15 km west of Novorossiysk there is a beautiful mountain lake Abrau. Exactly this big lake Krasnodar region from fresh water. This corner of nature looks amazingly calm and quiet, framed by the mountains of the western tip of the Caucasus Range.

Lake Abrau on the map

• Geographic coordinates 44.699436, 37.592508
• The distance from the capital of Russia is about 1250 km in a straight line
• Anapa or Gelendzhik airports are approximately 40 km away from each

The lake stretches from north to south. Left coast has a smooth curved shape, but on the right there are three small bays in which the width of the lake reaches 965 meters. Lake Abrau is mainly fed by the waters of the river of the same name, as well as springs gushing at the bottom and small mountain streams.
The water in the lake is saturated with dissolved limestone, so the transparency here is low, no more than 1 meter, and the color of the reservoir is from emerald to white-blue.

Lake Abrau in numbers

• Maximum length - 2.95 km
• The average width is about 600 m.
• Average depth up to 5.8 meters
• Maximum depth reaches 11 meters
• Surface area approximately 1.7 km 2
• Catchment area – 20.3 km 2
• From southern region lakes to the Black Sea coast 1.72 km
• The lake lies at an altitude of 84 meters above sea level

Theories of the formation of Lake Abrau

Scientists put forward several versions of the birth of the lake.
According to one of them, the lake is a failure of karst layers, which was gradually filled with the waters of the Abrau River and streams from the nearby mountains. But such a theory is unlikely, since such failures usually have a round shape. Here, for example, is the Well of Souls in Argentina.

According to the second version, Lake Abrau is the remains of a prehistoric freshwater reservoir of the Cimmerian period.

There is a theory according to which the lake was formed as a result of landslides that blocked the bed of the Abrau River. But this version also loses, since in the lower part of the lake there is no high peaks, and accordingly nature had nothing to block the river’s path.

The most plausible version is that in ancient times there was an earthquake that changed the mountainous terrain in the area of ​​the dam. That is, the layers of the earth's surface rose here and blocked the flow of the river, as a result of which this lake was formed.

Lake Abrau is drainless. This means that it has no surface runoff. Some of the water simply evaporates from the surface, while the other part is absorbed into the ground in the southern part of the lake. In fact, there is no direct connection with the Black Sea. But there are suggestions that Abrau is connected by groundwater to Lake Maly Liman, located right on the seashore one and a half kilometers to the south.

Climate of Lake Abrau

The climatic conditions here are close to mild Mediterranean. The maximum water level is recorded from late autumn to early spring. Low water (minimum level) is typical for summer.
The surface of the lake does not completely freeze even in winter. The minimum temperature on the water surface in January reached +0.2 o C. From April, the water temperature begins to rise and reaches its maximum at the end of July. In 1954, the water temperature was recorded at +29.8 o C. In general, average monthly temperature The water in summer is about 25 o C, which is quite comfortable for swimming.

Historical reference

The name of the lake comes from the Adyghe “Abragio”, which means “big” or “huge”. From Abkhazian Abrau can be translated as a depression or cliff.

According to legend, there was once a large and very rich village here. So rich that its inhabitants, wanting to show off their treasures, decided to pave a road to the sea and line it with gold and silver coins. But the gods did not appreciate such enthusiasm and punished the mountaineers for their pride - the village sank into the ground, and a lake appeared in its place.

There is another legend (of course, tragic like most legends). In a mountain village lived a poor shepherd and the daughter of a rich and noble man. They fell in love with each other, but the girl's parents were against it. One day, in order not to let her go on a date with the shepherd, they closed the doors in front of her with the words “It is better that the entire village goes underground and is flooded by the river than that you ever meet again.” As they say, be afraid of your wishes - they may come true. And so it happened, it didn’t take long to beg the gods, the village collapsed and was covered with water.

In 1870, at the direction of Emperor Alexander II, “an appanage estate called Abrau-Durso” was formed in the vicinity of the lake. This name can be translated as “the basin of four sources.”

Since 1872, on the advice of winemakers from France, vineyards were planted near the lake. In 1890, the first wines appeared under the Abrau-Durso brand: Bordeaux, Sauternes, Lafite and Burgundy. Since then, these regions have been famous for their winemaking traditions.

In 1891, the first batches of Abrau-Durso champagne went on sale.

Since 1988, Lake Abrau has had the honorary title “Nature Monument”.

Nature of Lake Abrau

The climate and waters of the lake contribute to the comfortable living of several species of fish, arthropods and smaller animals. The fauna is represented by trout, minnow, carp and crucian carp. There is also an endemic species (characteristic only for this reservoir) - the Abrau sprat. Relict crustaceans Astacidae are still found in the waters of the lake. Freshwater crabs live off the coast.
The flora is well represented by lavender, rosemary, figs and, of course, grapes.

Lake Abrau photo

The Krasnodar region is famous for its wealth and beauty. It has a lot of everything: mountains, hills of different heights, rivers and streams, and several lakes.
The largest local lake with fresh water is Abrau. It is 3 kilometers long and 630m wide. It can be found on the Abrau Peninsula, it is 14 kilometers from. The local plant for the production of famous champagne wines, Abrau-Durso, also uses his name.

Scientists still cannot come to a common denominator about the origin of the lake. Some say karst shifts are to blame, others blame landslides, others claim that Abrau is a remnant of the once large Cimmerian Basin, supposedly located in those places.

Local residents are also not lagging behind; they have their own version, not devoid of romanticism. Allegedly, the shepherd Durso (apparently French) and the daughter of wealthy parents, Abrau, once lived in those places. Her parents, of course, were not going to accept the poor guy and locked her in the house, wishing the village to disappear somewhere. So, they say, the village, along with the layer of earth, sank, and the groundwater came out.

Another legend is that on the site of the lake there was an aul with rich and arrogant inhabitants. They wanted to pave the road to the sea with gold and silver (they apparently had nowhere to go). However, it seemed too much to the higher powers and the entire village fell down, and the underground water came out.
There is only one conclusion: residents believe the underground origin of the lake and some kind of shift in the earth's layer.

The peculiarity of the lake is that it is drainless, not a single river flows out, and there is only one tributary - Durso, not counting the numerous small springs and streams carrying their water from the peaks.

Lake today

Abrau definitely natural monument edge, its picturesque and peaceful corner. In the very deep place it is 11m, but local elders are sure that a few decades ago the depth was 30m. This indicates rapid siltation of the water and the reservoir is gradually becoming shallow, although the authorities are trying to take measures.
On one side there are no visible drains from the lake, only tributaries, but the water goes somewhere. Maybe it goes back underground or dries up?

Nearby on the shore there is a factory bearing the same name; they have been peaceful neighbors for a long time and it practically does not interfere with the picturesque pictures around. Unless it makes a small adjustment, hinting at human activity. Tourists are taken to it every now and then, organizing excursions where they tell how and where Taman wines are produced. The program also includes a visit to the lake itself. the guide can tell you one of the local legends about the origin of the name.

Otherwise Abrau is big, beautiful lake framed by trees, dense thickets found on the banks, and stones of various sizes. Walking in those places is a pleasure, since the mild and temperate climate of the region is conducive to this. The surface of the water is constantly cut by boats and boats with fishermen are found here and there. There is also a church nearby; it is clearly visible from the water on the top of a small hill, standing close to the water.
The lake itself is also quite inhabited. Silt and algae, there are crayfish, you can catch Abrau sprat. You can also swim in it.

Abrau is the biggest freshwater lake Krasnodar Territory, located in the southwest of the region on the low-mountain Abrau Peninsula, 14 km from Novorossiysk. The village of Abrau is located on the shore. As part of Russia, active agricultural and recreational development of its shores began in 1872. A natural monument since 1979.

The greatest depth is about 11 meters, with an average depth of 5.8 meters. The area is 0.6 km2, the drainage area is 20.3 km2.

History of the study of Lake Abrau

In 1870, on behalf of the emperor, to study the lake, a special commission was created of agronomists and engineers to inspect the surroundings of the lake, Abrau, which concluded the “royal decree on the establishment of a new special appanage estate, giving it the name “Abrau-Durso”. In 1872, following the advice of French winemakers, vineyard cultivation began in the vicinity of the lake, which, however, had a negative impact on the hydrography of the lake itself, due to increased erosion of the coastal slopes of the mountains. Researcher of the Azov-Black Sea shores V.P. Zenkovich noted:

"Even more interesting large lake Abrau, framed by a ring of vineyards. It is located in a deep valley where an unknown obstacle has stopped the flow of water..."

Aerial photography of Lake Abra

Hydrography of Lake Abrau

This is the second largest mountain lake in terms of surface area. Greater Caucasus(after lake Kazenoyam in Dagestan). The length of Abrau is more than 3,100 m, the greatest width is 630 m, the depth is 10.5 meters, the mirror area is 1.6-1.8 km². The drainage basin area is 20.3 km². The maximum depth is observed at the dam, but over the past century and a half it has decreased from 30 to 10.5 meters as a result of erosion of the surrounding banks after the construction of roads and the establishment of vineyards. The height above sea level is 84 m. The isthmus separating the lake Abrau from the Black Sea is small and less than 2 km wide.

Only the small Abrau River, about 5.3 km long, constantly flows into it, as well as a number of temporary watercourses, including local stormwater, which are fed mainly by precipitation and runoff from local enterprises. In addition, there are springs at the bottom. Most of the lake's catchment area (61%) is occupied by the river basin. Abrau; other watercourses flowing into the lake occupy 6.3 km² (31%), the remaining 1.6 km² (8%) is occupied by the water surface itself, on which precipitation also directly falls. No river flows from it, so formally it is considered the final (estuarine) one. The water entering the lake is spent on evaporation, as well as on underground runoff, which occurs in the form of water filtration through the body of the dam. Therefore, it remains fresh and marsh vegetation is not developed in it. Due to the limestone dissolved in the water, its waters have a white-blue or emerald color and their transparency is low (about 1 m).

The lake region is dominated by a dry Mediterranean climate, which also affects its hydrography: maximum water levels are observed from November to March and are associated with precipitation in the form of rain and sleet. In summer there is low water.

Temperature regime of Lake Abrau

Abrau does not freeze even in winter. The minimum average monthly temperature of the surface layer of water in the lake near the shore reaches its annual minimum in January, but even then it is positive and on average equals +0.2º. A rapid increase in water temperature in the surface layer begins in April and continues until the end of July.

The maximum average monthly water temperature reaches an average of 24.8º, and from August the water begins to gradually cool. The absolute maximum temperature of the surface layer of water was recorded in 1954 and reached 29.8º.

Origin of Lake Abrau

Hypotheses about the origin of the lake are still quite controversial. It is fraught with mysteries related to its origin. Some scientists suggest that the basin was formed as a result of a karst failure, others - that it is a remnant of the ancient Cimmerian freshwater basin, and others associate this with huge landslides.

Although karst relief of a Mediterranean nature is common on the Abrau Peninsula, the theory of a karst sinkhole is unlikely for a number of reasons.

Firstly, the Abrau Mountains are relatively young.

Secondly, karst lakes are sinkholes and therefore usually have a round shape, and at Abrau it follows the contours of the river valley. Abrau rather resembles a typical dam reservoir with an expansion at the dam.

The landslide theory is also unlikely, since in the area of ​​the Abrau dam, separating it from the sea, there are no high mountain peaks, from which impressive blocks could break off. As a result, it is most realistic to associate the origin of the lake with the earthquake that led to the displacement earth's crust in the area of ​​the dam.

Fauna of Lake Abrau

Its fauna is unique. According to the research of V.A. Vodyanitsky, the plankton is dominated by the Caspian crustacean Heterocope caspia, and there is an endemic ectinosomal crustacean (Ectinosoma abrau). Among the bottom fauna there are also a number of organisms characteristic of estuaries or the Caspian Sea. These are the amphipods strong (Poptogammarus robustus), Korofiya, Botta's orchestia, the isopod - Nordmann's jera, Kovalevsky's mesomisis. Most of the bottom is populated by the red bloodworm (up to 250 specimens/m2) and the oligochaete tubifex (up to 400/m2).

Thus, the bottom fauna clearly shows the estuary-marine character of this relict lake. A small herring (Clupeonalla abrau) 8.5 cm long also lives in it. There are a lot of them in the lake; mysids serve as food for it.

The clear, emerald waters of Abrau reflect the oaks, maples and linden trees that cover the coastal hills. Translated from the Abkhaz language, the name sounds like “failed.” Legendary and mysterious Lake Abrau-Durso is located 14 kilometers west of Novorossiysk.

This is the largest freshwater body of water in Krasnodar region. Its length exceeds 2.5 kilometers and its width is 600 meters.

There are many hypotheses and legends associated with the origin of the lake.

History of the origin of the lake

The main mystery of Lake Abrau is the origin of its basin. Scientists claim that it arose due to giant collapses of rock, softened as a result of a significant increase in air humidity caused by rising sea levels due to melting glaciers. However, at the site of the supposed landslide that blocked the Abrau River, there are no mountains of sufficient height from which it could fall.

According to another hypothesis, at the turn of the new era at Black Sea coast There was a significant displacement of the earth's crust. It caused the mountains to move, block the mouth of the river, and a lake was formed.

But there is a beautiful legend about Lake Abrau - Durso

In ancient times, there was a rich Adyghe settlement on this site. One day during the holiday local residents they began to throw pieces of bread into the water. Allah was angry and decided to punish everyone, with the exception of one innocent girl, whom he sent into the forest.

When she returned, she saw a lake on the site of the village. Having cried, she decided to drown herself, but the water appeared before her in the form of a bright path along which she walked from shore to shore.

This path is clearly visible on a moonlit night, and the stream that appears from shed tears is called “tears of a Circassian woman.” Interestingly, in winter this strip of water freezes last, thanks to the warm waters of the stream flowing into the lake.

The village of Abrau forms a single recreation area with the village of Durso.

How to get there

It is convenient to get from the Novorossiysk bus station to Abrau-Dyurso by minibus or at regular bus №102.

The estimated cost of a taxi from the Novorossiysk railway station will be 1000 rubles or 2000 rubles from the Anapa station.

Recreation opportunities on Lake Abrau - Durso

In summer, the water warms up to 28 °C, so many vacationers enjoy swimming here.

On the embankment of the village of Abrau there is a rental point for boats and catamarans; rental costs range from 75 to 150 rubles per hour; renting a two-wheeled bicycle costs 150 rubles per hour.

UDC: 574.5; 574.24

Zvyanets Anastasia Olegovna

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Moscow State Technical University named after. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Moscow State Technical University named after. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, Russian Federation

Email: [email protected]

ANALYSIS OF THE SANITARY AND HYGIENIC CONDITION OF LAKE ABRAU IN THE KRASNODAR REGION WITH THE PURPOSE OF NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE WATER ECOSYSTEM

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The sanitary and hygienic condition of Lake Abrau in the Krasnodar Territory was studied. An analysis of the aquatic ecosystem was carried out and sources of pollution of the reservoir were identified. The results of the work were a description of the negative factors influencing Lake Abrau from biological and anthropogenic influences, and ways to cleanse and protect the reservoir were proposed.

Keywords

Lake Abrau, Anthropogenic factors, Siltation, Wastewater, Pollution, Purification, Pesticides.

Lake Abrau is the largest freshwater lake in the Krasnodar region. It is located on the Abrau Peninsula, 14 km from Novorossiysk. The only river that flows into the reservoir is the Abrau, a series of springs and temporary watercourses that collect precipitation water from an area of ​​about 20 square kilometers. The lake in question serves as the only source of industrial, agricultural and domestic, including drinking, water supply for the village.

For a long time, wastewater from settlement through the sewerage system, as well as waste and rainwater from the fields. This contributes to the annual deterioration of the condition of the reservoir. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the SGP of the lake, as well as methods for its purification.

IN last years Lake Abrau and its coastal zone are actively used as a recreation area, which also affects the ecological state of the reservoir. In this regard, we became interested in the condition of the reservoir. Samples for analysis were taken in areas where storm water was discharged from the adjacent territory of the Abrau-Durso champagne wine factory and technological drainage from the tunnels of the sparkling wine factory, as well as in the area of ​​coastal areas where private construction was taking place. An excess of the permissible content was found in the selected samples total number pathogenic bacteria. Also, the content of phosphate ion exceeded the permissible norm by almost 5 times, iron and hydrogen sulfide - by 3.4 times, phenol - by 1.7 times. Pesticides were also found in the water - aldrin and hexachlorobenzene, which are used to protect crops from pests. Aldrin is a highly toxic substance for animals and humans. The maximum permissible concentration for these pesticides for water bodies is 0.001 mg/l. High levels of petroleum contamination have been detected, but their origin is unknown. After 2011, measures were taken to improve the condition of the reservoir, but they did not bring the expected results. The main environmental hazards for the lake are mainly caused by: household wastewater, the beach (MSW) and rainwater from fields, which carries various pesticides. These negative impacts affect chemical composition water and contribute to more active siltation and shallowing of the reservoir, which directly affects its diversity of flora and

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL “SYMBOL OF SCIENCE” No. 7/2016 ISSN 2410-700X_

fauna. An example is the extinction of the Abrau sprat (endemic to the lake, listed in the Red Book). The limitation of food resources due to siltation of the bottom, as well as the poor chemical state of the water, contributed to the massive death of fish.

Domestic wastewater enters the reservoir only due to the poor condition of the sewerage system in the nearby village. Rosprirodnadzor of the Russian Federation for the Krasnodar Territory found that the treatment facilities of the Abrau-Dyurso village in the city of Novorossiysk do not fulfill their functions, since the sewer system has become unusable, as a result of which household wastewater drains into the soil and flows through storm drains into the lake. It is also worth noting that many owners of plots on the banks of Abrau illegally install sewerage from their house directly into the reservoir, which accordingly affects the condition of the water.

Over the past decade, the depth of the lake has decreased from thirty to eleven meters. The reason for this decrease is siltation of the reservoir itself. This process most often occurs naturally, but it cannot be done without the influence of anthropogenic factors. The vineyards growing along its banks have a great influence on siltation. To improve the condition of the reservoir, the following measures were taken: parking and washing vehicles, setting up tents, parking boats (except for one service boat), dumping garbage, making fires, and cutting trees (except for sanitary felling) is prohibited. These restrictions were only slightly reduced anthropogenic influence to the lake. The discharge of contaminated and neutralized industrial wastewater and the contamination of the soil near the lake and itself with pesticides were also prohibited. These requirements are not fully observed, in particular due to the deterioration of the village’s sewer system, as well as due to the use of pesticides in agriculture.

In order to restore the natural balance of Lake Abrau, disturbed by adverse anthropogenic and technogenic impacts, it is necessary to carry out biological treatment. This cleaning method is carried out without any negative consequences on the flora and fauna of the reservoir. It is necessary to organize biological filtration of the lake - the construction of a small bioplate (pond) next to it. Fish should not get into the pond, so it must be equipped on an elevated surface. The border between them can be formed using stones. Water is supplied to the pond using a pump. Having cleared itself, it flows down the stones and again enters the main reservoir. In this case, the nearby pond should be inhabited by crustacean plankton and fish. In this way, it is possible to reduce the layer of silt at the bottom of the reservoir, provided that wastewater does not flow into it.

Lake Abrau is a natural monument that needs careful protection. Anthropogenic impacts are destroying the reservoir, and only man himself can stop it. Constant monitoring of the water and coastal zone will significantly improve the ecosystem. Replacing the sewer system of a coastal village and installing a more powerful filter in the treatment facilities will prevent sewage from entering the reservoir. Refusal to use pesticides to fertilize nearby agricultural crops will significantly improve the chemical state of water. If the negative impact on the lake decreases, then the layer of silt should gradually decrease. As a result, the lake will return to its previous depth and its biodiversity will increase.

List of used literature:

1. Zhukov A.I., Mongait I.L., Rodziller I.D. Methods for treating industrial wastewater. M.: Stroyizdat, 1999. 25 p.

2. Pecherin A.I., Lozovoy S.P. Natural monuments Krasnodar region, Krasnodar, 1980. 141 p.

3. Kobiashvili G.A., Nikiforov-Nikishin D.L., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L., Borodin A.L. Suppression of regeneration of epithelial tissue of the caudal fin of the swordtail with aqueous extract of chaga // Fisheries. 2008. No. 1. P. 96.

4. Borodin A.L., Nikishin A.L., Gorbunov A.V., Nikishin D.L. Statistical characteristics of cell proliferation processes in the fish lens epithelium. Mitotic activity of the epithelium // Fisheries. 2013. No. 4. P. 48-49.

5. Borodin A.L., Gorbunov A.V., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L. Changes in the elemental composition of the fish lens under the influence of heavy metals // Fisheries. 2007. No. 2. P. 92-93.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL “SYMBOL OF SCIENCE” No. 7/2016 ISSN 2410-700X_

6. Gamygin E.A., Bagrov A.M., Borodin A.L., Ridiger A.V. Expanding the raw material base for fish feed production // Fisheries. 2013. No. 4. P. 87-88.

7. Gorbunov A.V., Gorbunov O.V., Borodin A.L., Riediger A.V. Characteristic features of freshwater ichthyocenosis of a model reservoir of a regulated type // Fisheries. 2013. No. 4. P. 74-77.

8. Simakov Yu.G., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L., Borodin A.L. Lens of hydrobionts: morphology, biochemistry, cytogenetics; Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. Federation, Moscow. state University of Technology and Management, Department. bioecology and ichthyology. Rostov-on-Don, 2005, 160 p.

9. Borodin A.L., Gorbunov A.V., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L. Changes in the microelement composition of the fish lens during the development of cataracts // Questions of fishing. 2007. T. 8. No. 1-29. pp. 138-141. Yu. Nikiforov-Nikishin D.L., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L., Borodin A.L. Efficiency of absorption of nutrients by calamus (Acorus Calamus) // Symbol of science. 2016. No. 2-1. pp. 44-46.

11. Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L., Borodin A.L., Nikiforov-Nikishin D.L. Microelement composition of the lens of carp fish // Symbol of science. 2016. No. 2-1. pp. 39-42.

© Zvyanets A.O., Gorbunov O.V., Konysheva E.N., 2016

UDC: 574.5; 574.24

Kulikova Alena Viktorovna

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Moscow State Technical University named after. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, Russian Federation

Email: [email protected] Gorbunov Oleg Vyacheslavovich

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Moscow State Technical University named after. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, Russian Federation

Email: [email protected] Konysheva Elena Nikolaevna

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Moscow State Technical University named after. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, Russian Federation

Email: [email protected]

ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROCHEMICAL QUALITY OF LAKE ONEGA WATER CHANGE AREA AND WATER MANAGEMENT

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Pollution research Lake Onega springs located on the shores of its northwestern bays. An analysis of pollutants discharged with wastewater into the surface waters of Lake Onega was carried out. Methods were used to assess anthropogenic factors affecting Lake Onega. The results of the work were the identification of factors of the negative impact of wastewater (such as the discharge of petroleum products through the sewage system; wastewater from enterprises in the cities of Kondopoga and Petrozavodsk; insufficiently treated sewage) on the hydrosphere of the lake.

Keywords

Hydrosphere, Lake Onega, Wastewater, Anthropogenic factors, Surface water.

Main problem environmental characteristics quality of the catchment areas of Lake Onega today - pollution of the lake from sources located on the shores of its northwestern