What were the large cities of Crimea called in ancient times? Greek city-states of Crimea. Greek city-states of Crimea: history of construction, location, public order

Since ancient times sea routes connected the Black Sea coast with the Mediterranean, where at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. the great civilization of Greece arose. From the shores of Hellas, brave sailors set off in search of new lands.
Where large ones are now located sea ports, industrial and resort centers Crimea - Evpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia and Kerch, in the VI - V centuries. BC. The Greeks founded the cities of Kerkinitida, Chersonesus, Feodosia, Panticapaeum, and near it - Myrmekiy, Tiritaka, Nymphaeum, Cimmeric and others. Each of them was the center of an agricultural region, where wheat was grown, grapes were cultivated, and livestock were raised. In the cities there were temples, public and administrative buildings, markets, and artisans' workshops. Convenient geographical position contributed to the development of trade. Merchants exported slaves and agricultural products to the Mediterranean, purchased from local tribes - Scythians, Maeotians, Sindians. In exchange, olive oil, wine, art and crafts were brought from the cities of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor.
Chersonesos was founded in 421 BC. on the shore of the bay, which is now called Karantinnaya. Later, the city significantly expanded its holdings. During its heyday, Kerkinitida, Beautiful Harbor (on the site of the modern village of Chernomorskoye) and other settlements of northwestern Crimea were subordinate to him.
The Chersonesos state was a slave-owning state democratic republic. The highest authority was the people's assembly and council, which decided all issues of foreign and domestic policy. The leading role in management belonged to the largest slave owners, whose names were conveyed by Chersonesos inscriptions and coins.
Archaeological excavations started back in 1827 showed that the city was well fortified. The remains of defensive structures - massive towers, fortresses, parts of stone walls - have also been preserved throughout the state. This indicates the constant military danger to which the residents were exposed. The famous Chersonesos oath speaks about their patriotism. Its text was carved at the end of the 4th - beginning of the 3rd centuries. BC. on a marble slab found during excavations of the city:
... "I swear by Zeus, Gaia, Helios, the Virgin, the gods and goddesses of the Olympians... I will not betray Chersonesos..." The Chersonesos swore that they would not betray either the city or its possessions to the enemies, they would protect the democratic system, and would not divulge the state secrets.
As archaeological studies have confirmed, the city had the correct layout. Residential buildings were united into blocks, the streets intersected at right angles. They were paved with small stones. Stone gutters ran along the streets. Temples rose in the squares. Public buildings and the houses of wealthy citizens were decorated with colonnades and mosaic floors.
From ancient buildings, only the bases of the walls and basements have survived to this day. Particularly interesting are the mint, baths, and the ruins of a theater that existed from the 3rd century. BC e. to the 4th century n. e. Only the staircase passages and stone benches for spectators have been partially preserved from it. Judging by their size, the theater could accommodate up to 3 thousand spectators.
Near the city walls there was a district of artisans. There, archaeologists discovered the remains of ceramic production: kilns for firing pottery, stamps for ornaments, molds for making terracotta reliefs. Other crafts also flourished in Chersonesus - metalworking, jewelry, and weaving.
The largest ancient state in the Black Sea region was the so-called Bosporan kingdom. It was formed as a result of the unification of initially independent Greek cities, such as Panticapaeum, Myrmekium, Tiritaka, Phanagoria and others, located along the banks of the Cimmerian Bosporus - modern Kerch Strait. Panticapaeum became the capital of the state. From 438 BC for more than three hundred years it was ruled by the Spartokid dynasty.
At the end of the 5th - beginning of the 4th centuries. BC. Nymphaeum and Theodosius, as well as lands inhabited by other tribes, were annexed to the possessions of Bosporus. In the 1st century BC. Bosporus captured most territory of Crimea, subjugated Chersonesos.
Excavations on Mount Mithridates, carried out in Kerch from late XIX century, made it possible to restore the size and plan of Panticapaeum. At the top was the acropolis - the central fortification of the city with powerful defensive walls and towers. The most important temples and public buildings were located inside it. Blocks of one- or two-story stone buildings ran down the slopes in terraces. The entire city and its surroundings were surrounded by numerous lines of fortifications. The deep and convenient harbor reliably sheltered merchant and military ships.
Found fragments of marble statues, pieces of painted plaster and architectural details allow us to speak about the rich decoration of the squares and buildings of the city, about the skill of ancient architects and builders.
At the site of Myrmekia and Tiritaki, not far from Kerch, in addition to city walls, residential buildings and sanctuaries, archaeologists discovered several wineries and baths for salting fish. In Nymphea, near the modern village of Geroevki, there are temples of Demeter, Aphrodite and Kabirov; in Ilurat, near the modern village of Ivanovka, is a Bosporan military settlement of the first centuries AD, guarding the approaches to the capital.
Near every ancient city there was its necropolis - City of dead. They were usually buried in simple earthen graves, sometimes lined with tiles or stone slabs. The rich and noble were placed in wooden or stone sarcophagi. For their burial, crypts were built, made of stones or carved into rocks. The walls of crypts and sarcophagi were decorated with paintings, reliefs, and inlays. Ornaments were applied to them, mythological subjects and scenes of real life were depicted. Things that belonged to him were placed with the deceased: jewelry, dishes, weapons, vessels with incense, terracotta figurines and other items. In one of the Panticapaean burials of the 3rd century. AD, possibly the Bosporan king Riskuporides, a unique golden mask was found that reproduced the facial features of the deceased.
Researchers have long been interested in large mounds located in the vicinity of Kerch. Burials of Bosporan kings and nobility with outstanding works of Greek art were discovered in them: gold and silver jewelry, bronze and glass items, painted and figured vases.
The gold temple pendants of the 4th century are rightfully considered a masterpiece of world art. BC. from the Kul-Oba mound. They are made in the form of disks, to which are attached numerous woven intersecting chains connected by plates and rosettes. On the disk with a diameter of 7 cm there is a relief of the head of Athena in a helmet with clearly visible figures of griffins, an owl and a snake. The thinnest originated plates, rosettes, as well as the circumference of the disc are covered with grain and blue enamel.
The most valuable finds from excavations ancient cities Crimea are represented in the collections of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, the State Historical Museum And State Museum fine arts them. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, as well as others.
Nowadays, nature reserves have been organized on the territory of Chersonese in Sevastopol and on Mount Mithridates in Kerch. Every year thousands of people come there to walk through the streets and squares of ancient cities, get acquainted with greatest monuments culture, it is better to know the distant past of our Motherland.

Encyclopedia "Sights of Crimea"

Crimea is an amazing peninsula, a place where the history of past centuries and the present are harmoniously intertwined. Here, right in the center of modern cities, you can see monuments of past centuries.

“Fragments” of the past in Crimean cities

Ruins of large settlements, remains of fortresses, burial mounds, places of worship are available in almost every city or its environs. Most of the ancient buildings are today considered historical and archaeological monuments. Many have been given the status of nature reserves; research papers and museums operate.

How developed the peninsula was already in ancient times can be understood by familiarity with even a short list of ancient settlements. The following objects are the most famous today:

Panticapaeum is the most ancient of the Greek cities in Crimea. Founded at the end of the 7th century BC, it is located in the center of modern Kerch. To see his remains, you need to climb the high staircase of 500 steps leading to Mount Mithridates.

And 11 kilometers from Panticapaeum, the ruins of the ancient Bosporan settlement of Tiritaka were found.

Chersonese Tauride - the ruins of another Greek settlement, one of the attractions of Sevastopol. The founding of this colony dates back to the fifth century BC. Chersonesus was a large, well-fortified city.

The remains are still preserved here today. ancient temple, the ruins of a theater where, according to legend, gladiatorial battles were fought, a mint, a defensive tower. Prince Vladimir, the Baptist of All Rus', was baptized in the church of Chersonese.

Scythian Naples is an ancient settlement on the outskirts of Simferopol. Created in the 3rd century BC. e., the city served as the capital of the Scythian state. Today, on the territory of the ancient tract, a defensive tower and the mausoleum of King Skilur have been preserved.

Ruskofil-Kale - castle in the area Big Yalta, built in the 13th–14th centuries - a fortification with an area of about 450 sq. m.

Kerkinitida is a Greek city built at the beginning of the 5th century BC. e. and existed until the end of the 2nd century BC. e. Its ruins are located in the center of Evpatoria, on the Quarantine Cape. Although most of the site is filled up, two sections of it are well maintained and museumized.

Kalos Limen - ruins of an ancient Greek settlement founded in the 4th century. BC e. in the village of Chernomorskoye.

Cimmeric - Cimmerian tract of the 6th - 5th centuries BC. e., located between Lake Elken and Mount Opuk.

The Scythian Ust-Alminskoe settlement is one of the largest Scythian settlements of the 2nd century BC. e., located on Cape Kremenchik.

Cave and underwater cities of Crimea

Ancient cave cities belong to a separate category. Mangup-Kale - a Byzantine defensive fort of the sixth century BC, Chufut-Kale near Bakhchisarai, Kacha-Kalyon, Kyz-Kermen, others - these villages were created in the rocks. Houses, utility rooms, temples, defensive walls were cut down directly into the rock.

Crimea even has its own Atlantis - the underwater city of Acre. A small ancient Greek village, which served, among other things, as a port, existed near Cape Takil in the 6th century BC. e. ‒ IV century AD e. Later, the subsidence of the coast led to the flooding of most of the city.

Travelers with diving skills can see the ruins of Acre. Diving is possible as part of specialized excursions in the summer.

Note to tourists

A visit to the excavations of ancient cities can be easily combined with other types of recreation:

excursion activities;

visiting unique natural monuments;

beach, health holidays.

On the peninsula there are many ancient defensive towers, forts, and other fortifications, preserved in excellent condition. Many of them host exciting events. In particular, thematic festivals are held annually in the Genoese fortress, and reconstructions of medieval battles are staged.

There are numerous hotels, inns, and boarding houses throughout the peninsula. Room reservations are available online. Price policy depends on the region, level of service and season of visit.

Pontus Euxine - Scythian Sea

For world history, Crimea became known many centuries BC. IN ancient times, the peninsula was called Tavrika. This name was recorded by the Byzantine historian of the 6th century AD Procopius of Caesarea. The Old Russian chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years” gives a slightly modified form of this name - Tavriania. Only in the 12th century did the Tatars, who conquered the peninsula, call the Greek city of Solkhat (now Old Crimea) Crimea, which became the center of their possessions. Gradually, during the XIV-XV centuries, this name spread to the entire peninsula. Names of Greek colonies that arose in Crimea in the 6th century BC. cannot be considered the oldest Crimean toponyms. Before the arrival of the Greeks in Crimea, numerous tribes lived here, leaving their mark on history, archeology, and toponymy.

Crimea belongs to those few places on earth where people have appeared since time immemorial. Here, archaeologists have discovered their sites from the Paleolithic - Early Stone Age era.

Scientists believe that before the divergence of peoples began, it was around 3700 BC. throughout the Caspian steppes of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, there was a single language of communication, the roots of which lie in.

The roots of the most ancient names of Crimean places, rivers, mountains, lakes should be sought in the Proto-Indo-European language - Vedic Sanskrit: support, stronghold, tower, tower, pylon.(a related word in Old Russian: KROM - castle, fortification, secluded, hidden from...; Kromny - outer edge (edge); KROMA - edge, piece of bread;) At the root of the word Kram - kram - fortress, verb " kR" and "krta" - create, build, make, that is - this is a man-made structure - a Fortress, the Kremlin.

Slavic historian, archaeologist, ethnographer and linguist, author of the 11-volume encyclopedia “Slavic Antiquities” Lyubora Niederle claimed that “...among the northern neighbors of the Scythians mentioned by Herodotus, not only the Neuroi... but also the Scythians, called plowmen and farmers... were undoubtedly Slavs, who were influenced by the Greco-Scythian culture."

The first population of Crimea known to us from ancient Greek sources were the Scythians, Taurus and the Cimmerians, who were related or Thracian.

In the southwestern part Crimean peninsula, 15 km from Sevastopol, is located ancient city Balaclava, having rich history dating back more than 2500 years.

Since ancient times, it has been a powerful military fortress created by nature itself. Balaklava harbor is closed by high cliffs on all sides from sea storms, and the narrow entrance to the harbor reliably protects it from enemy invasions from the sea. reports that in the mountains of Tauris there lived Taurians who knew a lot about the art of war.

Within the Dnieper Left Bank there are two toponyms ancient Slavic species - Perekop, Sreznevsky - Perekop, possible tracing of relict Indo-Aryan *krta – “made (that is, dug by hand)” , hence the name Crimea. In approximately the same place, at the base of the Crimean Peninsula, there is another Russian. Oleshye , one of the “inhabited places” by the sea, which since time immemorial - from Herodotus Hylaea (‘Y – “forest”) to the present Aleshkovsky (!) Sands – firmly conveyed and preserved the image of this “wooded” patch among the surrounding treeless spaces.

The name "Balaclava" comes from the word, strength, power, energy, strength, military force, army, army." The word "Bala" comes from - RV). Perhaps the name of the harbor “Bala+klava” comes from “Bala” - military, “Klap, kalpate” - klṛ p, kalpate - “to strengthen, strengthen, fortress” (from the root “kḷ p”), that is - Military Fortress.

The ancient Greek geographer and historian Strabo (64 BC - 24 AD) and the Roman writer, author of Natural History Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) associated the name of the harbor and military fortress with the name of their son (II century BC) Palak - “strong warrior.” Names of the god of war ancient Greece - Pallas (Pallas), epithet of the goddess Athena Palada(ancient Greek Παλλὰς Ἀθηνᾶ) – warlike goddess of the military strategy and wisdom, and the name of the Scythian prince Palak - "warrior", come from the same root.

In the 5th century, a powerful city emerged on both banks of the Kerch Strait, whose inhabitants consisted of representatives of various nations - Greek colonists, Scythians, Maeotians. Dominant dynasty The Spartacids were of Thracian origin, and the royal guard also consisted of Thracians. In the Proto-Indo-European language lie the roots of the language of the Scythians, Cimmerians, Greeks, Goths, which is why they found a common language and, allowing for the interpenetration of cultures and linguistic borrowings on the peninsula, for example, from the Germanic tribes - the Scythians, who were part of a single Gothic union of tribes in the Crimea .

The role of the Goths in the life of Crimea was very significant, since even in Byzantine medieval sources Crimea was called Gothia. belongs to the Indo-European group of languages. A few fortified Ostrogothic settlements remained in the Black Sea region in the western mountainous part of Crimea, inhabited by the Greeks and subordinate to Byzantium, and also from the 5th century in the Azov region on the Taman Peninsula, the Ostrogoths at the end of the 4th century were cut off by the invasion of the Huns and other nomads in the Black Sea region. Byzantine Emperor Justinian I built a line of fortifications in Crimea to protect the settlements of the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths). In Taurida (Crimea) there was Gothic the fortified city of Mangup, the cities of Doro (Doros), Theodoro, Gothic traders living on the “table mountain” (near Alushta).

In the 6th century, the Crimean Goths accepted Orthodox Christianity and patronage from Byzantium. In Crimea, the Crimean-Gothic language, dating back to the Ostrogothic dialect, was preserved for a long time tribes of the eastern Goths who came to the Black Sea region and the Azov region in 150 - 235, and who lived in the vicinity of Greek settlers and Scythians. Flemish monk V. Rubruk, who testifies in 1253 that the Goths were in Crimea at this time they spoke the “Germanic dialect” ( idioma Teutonicum - “Tauric tongue”).

Diffusion of power Kyiv princes Ancient Rus' over a fairly large part of the peninsula brought the population of Crimea closely and for a long time closer to the ancient Russian state. There was a kind of gate here through which Kievan Rus went out to communicate with the countries of the East. In the first centuries AD, Slavs. Their resettlement to the peninsula is most naturally explained by the so-called great migration of peoples in the 2nd-7th centuries.

Byzantine sources occasionally mention the Slavs in Tavria. But scientists were able to get a more complete picture of their life on the peninsula only starting from the era of Kievan Rus. Archaeologists have discovered remains of material culture, foundations in Crimea architectural structures, close to those that were built in the cities of Kievan Rus. Moreover, the fresco paintings and the plaster itself of the Crimean Russian churches are very similar in composition to the fresco paintings of Kyiv cathedrals of the 11th-12th centuries.

Much about the ancient Russian population of Crimea becomes known from written sources. From "The Lives of Stephen of Sourozh" we find out that at the beginning In the 9th century, the Russian prince Bravlin took possession of the Crimean cities of Korsun (or Kherson, this is how Chersonesus began to be called in the Middle Ages) and Pike-perch. And in the middle of the same century, the ancient Russians settled for a long time in the Azov region, taking possession of the Byzantine city Tamatarkhoy later Tmutarakanya, the capital of the future ancient Russian principality of Tmutarakan, part of whose lands extended into the Crimea. Gradually Russian principality spreads its power the northwestern part of it on the outskirts of Kherson, the entire Kerch Peninsula.

Principality of Tmutarakansi developed in the middle of the 10th century. Remote from other Russian lands, it was under constant pressure from Byzantium, but managed to survive. Successful Vladimir Svyatoslavich's campaign against Kherson in 989 expanded ancient Russian possessions in Crimea. According to the Russian-Byzantine agreement, Kievan Rus was able to annex the city of Bosporus with its outskirts to the Tmutarakan principality, which received the Russian name Korchev (from the word “korcha” - forge, present-day Kerch).

On the Taman Peninsula, the Tmutarakan stone was found, on which was carved an inscription that in 1068 Russian Prince Gleb Svyatoslavovich “I measured the sea on ice from Tmutarakan to Korchev. 10,000 fathoms and 4,000 fathoms.”

The Arab geographer Idrisi called Kerch Strait “the mouth of the Russian river”. There he even knew a city called “Russia”. Medieval European and Oriental geographic Maps Crimea, many toponyms, names of cities and settlements have been recorded, testifying to the long and long stay of the Russians in Crimea: “ Cosal di Rossia”, “Russia”, “Rosmofar”, “Rosso”, “Rossica” (the latter near Evpatoria), etc.

At the end of the 12th century, an influx of nomadic Polovtsians, who took possession of the steppes of the northern Black Sea region, cut off Crimea from Kievan Rus for a long time. At the same time, the Polovtsians destroyed the Tmutarakan principality, but a significant part of the Russian population remained on the peninsula. One of his strongholds was Sudak city(Russian name Surozh). According to the reports of the Arab writer Ibn al-Athir. At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries, many Russian merchants lived in Crimea and the Black Sea was called Russian Sea.

The Russian population of the peninsula, as well as representatives of other local peoples, suffered an irreparable blow from the conquest of the peninsula Mongol-Tatars after 1223.

Greek city-states of Crimea:
history of construction, location, public order

The formation of Greek city-states in Crimea is an achievement of the Great Colonization of the Hellenes, which took place on the lands of the peninsula between the 8th and 6th centuries. BC e. It is sometimes believed that the process of mastering Mediterranean coast and the Black Sea region is better designated by the term “resettlement”. However, what made the Greeks leave their native places and go to places where they had to start life again?

Firstly, during this period of history there was a population explosion in Greece. The overpopulation of Hellas gave rise to the beginning of migration processes. Secondly, the Greeks were sorely short of agricultural land. In addition, the migration processes were associated with trade expansion, the search for products and sources of raw materials that were scarce or did not exist at all in Greece.

All this is complemented by military, social and ethnic reasons. The Hellenes were threatened by the Lydians and Persians, and there were significant disagreements between the Greeks, generated by belonging to different segments of the population and interethnic tensions.

Pampered under the warm sun, the Hellenes at first did not like the relatively cold local climate, and the residents of Crimea were fearful. They called the Black Sea the phrase “Pont Aksinsky”, which means “inhospitable sea”. However, they soon changed their point of view and the prefix “a” was transformed into “ev”. This is how the Greek toponym Pont Euxine (“hospitable sea”) appeared, and the history of Crimea began to take on a different character.

The Greek city-states of Crimea were built by immigrants from Miletus. Less often - immigrants from Heraclea Pontic. However, scientists managed to find traces of the habitation of Greeks on the peninsula who arrived from Colophon, Ephesus and Teos. The area of the Greek settlers was formed: the South-East of Crimea, the shores of the Kerch Strait and the territory of the Taman Peninsula.

Greek city-states and settlements in the Northern Black Sea region:

The political structure of the Crimean ancient settlements was similar to that in mainland Hellas. The Greek city-states of Crimea were predominantly slave-owning republics with a democratic way of life. The polis model allowed the city and its choir to organically coexist and made such settlements independent and viable units.

The Greek city-states of Crimea had three traditional branches of government today; they could solve all internal problems and independently elect government bodies. Their legislative power was represented by the people's assembly, the executive power by collegiums and magistrates. Adult men were allowed to solve problems of national importance. Slaves, foreigners and females had no rights. The courts in the Greek colonies of Crimea were highly specialized.

The first Greek city grew up in the east of Crimea, its name is Panticapaeum.


Kerch. Ruins of Panticapaeum - the first Greek city-state on the territory of Crimea	In the center of the picture is K.F. Bogaevsky “Theodosius” (1930) - Quarantine Hill - the alleged site of the founding of the Greek city-state, traces of which are now hidden by the layers of subsequent civilizations. The Genoese fortress of Kafa is depicted on Quarantine Hill.

Over time, several more large ones were built on the peninsula settlements: Chersonesos, Kerkinitida, Kalos-Lymen, Nymphaeum, Feodosia.


Greek city-state of Chersonesus: ruins of a residential quarter (Gagarinsky district of Sevastopol)	Ruins of the Greek city-state of Kalos-Limen (northwestern coast of Crimea)

The largest Greek state union of the Crimean peninsula of ancient times - the Bosporan kingdom - emerged as a result of constant confrontations with local barbarians; it will be discussed separately.

The Greek city-states on the Crimean peninsula can be divided into two parts - those that at some historical moment came under the influence of Chersonesos and those that found themselves in the sphere of interests of Panticapaeum. The latter, starting as independent city-states, united in a union, or rather, they were forced to do so by necessity - it was necessary to resist local tribes and develop trade with the mother country. Later, these policies became part of the Bosporan kingdom of the Spartokid dynasty. What cities are these?

Greek city-states under the influence of Panticapaeum

If the capital was founded in the 7th century BC, then Nymphaeum, located a little south, was founded at the beginning of the 6th century. It was one of the largest and most important Greek city-states.

Founded by the Milesians, it soon came under the influence of Athens and, accordingly, entered the Delian symmachy, which was eventually defeated in the fight against Sparta. Nymphaeus broke away from Athens and handed over his fate to the Spartokids and the Bosporan kingdom. The city was destroyed more than once (especially catastrophically by the Goths), artifacts were stolen more than once in our time, so archaeologists did not get much. But what remains allows us to judge the greatness of the city and its architectural splendor.

A little north of Nymphaeum, in the same period as the last one, another policy was founded by the Milesians - Tiritaka. This Greek city-state had an industrial and economic orientation, which is confirmed by excavations. It was surrounded by walls only in the 3rd century AD. It was repeatedly destroyed by both the enemy and earthquakes. Under the Byzantines, during the reign of Justinian I, a basilica was established in Tiritaka, the ruins of which were explored during an archaeological expedition.

Among all the Greek city-states of Crimea, the most attractive is Acre, all because this city almost completely went under water as a result of transgression, a rise in the water level of the Black Sea. This city was not as large as Panticapaeum; its main structure was the port. As a result of underwater archaeological expeditions, walls, towers, building foundations, many small objects and rich collection coins

From the west, the port Greek city-states were constantly subject to raids by nomads, especially after the fall of the Pontic kingdom. To protect the policies from these raids from the depths Kerch Peninsula The city of Ilurat was built in the 1st century AD. Active excavations were carried out after the war; massive walls were discovered, which were rebuilt more than once. Underground passages, wells, towers - Ilurat was built using all modern fortification knowledge at that time. However, the fortress did not last long; at the end of the third century AD, the defenders abandoned it.

The history of Crimea in antiquity is a constant search for comrades-in-arms and a regular struggle for survival. Who were the Crimean Greeks afraid of? Their relations with the Tauri who inhabited the peninsula were changeable. At first, the Crimean aborigines were perceived by the Hellenes only as a pirate people, capable of killing a stranger in order to sacrifice him. In the places where the Taurians settled, practically no objects made by the Greeks were found. This means that there were no trade relations between the peoples.

In ancient policies, samples of molded ceramics with black walls were found, which suggests the presence of marital ties between young representatives of the Taurus tribes and the sons of the colonists. A 5th century tombstone was also found in Panticapaeum. BC e., located above the grave of the respected brand. This means that male Tauris sometimes lived in the Greek cities of Crimea. Scientists believe that, as a rule, they had the status of slaves, but there were still exceptions.

The Greek settlers tried to live peacefully with their Scythian neighbors, bringing rich gifts to the barbarian kings, who ceded their territories to them. From time to time, short-term military confrontations arose between them and the frightened Greeks built defensive fortresses. One of these wars marked the end of the Scythian kingdom.

During excavations of some Greek cities, surgical instruments made of bronze and bones were found. These artifacts suggest that quite developed medicine existed in the Crimean ancient settlements of immigrants from Greece.

About the high level cultural life In the Greek city-states of Crimea, evidenced by the presence of the same theaters as those that existed in the historical homeland of the Hellenes. In such structures there could be up to 3,000 people at the same time. Scientists also found musical instruments used by the Greeks in Crimea: lyre, trumpet, flute, cithara.

The people who inhabited the Greek city-states of Crimea professed polytheism and polytheism. They worshiped pagan gods who personified the forces of nature. Very soon they began to pay more attention to Apollo, the protector of the settlers.

In Chersonesus, the cult of Artemis, the patron goddess of this polis, was honored. They made sacrifices in the form of fish, domestic animals, and agricultural products. Deities were worshiped in sanctuaries, temples, and home altars. Clay copies of victims were often brought there. In the 3rd century. n. e. paganism in Crimea began to be replaced by Christian teaching.

Let's draw some conclusions. The ancient colonization of Crimea began in the VIII-VII centuries. BC e. and the Greek city-states existed until the invasion of the Huns, which occurred in the 4th century. n. e.

All the settlements, founded by people from Miletus, Heraclea Pontus, Colophon, Ephesus and Theos, were republics with three branches of government. Among them, only one monarchy stands out - the Bosporan Kingdom. The first Greek city in Crimea is Panticapaeum. It appeared in the 7th century. BC e.

A century later the Nymphaeum was built. Then Tiritaka, Acre, Ilurat, Kitey, Cimmeric, Pormfiy, Mirmekiy, Zenon Chersonesos, Theodosius grew up. Soon they all fell under the influence of Panticapaeum and became part of the Bosporan kingdom.

In the VI century. BC e. The Greeks built the Tauride Chersonese, which managed to conquer Kerkinitida and Kalos-Lymen. The Crimean Greeks got along with the Tauri, Scythians, and Sarmatians, who also lived on the peninsula. From the 1st century BC e. the authorities of the Greek city-states of Crimea were forced to submit to Rome. Chersonesus existed longer than all other Greek city-states and became a stronghold of Byzantinism in Crimea.

INLIGHT/olegman37

This is the name given to ancient policies (city-states), whose residents were equal citizens, each of whom had the right to their own land plot and all political rights. Part of the population was not included in the policy and did not have the rights of citizens. From the 6th century BC. such ancient Greek cities began to emerge in the northern Black Sea region. Chersonese Tauride (Sevastopol) was such an ancient city along with Feodosia, Panticapaeum (Kerch), Olbia and others.

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- cities that arose during the Greek. colonization in the north. shore of the Black Sea in the 6th-5th centuries. BC e. Episodic The Greeks visited the Black Sea already in the 2nd half. 2nd and 1st half. 1st millennium BC e., but systematically...
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- in the Black Sea region. They arose during Greek colonization in the 7th century. BC e. The largest agricultural cities in the Northern Black Sea region are Thira, Olbia...
Russian Encyclopedia
- cities that arose during Greek colonization on the northern shore of the Black Sea in the 6th-5th centuries. BC e. At the end of the 7th century. BC e. on northern shores Greek trading posts emerged in the Black Sea - emporia...
- settlements founded by ancient peoples in foreign lands...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- a narrow strip of the coast of the Crimean peninsula, from Cape Aya in the west to the Karadag massif in the east. Comfortable subtropical Mediterranean climate...
Modern encyclopedia
- ; arose during Greek colonization from the 6th century. BC e. The largest ancient cities: in the north - Thira - Olbia, Chersonesus, Feodosia, Panticapaeum, Phanagoria, Tanais; on the Caucasian coast - Gorgippia, Dioscurias, Phasis...
- a narrow gently rolling strip of the coast of the Crimean Peninsula, limited to the north by slopes Main ridge Crimean mountains. Length approx. 150 km - from Cape Aya to the west to the Karadag massif in the east...
Large encyclopedic dictionary
- city - scientific center, city - scientific center, pl. cities/ - scientific centers, cities/in - scientific...
Together. Apart. Hyphenated. Dictionary-reference book
- He’ll make it to the Crimea like a khan...
IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

"ANTIQUE CITIES OF CRIMEA" in books

Chapter Seven FROM GLUPOV’S CITY TO “THE HISTORY OF ONE CITY”

From the book Saltykov-Shchedrin author Tyunkin Konstantin Ivanovich

Chapter Seven FROM GLUPOV'S CITY TO "THE HISTORY OF ONE CITY" A village... a village... Alien to Turgenev's subtle poeticization of nature, Saltykov, in his own way, with his characteristic spiritual severity and, at the same time, emotional depth, perceived the natural world and expressively,

Chapter VII, which tells how Francis reached the city of Gubbio, cared for lepers and dealt with a ferocious wolf that was attacking the inhabitants of the city.

From the book The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi author Yacovelli Anacleto

Chapter VII, which tells how Francis reached the city of Gubbio, cared for lepers and dealt with a ferocious wolf that was attacking the inhabitants of the city. Leaving the monastery of St. Verecundius, Francis soon reached the city of Gubbio, located lower down the slope

Cave cities of Crimea

From the book Atlantis and Other Vanished Cities author Podolsky Yuri Fedorovich

Cave cities Crimea Between Sevastopol and Bakhchisarai lies a special region, deserted and harsh. Humid heat in the valleys and an eternal wind in the heights, steep white cliffs and a forest covered in some wild thorns, scatterings of shards in the fields, in ravines and, finally, ruins on the rocks

7.54 The Queen presents the honorary citizen of the city to B.E. Chertoku city mayor A.F. Morozenko

From the book Rockets and People. Hot days of the Cold War author Chertok Boris Evseevich

7.54 The Queen presents the honorary citizen of the city to B.E. Chertoku city mayor A.F.

2. Civil administration of the city of Rome. - The Senate no longer exists. - Consuls. - City officials. - Know. - Judicial device. - Prefect of the city. - Papal court. - Seven ministers of the court and other court officials

author Gregorovius Ferdinand

2. Civil administration of the city of Rome. - The Senate no longer exists. - Consuls. - City officials. - Know. - Judicial device. - Prefect of the city. - Papal court. - The Seven Ministers of the Court and Other Court Persons Our information about general situation Roman people in

3. Description of the city. - Anonymous Einsiedeln. - Roman legends. - Sounding statues on the Capitol. - The legend about the construction of the Pantheon. - graphia of the golden city of Rome. - memoria of Julius Caesar

From the book History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages author Gregorovius Ferdinand

5.2. The walls of China Town, White Town and Zemlyanoy Town in Moscow are described by Josephus as three walls surrounding Jerusalem

From the author's book

5.2. The walls of China Town, White City and the Earthen City in Moscow are described by Josephus as three walls surrounding Jerusalem. This is what Josephus tells about the fortress walls of Jerusalem. “THE CITY WAS PROTECTED BY THREE WALLS... THE FIRST of the three walls, the Old Wall, was almost impregnable

From the book History of Ukraine. Popular science essays author Team of authors

Ancient cities Northern Black Sea coast Ancient Greek cities, as well as unfortified settlements on the northern shores of the Pontus Euxine and Maeotis (Black and Azov seas) appeared at the final stage of the “great Greek colonization”. Development of this region

Chapter V. ANCIENT CITY-STATES OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION

author Team of authors

Chapter V. ANCIENT CITY-STATES OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION Ancient society and its culture were of outstanding importance in the history of mankind. His numerous achievements in various branches of human activity became an integral part of the basis

2. ANCIENT CITY-STATES IN THE PERIOD FROM VI TO II CENTURIES BC

From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. Volume one author Team of authors

2. ANCIENT CITY-STATES IN THE PERIOD FROM THE VI TO II CENTURIES BC The main stages of the development of city-states. In the life of the Northern Black Sea cities of the 6th–2nd centuries. BC e. Several stages can be traced. The earliest of them dates back to the 6th century. BC e., when the foundation occurred

3. ANCIENT CITY-STATES IN THE I CENTURY B.C. - IV C. AD

From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. Volume one author Team of authors

3. ANCIENT CITY-STATES IN THE 1st CENTURY BC - IV Century AD Northern Black Sea region at the end of the 2nd century. BC e. - IV century n. e. The end of the 2nd–1st century. BC e. were for the ancient cities-states of the Northern Black Sea region a time of general socio-economic and political crisis.

ANCIENT CITY-STATES in the 1st century. BC e. - IV century n. e.

author Dyulichev Valery Petrovich

ANCIENT CITY-STATES in the 1st century. BC e. - IV century n. e. NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION at the end of the 2nd century. BC e. - IV century n. e. The end of the 2nd-1st centuries BC. e. was a time of general crisis for the ancient cities of the states of the Northern Black Sea region. The internal crisis coincided with profound changes in their

CITIES OF CRIMEA

From the book Stories on the History of Crimea author Dyulichev Valery Petrovich

CITIES OF CRIMEA Success in the economy contributed to the growth of Crimean cities. By the end of the century, Simferopol was rightfully the administrative, cultural and economic center of the province. All provincial institutions and organizations were located in the city. Simferopol is the first of all

Ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea region

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AN) by the author TSB

ABOUT THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF THESSALONICA BY THE LATINS. MESSAGE OF EUSTATHIUS, ARCHBISHOP OF THESSALONICIA, ABOUT THE LAST CONQUEST OF THIS CITY, WE HOPE

From the book Monuments of Byzantine Literature of the 9th-15th centuries by the author

ABOUT THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF THESSALONICA BY THE LATINS. MESSAGE OF EUSTATHIUS, ARCHBISHOP OF THESSALONICIA, ABOUT THE LAST, AS WE HOPE, CONQUEST OF THIS CITY During the ill-fated reign of Emperor Andronikos Komnenos, Thessalonica weakened and reached the point of exhaustion, which