IN Ancient Rome The name Vulcan was borne by the mighty god, the patron of fire and blacksmithing. We call volcanoes geological formations on the surface of the land or on the ocean floor, through which lava emerges from the deep bowels of the earth to the surface.

Often accompanied by earthquakes and tsunamis, large volcanic eruptions have had a significant impact on human history.

Geographical object. The importance of volcanoes

During a volcanic eruption, magma comes to the surface through cracks in the earth's crust, forming lava, volcanic gases, ash, volcanic rocks and pyroclastic flows. Despite the danger that these powerful natural objects pose to humans, it was thanks to the study of magma, lava and other products of volcanic activity that we were able to gain knowledge about the structure, composition and properties of the lithosphere.

It is believed that thanks to volcanic eruptions, protein forms of life were able to appear on our planet: the eruptions released carbon dioxide and other gases necessary for the formation of the atmosphere. And volcanic ash, settling, became an excellent fertilizer for plants due to the potassium, magnesium and phosphorus it contained.

The role of volcanoes in regulating the climate on Earth is invaluable: during an eruption, our planet “releases steam” and cools, which largely saves us from the consequences of global warming.

Characteristics of volcanoes

Volcanoes differ from other mountains not only in their composition, but also in their strict external outlines. From the craters at the top of the volcanoes, deep narrow ravines formed by flows of water stretch down. There are also entire volcanic mountains formed by several nearby volcanoes and the products of their eruptions.

However, a volcano is not always a mountain breathing fire and heat. Even active volcanoes can appear as straight-line cracks on the surface of the planet. There are especially many such “flat” volcanoes in Iceland (the most famous of them, Eldgja, is 30 km long).

Types of volcanoes

Depending on the degree of volcanic activity there are: current, conditionally active And extinct (“dormant”) volcanoes. The division of volcanoes by activity is very arbitrary. There are cases when volcanoes, considered extinct, began to exhibit seismic activity and even erupt.

Depending on the shape of volcanoes there are:

• Stratovolcanoes- classic “fire mountains” or volcanoes of the central type, cone-shaped with a crater at the top.
• Volcanic fissures or fissures- fractures in the earth's crust through which lava comes to the surface.
• Calderas- depressions, volcanic cauldrons formed as a result of the failure of a volcanic peak.
• Panel- so called because of the high fluidity of the lava, which, flowing for many kilometers in wide streams, forms a kind of shield.
• Lava domes - formed by the accumulation of viscous lava above the vent.
• Cinder or tephra cones- have the shape of a truncated cone, consist of loose materials (ash, volcanic stones, blocks, etc.).
• Complex volcanoes.

In addition to land-based lava volcanoes, there are underwater And mud(they spew out liquid mud, not magma) Underwater volcanoes are more active than land-based ones; 75% of the lava erupted from the bowels of the Earth is released through them.

Types of volcanic eruptions

Depending on the viscosity of lavas, the composition and amount of eruption products, there are 4 main types of volcanic eruptions.

Effusive or Hawaiian type- a relatively calm eruption of lava formed in craters. The gases released during an eruption form lava fountains from drops, threads and lumps of liquid lava.

Extrusion or dome type- is accompanied by the release of gases in large quantities, leading to explosions and the emission of black clouds from ash and lava debris.

Mixed or Strombolian type- abundant lava output, accompanied by small explosions with ejections of pieces of slag and volcanic bombs.

Hydroexplosive type- typical for underwater volcanoes in shallow water, accompanied by big amount steam released when magma comes into contact with water.

The largest volcanoes in the world

The tallest volcano in the world Ojos del Salado, located on the border of Chile and Argentina. Its height is 6891 m, the volcano is considered extinct. Among the active "fire mountains" the highest is Llullaillaco- volcano of the Chilean-Argentine Andes with a height of 6,723 m.

The largest (among terrestrial) volcano in terms of area occupied is Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii (height - 4,169 m, volume - 75,000 km 3). Mauna Loa also one of the most powerful and active volcanoes world: since its “awakening” in 1843, the volcano has erupted 33 times. The largest volcano on the planet is a huge volcanic massif Tamu(area 260,000 km 2), located at the bottom Pacific Ocean.

But the most powerful eruption ever historical period produced "low" Krakatoa(813 m) in 1883 in the Malay Archipelago in Indonesia. Vesuvius(1281) - one of the most dangerous volcanoes world, the only active volcano in continental Europe - located in southern Italy near Naples. Exactly Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii in 79.

In Africa the most high volcano is Kilimanjaro (5895), and in Russia - a double-peaked stratovolcano Elbrus (North Caucasus) (5642 m - western peak, 5621 m - eastern).

A report about volcanoes, geological formations on the surface of the crust in which magma comes to the surface and forms volcanic gases, lava, and stones.

Message about volcanoes

What is a volcano?

From Latin the word “volcano” means fire, flame. In the depths of the Earth under the influence high temperatures melting of rocks with magmatic formation occurs. During this process, it is released a large number of gaseous substances. The volume of melt and the pressure on solid rocks increases significantly. Magma begins to move towards areas of lower pressure up to the surface. Cracks in the earth's crust begin to fill with liquid rocks, and when they burst, they raise entire layers of the crust.

Magma may partially overtake, forming laccoliths and magma veins. During volcanic eruptions, the other part comes to the surface in the form of volcanic ash, lava, gases, rock fragments and lava ingots.

Types of volcanoes

These geological formations are of 2 types:

• Cracked

They do not rise high enough above the Earth's surface. Fissure volcanoes are cracks from which magma flows to the surface. But there are very few of them on the planet.

• Central

They are a cone of great height, from which magma and lava come out during eruptions. Such a volcano has a vent (magma flows through it) and craters (an opening from which magma comes to the surface).

Volcanoes are also divided into extinct, active and dormant. Dormant volcanoes on this moment do not erupt, although local earthquakes constantly occur beneath them. And extinct means that there is no volcanic activity.

How many volcanoes are there on Earth?

There are 1,500 volcanoes on the planet, both active and extinct. The most famous of them are Klyuchevskaya Sopka(Kamchatka), Elbrus (Caucasus), Kilimanjaro (Africa), Fuji (Japan).

Most of them are located along the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean. They form the so-called “ring of fire”. The most active volcanic zone is the Mediterranean-Indonesian belt. Volcanic eruptions occur according to a certain pattern - their location in seismic areas, moving areas.

• The largest volcano on the planet is Mauna Loa. It takes up almost the entire part Hawaiian island and is the most active.

Famous volcanic eruptions in history: interesting facts

• (Italy). The eruption occurred on August 24, 79. It destroyed the city of Pompeii, covering it with a layer of dust up to 8 m, as well as Herculaneum and Stabiae. The ashes of Vesuvius flew to Syria and Egypt. Today it is the only active volcano in Europe. In total, more than 80 eruptions were recorded. The last of them was in 1944.
• Tambora (Sumbawa Island). The eruption occurred on April 5, 1815. IN modern history This is the largest eruption in terms of volume of material ejected and death toll. He completely destroyed the Tambora culture, which Europeans had discovered shortly before. The volcano erupted for 10 days and decreased in height by 1400 m. It covered an area of ​​500 km with ash, and the sun did not shine through it for 3 days.
• Volcano Taupo (New Zealand). The eruption occurred 27 thousand years ago, and scientists consider it the most powerful in the entire history of the planet. As a result of his active work, Lake Taupo was formed. The last time the volcano erupted was in 180 AD. e. Its blast wave and ashes destroyed half North Island. 100 km 3 of tectonic matter was released into the atmosphere.
• Volcano Krakatoa (Indonesia). The eruption occurred on August 27, 1883. It caused a 30-meter tsunami that washed away 295 towns and villages. Pieces of lava flew to a height of 55 km. The ash covered an area of ​​5330 km. The blast wave circled the planet up to 11 times. The Krakatoa explosion was 200,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima explosion. Scientists suggest that he previously woke up in 535 and the islands of Sumatra and Java may have been formed from his activities. After the 1883 eruption, the Krakatoa volcano collapsed. And in its place in 1927 a new active volcano appeared - Anak Krakatoa.
• Volcano Santorini (Greece). The eruption occurred 1.5 thousand years BC. And it destroyed the Cretan civilization, and also contributed to the sinking of the island of Thera. This is not his only eruption. In 1886 he whole year spewed pieces of lava directly from the sea to a height of 500 meters.
• Volcano Montagne-Pelée (Martinique). The eruption began in April 1902. Already on May 8, it covered the city located in an 8-kilometer zone from it with dust. Near Martinique, the seabed dropped a couple of hundred meters.
• Volcano Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia). The eruption began on November 13, 1985, and within just 10 minutes, the city of Armero with a population of 29,000 people was destroyed.
• Volcano Pinatubo (Philippines). For 622 long years it was considered extinct. But on June 12, 1991, it destroyed 18 km of territory along itself. The consequence of such a disaster is a decrease in temperature and a decrease in the ozone layer, which contributed to the formation of a large ozone hole.
• Katmai Volcano (Alaska). Its eruption on June 6, 1912 was the largest in the history of the 20th century.

We hope that the report on volcanoes for children helped you prepare for the lesson. You can leave your message about volcanoes using the comment form below.

Volcanoes for children

Children about volcanoes...

Making and studying a volcano...

Tell your child about how a volcano is formed, how an eruption occurs, when boiling magma lava (a mixture of molten rocks and gases) rushes upward, finds holes in the earth’s crust and comes out through them, a volcanic eruption occurs.

Do a visual experiment together. Make a volcano, a volcano can be made in many ways, for example: a volcano on the beach or in a sandbox, you will need baking soda + vinegar.

1. Make a slide out of sand, place a baby food jar or a small plastic bottle inside the slide. In which you previously poured a mixture of vinegar and red food coloring (or red gouache to imitate lava) at home. Take soda with you in a small container (for example, from a Kinder Surprise), ask your child to pour the contents into the “volcano mouth”. You can do it the other way around, first pour in the baking soda and then pour in the vinegar. Watch together as the eruption occurs. If the volcano stops erupting, add some ordinary water to it and it will start erupting again!

2. A volcano can be made from clay, plasticine, or papier mache. It’s very simple to do, we take a small bottle, I also wrap it in foil to save clay and cover everything with plasticine or clay, don’t try too hard to make the volcano smooth, the more cracks, the more natural it will look, let it dry, the volcano is ready. Inside, just like in the first method, we will add soda + vinegar with dye.
Then add some water and your volcano will erupt again with renewed vigor!

This volcano can be made from clay or plasticine, here are some photos for inspiration

You can make a volcano out of papier mache
You will need PVA glue, a bottle and newspapers, coat each layer generously with glue, make an airplane

After drying

All that's left is to paint it

You can make a small panoramic model in a box

________________________________________________________________________________

3. Another way is that, once in the water, they hiss and bubble; with their help, you can not only arrange an eruption, but also tell your child about geysers. You can make these bombs yourself; there are many recipes on the Internet. The main components of such bombs are citric acid and ordinary soda, the ratio should be 1:2. , that is, two parts baking soda and one part citric acid. By the way, there are ready-made kits for sale for making bombs yourself. And from the ready-made mixture for bombs, you can make a volcano; add water to it drop by drop (for example, from a pipette or use a syringe without a needle) and your volcano will seethe (erupt).

______________________________________________________________________________
4. 4. A rather risky method, but interesting, is Coca Cola (it contains acid) + menthol candies Mentos. If you decide to try this method to show your child, practice first or watch a video on YouTube, there are a lot of them on request Mentos + Coca Cola.

_____________________________________________________________________________
5. And lastly, there are ready-made sets with volcanoes on sale, everything is already prepared there, there are even special glasses, not so much for practical purposes, but so that the child realizes the importance of the moment :) For example

What is a volcano?

Mountains that stand above channels and cracks in the earth's crust are called volcanoes.

Most often, volcanoes look like cone-shaped or dome-shaped mountains, at the top of which there is crater, or a funnel-shaped depression. Sometimes, as scientists say, a volcano “wakes up”, and then it happens eruption. At the same time, molten substances of the earth's crust and mantle, called magma.

Eruption is a series of strong and weak explosions and outpourings lava- mixtures of molten rocks. The volume of erupted lava can reach several tens of cubic kilometers. Eruptions can be long-lasting, which can be observed over several years and even centuries, and short-term, occurring in a few hours. Their precursors include the following phenomena: earthquakes, changes in the composition of gases, sound (acoustic) changes and others.

Those volcanoes that from time to time emit hot gases or steam from their vents are called active. Also considered active volcanoes, which erupted relatively recently. There are about 500 such volcanoes on Earth.

Many volcanoes behave quietly, giving no cause for concern. But one day the volcano may “wake up”, and then the consequences will be tragic. This was the case with the Arenas volcano (height 4500 meters), located 150 kilometers from Bogota, the capital of Colombia. Date it last eruption the year was 1595. Since then it was considered extinct; the city of Armero was built at its foot. The accident happened on November 13, 1985. Powerful explosions melted the snow and ice in the crater of the volcano and terrible streams of hot mud poured onto the town, whose inhabitants were sleeping peacefully in their homes. After the eruption, only a layer of mud 5-6 meters thick remained. As a result of this eruption, 20 thousand people died.

There are mountain volcanoes, and there are also underwater volcanoes that are completely hidden under water. “Waking up,” such volcanoes erupt not only magma, but also entire fountains of water.

COP for children of senior preschool age

"These mysterious volcanoes or how a volcano erupts"

Perm region, Tchaikovsky

MADOU kindergarten No. 5 “Spring”

Bril Tatyana Vladimirovna

“I forgot what I heard.

I remember what I saw.

I know what I did!”

Chinese proverb

Focus of practice – educational .

a brief description of given workshop :

A series of observations, experiences and experiments contributes to the formation in childrencognitive interest , development of observation and emotionality in communication with the outside world.

In order to interest children and awaken their creativity, a number of games are offered. In a playful way, the children will make many amazing discoveries about the properties and capabilities of the objects around them.

Laboratory – a great opportunity to get your child interested in science and secretsknowledge the world around us in a fun, entertaining and intriguing way. Children enjoy participating in exciting experiments, during whichlearn the laws of nature , develop curiosity and ask new questions, to which they happily seek answers with the help of adults.

Everything is assimilated firmly and for a long time when the child hears, sees and does it himself. This is the basis for the active introduction of children's experimentation into the practice of working with children of primary preschool age.

This short-term educational workshop promotes the development of independent experimentation and search activity of the children themselves.

Purpose of the experiment:

Give preschoolers a basic understanding of natural phenomenon- “volcano”, clearly show the interaction of alkali with acid (neutralization reaction).

Tasks:

1. Introduce a natural phenomenon -volcano , clearly show the connections between living and nonliving things in nature, encourage children to engage in emotional and cognitive activity. Form ideas about typesvolcanoes , the dangers they pose.

2. Develop the child’s thinking, logic, and creativity. Encourage children to independently formulate conclusions based on the results of the experiment, relying on previously acquired knowledge.

3. To cultivate a caring attitude towards nature, interest in cognitive and research activities, determination, perseverance, and independence.

Dictionary:

mountain, volcano, crater, crater, lava, alkali, acid.

Preliminary work:

Looking at illustrations of volcanoes

Conversations about types of volcanoes

View presentations

Reading children's encyclopedias

Making a model of a volcano.

Material: Layoutvolcano , pallet; soda, vinegar; beet juice (dyes), washing liquid; teaspoon, pipette, 2 presentations aboutvolcanoes , a box with items for a geologist’s work, a backpack.

PROGRESS :

Children enter the hall.

- Map of Russia

Guys, what is the name of our country?

Look how big it is!

- In what part of Russia? (Perm region, Ural) (show on map)

Our country is rich in forests, fields and rivers!

What else is our country rich in? (mineral resources)

Who knows what minerals are?

What minerals do you know?

Who finds them? (geologists)

The bell rings: ....

V-l answers: Hello! What's happened? Yes!

Guys, there was a proposal to assemble a team of geologists to study the stones.

Do you want to go on an expedition?

To do this, you need to get ready for the road!

DIDACTIC GAME “ASSEMBLE A GEOLOGIST’S BAG”

There are variousitems : pen, notebook, compass, hammer, sandwich, 2-3 types of different toys, first aid kit.

Children must choose the right items for the geologist and explain their choice.

Well, now that we have everything we need, let's go!

PHYSICAL MINUTE

The wind blows over the fields,

And the grass sways.(Children smoothly swing their arms above their heads.)

A cloud floats above us

Like a white mountain.(Stretching - arms up.)

The wind carries dust over the field.

The ears are leaning -

Right, left, back and forth,

And then vice versa.(Tilts left and right, forward and backward.)

We're climbing the hill(Walk in place.)

We'll rest there for a while.(Children sit down.)

- So we came to the mountain.

- Guys Look, the previous expedition collected a collection of stones, and we need to study it.

Look how many there are! How different are they all? (look at and name)

(next to the collection there are 2 stones (simple and pumice) and a note on display.

Educator reads the note: Dear researchers, we have received 2 unknown stones! Help me determine where they come from!

Guys, how will we determine? (experience: compare stones by color, shape, size, weight...

How did you know which stones are heavy and which are light? (Hold in your hands)

Guys, if you put stones in water, will they drown?

Let's try. (children lower stones into the water)

Did both stones sink? (No)

Where do you think such stones can be found (everywhere)

What is this stone that did not sink? (pumice)

Why didn't he drown?

Where does it come from?

Guess the riddle : I spit fire and lava,

I am a dangerous giant!

I am famous for my evil fame,

What's my name?

( Volcano )

Guys, remember what it is -volcano ?

- This is a mountain from which first smoke comes, then stones fly, and then lava erupts .

Do you want to know what it isvolcano and why volcanoes erupt ?

Look what a volcano really is!!! (watch video).

Picture “Structure of a volcano”

- Vulcan This big mountain with steep slopes.

At the very topthe volcano has a crater . The crater is a huge bowl with steep slopes, and at the bottom there is a reddish-orange mouth, this is a cratervolcano , a hole going deep into the ground. Fiery liquid coming out ofvolcano , is called lava.Volcanoes erupt in different ways . Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain shakes with a terrible roar, a huge cloud of smoke and ash rises above it, stone rain showers the slopes. And sometimes it leaks out“calmly” and freezes on the slopes.

- Guys, what harm do you think volcanoes cause? What benefit?

- I suggest you take out the map and look at it. We have volcanoes in Russia. (Kamchatka)

What other volcanoes are there? (active, dormant, extinct).

- Guys, do you think we can see a volcanic eruption indoors? (no, why?

- Can we look at such a volcano? (demonstration of a volcano model)

Guys, what volcano is this? (sleeping)

Where can I wake him up? (In the laboratory)

I suggest you go to the laboratory!

In the laboratory we have everything ready to conduct experiments. And the laboratory assistant meets us.

(Demonstration of experience on a model of a volcano)

Guys, do you want to conduct a volcanic eruption yourself?

Before starting the experiment, you need to put on your gowns.

We repeat the safety rules (diagram)

SAFETY REGULATIONS

1. Work under the supervision of a teacher (laboratory assistant).

2. You must work carefully, strictly following the rules

3. don’t put anything in your mouth

4. carefully pour in the substances

5. Pour liquids carefully.

6. Do not touch the lava.

7. use a napkin.

Now attention! This liquid has a special symbol for me. What does it mean? X - you can’t use it yourself, it’s vinegar, only an adult can pour it. I will add it myself when you have everything ready.

The teacher explains subsequence carrying out the experiment:

Pour 2 tablespoons of soda into the “volcano crater”;

add 1 spoon of red paint (gouache);

then - 1 spoon of liquid soap.

Mix citric acid with water

Carefully pour acidic water into the “crater”

Vulcan wakes up

I suggest you indicate who has finished on the diagram: show with arrows the sequence in which you carried out the experiment.

The experience is based on the fact that the substances around us behave differently in different states. In this case, experience shows the interaction of alkali with acid.

Summarizing:- What new have you learned?

What did you like most?

D/z Conduct another experiment at home with orange juice and soda.