acid,  a little red paint,  plastic spoons,  measuring cups.

The Legend of the Volcano
“There lived a god named Vulcan. And he liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the forge. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. And the mountain stood right in the middle of the sea. When Vulcan worked with his hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and roar echoed far around. From the hole at the top of the mountain, hot stones, fire and ash flew with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear, and went to live away from this place. Since then, people began to call all fire-breathing mountains volcanoes.”
Description of the research work
When looking at the encyclopedia, the children were interested in pictures depicting volcanoes, especially erupting ones. The children began to ask what it was, why this was happening, and whether it was dangerous. During the conversation, it became clear that the children were interested in this natural phenomenon, and I decided to tell the children in more detail about this using various illustrations of volcanoes and showing a multimedia presentation. As a result, the children noted that volcanic eruptions are a very scary and dangerous phenomenon, but at the same time very beautiful, and they wanted to see a volcanic eruption live. After explaining to the children that for this we would have to travel very far and for a long time by train, an alternative solution was proposed - to create a volcanic eruption ourselves. The children became very interested in this and it was decided to conduct an experiment that we called “Erupting Volcano”.

Erupting Volcano Experience
To carry out the experiment, we will need baking soda (2 teaspoons), citric acid (2 tablespoons), a little red paint, a bottle of Imunelle, a cardboard cone with a cut off top (about 7 cm high), a little water (50 ml), plasticine, trays, plastic spoons, measuring cups
Preparation:
make a model of a volcano (stick plasticine on a cardboard cone, put it on a bottle, securing the neck with the cone with plasticine) install a model of a volcano on a pallet,
Progress of the experiment:
pour two teaspoons of soda into the hole of the volcano. In a plastic cup, stir a little red paint with water until an intense color forms. Pour 2 tablespoons of citric acid into the colored water and mix everything. Carefully pour the resulting solution into the crater of the volcano.
What will happen:
soda and a colored solution of citric acid will enter into a chemical reaction, and red foam will begin to “erupt” from the crater of the volcano.
Conclusion:
When baking soda is mixed with citric acid, bubbles appear and a chemical reaction occurs.
CONCLUSION:
After conducting this experiment, we saw a volcano erupt. This means that we were able to independently create a natural phenomenon- eruption
Municipal preschool educational institution

Child Development Center No. 10

"Mysteries of Nature: Volcanoes"
Summary of direct educational activities
Compiled by:

highest

Klyushina Olga Nikolaevna

Volgograd 2017

Educational area
: cognition

Type:
integrated
Children's age:
5-6 years

experimentation
Forms of organization:
group
Tasks:
 Develop ideas about volcanoes, the dangers they pose, and their benefits.  Encourage children to independently form conclusions based on the results of the experiment, relying on previously acquired knowledge.  Cultivate interest in cognitive and research activities, determination, perseverance, and independence.
Dictionary of new words
: mountain, volcano, crater, lava.
Preliminary work:
 GCD cycle “Mysteries of Nature” (stones, mountains)  Reading the children’s encyclopedia “Everything about everything”, the Great Encyclopedia “Whychek”, looking at photographs and illustrations of various volcanoes. Conversations about volcanoes with facts.  Making a model of a volcano.
Material:
illustrations of volcanoes (electronic presentation), model of a volcano, mixture for an eruption (soda, red paint, liquid soap, vinegar).

Progress of the lesson

TEACHER:
I’ll read you a riddle, and you try to guess what we’ll be talking about today: I spit fire and lava, I am a dangerous giant! I am famous for evil fame, What is my name? (Volcano) - That's right, today we will talk about such a mysterious, enigmatic, amazing and formidable natural phenomenon as a volcano. Guys, remember what a volcano is? (This big mountain with steep slopes, from which smoke first comes out, then stones fly, and then lava erupts.)
TEACHER:
That's right, guys. You have already learned a little about volcanoes. And today I will tell you a legend about the volcano. “There lived a god named Vulcan. And he liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the forge. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. And the mountain stood right in the middle of the sea. When Vulcan worked with his hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and roar echoed far around. From the hole at the top of the mountain, hot stones, fire and ash flew with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear, and went to live away from this place. Since then, people began to call all fire-breathing mountains volcanoes.” - That's what it is interesting legend about the origin of the name volcano. Now let's look at the volcano. (model of a volcano) What shape is the volcano? (cone). At the very top of the volcano there is a crater. The crater is a huge bowl with steep slopes, and at the bottom there is a hole going deep into the ground - this is the crater of a volcano,
When volcanoes “sleep” they differ little from other mountains. But sometimes they “wake up” and then a strong underground rumble begins, flames, ash, hot stones, and volcanic bombs burst out from their tops. They are shrouded in smoke, explosions sound, and a real fiery stream - lava - flows down the slopes. Lava is molten, very hot rocks. Lava rises from underground through the mouth of a volcano and is released from the crater. The temperature inside the Earth is so high that rocks turn from solid to liquid. When pieces of lava harden, new stones are formed.
(Loud music sounds).
Guys, it seems our volcano (a model of a volcano made in advance) is “coming to life”, let’s move away from the volcano. (The teacher carefully pours vinegar into the prepared mixture. Children watch a volcanic eruption) Volcanoes began to “volcano” - spew lava from the crater. Lava flowed down the slopes and severely scorched the earth. Centuries later, the evil Vulcan coughed up ash and ash. The volcano is thundering, the volcano is chugging! How menacing he looks now! But then he began to get tired - The fire in him began to fade. He breathed fire for the last time and fell asleep for decades. Volcanoes erupt in different ways. Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain shakes with a terrible roar, a huge cloud of smoke and ash rises above it, and stone rain showers the slopes. And sometimes it flows out “calmly.” Interesting?! Do you want to do an experiment on your own in the laboratory: a volcanic eruption? Professor Know-It-All will help us here too. He prepared a diagram for this experiment for us (the teacher explains the sequence of the experiment using diagrams)
Now let's go to the laboratory of “amazing discoveries.” There we have everything ready to conduct experiments.
Let's get a look:
- What will we make the base of the volcano from? (from the cone we made in advance) - What will we make the volcano’s mouth out of? You can insert an empty plastic jar inside the cone. We put all this on trays. Using the experiment scheme, we begin to work. - Pour a spoonful of soda. Add red paint. 5 drops of washing liquid. Now attention! This liquid has a special symbol for me. What does it mean? (You can’t use it yourself) This is vinegar, only an adult can pour it. I will add it myself when you have everything ready. The teacher adds vinegar to the prepared mixtures.
TEACHER:
What are you observing? Watch your volcano erupt. It erupts calmly. Well done guys, you were attentive, worked carefully and everything worked out great! Now do you know what a volcano is and how it erupts? And now we will draw a volcano and fill out our young researcher’s folder on the topic “Mysteries of Nature: Volcanoes.” (Children draw, the teacher selects drawings suitable for filling out the “Young Researcher’s Folder.)
References:
1. Tugusheva G. P., Chistyakova A. E. experimental activities of children of middle and senior preschool age: Methodological manual. – SPb.: DETSTVO-PRESS, 2010. – 128 p.

Municipal preschool educational institution

Child Development Center No. 10

Voroshilovsky district of Volgograd

"Eruption"

Summary of direct educational activities

Compiled by:

higher education teacher

Zhorina Olga Yurievna;

Volgograd

Educational area:
cognition
Integration of educational areas:
“Communication”, “Safety”, “Artistic creativity”.
Type
: integrated
Children's age:
6-7 years
Forms of direct educational activities:
experimentation
Forms of organization:
group
Tasks:
 To form ideas about the types of volcanoes, the dangers and benefits of volcanic eruptions; help children understand why volcanoes are a formidable natural phenomenon.  Activate the words in children’s speech: hearth, magma, crater, crater, lava.  To introduce children to the profession of a volcanologist; the study of this phenomenon is the most important factor in understanding the structure of our Earth.  Develop children's cognitive activity in the process of performing experiments.  Encourage children to independently form conclusions based on the results of the experiment, relying on previously received ideas and their own suggestions.  Cultivate interest in cognitive and research activities, strong-willed qualities (dedication, perseverance, organization, independence).
Dictionary of new words
: earth's crust, fault or crack, magma, mountain, volcano, crater, lava, vent, pumice, volcanologists.
Preliminary work:
 Reading the children's encyclopedia “Everything about everything” comp. O.I.Perfilyev.  Looking at illustrations of volcanoes.  Conversations about types of volcanoes.  Making a model of a volcano.
Material
: computer, pictures of volcanoes, a handful of black sand, a mixture for making a volcanic eruption, sheets of paper, colored crayons.

Progress of the lesson

Vos-l:.
Guys, would you like to take part in magic today and become real wizards? Children: yes
Vos-l:
What do you think we will talk about today?
Children:
About volcanoes.
Vos-l:
Guys, who knows riddles about the volcano? “I spit fire and lava, I am a dangerous giant, I am famous for evil fame, What is my name? (Volcano) Snowy Mountain There’s a hole at the top, It’s hot inside! Sometimes it releases lava, there is no control over it! (Volcano) What do you think a volcano is?
Children:
A mountain with a hole at the top through which magma pours out, smoke rises, and stones fly.
Vos-l
: That's right, this is a fire-breathing mountain, what does the mountain look like?
Children
: On a cone, on a triangle.

Vos-l:
What does a volcano erupt?
Children:
Hot lava pours out of a volcano. Gases, ash, and hot stones are released into the atmosphere.
Vos-l:
Listen to the legend about the ancient god Vulcan. In Ancient Greece, power over volcanoes belonged to a god named Hephaestus - fire. He was a strange god: ugly, lame. But he is very hardworking and strong. Hephaestus managed to subjugate fire. He was the first to forge weapons and make jewelry. And then he taught it to people. And if steam and fire appeared above the volcano, it means Hephaestus got to work. The ancient Romans gave this god the name Vulcan. It also means fire. And his house was called a volcano.
Vos-l:
Guys, what do you think, how does a volcano form?
Children:
???
Vos-l:
Do you want to know how a volcano works? Let's go to

another part of our laboratory, and I will tell you how a volcano is formed.
Vos-l:
To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to have a good knowledge of the structure of the Earth. The earth consists of several layers formed by different rocks. We live on the outer, thinnest layer, which is called the earth's crust. But the places where large plates touch each other are called faults or cracks. Here's a look at what happens during an eruption. Sometimes hot magma seeps out through the cracks. Magma released from a volcano is called lava. It flows out of the crater of the volcano in the form of a stream. At the beginning of the mountain the stream has a very high temperature of up to 1000 degrees. And quickly flows down the slopes of the mountain. But in air, the lava cools and hardens, forming a volcanic mountain around the hole in the earth's crust. A
pieces of solidified lava are pumice. Pumice is a mineral used by humans. What comes out of a volcano?
Children:
Ashes, stones fly out.
Vos-l:
That's right, volcanic ash is similar to ordinary ash; if you look through a microscope, you will clearly see that there is even glass there, formed at high temperatures. Huge gray clouds of ash are carried by the wind over long distances from the eruption site, and then it settles on the Earth in a thick layer. It connects with the ground and black sand is formed. (Show black sand). Tell me, what do they call people who study volcanoes? Children: ???
Vos-l:
That's right, volcanologists, but what are they for?
Children:
Study of volcanoes.
Vos-l:
Currently, scientists who study volcanoes are sometimes able to prevent volcanic eruptions. And the residents can leave the city and escape. Do you think this is a necessary profession? Children: Yes.
Vos-l:
These people also study the structure of the earth, and what happens inside under the earth's crust. They study and find new minerals. But their main task is to save people, evacuate them and warn them.
Vos-l:
Now let’s move on to the monitor and see what types of volcanoes there are: What types of volcanoes are there? There are active volcanoes - those that erupt lava. Extinct - not erupting lava. Asleep - those that have gone out, but can begin to act. When volcanoes erupt, they produce a lot of ash and throw out a lot of volcanic rocks.
There are volcanoes that explode so violently that they destroy themselves, leaving only a large crater in their place. What do you think, do volcanoes bring benefits, and why don’t people leave these places where there are volcanoes? Children: Volcanoes are beneficial, although it is dangerous to live near a volcano. The soil is fertile there; Volcanic ash is an additional fertilizer for the soil. Conducting physical education.
Vos-l:
But today we are wizards, and we have forgotten about magic, but would you like to revive the volcano? Now let’s build our own volcano. And first, let's remember how it all began. (slide show on the monitor).
Educator: R
Fuck, our volcano is one of the dormant volcanoes. Now we'll wake him up. We will make lava. Pour in the mixture and see what happens.
Vos-l:
I suggest going to our art gallery and remembering what kind of volcanoes there are, and while you are looking at volcanoes, the girls will read a poem about a volcano. Volcanoes began to “volcano” - spew lava from their craters. Lava flowed down the slopes and severely burned the Earth. Centuries later, the evil Vulcan coughed up both ash and ash. The volcano is thundering! The volcano is chugging! How menacing he looks now! But then he began to get tired -
The fire in him began to fade. He breathed fire for the last time - And fell asleep for decades. Centuries will pass... And again the volcano will wake up, And lava will flow from its interior. Would you like to draw your own volcanoes? And then we will look at them and you tell us which volcano you got. Children draw volcanoes. The drawings are hung on the board and the children briefly talk about their volcano.

Topic: “Dinosaurs and Volcanoes”

Tasks:
 To introduce children to the concept of “volcano”  To consolidate children’s knowledge about representatives of the prehistoric era and their habitat.  Enrich lexicon children with new words: lava, eruption  Introduce children to knowledge about the historical past of the Earth. Guys, in previous lessons we learned how many unsolved secrets our vast, beautiful Earth holds. Do you want to know another secret? Get ready, today we are going on a journey into the distant past of our Earth. A long time ago, huge animals lived on our earth, they were called dinosaurs. Their height exceeded that of a multi-story building; they were all very large animals. Each dinosaur was different from the other. They needed a lot of space to move, so they chose places with a lot of greenery and water. But even in that distant time there were volcanoes, they looked like huge mountains, but among them there were also “living volcanoes”, they were called that because they erupted huge lava from the very top. What is lava? What does she look like? Let's read about it in the encyclopedia. Lava is a mixture of magma and hard stones (we look at the illustrations and reason - lava is a very hot “fiery porridge”) It flowed along the entire volcano, sweeping away huge stones and earth on its way and destroying all the vegetation around it. It was dangerous for dinosaurs to be near such a volcano and they tried to get as far as possible from this huge fiery giant. Guys, what color do you think the fiery lava was during the volcanic eruption? Why? Why was it dangerous for dinosaurs and all the vegetation around? How many of you know what happened after the volcanic eruption? (children's answer options) When volcanic lava has completely erupted, it gradually cools, turning into stone blocks, the earth becomes black and
a lot of ash. Over time, the ash is blown away by the wind and the ground cools. For some time the volcano “falls asleep.” Life forms around him again. Plants and herbs appear, animals return. So, today we got acquainted with such an interesting phenomenon on earth - like a volcano! What were volcanoes like? Which volcanoes were called “living”? Why were they dangerous to animals? What happened to volcanoes after the eruption? (children's answers) This concludes our journey into the past of the Earth, I thank you for your attention.
Topic: “Globe - model of the Earth”

Option #1.

"Confusion"
Children look at the model for 2-3 minutes, then close their eyes. The teacher swaps dinosaurs and sea creatures. Having opened their eyes, children need to determine what is wrong.
Option number 2.

"Who's the odd one out"
The teacher brings one or two animals that do not belong to a given era to the dinosaurs, for example: a cow, a giraffe. Offers to determine which animals are superfluous and why.
Option number 3.

"Guess by the description"
The teacher invites one of the children to describe a sea creature. The rest of the children guess who it is and find it on the model.
Option number 4.

"Call me kindly"
Children are asked to name the diminutive form of the exhibition item. For example:  Volcano – volcano  Dinosaur – dinosaur
Option number 5.

"One is many"
Exhibition items should be named in the singular and then in the plural, also using the word “many”. For example:  Volcano – volcanoes – many volcanoes  Tree – trees – many trees  Dinosaur – dinosaurs – many dinosaurs
Option number 6.

"What changed"
Children look at the model for 2-3 minutes, then close their eyes. The teacher removes one of the items. Having opened their eyes, children must name the object that is missing.
Option number 7.

"The Fourth Wheel"
Objects are displayed on the table. For example:  Three dinosaurs and one sea animal;  One dinosaur and three trees, etc. Children need to find an extra object.
Option number 8.

"Left - Right, Above - Below"
Children place objects on the layout as directed by the teacher, using verbal instructions. For example:  Place a tree to the left of the volcano  Place a dinosaur to the right of the volcano  Place a pebble at the top (at the top)  At the bottom (at the foot) – a bush, etc.

Option number 9.
The teacher examines the model with the children and gives the task to find information about volcanoes. Children, together with their parents, during search activities, find information about volcanoes, their formation and share their acquired knowledge during the conversation.
We are the sons of the volcano, The crater thunders, beckoning. We must find out the Secrets of the God of Fire. The slag underfoot is hot, the slag cone is cool, the bomb flies like a ball, the bombs smoke all around. The steps up the mountain are heavy, There is hail on the helmets of lappils, Stubborn, obstinate and angry, We are climbing straight into hell. Ashes in the eyes and mouth, Explosions like lightning, Sweat black as tar Dripping from our faces. Sulfur dioxide eater, Clenching your teeth, hold on, life is given to us once, We put our lives on the line...

Elena Romankevich
Volcanoes began to “volcano” - spew lava from their craters. Lava flowed down the slopes and severely burned the Earth. Centuries later, the evil Vulcan coughed up both ash and ash. The volcano is thundering! The volcano is chugging! How menacing he looks now! But then he began to get tired - The fire in him began to fade. He breathed fire for the last time - And fell asleep for decades. Centuries will pass... And again the volcano will wake up, And lava will flow from its interior.

The legend about the ancient god Hephaestus

(in Ancient Greece)
In Ancient Greece, power over volcanoes belonged to a god named Hephaestus - fire. He was a strange god: ugly, lame. But he is very hardworking and strong. Hephaestus managed to subjugate fire. He was the first to forge weapons and make jewelry. And then he taught it to people. And if steam and fire appeared above the volcano, it means Hephaestus got to work. The ancient Romans gave this god the name Vulcan. It also means fire. And his house was called a volcano.
The legend about the ancient god Vulcan

(in Ancient Rome)
There lived a god named Vulcan. He liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the forge. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. And the mountain stood right in the middle of the sea. When the volcano was active, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and roar echoed far around. From the hole at the top of the mountain, hot stones, fire and ash flew with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear and went to live away from the mountain, so that the fire would not burn their homes and cover their gardens and fields with ashes. They say since then, all fire-breathing mountains began to be called volcanoes.

Volcanoes
1. Tell your child the legend about the ancient god Vulcan (in Ancient Rome) or Hephaestus (in Ancient Greece): In Ancient Greece, power over volcanoes belonged to a god named Hephaestus - fire. He was a strange god: ugly, lame. But he is very hardworking and strong. Hephaestus managed to subjugate fire. He was the first to forge weapons and make jewelry. And then he taught it to people. And if steam and fire appeared above the volcano, it means Hephaestus got to work. The ancient Romans gave this god the name Vulcan. It also means fire. And his house was called a volcano.
or
There lived a god named Vulcan. He liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the forge. He built himself a forge inside a tall mountain. And the mountain stood right in the middle of the sea. When the volcano was active, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and roar echoed far around. From the hole at the top of the mountain, hot stones, fire and ash flew with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear and went to live away from the mountain, so that the fire would not burn their homes and cover their gardens and fields with ashes. They say since then, all fire-breathing mountains began to be called volcanoes.
Tasks:
1. Look at pictures of volcanoes with your child. Please note that it looks like an ordinary mountain, but inside it there is a very hot liquid - magma, and while the magma lives in its house, the volcano
is considered dormant, but this is the same mountain only with magma, fire, smoke erupting from it - this is an active volcano. Look at the shape of the volcano, what does it look like? (on a cone, pyramid). What does the top look like? (a large hole, a funnel is called a crater) Watch the presentation Fire-Breathing Mountains depositfilesfiles/19ciup3u2 2. Read a poem about volcanoes: Volcanoes began to “volcano” - spew lava from their craters. Lava flowed down the slopes and severely burned the Earth. Centuries later, the evil Vulcan coughed up both ash and ash. The volcano is thundering! The volcano is chugging! How menacing he looks now! But then he began to get tired - The fire in him began to fade. He breathed fire for the last time - And fell asleep for decades. Centuries will pass... And again the volcano will wake up, And lava will flow from its insides. 3. Make a volcano with your child 1. Take paper, scissors, tape, compass, ruler 2. Cut out a large circle 3. Cut in half 4. Fasten the edges of the segment to make a cone 5. From a paper cylinder (you can use a base from paper towels or foil) make the mouth of a volcano and attach it to a surface (cardboard, candy box, etc.) 6. Place the cone on the cylinder, secure 7. Cover the entire structure with tape (paper) and cover with glue 8. Sprinkle with multi-colored sand and cereals
9. Color the volcano 10. Eruption: 1 tsp. soda, a little red dry paint and 5 drops of washing liquid, 5 drops of vinegar. Let's cut off the top part of a plastic bottle, insert it into a regular cap - we've got a bottom. You can use any jar, the main thing is to give it a cone shape. 2. Cover the surface of our “mountain” with plasticine. The hole turns into a crater. 3. In order for the volcanic eruption to begin, we added soda, red gouache dissolved in water (for the color of lava) and a few drops of detergent to the container. Now pour in the vinegar. Vulcan has woken up!
4.Tell that different volcanoes erupt in different ways. Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain shakes with a terrible roar, a huge column of smoke and ash rises above it, stone rain sprinkles the slopes of the mountains. And sometimes lava flows out “calmly”. We have many volcanoes in our country. Almost all of them are located in the Far East, Kamchatka, and the Kuril Islands. 5. Try to find with your child on the map where volcanoes are located in our country and in the world, and what color they are indicated by. 6. Look at photographs of different volcanoes and read interesting facts about them. The 10 most dangerous volcanoes on the planet - geo-cafeReviews/Articles/review350.php All about volcanoes - vulkanyinteresnie_fakti.html Interesting facts about volcanoes - katya.gorod.tomskindex-1163550018.php Walk around volcanoes of South and North America - geo-cafeReviews/Articles/review154.php 7. Explain to your child why a volcano erupts in general using experience: Inflate and lightly squeeze the balloon in your fist, continue inflating. The ball will swell between your fingers. The same thing happens with magma, when mountains are pressed down from above, and magma with gases rises. As a result, some kind of explosion occurs. 8. Explore volcanic rocks with your child: Material: bowl of water, stones and a piece of pumice. Look carefully at the stones and pumice. Compare them to each other: in pumice
a lot of holes. Ask your child what he thinks: are the holes empty or is there something in them? (air is hidden in the holes, so pumice is lighter than ordinary stone). Suggest placing a piece of pumice in a bowl of water. Are there any bubbles? Does pumice float or sink? Why? The child makes a discovery: pumice is a stone with many holes in which air accumulates. Pumice does not sink, but floats on the surface of the water. How volcanoes form To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to know the structure of the Earth. The earth consists of several layers formed by different rocks. We
We live on the outer, thinnest layer, which is called the earth's crust. The bark is so thin, as if a sticker was stuck on a ball (think of it as the Earth), or rather a lot of stickers next to each other. After all, the crust consists of about 20 large and small plates, which are called tectonic. The plates seem to float on the surface of a viscous, pasty molten substance called magma. The word magma is translated from Greek as dough or paste. The places where the largest plates touch each other are called faults. Most active volcanoes are concentrated at the boundaries of these plates. The most active zone on Earth is called the Ring of Fire and is located along the edges of the Pacific Ocean. There are many mountains and islands in these places that were formed on the site of ancient volcanoes.
What happens during an eruption?
Sometimes hot magma seeps out through the cracks. If a powerful flow of magma is blocked by rocks in the earth's crust, the pressure of the magma rushing out increases. When it gets too large, magma breaks through the crust. Then a volcanic eruption occurs, accompanied by a powerful release of magma, ash, gases and pieces of rock. Magma released from a volcano is called lava. It flows out of the crater of the volcano in the form of a stream. At the beginning, the lava flow has a temperature of 1000 degrees and flows along the slopes of the volcano
at speeds up to 50 kilometers per hour. But in air, the lava cools and hardens, forming a volcanic mountain around the hole in the earth's crust. Pieces of frozen lava - pumice. There are air bubbles inside this pebble. This is because the lava boiled and seethed, and then froze. Volcanic ash looks like ordinary ash, but if you look at it under a microscope, you can clearly see that these are fragments of volcanic glass. The eruption throws ash to a very high altitude, sometimes even several kilometers. Huge gray clouds of ash are carried by the wind over long distances from the eruption site, and then they settle on the Earth in a thick layer. Volcanic gases are hot gases. During an eruption, their temperature reaches 800-1000 degrees. Hot heavy gases rush down the slope of the volcano at a speed of over 300 kilometers per hour, destroying trees, houses and people. Volcanic gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide and gases containing sulfur, ammonia and chlorine.
What types of volcanoes are there?
Volcanic eruptions occur in different ways. The nature of the eruption depends on many reasons - mainly the viscosity of the magma and the amount of volcanic gases. There are volcanoes - they are called Shield volcanoes - they are predictable, rarely accompanied by explosions. Lava constantly erupts to the surface. Other volcanoes - Stratovolcanoes - are the highest. During an eruption, a lot of ash, stones, and lava are formed. The most terrible volcanoes of the Caldera - these volcanoes explode so strongly that they destroy themselves, and in their place only a large crater remains.
What harm do volcanoes cause?
There are more than a thousand volcanoes on our planet. Most of them went out, and... it would seem forever. But they are only sleeping and can wake up every minute. Some volcanoes wake up very rarely. Once every 100 or even 1000 years. There are volcanoes that don’t even think about pretending to be asleep; they smoke without ceasing. Every ten minutes, stones, ash, steam and lava flow out of them. One of the most powerful eruptions on Earth occurred in 1883. The Krakatoa volcano has awakened in Indonesia. The voice of the volcano rang out
thousands of kilometers. The air explosions caused air waves of such force that they circled the globe three times. Stones flew into the air to a height of 55 kilometers. The waves rose up to 40 meters in the sea. The volcano spat out so much ash that a cloud covered the sun, and then black dirt fell from the sky. This cloud of dust flew around the entire planet. For a while, twilight fell across the entire Earth. Nothing can stop a volcano. Cities, islands and even countries perish under ash and lava. Currently, scientists who study volcanoes are sometimes able to predict an eruption in advance and residents can leave cities and escape. But when the Vesuvius volcano, which had been dormant for many centuries, woke up, there were no seismologists yet and the disaster took people by surprise. Residents sought shelter in their houses and tried to escape, but no one managed to escape. When the eruption ended, it turned out that the flourishing cities had completely disappeared from the face of the earth. Almost seventeen centuries passed when the remains of dead cities were accidentally discovered under a layer of compressed volcanic ash. Excavations have begun. Almost the entire city of Pompeii was cleared of ashes. Houses with household items, temples, and monuments appeared before the amazed archaeologists. Everything remained as it was on the day Vesuvius woke up. A terrible tragedy that happened in the distant past made a huge impression on the Russian artist Karl Bryullov, who depicted it on his canvas The Last Day of Pompeii.
Are there any benefits from volcanoes?
A volcanic eruption is a disaster for people. Every year there are 10,000 eruptions on Earth, of which approximately 150 are very strong. Cities are destroyed, people die. However, volcanoes also have benefits for people. Thanks to them, the rocks that make up the earth's crust are formed. Volcanoes, like elevators, bring many useful substances to the surface. Therefore, the soil around them is very fertile. Volcanic dust is used to make medicines, fertilizers, and water purifiers. Houses are built from hardened lava. Volcanoes also supply us with carbon, nitrogen and other gases from the bowels of the earth, without which life on Earth is impossible.

Volcanism –
a combination of processes and phenomena that are associated with the movement of magma in the mantle and crust and its outpouring to the surface.
Crater
– (from the Greek krater - bowl) a bowl-shaped or funnel-shaped depression on the top or slope of a volcanic cone; at its bottom there are one or several vents, the diameter varies from several tens
meters, up to two or more kilometers.
vent
– (from Indo-Hebrew ger – large) – a vertical or almost vertical part of the supply channel connecting the volcanic center with the earth’s surface, along which magma rises.
Volcano hotspot
- a place of accumulation of magma, located in the depths of the volcano, at the upper boundary of the mantle.
Magma
- (from the Greek magma - mash, thick ointment) - a natural, most often silicate, fiery liquid melt that occurs in the earth's crust or in the upper mantle, at great depths, and upon cooling forms igneous rocks.
Volcano mouth
- a vertical and inclined channel connecting the magma source and the crater, through which the magma rises to the surface.
Lava-(
from Italian.lava - to wash away) - magma poured onto the surface. It differs from magma in the absence of gases. Temperature 750-1250°. Current speed is 300-500 m/h. Products volcanic eruptions: gases, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, volcanic ash, volcanic ash.
1. A complex process in which magma rises from the depths of the earth and, breaking through the earth’s crust, pours out to the surface? (Volcanism) 2. What is lava? (magma erupted onto the surface) 3. What is a volcano crater? (A depression located at the top of a volcano) 4. What is a vent? (Channel through which magma rises) 5. Name the products of volcanic eruptions? (Gases, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, volcanic ash, rock particles - volcanic bombs) 6. Types of volcanoes? (Active, asleep, extinct)
What is paleontology?

This is a science that studies the fossil remains of organisms that have disappeared from the face of the Earth. It is divided into paleobotany (fossil plants), paleozoology (fossil animals), paleoecology (habitat conditions of extinct organisms).
How do we learn about the structure of dinosaurs?
Based on fossil remains, paleontologists reconstruct the structure of the animal's body. By reconstructing the skeleton of a dinosaur, you can imagine how it looked, moved, and ate.
What does the word "Dinosaur" mean?
The term comes from the Greek "deinos", meaning "terrible", and were indeed classified as extinct reptiles. They were so huge that they could not be compared with other known animals. Dinosaurs are extinct animals that make up a large superorder of the class of reptiles that lived on Earth from 225 to 65 million years ago. The superorder of dinosaurs belongs to the subclass of archosaurs and is divided into the orders Sauriscia and Ornithischia.
Who is a dinosaur?
This is an oviparous reptile (reptile), with a skull structure similar to crocodiles and lizards. Dinosaurs could walk, run, and jump (sometimes only on their hind legs). It is possible that, unlike reptiles known today, some dinosaurs were warm-blooded, like birds and mammals.
Who is a predator?
This is the name given to an animal that hunts other animals to feed itself. To overtake and tear apart prey, a predator must be brave and strong, have sharp fangs and sharp claws. Sometimes the color of the fur camouflages the predator, allowing it to remain invisible and take the prey by surprise.

What are scavenger dinosaurs?
These are animals that ate dead animals or what other predators did not eat. Scientists think T. rex was a scavenger.
Who are herbivores?
These are animals that feed exclusively on plant foods: leaves, grass, fruits and tree branches. For example: these are diplodocus and hadrosaurs.
Did dinosaurs take care of their babies?
Found nests prove that dinosaurs cared for their offspring. The cubs lived in the nest with their parents until a certain age. The most devoted parents were hadrosaurs, diplodocus, camapasaurs, and cerators.

The Tale of the Dinosaur Clueless
A long time ago, many millions of years BC, the world of dinosaurs reigned on Earth. They lived in large and small families or alone. One day, in a large family of hadrosaurs, it happened that the leader’s daughter, Emma, ​​met a beautiful, smart and strong hadrosaur named Nick. Emma and Nick fell in love immediately. Soon they got married, and a year later they had a baby. Emma and Nick spent a long time thinking about a name for him, but they couldn’t come up with anything. So the hadrosaur lived without a name. He grew up, but could not do anything, was weak, clumsy and ugly. Therefore, his relatives nicknamed him Clueless. All dinosaurs had a custom - one-year-old cubs were considered adults and were driven into adulthood and independent life. The time has come to drive out the Incompetent One into an independent life. Only Emma broke this custom and did not drive her son away. Another year passed, the mother again could not drive her son away. Time passed... The clumsy girl turned three years old. He had no friends at all, only his mother and father remained with him. Then Clueless thought about his life. He understood that his mother was upset because of him. The hadrosaur decided to run away from his family into an independent life. The next day, at night, while his parents were sleeping, he left them. Waking up in the morning, Emma and Nick did not see their son. Emma began to cry, and Nick calmed her down, saying that their son would be found. Long days of waiting dragged on... A year passed, and Neumekha still had not been found. Another year and a half flew by. Summer has come. Emma has completely lost hope that her son will return. One day Nick went hunting. While hunting, he saw a strong and beautiful hadrosaur. Nick approached him, greeted him and asked his name and where he was from. Hadrosaur said: “My name is Clueless, I am your son.” Nick was surprised, at first he did not believe that it was his son. After all, Clueless was weak, clumsy and ugly. And now my father saw a large and smart hadrosaur in front of him. Then Nick asked: “If you are my son, then tell me when you disappeared?” The incompetent replied: “I disappeared at night while you were sleeping. This happened two and a half years ago." The hadrosaur father had no doubt that this was his son. Both were very happy to meet. The two of them continued the hunt. The incompetent man told his father about everything that had happened to him during these two and a half years. And a lot happened... The clumsy man went through many difficulties; at first he was very scared to live alone, on his own. I had to learn a lot: get food for myself, defend myself from enemies, make friends with my relatives, arrange my home. But gradually he learned everything. And it turned out that being independent is even interesting. I felt stupid
an adult, confident, experienced and wise hadrosaur. So it was in vain that his parents felt sorry for him and were afraid for him. After the hunt they headed home. Approaching the cave, they saw that Emma was meeting them. The mother noticed a large hadrosaur next to her husband. She immediately recognized her son, because a mother’s heart always feels a loved one. Emma and Clueless rushed to each other, hugged, there was no limit to their happiness. From then on, Neumekha began to help his parents: he brought them food, protected them from strangers, and never went far from them again. This is how the weak and ugly hadrosaur turned into a beautiful, smart and strong hadrosaur. Everyone loved him and gave him another name - Umeha.

A long time ago, many millions of years BC, a baby was born in one family of pterodactyls. They named him Mark. The little pterodactyl was no different from its peers. Karl was growing up. He learned to get food and defend himself from enemies, but he couldn’t fly. Time passed, the days flew by quickly, and Mark never learned to fly. All his relatives laughed at him, made fun of him all the time, saying: “What a clumsy born.” Only his faithful friend James remained with Mark. Pterodactyl Mark had a hard time, because he was one of his kind who could not fly. He loved in the evening, at sunset, to sit on a large stone, raise his head up and watch his brothers soar in the air. One morning, while the pterodactyl tribe was sleeping, they were attacked by a squad of strong archeopteryx. The whole tribe began to fight, only Mark was hiding in the bushes. The pterodactyls fought bravely and won, but the evil archeopteryxes captured Mark's best friend, James. The tribe noticed Mark hiding in the bushes. His relatives decided to kick him out of their tribe. “Go away,” they shouted threateningly at Mark, “you are cowardly!” And they themselves went in search of James. Unhappy Mark went to look for shelter. He wandered through the caves for a long time, but was driven away from everywhere. And suddenly he came across a large dark cave. He looked at it from the outside for a long time, then went inside and saw his faithful friend James. James was covered in wounds, he could not even get up from the stone on which he was lying. I could only stand up and said: “Mark, run away quickly.” Mark realized that he had to run away! Without thinking twice, Mark grabbed James, put him on his back and ran. Mark knew they might get caught, but this was a chance to save his best friend. The Archeopteryx noticed how their captive was being stolen and rushed after the pterodactyls. Mark completely ran out of strength to run, but he did not give up, he ran with all his might. They were catching up with him. There was a waterfall ahead, and Mark had no choice but to jump into it. Jump... And Mark flew down... Horror gripped him. But after a few moments, he unexpectedly realized that he was floating in the air. He was so glad that he had learned to fly, although it was too early to relax. He flew, spreading his wings, and slowly flew away from the chase. And finally, he completely disappeared from her. Mark landed on the rock and placed James on the gentle slope. Having rested a little, Mark flew in search of his tribe, but could not find his relatives. Suddenly I heard a noise, saw that someone was fighting and hurried there. His tribe fought the Archeopteryx. Mark also joined the fight. They fought for quite a long time, but still the pterodactyls were able to win. The whole tribe rejoiced at the victory. Mark was accepted back for his courage and bravery. He said: “I found James, hurry up, he needs our help!” Pterodactyls
They went after James, took him, put him in a cave, and began to fuss over him. Now James was safe. And Mark told about how he saved James, how he learned to fly and how he found his tribe again. All his relatives listened to him with great interest.

Volcanoes are geological formations on the surface of the Earth's crust or the crust of another planet where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, rocks (volcanic bombs) and pyroclastic flows.

The word “volcano” comes from ancient Roman mythology and comes from the name of the ancient Roman god of fire, Vulcan.

The science that studies volcanoes is volcanology and geomorphology.

Volcanoes are classified by shape (shield, stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, domes), activity (active, dormant, extinct), location (terrestrial, underwater, subglacial), etc.

Volcanic activity

Volcanoes are divided depending on the degree of volcanic activity into active, dormant, extinct and dormant. An active volcano is considered to be a volcano that erupted in historical period time or in the Holocene. The concept of active is quite inaccurate, since a volcano with active fumaroles is classified by some scientists as active, and by others as extinct. Are considered sleeping inactive volcanoes, where eruptions are possible, and extinct ones - where they are unlikely.

At the same time, there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to determine active volcano. The period of volcanic activity can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes exhibited volcanic activity tens of thousands of years ago, but are not considered active today.

Astrophysicists, from a historical perspective, believe that volcanic activity, caused, in turn, by the tidal influence of other celestial bodies, may contribute to the emergence of life. In particular, it was volcanoes that contributed to the formation of the earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere, releasing significant amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Scientists also note that too active volcanism, such as on Jupiter's moon Io, can make the planet's surface uninhabitable. At the same time, weak tectonic activity leads to the disappearance of carbon dioxide and sterilization of the planet. “These two cases represent potential boundaries for planetary habitability and exist alongside the traditional parameters of habitable zones for systems of low-mass main sequence stars,” the scientists write.

Types of volcanic structures

In general, volcanoes are divided into linear and central, but this division is arbitrary, since most volcanoes are confined to linear tectonic faults (faults) in the earth’s crust.

Linear volcanoes or fissure-type volcanoes have extensive supply channels associated with a deep split in the crust. As a rule, basaltic liquid magma flows out of such cracks, which, spreading to the sides, forms large lava covers. Along the cracks, gentle spatter shafts, wide flat cones, and lava fields appear. If the magma has a more acidic composition (higher silicon dioxide content in the melt), linear extrusive ridges and massifs are formed. When explosive eruptions occur, explosive ditches can appear tens of kilometers long.

The shapes of central-type volcanoes depend on the composition and viscosity of the magma. Hot and fluid basaltic magmas create vast and flat shield volcanoes (Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Islands). If a volcano periodically erupts either lava or pyroclastic material, a cone-shaped layered structure, a stratovolcano, appears. The slopes of such a volcano are usually covered with deep radial ravines - barrancos. Volcanoes of the central type can be purely lava, or formed only by volcanic products - volcanic scoria, tuffs, etc. formations, or be mixed - stratovolcanoes.

There are monogenic and polygenic volcanoes. The former arose as a result of a single eruption, the latter as a result of multiple eruptions. Viscous, acidic in composition, low-temperature magma, squeezed out of the vent, forms extrusive domes (Montagne-Pelé needle, 1902).

In addition to calderas, there are also large negative forms of relief associated with subsidence under the influence of the weight of erupted volcanic material and a pressure deficit at depth that arose during the unloading of the magma chamber. Such structures are called volcanotectonic depressions. Volcanotectonic depressions are very widespread and often accompany the formation of thick strata of ignimbrites - volcanic rocks of acidic composition, having different genesis. They are lava or formed by sintered or welded tuffs. They are characterized by lens-shaped segregations of volcanic glass, pumice, lava, called fiamme, and a tuff or tofo-like structure of the main mass. As a rule, large volumes of ignimbrites are associated with shallow magma chambers formed due to the melting and replacement of host rocks. Negative relief forms associated with central-type volcanoes are represented by calderas - large rounded failures several kilometers in diameter.

Classification of volcanoes by shape

The shape of a volcano depends on the composition of the lava it erupts; Five types of volcanoes are usually considered:

• Shield volcanoes, or "shield volcanoes". Formed as a result of repeated ejections of liquid lava. This shape is characteristic of volcanoes that erupt low-viscosity basaltic lava: it long time flows from both the central vent and the side craters of the volcano. Lava spreads evenly over many kilometers; Gradually, a wide “shield” with gentle edges is formed from these layers. Example - Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, where lava flows directly into the ocean; its height from its base on the ocean floor is approximately ten kilometers (while the underwater base of the volcano is 120 km long and 50 km wide).
• Cinder cones. When such volcanoes erupt, large fragments of porous slag are piled up around the crater in layers in the shape of a cone, and small fragments form sloping slopes at the foot; With each eruption the volcano gets higher. This is the most common type of volcano on land. They are no more than a few hundred meters in height. An example is the Plosky Tolbachik volcano in Kamchatka, which exploded in December 2012.
• Stratovolcanoes, or "layered volcanoes". Periodically erupt lava (viscous and thick, quickly solidifying) and pyroclastic matter - a mixture of hot gas, ash and hot stones; as a result, deposits on their cone (sharp, with concave slopes) alternate. Lava from such volcanoes also flows out of cracks, solidifying on the slopes in the form of ribbed corridors that serve as the support of the volcano. Examples - Etna, Vesuvius, Fuji.
• Dome volcanoes. They are formed when viscous granite magma, rising from the depths of the volcano, cannot flow down the slopes and hardens at the top, forming a dome. It clogs its mouth, like a cork, which over time is knocked out by the gases accumulated under the dome. Such a dome is now forming over the crater of Mount St. Helens in the northwestern United States, formed during the 1980 eruption.
• Complex (mixed, composite) volcanoes.

Eruption

Volcanic eruptions are geological emergencies that can lead to natural disasters. The eruption process can last from several hours to many years. Among the various classifications, general types of eruptions are distinguished:

• Hawaiian type - emissions of liquid basaltic lava, often formed lava lakes, should resemble scorching clouds or red-hot avalanches.
• Hydroexplosive type - eruptions that occur in shallow conditions of oceans and seas are characterized by the formation large quantities steam generated by the contact of hot magma and sea water.

Post-volcanic phenomena

After eruptions, when the activity of the volcano either stops forever, or it “dormants” for thousands of years, processes associated with the cooling of the magma chamber and called post-volcanic processes persist on the volcano itself and its surroundings. These include fumaroles, thermal baths, and geysers.

During eruptions, a volcanic structure sometimes collapses with the formation of a caldera - a large depression with a diameter of up to 16 km and a depth of up to 1000 m. As the magma rises, the external pressure weakens, associated gases and liquid products escape to the surface, and a volcanic eruption occurs. If ancient rocks, and not magma, are brought to the surface, and the gases are dominated by water vapor formed when groundwater is heated, then such an eruption is called phreatic.

Lava that rises to the earth's surface does not always reach this surface. It only raises layers of sedimentary rocks and hardens in the form of a compact body (laccolith), forming a unique system of low mountains. In Germany, such systems include the Rhön and Eifel regions. On the latter, another post-volcanic phenomenon is observed in the form of lakes filling the craters former volcanoes, which failed to form a characteristic volcanic cone (the so-called maars).

Heat sources

One of the unresolved problems of volcanic activity is determining the heat source necessary for local melting of the basalt layer or mantle. Such melting must be highly localized, since the passage of seismic waves shows that the crust and upper mantle are usually in a solid state. Moreover, the thermal energy must be sufficient to melt huge volumes of solid material. For example, in the USA in the Columbia River basin (Washington and Oregon states) the volume of basalts is more than 820 thousand km³; similar large strata of basalts are found in Argentina (Patagonia), India (Deccan Plateau) and South Africa (Great Karoo Rise). Currently there are three hypotheses. Some geologists believe that the melting is caused by local high concentrations of radioactive elements, but such concentrations in nature seem unlikely; others suggest that tectonic disturbances in the form of shifts and faults are accompanied by the release of thermal energy. There is another point of view, according to which the upper mantle under conditions of high pressure is in a solid state, and when, due to fracturing, the pressure drops, it melts and liquid lava flows through the cracks.

Areas of volcanic activity

The main areas of volcanic activity are South America, Central America, Java, Melanesia, Japanese islands, Kurile Islands, Kamchatka, northwestern USA, Alaska, Hawaiian Islands, Aleutian Islands, Iceland, Atlantic Ocean.

Mud volcanoes

Mud volcanoes are small volcanoes through which it is not magma that comes to the surface, but liquid mud and gases from the earth's crust. Mud volcanoes are much smaller in size than ordinary ones. Mud typically comes to the surface cold, but the gases emitted by mud volcanoes often contain methane and can ignite during the eruption, creating what looks like a miniature volcano eruption.

In our country mud volcanoes most common on the Taman Peninsula, they are also found in Siberia, near the Caspian Sea and Kamchatka. On the territory of other CIS countries, the most mud volcanoes are in Azerbaijan; they are found in Georgia and Crimea.

Volcanoes on other planets

Volcanoes in culture

• Painting by Karl Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii”;
• Movies "Volcano", "Dante's Peak" and a scene from the film "2012".
• The volcano near the Eyjafjallajökull glacier in Iceland became a hero during its eruption huge number humorous programs, TV news stories, reports and folk art discussing world events.

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Guys! Let's look at one of the most formidable and fascinating natural phenomena associated with mountains.

Listen to a poem about him.

Fire-breathing volcano

Not a mountain, but a giant -

Fire-breathing volcano!

He spews out lava

What burns the mountainside

Spews out stones, gases, -

The skies darken immediately.

Ash, poisonous smoke

They rise above him.

An underground rumble is heard,

It's like a giant fell asleep

And snores and dreams,

How great and terrible he is!

Fortunately, there are few people on Earth who have seen a volcano, especially not an extinct one, but an active one. But those who have witnessed a volcanic eruption with their own eyes at least once in their lives will undoubtedly not forget this extraordinary spectacle!

It’s not for nothing that volcanoes are called “fire-breathing mountains.” They are dangerous to human life.

♦ Why do you think?

The name of these mountains comes from the ancient Roman god Vulcan - formidable and dangerous.

♦ What is a volcano?

It is a mountain, at the top of which there is a depression called a volcanic crater. In the very thickness of the mountain there is a channel, it is called a vent. It leads to a special underground cave- source of magma. Magma is a molten, very hot substance.

♦ Where does it come from in the depths of the Earth?

Scientists believe that many millions of years ago the Earth was a molten, very hot ball of fire. Gradually its surface cooled, but in the very depths a molten hot liquid core remained. A volcanic eruption begins when a lot of magma accumulates, it rushes up the vent and pours out to the surface.

The magma that spills onto the surface is called volcanic lava.

During an eruption, gases and water vapor are released to the surface, sometimes huge blocks of stone, volcanic dust, and clouds of ash fly out. The wind carries dust and ash over vast distances, obscuring the blue sky.

Thick and viscous lava, quickly cooling, forms a mountain with steep slopes. More liquid lava spreads faster, cools more slowly and manages to travel longer distances. A volcanic eruption is accompanied by an underground roar and fires.

Volcanoes that erupt regularly are called active. If the volcano's activity has ceased, it is called extinct.

Now there are several hundred active volcanoes on land. 20-30 eruptions occur annually.

Our country has many active volcanoes in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

There are also volcanoes at the bottom of the ocean. They are called underwater. Underwater eruptions occur there, causing giant waves to form. They wash away cities, towns, villages located on the shores of the ocean.

The most powerful volcanoes are located in Italy (Vesuvius), Indonesia (Krakatoa), West Indies (Mont Pele), Colombia (Nevado del Ruiz).

A volcanic eruption brings death and untold misfortune to people.

♦ What disasters does a volcanic eruption bring?

During the eruption of Vesuvius in ancient times, two beautiful and populous (at that time) cities - Pompeii and Herculaneum - were completely destroyed. The eruption of Vesuvius began at night. Streams of fiery lava rushed down from the top of the mountain. They burned everything in their path: trees, grass, shepherds and their flocks, buildings, temples, houses of townspeople. People died instantly, suffocating from poisonous gases, burning right in their beds. Even those who tried to escape were overtaken by hot lava.

Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons and tornadoes clearly show us people that man is not at all the conqueror and master of nature, but only a humble inhabitant of planet Earth.

Sometimes a volcano freezes for hundreds of years, and people, forgetting that it once spewed lava, stones, ash, and smoke with a menacing roar, build their villages on the slopes of the mountain.

♦ Why is such construction dangerous and unwise?

There are no villages or cities around the volcano shown in the picture.

Listen to a fairy tale.

Giant and Blue Lake

Once upon a time there lived two giant brothers. Once they argued about which of them was stronger. The elder says:

- I am stronger! I'll go and move it to another place high mountain!

The younger one disagrees:

- No, I'm stronger! I can drink the whole lake!

The elder brother hurried to a high, high mountain, grabbed it with his huge hands, lifted the mountain and was just about to move it, when something muffled and rumbled inside the mountain.

But I must tell you that a volcano slept in this mountain. The giant woke him up, and the volcano became very angry.

“I’ve been sleeping for a thousand years!” I will burn the one who dared to disturb my sleep with fire and pour boiling lava over him! — the volcano growled menacingly. - All living things around will die!

The giant was not afraid, but he felt sorry for the trees, bushes, and herbs growing on the mountainside. He put the mountain in place and went home, losing the argument.

Meanwhile, the younger brother went in search of big lake. He walked and met fishermen returning with a rich catch.

“Do you know, dear fishermen,” the giant addressed them, “where the lake is?”

- How can you not know! - answered the fishermen. — Behind the pine forest there is a large meadow, behind it there is a green oak grove, and near the oak grove, in the lowland lies the Blue Lake. The fish in it are visible and invisible. This lake feeds us all!

Soon he met village children with baskets full of berries. The giant asked them how to find the Blue Lake. They showed the way and said that along the shores of the lake many berries had ripened: cranberries, lingonberries and cloudberries. There is enough for people, and forest animals and birds have something to eat.

- I can take you to the lake.

While the duck led the giant along the path to the lake, she said that ducks, geese, herons, cranes and swans nested on the banks, in the thickets of reeds and sedges. Here the birds incubate their eggs and hatch their chicks. The Blue Lake generously treats them with delicious fish, succulent herbs and all kinds of aquatic life.

Finally, the gray duck led the giant to the lake. It lay among the autumn yellowing grasses and golden bushes and seemed so blue, as if a particle of the sky had fallen to the ground.

White swans swam across the lake, reflected in its mirror surface. Near the shore, purple and yellow leaves swayed like small boats.

The giant sat down on the shore of the lake and thought.

♦ Can you guess what the giant was thinking?

The giant thought that if he drank all the water, the fish would die, the birds would have nowhere to build nests, the delicious berries growing in the swamp near the lake would disappear, and there would be no beautiful Blue Lake on earth.

These thoughts made the giant sad. He no longer wanted to drink water from the lake.

- Well, let me lose the argument! - said the giant. “I’d better build myself a house on the shore of this lake.” I will live here, fish and protect the Blue Lake!

From then on, the giant brothers no longer argued about which of them was stronger, but on the contrary, they lived together and protected the high mountain, Blue Lake, living creatures and nature around their homes from troubles and misfortunes.

♦ What did the giants argue about?

♦ How did they decide to show their strength?

♦ Why didn’t the older brother move the mountain?

♦ Where did the younger brother go?

♦ Who did he meet on the way to the lake?

♦ What did the fishermen, children and gray duck tell the giant?

♦ Why didn’t the giant drink water from the lake?

♦ Did the giant brothers do the right thing?

Answer the questions

1. Why is the volcano called “fire-breathing mountain”?

2. What is appearance volcanoes?

3. What is a volcano crater?

4. What is magma?

5. When does a volcano erupt? What is ejected from the crater?

6. Why are volcanoes dangerous for people?

7. Are there underwater volcanoes?

8. List the names of volcanoes known to you.

9. What is the structure of a volcano?

10. Is the source of volcanic magma located deep in the volcano or on its surface?

11. In which areas of Russia are there many active volcanoes?

We offer an unforgettable experience for children, “Volcano Eruption,” which can be easily done with your own hands at home. The chemical experiment will be especially interesting for preschoolers and elementary school children.

You can purchase a ready-made set for the experiment (on Ozon.ru, on My-shop.ru) or make a volcano from available materials that are found in every home. Let's consider two experiments.

Attention! All chemical experiments are carried out under the strict supervision of adults!

Salt dough volcano

Necessary materials:

• salt dough (recipe);
• foil;
• plastic bottle;
• baking soda;
• vinegar;
• dishwashing liquid;
• food coloring (optional);
• a rimmed baking sheet or container.

How to do

Source: jugglingwithkids.com

Cut the plastic bottle in half.

Place the top of the bottle on a tray with the neck facing up. Cut strips of foil, wrap around the bottle and create a volcano shape.

Prepare the salt dough, roll it out, divide it into three parts and carefully place it on top of the foil.

For realism, color the volcano's mouth with red food coloring.

How to conduct an experiment

Pour two teaspoons of baking soda into the neck of the bottle and add a tablespoon of dish soap.

Pour vinegar into a glass and color with food coloring. Pour the liquid into the volcano and see thick colored foam flow from the crater. Children will be delighted by the spectacular volcanic eruption!

Colorful volcano made from soda and vinegar

Necessary materials:

• baking soda;
• vinegar;
• water;
• dishwashing liquid;
• liquid watercolor or diluted food coloring.

How to do