Once upon a time, in the 16th-17th centuries, Russian tsars Ivan the Terrible and Alexei Mikhailovich hunted in the Sokolniki forests; Later, Peter I sailed along the Yauza in a boat. In the first third of the 18th century. here there existed Sokolnichiy Dvor and Sokolnicheskaya Sloboda, inhabited mainly by rifle rangers. The area itself was listed as

run by the Chief Jägermeister's office. The Sokolnicheskaya Grove stood nearby for a long time - in 1879 the city authorities bought it, radiant clearings were cut into it and dachas were built. According to contemporaries, Burkina's dacha was especially famous, with its illuminated garden and orchestra. The center of the resulting park was called Sokolniki Circle - here in 1881, on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Alexander III, an elegant pavilion was built. Many famous Russian artists often depicted him on their canvases (for example, A. Savrasov and I. Levitan). Throughout the 19th century, a network of streets and alleys in the area was formed. So, about the Sokolniki field, where from the end of the 18th century. military maneuvers were carried out, they are reminiscent of four Polevye lanes, and two Rybinsk streets of the Rybinka River. By the end of the 19th century. Twelve Sokolniki streets appeared - the courtyards of ordinary people, enterprises and hospitals were located here. The center of the area became the then Sokolnicheskoye Highway, paved with cobblestones and illuminated by kerosene lanterns. The symbol of the area was the elegant tower (1881-1884), adjacent to the local police and fire station. In 1882, the Bakhrushin factory owners donated 420 thousand rubles for the construction of a hospital, which was opened in 1887 (now called Ostroumovskaya); Of the 238 hospital beds, 228 were free. A little earlier, in 1876, at the expense of the tycoon von Derviz, the St. Children's Hospital was built. Vladimir (now Rusakovskaya); under her, the openwork Trinity Church was erected (architect A. Popov). In 1909-13. The Church of the Resurrection of Christ was erected.

At the end of the 19th century. beginning of the 20th century The main city transport was the horse tram, which existed until 1911. The first tram line was launched in 1899. In 1924, four trams ran eastbound. The route of one of them, No. 20 (Sokolnicheskaya Zastava - Bogorodskoye), was laid in 1913. The oldest tram park in Moscow is located in Sokolniki. Back in 1905, Sokolniki tram workshops existed, after expansion and reconstruction they were called the Sokolniki Carriage Repair Plant (SVARZ). In the 1930s, the production of domestic carriages was launched. In 1924, the first buses, mostly foreign-made, appeared in Moscow. In 1931, trolleybuses produced by SVARZ began to appear in Moscow.

In November 1931, the Moscow metro was born. The first mine was founded on Rusakovskaya Street. In September 1931, Metrostroy was created, design and geological surveys began. October 15, 1934 at the Sokolniki site - Komsomolskaya Square The traffic lights came on for the first time. By 1937, Izmailovo was already connected to the center of the capital. The Izmailovsky radius metro was completed in 1944, at the same time the Stalinskaya (Semyonovskaya) station opened.

Young people from all over the country came to the construction site, and housing problems began to arise. The first town of Metrostroy grew up in Losi, but it soon became crowded and construction began in Cherkizovo, on Mazutny Proezd, on Poteshnaya and Lugovaya streets. It was barracks-type housing. Gradually the town was rebuilt and the barracks were replaced by more modern buildings. Playgrounds and squares appeared. Today's Metrotown bears little resemblance to the metro builders' village of those years.

Now Eastern administrative District The city of Moscow is the most equipped with metropolitan metro stations. Four of the twelve lines of the Moscow Metro, and the total number of metro stations is 15. The last of them, Novokosino station, was inaugurated on August 30, 2012.

The eastern edge of the capital experienced a real “sports explosion” in the 30s and 40s. In Sokolniki there are the Sokolniki football club, created back in 1896, the Sokolniki Sports Club (1905), the Sokolniki Ski Club, Muscovites “ran cross-country” in the park, and in winter the park turned into an ice skating rink. A new, well-equipped Stalinets (Lokomotiv) stadium appeared in Cherkizovo, which belonged to the Lokomotiv DSO. In 1932, a stadium appeared in Blagush, which belonged to the Krylya Sovetov DSO (in 1946, on the initiative of the Salyut plant, a new Krylya Sovetov stadium was built). IN

In the same year, the Almaz stadium appeared in Bogorodskoye. In the pre-war years, construction of a sports giant with stands for 200 thousand spectators began in Izmailovo. He was given the name I.V. Stalin. The Izmailovskaya metro station was already under construction here (“ Izmailovsky Park", "Partisan"). During the Second World War, the construction of the stadium had to be mothballed; it was completed after the war and only with 25 thousand seats.

In the 1960-1970s, the sports facilities in Sokolniki were also updated. A large complex of the Spartak sports and recreation center has developed here: the Sokolniki Sports Palace and the Central Training and Sports Combine; indoor track and field arena named after brothers Seraphim and Georgy Znamensky.

The rebirth of the stadium on the estate of I.V. Stalin took place on the eve of the 1980 Olympics. The stadium has been modernized. In 1975-1976, the State Central Institute of the Order of Lenin (State Central Institute of the Order of Lenin) moved nearby. physical culture, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism) is “the forge of the country’s sports personnel.” Next to it, in the shortest possible time and with the participation of teachers and students of the institute, the Izmailovo Sports Palace (Universal Sports and Entertainment Complex "Izmailovo") is being built. In order to adequately receive the Olympians, a large hotel complex “Izmailovo” was built nearby.

The Eastern Administrative District is part of the city's centuries-old history. The closest border of the modern district, adjacent to the center, was determined in the middle of the 18th century. In 1742, Preobrazhenskaya and Semenovskaya settlements entered the city’s borders. In 1879, the village of Bogorodskoye was included in the suburban area of ​​the city. In 1897, when it was decided to build the Circular Railway, the villages of Cherkizovo and Blagusha were included in the number of Moscow suburbs. In 1917, Cherkizovo, Blagusha and Bogorodskoye officially became part of Moscow. Izmailovo was included within the city in 1935, and in 1939. – the village of Koloshino (part of Golyanovo).

In connection with the construction of the Moscow Ring Road in 1960, the city’s borders include a number of settlements - the city of Perovo, the villages of Veshnyaki, Ivanovskoye, Golyanovo, the village of Novogireevo, the villages of Chernitsyno and Vladychnya. In 1985-1987, settlements beyond the Ring Road were included in the capital - the villages of Vostochny, Ukhtomsky, Metrogorodok. In the 90s, Novokosino, Bolshoye and Maloye Kozhukhovo joined Moscow; in 2000-2003, Zhulebino became a new Moscow territory.

4. Short story Sokolniki district of Moscow

The history of the Sokolniki district is an integral part of the history of the city and the district. Some aspects of the history of the area have already been covered in the previous chapter. As already noted, Sokolniki is closely connected with the history of statehood, the formation of the Russian army and navy, the development of trade routes, and the first industrial production, which inevitably affected the development of the area.

At the Petrovsky factory for making sails for ships, mostly retired sailors who lived nearby, in Matrosskaya Sloboda, worked. The memory of this is kept in their name by Matrosskaya Tishina Street, Matrossky Bridge and Bolshoi Matrossky Lane.

In 1785, in the empty dilapidated stone and wooden building, the Catherine Almshouse was tripled, designed to replace 82 parish charitable institutions.

In 1787, the architect Selikhov began to add two more two-story buildings to the two factory buildings. On the western corner there was built a temple in the name of the Resurrection of Christ, consecrated in 1790 by Metropolitan Plato. In 1826 O.I. Beauvais carried out a major overhaul of the western and northern buildings, as well as the church. In 1871, another chapel was built in the name of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine in memory of the founder of the almshouse, Empress Catherine II.

In 1818, an orphanage for 100 children of chief officers was opened at the almshouse. Now this building houses the Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Informatics (MGUPI).

In 1798, a Home for the Mentally Ill was founded at the Catherine Almshouse. In 1808, the building was renovated. The hospital was named the Moscow Dollar House, which in 1830 was transformed into the Preobrazhenskaya Psychiatric Hospital, which became the first psychiatric hospital in Moscow.

In 1877-1878, two two-story outbuildings were built adjacent to the main building. The buildings were heated with water. There was a working barracks for service personnel at the hospital. The famous soothsayer Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha spent 44 years in this hospital. The administration used Koreishi's stay to obtain additional funds; for this purpose, a fee of 20 kopecks was charged from each visitor to Koreishi, and from 1839 special tickets were introduced. In 1889, a one-story building with five chambers appeared in the end part of the left wing, and third floors were added to the main building. In the same year, the wife of Moscow City Mayor Alexander Vladimirovich Alekseev donated a plot of land with a house located opposite the hospital. The so-called Alekseevsky branch was opened here. Today, the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital has retained its original purpose and is known as the City Psychiatric Hospital No. 3 named after V.A. Gilyarovsky.

In 1731-1732, on the territory of Sokolniki there was the so-called Kompaneisky Val, “kompaneytsy” (farmers selling wine) which was the predecessor of the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val. The Kamer-Kollezhsky Wall covered the areas lying behind the Zemlyanoy Wall and was an earthen rampart over 37 kilometers long with a moat and outposts.

It was built in 1742 by the Chamber Collegium (hence the name), which was in charge of state revenues, to control the import of goods to Moscow. Until 1754 it was the customs border of Moscow. In the 2nd half of the 18th century, the outposts were equipped with barriers, and retired soldiers checked the “roads” (documents for the right of passage). Since 1806, Kamer-Kollezhsky Val became the official police border of Moscow, and in 1864 - the border between the city, which was governed by the City Duma, and the Moscow district, which was governed by the zemstvo. In 1852, the outposts were liquidated, the rampart itself was gradually torn down in the 2nd half of the 19th century, and streets appeared in its place. Nowadays, the memory of the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val in Sokolniki is preserved in the names: Sokolnicheskaya Zastava Square and Sokolnichesky and Oleniy Vals streets. The emergence of the Kamer-Kollezhsky Wall actually divided Sokolniki into two parts; Sokolnichya Field was recognized as part of Moscow, and Sokolnichya Grove turned out to be a Moscow region.

In the middle of the 19th century, in order to conduct proper deforestation, Sokolnichya Grove was laid out in a modern way - with the construction of clearings running in radii (rays) from the center. With the opening in 1851 of the St. Petersburg-Moscow (now Oktyabrskaya) railway, and in the 60s of the 19th century - Yaroslavskaya (Northern) and Ryazanskaya (Kazanskaya), - Sokolnicheskoye Highway, as well as the Krasnoprudnaya street closest to the stations, began to be intensively built up. In the last decade of the 19th century, Rybinsk streets appeared on the map of Moscow, and the Rybinka River was enclosed in a pipe. The area south of what is now Rusakovskaya Street was also built up. By 1898, neighborhoods had formed here, and twelve Sokolniki streets appeared. Today, only five of them remain, but they retain their historical name, although they have been renamed.

Once upon a time, on the right bank of the Yauza, in the area of ​​modern Gastello, Bakuninskaya and Bolshaya Pochtovaya streets, there was the vast village of Rubtsovo.

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov built his own country palace near it, on the banks of the Yauza River, and planted a large garden with it. In this garden, double roses were bred for the first time in Russia. The Tsar also built a church here in the name of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, in memory of the reflection of the Poles who entered Moscow on October 1, 1615. This church was built from 1619 to 1626, and after its construction the village of Rubtsovo was renamed Pokrovskoye.

The daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, built an elegant wooden palace here in 1742 according to the design of the architect M.G. Zemtsov, and when the building burned down, the architect V.V. Rastrelli erected a stone palace in its place in 1753. With alterations from the mid-19th century, it has survived to this day (red buildings near the Moscow-Ryazan railway line).

At the same time, the palace garden was restored and re-landscaped. On the Rybinka River, a tributary of the Yauza River, flowing north of the estate, ponds, dams, bridges were formed, and a Russian swing was built in the courtyard.

In July 1869, Empress Maria Alexandrovna notified Metropolitan Innocent of Moscow and Kolomna of her desire to establish a diocesan community of sisters of mercy in Moscow, using for this purpose the former royal Pokrovsky Palace and ancient cathedral Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The execution of the Highest will was entrusted to Abbess Mitrofaniya. The official date of foundation of the Moscow diocesan monastery of mercy was April 21, 1870, when the Highest command of the emperor was followed

Alexander II for its establishment. The community received its original name “Vladychne-Pokrovskaya” on the Feast of the Intercession, in whose honor the main church of the monastery and the Vladychny Monastery in the city of Serpukhov, to which the community was assigned, was named. The community charter was approved by the Holy Governing Synod on December 22, 1871. On June 24, 1872, the Emperor approved the “Regulations on the rights and benefits of the Pskov Ioanno-Ilyinskaya and Moscow Vladychne-Pokrovskaya communities of sisters of mercy.”

The next day, June 25, 1872, the house church of the Resurrection of Christ was consecrated in the main building of the community of sisters of mercy - the thoroughly rebuilt Intercession Palace. The consecration was performed by Metropolitan Innocent in the concelebration of the second vicar Bishop of Mozhaisk Ignatius and the clergy of the monasteries of the churches and the Moscow diocese. This celebration was attended by the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, Count D.A. Tolstoy, Moscow Governor General Prince V.A. Dolgorukov. Father Vladimir Skorokhodov addressed the assembled distinguished guests with a gathering of worshipers and numerous clergy, as the senior priest of the Vladychne-Pokrovsky community of sisters of mercy.

Events of the seventies XIX century served as the reason for changing the name of the monastery from Vladychne-Pokrovskaya to the Intercession Community of Sisters of Mercy, which survived until the events of 1917.

With the advent of the 20th century, buildings belonging to this island of mercy began to be actively built around the Intercession Palace. To the right of the palace, in line with it, a two-story building was erected. On December 27, 1913, in the presence of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Metropolitan Macarius, the new hospital of the Intercession community was solemnly consecrated in memory of the 300th anniversary of the reigning House of Romanov with the house church of St. Mikhail Malein. Equipped with the latest science and technology, it was intended for surgical and therapeutic patients.

During the First World War there was a military hospital here, where the community sisters worked. Now this is the only building of the former Pokrovskaya community that has retained its medical purpose - the 1st gynecological hospital is located here. And today Rubtsovs-ko-Dvortsovaya Street reminds us of the village of Rubtsov and the Pokrovsky Palace.

In 1775, Catherine II founded a strait house “for the impudent,” which was first located behind the Sukharev Tower and under the jurisdiction of the Order of Public Charity, and then was transferred to Sokolniki, Moscow Correctional Prison. In 1808 it received a separate building, and in 1834 it received special management. In 1850, the “Joy of All Who Sorrow” Church was built at the prison, located in the second building, to the north of the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital. In 1870, the Strait House was renamed the Moscow Correctional Prison, and a building was built in its courtyard. new building for prisoners with the comforts possible for them.

At the end of the 19th century, this prison was built for 300 men and 150 women, and the women's department was located half a mile from the men's. The purpose of the Correctional Prison was to give prisoners (swindlers, thieves, petty criminals) the opportunity to learn a trade - they received orders, and the money remained in the prison administration until their release. The prison had workshops: a box shop, a tailor shop, a shoe shop and a laundry shop. For 200 years, this building continues to serve law and order. Today, pre-trial detention center No. 1 “Matrosskaya Tishina” is located here.

The emergence of the first church in Sokolniki is associated with the growth of the dacha population in Sokolnichiya Grove. In November 1861, wealthy summer residents, including honorary citizens D.S. Lepyoshkin and I.A. Lyamin, petitioned Metropolitan Philaret to build a church at their expense. The construction of the Church of Tikhon of Zadonsk began in 1862, and on July 14, 1863, the church was consecrated by Metropolitan Philaret.

The church was wooden, on a stone foundation. It had the shape of a regular octagon, topped with a beautiful white dome, to which porticoes with triangular pediment at the end. The walls were made of vertically placed logs, tightly plastered and painted on both sides. The inside of the church was spacious and bright. The painted dome was supported by eight wooden columns. By 1875, the church buildings had fallen into disrepair and were in danger of collapsing. Its repair, according to experts, was impractical. Therefore we decided old church dismantle it and build a new one in its place, and in such a way that the throne remains inviolable. New project was designed by the architect I. Semenov.

In 1876, construction of the new Tikhonovskaya Church was completed. This time, on the old foundation, the logs were laid horizontally, the walls were not sheathed, but were painted with oil paint. The roof was covered with iron. The octagon ended with a blind tent, the height of which was equal to its base. The tent was decorated with kokoshniks arranged in rows. Round medallions with images of saints were inscribed into the kokoshniks of the first row. The tent was crowned with a small onion bench on an octagonal drum with a simple four-pointed cross above it. There were three entrances to the church with porches and ceilings, which were supported by carved columns. In general, the new temple was made in the “Russian style” and looked majestic and elegant. In May 1890, the second chapel of the Tikhonov Church was built, consecrated in honor of the holy blessed princess Olga. And at the beginning of the 20th century they wanted to rebuild the temple in stone, but it was not possible to carry out their plans.

One of the first engineering structures in Moscow was the water supply system. But it provided water to the central part of the city, and many Muscovites took water from wells, springs or water poles. One of these water columns was located in front of the building of the Catherine Almshouse, into which water flowed from the Preobrazhensky key well, called the Holy Well and which had existed since time immemorial.

This “Holy Well” was located on the other side of Stromynka, near the Yauza and belonged to the Order of Public Charity. The City Duma bought this well in 1868, and in 1872 they built the Preobrazhenskaya water pumping station near it. The memory of this well is preserved in its name by modern Kolodeznaya Street.

Sewage also plays an important role in normal human life. It so happened that Moscow (and not only Moscow), which at that time did not have any sewerage system, entrusted all the worries about waste disposal to numerous convoys of otkhodniks, the so-called “golden workers.”

Only in September 1893 did the construction of sewer networks begin according to the design of engineer V.D. Kastalsky.

The Moscow sewer system began operating on July 30, 1898. On this day, the main pumping station began pumping wastewater to the Lublin irrigation fields - the first stage of the Moscow system was put into operation, covering households inside Garden Ring, and 13 years later the construction of the second stage was completed. The main pumping station was located at the Novospassky Bridge, and several smaller ones were scattered throughout Moscow. This included placing the Sokolnicheskaya sewage pumping station on Pokrovskaya-Dvortsovaya Street, next to the St. Vladimir Children’s Hospital, a little closer to the Yauza.

In 1873, kerosene lighting appeared in the central part of Sokolniki, and in 1875 it was possible to arrive in Sokolniki by horse-drawn railway.

In the 70s of the 19th century, through the efforts of the merchant Frol Yakovlevich Ermakov, the first charitable establishment arose in the area of ​​modern Korolenko Street. F.Ya. Ermakov rebuilds the building of the worsted wool factory and opens the Alexander branch of the Ermakov almshouse in Sokolniki for 520 people, at which a church was built. The Upper Church of the Life-Giving Trinity was consecrated on August 22, 1876. The lower temple of Florus and Laurus was consecrated on August 18, 1877. In 1885 he built the Mariinsky branch of the Ermakov almshouse behind the Trekhgornaya Zastava for 480 people with a church. The Church of Philaret the Merciful and the almshouse were consecrated on November 24, 1889, and the chapel of the Assumption was consecrated on June 28, 1893

Righteous Anna. The street on which the first branch of the Ermakovskaya almshouse was located was rightly called Ermakovskaya. And only in 1925 she received modern name- Korolenko street.

An invaluable contribution to the unification of Sokolniki, divided after the emergence of the Kamer-Collezhsky Wall, was made by the younger brother of Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov, Sergei Mikhailovich. In 1875, he bought Sokolnichya Grove from the treasury for the city.

One of the buildings that can be called " business card"modern Sokolniki is certainly a fire tower. The tower was equipped with a signal bell, as well as a signaling mast, flags and lanterns.

The fire station in Sokolniki was built with public money. From 1881 to 1884, construction was carried out on a police and fire department building with an elegant tower and a bypass gallery supported by openwork brackets designed by the architect Maxim Karlovich Geppener.

The Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki won national love and fame not only due to its architecture, but also due to the fact that during the period of persecution of the Church, it preserved many Orthodox Shrines under its arches. The initiator of the construction was the Moscow archpriest of the Church in the name of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow” at the Bakhrushinsky Hospital - John Kedrov. Therefore, the people sometimes called the temple the Cedar Church. This is the only church in Moscow with an altar facing the Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The foundation stone of the temple took place on June 29, 1909 and was performed by Metropolitan Vladimir of Moscow. It was built according to the design of the architect Pavel Aleksandrovich Tolstoy in the “Russian Art Nouveau” style. The composition of the church, raised on the basement, is based on the constructive scheme of a four-pillar cross-domed church. Its central part is crowned by a slender tent-shaped octagon, along the diagonal of which there are 4 small domes. The wide sleeves of the planned cross of the temple are completed with large scalloped zakomaras, and the lowered corner cells are completed with domes on cylindrical drums. The nine-domed completion of the building emphasizes the expressive dynamics of the volumes growing upward, giving the silhouette of this large, monumental structure the exquisite fragility so characteristic of Art Nouveau. In front of the entrances to the church - from the north, east and west - there are ceremonial porches with gable ends (the western porch currently houses a bell tower). The creation of the image of the temple, oriented towards examples of ancient Russian architecture, is facilitated by keel-shaped kokoshniks at the bases of the chapters, arched perspective portals decorating the entrances and high slit-shaped windows.

The temple was consecrated on December 22, 1913 in the name of the main Christian holiday, “The Resurrection of Christ.” The left side chapel - January 4, 1915 in the name of the supreme apostles Peter and Paul, the right side - October 18, 1915 in honor of the icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow.” On September 9, 1916, an underground chapel was consecrated, built in prayerful memory of the deceased elder A.K. Vedeneev, buried in the church near the left choir. Now in the basement there is a chapel of the Nativity of Christ. Here the sacrament of Holy Baptism is performed. The nine-domed, two-story temple has the shape of a cross, its area is 960 sq.m. The height of the main dome is 34m, the side aisles are 22m. The carved iconostases in all the chapels of the temple were made of cypress according to the architect's design. Subsequently, artistically carved oak icon cases were made for the icons, and majestic chandeliers were made in the Byzantine style. The first choir was composed of blind people. It was one of the last Moscow churches built in pre-revolutionary Russia.

In the 1920s, revered shrines from Moscow churches that were closing and collapsing were transferred to the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki.

The initiator of the creation of the school named after the poet A.S. Pushkin in Sokolniki was the eldest son of Alexander Sergeevich - Lieutenant General of the Cavalry Alexander Alexandrovich Pushkin. The poet's son, Alexander Aleksandrovich, and the poet's grandson, also Alexander Aleksandrovich, were appointed trustees of the men's school, and Pushkin's youngest daughter, Natalya Aleksandrovna, and granddaughter, Vera Aleksandrovna, were appointed trustees of the women's school. Already in September 1901, the primary girls' school began its activities. Today in this beautiful building made of red brick, which is a historical and cultural monument, houses the Pushkin branch of gymnasium No. 1530 “Lomonosov School” and the museum of A.S. Pushkin.

In October 1882, the brothers Peter, Alexander and Vasily Alexandrovich Bakhrushin addressed the City Mayor with a letter in which they expressed a desire to donate 450 thousand rubles for the construction of a hospital.

In 1885-1886, on Sokolnichye Field, according to the design of the architect Boris Viktorovich Freidenberg, a hospital was built for those suffering from incurable diseases. Here in 1887 a hospital church was built in the name of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow.” The temple was located in the main building on the second floor above the entrance and had three domes. At the same time, a second church was built, illuminated on September 6, 1887 in the name of St. Panteleimon the healer. The streets that emerged near the hospital area were named Bolshaya and Malaya Bakhrushinskie. In 1922, they were renamed in honor of the general practitioner, professor Alexey Aleksandrovich Ostroumov - into Ostroumovskie, which have retained these names to this day. In 1892, a two-story building for incurable patients with 150 beds was built at the Bakhrushin hospital, and later it was expanded to 200 beds. A little to the side they set up a chapel and a room for autopsy of the bodies of the dead. In 1903, according to the design of the architect Illarion Aleksandrovich Ivanov-Shits, a maternity hospital was built at the hospital.

In 1911, with the money of Alexander Alekseevich Bakhrushin and his nephew Nikolai Vasilyevich, a light therapy clinic was set up, and a year later an X-ray room. Widow of Vasily Alekseevich, B.F. Bakhrushin, at the same time donated a large sum for the construction of an outpatient clinic for incoming patients, built later, in 1913, according to the design of Alexander Ivanovich Roop. Today the Bakhrushinskaya Hospital is known as City Clinical Hospital No. 33 named after. A.A. Ostroumova.

Less than ten years after the opening of the Bakhrushinsky hospital, another charitable institution was opened opposite it on the other side of Stromynka. On May 30, 1891, the foundation stone for the extensive House of Charity with a church attached to it, built on Sokolnichye Field, took place, with donations from honorary citizen N.I. Combat. Construction began on the Almshouse named after the brothers Nikolai, Peter, Alexei, and Alexander Boev, designed by the architect Alexander Lavrentievich Ober. In the center of the Boyevskaya almshouse there was a church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, consecrated in May 1894, and its two side chapels, St. Elizabeth and St. Peter, consecrated on June 26 and July 3. Two years later, the benefactor himself was buried in the main church. At the entrance to the building, a mosaic “1893” is laid out on the floor - this is the year the almshouse was built.

Next to the House of Charity, two-story buildings of free apartments for 60 poor families and city primary schools were built. Now in the building of the Boyevskaya almshouse there is the Moscow City Scientific and Practical Center for the Fight against Tuberculosis of the Moscow Health Department. Other buildings of this institution have been built on and converted into ordinary apartments and offices. Since then, the nearby streets have been named Boevsky in honor of Russian patrons of the arts.

The first city children's hospital was built in 1876 near Yauza at the expense of the railway magnate and philanthropist Pavel Grigoryevich von Derviz. The hospital was designed by architecture professor R.A., invited from St. Petersburg. Goedicke and Director of the Prince of Oldenburg Children's Hospital K.A. Rauhfuss.

On July 15, 1876, the solemn consecration and opening of the hospital took place, which received the name of the Saint of Rus', Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. In the middle of a shady birch park there were twenty pavilions and buildings. There were 8 rooms for patients, the rest of the buildings were service buildings. The three main buildings were made of stone - for the outpatient clinic, therapeutic and surgical patients, and also for measles patients. Scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox and other departments were located in separate wooden pavilions. The outpatient building had a diagnostic ward for doubtful and unclear cases. The main two-story red brick building for medical and surgical patients was designed with many separate exits (in case of infection, it was possible to divide it into five independent parts), with alternating large pavilions and small wards, connected by spacious recreational halls and walking verandas. The heating in all three main buildings was water, ventilation and sewerage were made of pottery pipes. The device was complemented by iron beds and linen, a kitchen with steam cooking, a laundry with huge water tanks, with machines for disinfecting, washing and rolling clothes, and a pharmacy.

The hospital was recognized not only as the best children's hospital in Russia, but also one of the best in Europe. It was recognized as exemplary at the Paris World Exhibition in 1878, at the All-Russian Exhibition in 1882, and was awarded a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Brussels as the best children's hospital in Europe. Subsequently, during the construction of many children's hospitals in Russia and Europe, the principles of the construction of St. Vladimir's Hospital were used. The hospital opened to receive small patients on August 1, 1876.

St. Vladimir's Hospital became the first children's hospital in Moscow, run by the city government and based on the principles of public access and free of charge.

In 1881-1883, on the territory of the hospital, with a donation from P.G. von Derviz, the openwork Trinity Church was erected according to the design of academician of architecture A.P. Popova. Outwardly, it resembled small parish churches of the 17th century. The outside walls of the temple were decorated with colored tiles; the inside was decorated with Italian marble and mahogany from Switzerland. Its interior decoration was also luxurious. An underground tomb was built under the temple for the founder of the hospital, philanthropist Pavel Grigorievich von Derviz. The temple was consecrated on June 1, 1883.

IN Soviet time the hospital was renamed Children's Hospital No. 2 named after I.V. Rusakova, and only in 1992 was its historical name returned. Today, employees of the St. Vladimir Children's Hospital of the Moscow Department of Health.

In memory of the Holy Coronation of Their Imperial Majesties, it was planned to create not just an almshouse, but “a refuge for those in need of care, charity and self-care,” that is, persons who are not subject to admission to a hospital for the treatment of acute diseases, but need medical assistance. On March 10, 1898, the northwestern part of the former Borisovsky property was allocated for the construction of this charitable institution. The foundation of the Coronation Shelter took place on August 18, 1898 on Ermakovskaya Street. The architect was Alexander Lavrentievich Ober. On September 14, 1898, A.L. died in Berlin. Ober, and further design work was entrusted to the architect Alexander Felitsianovich Meisner. In September 1899, the masonry of the Coronation Asylum buildings was completed and interior finishing work began.

The modern medical building No. 1 was built in March 1900. For the hospital, two buildings were built identical in plan and decorative finishing - one for adults, the other for children.

The drafting of the layout of the territory around the already built medical buildings of the Coronation Asylum was entrusted to engineer S.S. Shestakov.

In 1901, the construction of the building for the doctor's and caretaker's apartments was completed. A two-story stone residential building was attached to the one-story wooden house, which stood above a stone basement, rebuilt after a fire in 1894. There is a balcony on the southern façade of the constructed building, at the level of the second floor. The metal grille of the balcony, as well as the awnings over the front and back porches, were made according to the drawings of A.F. Meissner. Heating and ventilation were installed in the house according to the design of engineer A.P. Kazantseva. Probably, at the same time, two small log buildings were built, cruciform in plan, intended for a barn, a stable, and cellars with glaciers.

In 1900, the boundaries of the site (side and rear) were secured by installing a fence made of wire mesh, and in 1901, a metal fence with gates and wickets was installed along Ermakovskaya Street, made according to the drawings of A.F. Meissner. In 1900, under the supervision of engineer S.S. Shestakov, and from April 1901, under the leadership of his assistant, engineer Egorov, they landscaped the territory: they laid access roads, as well as asphalt paths around the buildings. To level the levels of the sections, a section of Ermakovskaya Street for 67 linear fathoms was lowered and paved. Convenient pedestrian paths were laid on both sides of the street and linden trees were planted along them.

On May 13, 1901, in the presence of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, the consecration of the Coronation Asylum took place. The Coronation Asylum was officially opened on 14 May 1901.

A charity house named after I.D. was built next to the Coronation Shelter. Baev Sr. The Baevs invited the famous architect Ivan Sergeevich Kuznetsov to participate in the construction. In October 1902, construction work was completed. House of Charity named after. I.D. Baev Sr. was opened on November 2, 1902. The administration of the Coronation Asylum was left to manage the house of charity. Both shelters had a common director, caretaker, housekeeper and housekeeper. The common office and kitchen were located in the House named after Baev. On November 21 of the same year, it was consecrated and already on November 26, people began to receive those in need.

Now these buildings house the City Clinical Hospital No. 14 named after. V. G. Korolenko and the State Scientific Center for Dermatovenerology of the Federal Agency for High-Tech Medical Care.

On December 9, 1907, the consecration of the temple at the Coronation Asylum took place. The complete consecration of the temple at the Refuge in the name of the Most Holy Theotokos Hodegetria with the establishment of a permanent throne took place on January 31, 1910. At this event, the construction phase of the complex of buildings of the Refuge in memory of the Holy Coronation of Their Imperial Majesties and the House of Charity named after I.D. was completed. Baev Sr.

In 1899-1905, construction of a new hospital was carried out on Sokolnichye Field according to the design of architect A.I. Roop, called the Sokolniki Hospital. It was designed specifically for infectious patients. Taking into account the specifics of treatment, a complex of separate small brick buildings was erected. Sokolniki Hospital was opened in 1906, and now it is known as Tuberculosis Clinical Hospital No. 7.

A hospital church was built in 1903 at the corner of Matrosskaya Tishina and Babaevskaya streets. It was consecrated on January 25, 1904 in the name of the icon of the Mother of God “Quench my sorrows.” The church was not distinguished by any special refinements in architectural design, since it was intended for funeral services for the dead. The buildings of the temple and the anatomical theater were united under one roof.

In 1908-1909, the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Medical Faculty of the Higher Women's Courses was organized at the Sokolniki Infectious Diseases Hospital.

Since 1911, the Bakhrushinskaya Hospital, the Coronation Asylum and the Bayev House of Charity, and the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital became the clinical bases of the Higher Women's Courses.

In 1913, the first sanatorium for tuberculosis patients named after N.D. was opened in Sokolniki. Chetverikova.

In 1913, the Moscow section of the fight against tuberculosis of the Russian Society for the Protection of Public Health opened a sanatorium for the poorest consumptive patients in the area of ​​Pogonno-Losiny Island. It was built according to the plan of A.N. Aleksina

In 1897, the Sokolniki branch of the City Workhouse appeared, which had workshops: blacksmithing, shoemaking, carpentry, box-making, and basket-making.

The workhouse was created for the purpose of providing income to those who came voluntarily and to force professional beggars and loiterers to work. For minors and teenagers there was a special department in which they studied both skills and general education subjects. In 1913, the teenagers were transferred to an institution called the shelter named after Dr. Fyodor Petrovich Gaaz. In the children's department of the orphanage, street children under the age of 10 were raised. There were also nurseries for the children of workers from the House of Diligence and the Workhouse.

On June 12, 1915, a temple was founded at the Sokolniki branch of the City Workhouse and the House of Diligence. The temple with a capacity was built by the architect N.V. Shevyakov in Russian-

Byzantine style. On January 15, 1917, the temple in the name of the Nativity of John the Baptist was solemnly consecrated.

On the current 3rd Sokolnicheskaya Street there is a building that once housed the House of Free Apartments named after E.K. Rakhmanova. The house was a 2-story stone building, which included a reception room with a choir, 20 residential rooms (15 of them in two rooms from the front and 5 in one room each), a common kitchen with a chimney stove and other service premises. The area of ​​the two-room apartment was about 4 1/2 square meters. soot (20.5 sq. meters).

Now this house is completely unrecognizable, its rich decoration and spiers have disappeared after the building was built on two floors. Nowadays a design office is located here.

In the area of ​​modern Rybinsk streets. “Empty” lands that once belonged to the Moscow Governor-General Count F.V. They began to sell off to Rostopchin, and after his death to the landowner Mitkov. At first, most of them were bought by the official A.K. Jacob, but in 1897-1900 he resold them to other owners. The land between the connecting railway line of the Kazan Road and 1st Rybinskaya Street was acquired for the construction of warehouses by one of the owners of the Tula metallurgical rolling mills, the Moscow merchant Lev Vasilyevich Gauthier-Dufayer. The main northern part of the block between 1st and 2nd Rybinskaya streets was acquired in 1897-1900 by a hereditary honorary citizen, state councilor, mechanical engineer of the SI. Lyamin.

Lyamin leased the southern part of the acquired plot to the joint-stock company “Russian Wood Vulcanization Partnership B.I. von Wangel and Co., which built a one-story stone building on rented land “for housing and a warehouse of goods.” in 1901 on 2nd Rybinskaya Street SI. Lyamin organized a lumber and meat warehouse. In 1902, he leased the enterprise to Mikhail Vladimirovich Chelnokov, who moved here the production of building materials “Partnership V.K. Shaposhnikov and M.V. Chelnokov". Since March 18, 1904, the Trading House “V.K. Shaposhnikov, M.V. Chelnokov and Co.” maintain a “factory for mechanical processing of wood” in Lyamin’s house. Architect Nikolai Dmitrievich Strukov erected the main buildings of the plant. Entrepreneurs began to develop the territories leased from Gauthier on the other side of 1st Rybinskaya Street. In 1913, the “Factory for mechanical processing of wood of the Partnership “V.K. Shaposhnikov, M.V. Chelnokov and Co. was transformed into an independent joint-stock company, Moscow Partnership for Shares in Construction and Home Ownership. Before the revolution, the plant became known as the Trading House “Rybinsky, Badurin, Leimbach, Tarabukin and Co.” On June 28, 1918, the plant was nationalized and received a new name “State Mechanical Woodworking Plant No. 2”.

During Soviet times, the Moscow Pasta Factory No. 1 was located here, now known as OJSC Extra M.

Not far from the pasta factory in June 1911, a new beer factory was founded on Sokolnicheskoe Highway. It was built by a joint-stock company headed by the son of the founder of the Zhigulevsky brewery in Samara, L.A. Vakano and I.A. Richter. On April 28 and 29, 1912, the first batch of beer from the Sokolniki Brewery went on sale. After some time, the Sokolniki Brewery was converted for the needs of the pharmaceutical industry and for a long time bore the name “Salicylic Plant”.

In 1906, the F. Shvabe company acquired a plot of land in Sokolniki, on Stromynka. Two years later, a five-story building was built, equipped with the latest technology, at the address: Moscow, Stromynsky Lane, Building 1. The factory used an electric drive, electric arc lighting, water supply, gas pipeline with its own gas generator. The business opened on October 1, 1908, and in 1909 another one-story addition was added to the large building to house a forge, mechanical hammer, and other equipment. The factory became one of the largest in Europe.

In 1912, the Trading House “F. Shvabe" was transformed into the "Joint Stock Company F. Shvabe." In the same 1912, the company acquired the remaining free land on Stromynka and began construction of the second building of the factory, which was completed by May 1916. It housed: part of the workshops, a technical department, chemical and physical laboratories, accounting and a hospital for factory workers. One of the store’s branches and a showroom were also moved here from Kuznetsky Most.

Before the war, a military engineer, staff captain Vasily Ivanovich Chetyrkin, came to the enterprise from St. Petersburg. He places an order with the company for the production of his invention - a sight for shooting at airplanes, called “Captain Chetyrkin’s rangefinder.” On August 31, 1917, the charter of the new joint-stock company “Geophysics” was approved. The company produced surgical, geodetic, physical, optical, chemical instruments, disinfection equipment, and orthopedic devices. The name “Geophysics” has been preserved to this day in the name of the enterprise JSC “NPP “Geophysics”.

At the beginning of the 19th century, here, nearby, on the banks of the Rybinka River, there was a dacha of the statesman, commander-in-chief of Moscow in 1812-1814, Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, which he bought from Count Bruce. Later Mitkov bought this dacha.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the depths of the grove, small plots of land were given to tenants for development on the so-called “Chinshevo right”, which made it possible, with proper deposits, rent transfer plots to children, grandchildren, etc.

Some streets were named after the owners - Ivanovskaya (now Malenkovskaya), Mitkovskaya (now Shumkina).

In the second half of the 19th century, Sokolniki became fashionable dacha place and as they wrote then, they “could be called small town" Of the Sokolniki dachas, the Burkina dacha was especially famous,

Rich citizens visited fashionable restaurants, and gardens began to appear for summer entertainment. Brown's garden also appeared in Sokolniki, which tried to compete with the famous Hermitage garden.

In the summer of 1873, composer A.P. vacationed here. Borodin. Later, in the 1910s, artist N.A. Kasatkin. The historian N.M. lived at the dacha of the Moscow Governor-General in Sokolniki until the French entered Moscow. Karamzin.

Everyone knows that Sokolniki was perhaps the most favorite place for walks and recreation for Muscovites in the 19th century. The beauty of Sokolniki was sung by artists A.K. Savrasov, I.I. Levitan, who became famous after his first painting, which was called "Autumn Day. Sokolniki."

Falcon hunting

Few people know that Sokolniki was famous not only for falconry, but also for other types of this leisure activity. For example, during the reign of Anna Ioanovna, falconry was almost universally replaced by rifle hunting for large and small animals. Therefore, in the neighborhood of Sokolnicheskaya Grove and Sokolnicheskaya Sloboda, a settlement of royal rangers appeared - assistants in rifle hunting. Some services of the Chief Jägermeister were also located here. To the north of the Jaeger settlement in Sokolnicheskaya Grove there was the so-called “Menagerie”, or, in modern language, a hunting farm, which included two kennels and a “winter yard for American deer”. Apparently, it was because of these American deer from the time of Anna Ioannovna that Olenya Grove and Olenye Ponds got their names, although historians and toponymy experts argue about the origin of these names - whether they appeared because of American deer or because of Olenye a stream that flowed nearby. They say that Anna Ioannovna herself went on rifle hunts in Sokolniki and enjoyed spending time in the Menagerie.

1st Luchevoy clearing

The 1st Radial Clearing was by no means the first to appear on the territory of Sokolniki Park. However, in the 1840s, when the layout of the Sokolnicheskaya Grove was being streamlined, the alley was named that way, since when numbering the clearings laid from left to right, it was the first in a row. The clearing, which visitors to Sokolniki Park often call Berezovaya Alley, was laid in 1840 and was named the First Sokolnichesky Radial Clearing, which it bore until 1927. The 1st Radial Clearing crosses the Mitkovsky and Poperechny passages and ends not far from the tracks Yaroslavl direction Moscow railway. The length of the clearing is 1.4 km.

Once upon a time, on the 1st Luchevoy Clearing there were wooden houses, the numbering of which began from the Sokolniki Circle passage. Now this alley is free of residential buildings, and the main attraction of the clearing is the Great Rose Garden located here, which was created in 1953 by the efforts of park workers. Not far from the rose garden there are two stages - “Central” and “Beryozki”, which park lovers enjoy visiting.

Hurricane

One hundred and ten years ago, in 1904, Sokolnicheskaya Grove and the surrounding areas were badly damaged by a hurricane that swept over the Moscow region and touched the outskirts of Moscow. According to different versions, the natural disaster occurred either on June 26 or on the 29th. Eyewitnesses said that it quickly became dark, a strong gusty wind began to blow, which turned into a hurricane and began to approach Moscow, breaking and uprooting trees. The next day, the newspaper “Moscow Life” wrote: “The hurricane particularly struck in Sokolniki, Lefortovo, behind the Pokrovskaya outpost, as well as in Lublin and Pererva. Centuries-old trees were uprooted and iron sheets were torn from roofs; telegraph and telephone poles were torn down.” According to surviving historical sources, it is known that in the forest area through which the tornado passed, there was a huge clearing of broken and torn out trees 200-300 m wide. In Sokolnicheskaya Grove, dachas and the famous Labyrinth were damaged.

"Rare hatches" in Sokolniki

Today in the "Historical Notes" section the topic is "Rare hatches"! In 1890, the territory of the modern Sokolniki Park was included in the boundaries of the city of Moscow. The process of improvement of Sokolnicheskaya Grove and adjacent areas with residential buildings has begun. At that time, large-scale festive events were held in Sokolnicheskaya Grove. More than 20 thousand people were simultaneously present at the festivities held in Moscow in honor of the coronation of Alexander III. Places with such a concentration of people required the provision of engineering communications, which was done. Currently, the park passes through a large number of various engineering and technical communications, and Sokolniki guests are unlikely to know that they are walking through rare manholes. For example, in the park, not far from the fountain, there is one of the oldest sewer manholes in Moscow. The hatch cover is worn out from time to time, however, it performs its function successfully. This cover was probably placed before the revolution - at the end of the 19th or early 20th century. At first glance, the hatch looks quite simple. The surface of the lid has a protruding cross; oak boards were inserted between it and the side of the hatch. This was done to prevent horses and cart wheels from getting stuck and making a lot of noise. Not far from this rare cast-iron hatch there is another one, similar, but installed already in Soviet times, in the late 1920s - early 1930s. In the center of this lid there is a well-preserved mark - the letters “GK”. This cover appeared during the period when the modern Sokolniki Park was established by resolution of the Moscow City Council.

Princess Elizaveta Petrovna in exile in Sokolniki

In the old Pokrovsky Palace of Mikhail Fedorovich, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, located on the territory of the modern Sokolniki microdistrict, Elizaveta Petrovna, the daughter of Peter I, exiled to Moscow by Empress Anna Ioannovna in 1830, lived for quite a long time. Elizaveta Petrovna did not get bored and organized hunting and hunting in the Sokolnicheskaya Grove festivities. Being by nature the owner of a cheerful character, the Princess herself took part in festive round dances, dressing in a colored satin sundress and kokoshnik, or in a brocade kika with pearl beads. Based on surviving records, in 1756 the May festivities were so crowded that there was no opportunity for walking; more than a thousand carriages arrived.

Main entrance to Sokolniki Park

So, new story dedicated to our Main Entrance. The central entrance to the park is an interesting place and in the past very important for Moscow. Here in 1742, on a fairly large area for those times, one of the twelve Moscow outposts, Sokolnicheskaya, was located. This happened due to the fact that the new plan for Moscow with Kamer-Kollezhsky Val included that part of modern Sokolniki where the residential area is located, and the territory of the modern park remained outside the plan. They usually left through Sokolnicheskaya Zastava towards Yaroslavl. There was a barrier at the outpost, passport control was carried out, and duties were collected from merchants who were carrying goods for sale. Today, no traces of the outpost remain, and the central entrance to the park has been rebuilt many times. However, not far from the entrance there is a tram stop, in memory of the old outpost with a guardhouse, which is called “Sokolnicheskaya Outpost Square”.

The area of ​​the district is 1028.46 hectares, and a significant part of it falls on the territory of the Sokolniki Culture and Recreation Park, which, in turn, is part of the state national natural park"Elk Island" There are 34 streets in the area, along which 6 bus, 3 trolleybus and 4 tram routes; Sokol metro station operates

"There are 209 residential buildings in the area; the population of the area is 57.6 thousand people. There are many industrial enterprises here - among them: the Burevestnik shoe factory, the Sokolniki car repair plant SVARZ, the Tsyurupa flour mill, the tram depot named after. Rusakova, etc. There are many well-known scientific organizations - for example, the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after Mil, NPO "Geophysics", the Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, the Central Research Institute of Skin and Venereal Diseases. There are 9 schools and gymnasiums, 17 preschool children's institutions, 13 hospitals in the region. and clinics, 4 libraries, the Roman Viktyuk Theater, the Firebird children's puppet theater, one of the most beautiful hotels in Moscow, the Holiday Inn Sokolniki with 1046 beds. Residents and guests of the area have 35 food stores and 32 department stores, two large ones. shopping complex, 23 catering establishments and 26 consumer service establishments.

History of falconry

There was a falconer's yard with a falconry, a falconer's grove and a falconer's settlement. Residents had more benefits and privileges than representatives of other settlements. And the memory of them remained in Moscow toponymy - Sokolnichi streets, Sokolnicheskaya Zastava square, Sokolnichesky Val street, Sokolnichesky lane.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Sokolniki became one of the places countryside holiday Muscovites. At the same time, thanks to Peter I, the Maysky clearing appeared. He didn’t like hunting, but he was attracted to the Falcon Grove. Therefore, he ordered the May Alley to be cut through it. There the young king arranged feasts for his friends from the Kukui settlement - foreign masters and artisans. And on the day of the ancient German spring holiday (May 1), tables were set on May Alley, wines, snacks and all sorts of food were placed. People called such festivities “German tables.” Over time, May Day in Sokolniki became the most crowded holiday in Moscow.

Moscow is making big preparations for the festivities on May 1st. In Sokolniki, pre-decorated tents are pitched and cavalcades are organized... How many people, how much carefree, riotous gaiety, noise, din, music, songs, dances, etc.; how many rich Turkish and Chinese tents with laid tables for a luxurious meal and magnificent orchestras and simple twig huts, barely covered with rags on top with the only decorations - a smoking samovar and a simple shepherd's horn for the accompaniment of singing and dancing worshipers of Bacchus... No, I admit, I I never imagined seeing such a magnificent, varied and picturesque festivities that I finally attended yesterday in Sokolniki!

This tradition took root, and at the beginning of the 20th century, workers’ May Days were held under the guise of spring and labor holidays.

In the second half of the 19th century, Sokolniki became a fashionable dacha destination. And in 1931, a cultural and recreation park opened here. A one-day rest house was also set up on the premises.

The park had concert stages, a restaurant, a dance veranda, libraries and reading rooms, exhibitions, attractions, a theater and a cinema, a swimming pool, an ice rink, tennis courts, ping-pong tables, a fitness center, a chess and checkers club and a rose garden. Sports festivals and sports competitions were held in Sokolniki. And in 1959, the park opened Exhibition Center, where the first international exhibition in the history of Russia dedicated to US industrial products was held. Nikita Khrushchev and Richard Nixon were present at the opening.

The layout of Sokolniki is simple: radial alleys fan out from the center - the Circle. They are called radial clearings, and only one of them is called the Maysky clearing, since it was cut through by decree of Peter I. Moreover, trees of the same species are planted on each clearing. The pond systems - Putyaevsky and Olenyi, Zolotoy Pond - were built on the basis of old reservoirs. In the middle part of the park, between the Big Circle and the Transverse Clearing, lies the “Wolf Valley” - a picturesque area with a winding Wolf Path. Historians have not been able to establish the exact author of the park planning project, but it is assumed that it was the provincial forester gardener F.V. Fintelman.

Sokolniki Park recently underwent reconstruction. Now here " Olympic Park"and the museum quarter. There is open pool, a running club, a lilac garden, a rose garden, an ornithium, a bicycle museum, a calligraphy museum, an innovation park, a dance veranda, an ice skating rink, a 200-meter long tubing hill and much more.

They say that......during the War of 1812, to establish the shortest route from the city to Elk Island, laid the 4th Luchevoy Clearing. Here, in the thicket of Sokolnichya Grove, Muscovites hid from the Napoleonic invaders. And after the fire most Sokolnichaya and other groves were cut down to restore wooden houses in Moscow. But soon the groves grew again.
...on the site of Sokolniki there was a forest lakeside Volchya Zagub. They named him that in memory of the hero Finist, since he knew how to transform into a Fiery Wolf and a Vigilant Falcon. He fell in love with a girl, but her parents did not allow them to see each other. Then the hero began to fly to her in the guise of a falcon. But the envious sisters installed knives in the window through which he flew. The wounded falcon flew into Wolf's Lost. And his beloved went after him. She searched for Finist for a long time, and in the place where the girl was grieving, Moon-lake, Sadness-lake and Leaffall-lake appeared. And Wolf’s Lost has since been called Sokolniki.
...Peter I did not like falconry, but succumbed to his mother’s persuasion and went with the boyars to Sokolniki. There he ordered the release of the hounds so that the boyars themselves could manage the pack of dogs. Confusion began: the dogs rushed at the horses’ feet, and they took off, throwing off the riders. And although many of the boyars received only slight bruises, when the next day Peter suggested going hunting, everyone said they were sick. Peter was pleased.
...during the planning of Sokolniki, the Tsar put his palm on the table and said: “It will be like this!” That's what they did, only they added two more clearings to bring their number to the sacred seven.

Sokolniki in photographs from different years:

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In 1879, the city became the owner of Sokolnicheskaya and the neighboring Deer Grove, purchasing the territory of the modern Sokolniki Park from the state treasury for 300 thousand rubles. A major role in this was played by one of the representatives of a wealthy merchant family and a family of major Moscow philanthropists, Moscow Golova S. M. Tretyakov - the brother of P. M. Tretyakov, the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery.

The park has inspired many artists. One of the most famous paintings is “Autumn Day” by Isaac Levitan (1879)

History of the park

In the XIV-XV centuries. on the site of the current Sokolniki Park there was a dense virgin forest. The Stromyn road ran through the forest from Moscow through Cherkizovo to the village of Stromyn, which lay 60 km to the east, and to the city of Suzdal. According to legend, along this road in 1382, when Khan Tokhtamysh was approaching Moscow, Dmitry Donskoy went north to gather troops.

In the 15th century The territory of Moscow Sokolniki was the place of the Grand Duke's falconry, which became especially widespread in the 17th century, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. Emperors Peter I and Alexander I loved to spend time in Sokolniki. Here the young kings held noisy receptions for their friends. Subsequently, Sokolniki became a place for traditional festivities of the Moscow nobility and people.

In the center of Sokolniki Park, in the place where the fountain is now located, until the end of the 1950s there was a large beautiful coronation pavilion, in and around which folk festivities took place on the occasion of the coronation of the new Russian Emperor Alexander III.

Many people think that roller skating in the park is a hobby that appeared just a few years ago. This is wrong. Fans of roller skating came to Sokolniki 75 years ago, and the first roller skating enthusiasts have long since grown old, and the design of the roller skates themselves has undergone significant changes. However, old photographs capture the enthusiasm and even artistry with which young people roller-skated in Sokolniki back in 1938.

Formation of the park

On May 16, 1931, the Presidium of the City Executive Committee and the Moscow City Council adopted a resolution “On the organization of a base on the territory of Sokolnicheskaya Grove cultural recreation", and "the entire Sokolnicheskaya Grove has been declared a City Park."

During the years of revolution and civil war The park area fell into disrepair. And only after the decision was made to recreate the park, large-scale work began on cleaning the territory, ponds, strengthening their banks, and putting green spaces in order. Particular attention was paid to the staging of mass cultural work.

Soon the park appeared before visitors in a new guise. On the alleys of the Big and Small Circles, on the arrow-straight Radial clearings, wooden buildings were then located concert hall“Circle”, restaurant “Sokolniki”, cafes and buffets, dance veranda, concert stages, libraries-reading rooms, exhibitions, attractions. The park was visited by hundreds of thousands of Muscovites and guests of the capital.

After the start of the Great Patriotic War, Sokolniki Park operated for another 3 months. Then it was closed, leaving only those enterprises on the territory whose work was vital for the front, as well as placing artillery and tanks there. The park started operating normally only six months later.

War years

During the Great Patriotic War, on October 1, 1941, due to the approach of the front to Moscow, the Department of Cultural and Educational Enterprises declared Sokolniki Park closed. But even during this harsh time, enterprises located on the territory of the park and producing products for the front worked intensively, environmental protection activities and foresters on duty continued uninterruptedly. During the war, three rifle and one tank divisions were formed in the park.

But as soon as the enemy was repulsed from the walls of the capital, the park resumed its work again. Already in the summer of 1942, the Symphonic Stage, the Veranda of Dance, and the Green Theater opened. In 1943, after renovation, the Summer Drama Theater opened its season, and the theater on Krug opened summer cinema"Sokolniki".

Post-war years

In the post-war years, the park continued its development. It has become one of the largest parks in the country. In addition to cultural events, sports festivals and sports days, competitions in various types sports for the championship of the city and country.

In 1959, exhibition pavilions were put into operation in the park and an exhibition center was opened, where the first international exhibition dedicated to US industrial products in the history of our country was held. The American National Exhibition is located on an area of ​​41 thousand square meters. m. The event was opened by top officials of the USSR and the USA, led by Nikita Khrushchev and Richard Nixon.

Subsequently, the pavilions were united into the structure of the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center, which annually hosts hundreds of major international exhibitions, forums, conferences, political congresses, music concerts and sporting events.

In the summer of 2015, the park received a new corporate identity and development concept. They were developed by a consortium of SmartHeart Branding Agency and White Russian Studio. The new style places particular emphasis on the unique combination of culture and nature.

Our days

Behind last years The park has noticeably grown and been updated. Visitors can enjoy concert stages, a billiard hall, a dance veranda, a sports alley with rental of roller skates, bicycles, scooters and other sports equipment, a swimming pool, a go-kart track, and numerous cafes. In 2013, the amusement park was replenished with more than 20 new modern attractions. On the 3rd Luchevoy Prosek there are tennis courts, ping-pong tables and a sports and fitness complex.

IN winter time there is a skating rink in the park and ski slopes with ski and skate rental centers. Park theatrical events, including sports, musical and entertainment programs, literary evenings, concerts of professional and amateur artists, brass and symphony orchestras have become very popular among the capital's public.

The Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center annually hosts exhibition projects beloved by Muscovites, including the Equiros equestrian exhibition, the International Exhibition of Calligraphy, WANEXPO / Festival of Pregnant Women, the NAMM Musikmesse Russia festival and exhibition, the Handicraft Formula exhibition and sale and many others .

It is located in the northeast of the Russian capital, in the Sokolniki district. In the south, the park ends with Sokolnichesky Val, in the north with Rostokinsky Proezd, and in the east and west the park is limited by Bogorodskoe Highway and the Yaroslavl Railway line, respectively. Sokolniki Park is one of the favorite places Muscovites to spend their leisure time.

History of the creation and development of Sokolniki Park

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, falcon hunts took place in the territory of the current park, which was visited by kings and grand dukes. It is thanks to this that the park began to be called Sokolniki.

In the fourteenth century, on the site of the modern park there was a dense dense forest that stretched to the north of the city. Ivan the Terrible himself hunted there, and years later Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was engaged in the same activity in the forest. And the hunt was invariably carried out with the help of falcons, whose training was carried out by the so-called falconers.

At the end of the seventeenth century, the forest changed; in its place were Olenya, Alekseevskaya and Sokolnichya groves. During the reign of Peter the Great, a clearing was cut down to the park. On this moment This alley was named "Maysky clearing". On the first of May, people gathered in Sokolniki and celebrated the first day of spring in Sokolniki.

In 1812, for military purposes, another clearing was laid through the park, which became known as the Fourth Ray. And after a fire that year, it was decided to cut down most of the park in order to restore burnt houses in Moscow.

In the forties of the nineteenth century, several more clearings were laid, a labyrinth was erected near the Putyaevsky Ponds, which consisted of five circular intersecting paths, and shrubs, herbs, trees and flowers were planted. In 63 of the same century, the Church of Tikhon of Zadonsk was erected. The park flourished, people loved to visit it, but during the revolutionary years Sokolniki was abandoned, but over time they began to improve it again, erected fountains, restaurants, orchestral stages, exhibitions, and built many attractions. Subsequently, a summer cinema was opened, a large rose garden and many other objects were opened.

What is Sokolniki Park like now?

In the northern part, the park connects with Losiny Ostrov. The territory of Sokolniki is 600 hectares. On the territory of the park there are many different sports facilities, among which the Sokolniki sports and recreation complex deserves special attention, where you can practice various martial arts, chess or checkers and even dancing, the Leader outdoor sports entertainment center, where you can find Occupation: football players, volleyball players, badminton and tennis fans. You can also play tennis in the tennis town, which also has two tennis courts.

In the park you can ride bicycles, velomobiles and even Segways; Sokolniki has a lot of different sports equipment. For lovers active rest It will be interesting to visit a skate park, a climbing wall or a karting track, which is the largest indoor track in the capital, the track of which is 450 meters long. The PandaPark active recreation area is also interesting to visit.

Cultural lovers can visit most interesting museum, dedicated to calligraphy, as well as attend various public events by visiting a special platform for them, which opened two years ago.

In addition, the park has thirteen ponds and a lot of vegetation, and in the summer, walking through the park with the whole family is a particularly pleasant experience.

1. In the old days, Sokolniki was not part of Moscow, but its history was closely connected with many important events, because it had long been the property of the Palace Department.

There was a dense forest here, turning into Losiny Ostrov, and Sokolnicheskoe Forest, with its rivers and swamps, was used for royal hunting. Perhaps this explains the absence of ancient churches in Sokolniki. After all, where the Orthodox people settled, a church was always built. There were many churches around Sokolniki, but Sokolniki itself, or rather within the Park, did not have churches for a long time.

The Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk is located on Shiryaev Field. The name, according to legend, is due to the fact that somewhere there, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s favorite falcon crashed during a hunt. In the middle of the 19th century. The Moscow city administration, which was in charge of Sokolniki at that time, gave out a long-term lease of part of the land around the main territory of the park, and many dachas were built there, where summer residents lived in the summer. In Moscow, there was a rather strict registration of residents, linked to registration with a stamp in the passport, and it was not easy to travel to the city with children.

Therefore, there was an urgent need to build a church for summer residents. Hereditary honorary citizen Ivan Artemyevich Lyamin, Dmitry Semenovich Lepeshkin and 15 other figures from among the Moscow merchants submitted a petition to build a church in the park. The construction of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk began in the spring of 1862, the consecration took place on July 14, 1863. The project and work were carried out under the supervision of architect. Zykova. The cost was 50 thousand rubles. silver The church was built on the site of the original traditional May Day celebrations.

At first the church had the shape of an octagon. In 1875, the elder I.A. Lyamin dismantled it, left the altar intact and rebuilt it into a cruciform church. The chapel of St. Olga was consecrated on May 5, 1890, the chapel of Seraphim of Sarov after 1903.

St. Tikhon of Zadonsk - church leader and writer of the 18th century. He was canonized on August 13. 1861.

Then the parishioners wanted to build a stone church. The project was grandiose, but construction was disrupted due to the First World War and the subsequent revolution. The brick had already been purchased and was lying near the church.

During the period of atheism, the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk was closed in 1934.

In 1966, there was a construction and assembly plant inside. In 1980-90 construction yard

The pattern along the cornice of sawn crosses was preserved. In 1992, the church was handed over to believers, but was only vacated on October 1, 1994. Negotiations took place for several years about whether to restore the old building or build anew. In the end, they decided to build a new wooden church, possibly preserving the ancient decor.

The old building of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk (before 1917)

The first community after the restoration near the still undestroyed building of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk (photo ca. 2000)

2. The house on the 5th Luchevoy clearing, near which we stopped, always attracts the attention of a passerby. And this impressive stone building is on the list of objects cultural heritage regional or local significance. In addition to the main building, a fence with a gate and a wicket is also subject to protection. The building, which is not typical for a dacha area, was built by the architect S. Yaizikovich just before the revolution in 1915-1917. The owner of the estate was a contractor construction work Tsigel. And, apparently, it was not difficult for him to build such big house. Of course, Ziegel did not have to use it. Soon the estate was nationalized, and further fate this person is unknown to us.

But the building itself has survived 90 years, and there is no trace of many of the former dachas around it - on the right side of the 5th Luchevoy clearing there were 15 dachas. Only 200 meters towards the 6th Luchevoy clearing there is a large well-preserved estate Lyaminykh. It was not touched, since in 1919 Lenin came here to forestry school and since then the house has been especially protected throughout Soviet times.

Two local legends are associated with Tsigel's former house.

The first legend. When they made a film about Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in the 1960s, the filmmakers showed this house as the house of Nadezhda Filaretovna von Meck, who, as is known, helped Tchaikovsky. But a thorough study of all the falconers' dachas discovered that Nadezhda Filaretovna's house was not here, but on B. Shiryaevskaya Street, which was formerly called Sredinka, then that house was bought from Mecca by the merchant Rastorguev. But the creators of the film were not interested in historical truth; they liked this respectable mansion.

Second legend. That Lavrentiy Beria visited this house.

As you know, Beria “ruled” and lived in Moscow from 1938 to 1953. In Moscow, he had a mansion at M. Nikitskaya building 28 - now the Tunisian Embassy is there. It is also known that he had a dacha in Semenovsky next to Stalin’s dacha. This is from the Mikhnevo station of the Paveletskaya railway, towards the Kursk road.

What could connect Beria with the house in Sokolniki? Of course, no Soviet-era archives are available to us.

The information came from the ubiquitous local residents.

In addition, the catalog of cultural heritage sites indicates that in the 1930s the main house and the fence with the gate were significantly rebuilt.

In addition, from time to time some memories of veterans appear. Thus, a certain veteran Kuzmin reports that he was in the guard of the Soviet delegation at the Tehran Conference (late November 1943) and before that he was trained in Beria’s personal troops, which were stationed in Sokolniki.

According to the directory All Moscow in 1936, in Sokolnichesky Park named after A.S. Bubnov, in addition to the Moscow sanatorium of the Red Army, there were

Cavalry riding school on the 2nd Luchevoy clearing

Shooting Range

Ski station of the central house of the Red Army

Parachute station

All these were not troops, but objects for defense training work with youth.

And where the military unit is now on Bolshaya Olenya, in 1936, according to the directory, there were still civilian services - no. 8 Sokolniki sanatorium for the nervously ill, no. 15 - dietary canteen dispensary,

On the 6th Luchevoy clearing there is a children's sanatorium for tuberculous children, no. 19, a recreation center for tuberculosis children, no. 27, station Young naturalist on the Cross clearing, no. 35, an orphanage.

Currently in Sokolniki the entire former Bolshaya Olenya Street is occupied military unit, on the transverse clearing near 5 Luchevoy clearing there is a police force or also a military unit.

So it is quite likely that units of Beria’s personal army were stationed in Sokolniki and house 14 on the 5th Luchevoy clearing could serve as his headquarters apartment, since this is perhaps the most solid building in the Sokolniki dachas..

N. A. Dobrynina

Sanatorium named after N. D. Chetverikova

The name of the representative of the Alekseev family, Alexandra Alexandrovna in her marriage to Chetverikova, is associated with one of the Sokolniki charitable institutions - a tuberculosis sanatorium at the beginning of the Transverse Clearing (now no. 3) 14. Alexandra Alexandrovna was born in Moscow on November 27, 1863. Her father, Alexander Vladimirovich Alekseev, was a merchant-entrepreneur, one of the directors of the board of the Vladimir Alekseev’s Sons Association, and the owner of a gold-plating factory on B. Alekseevskaya Street. Her mother, Elizaveta Mikhailovna, came from a family of tobacco manufacturers Bostanzhoglo. The Alekseevs had three daughters, of whom Maria and Alexandra married brothers Sergei and Dmitry Ivanovich Chetverikov, Elizaveta married Edgar Alexandrovich Ruperti. Their brother Nikolai Aleksandrovich Alekseev was the mayor of the city and died tragically in his office in the building of the Moscow City Duma. The Chetverikov brothers were the owners of a fine cloth factory in the Moscow region, in the village of Gorodishchi near Shchelkovo. A. A. and D. I. Chetverikov had four sons and four daughters, they lived not far from the factory, on their estate near the village of Timofeevka.

The youngest daughter Natalya was born on October 11. 1902 When she was almost 6 years old, she and Alexandra Alexandrovna’s first grandson, Dmitry, born in 1908, fell ill with infantile paralysis, as it was then believed, “infected through milk.” Consultations, treatment and operations abroad did not improve the girl’s condition and her legs remained paralyzed for life. In 1910, Dmitry Ivanovich Chetverikov died and Alexandra Alexandrovna remained in Timofeevka with her younger daughters. By that time, the sons had either already received their education or were finishing it, and the eldest daughter Anna lived with her family.

A. A. Chetverikova comes up with the idea of ​​setting up a hospital for the treatment of bone tuberculosis, in which her daughter Natalya should become a caregiver and regular patient. 09/01/1909 A. A. Chetrverikova submits an application to the Moscow City Duma, where she writes:“Wishing to come to the aid of the poor population of the city of Moscow, suffering or predisposed to tuberculosis, mainly tuberculosis of the lungs and other internal organs, I donate to the Moscow City Administration a capital of one hundred thousand rubles for the establishment in Moscow or its immediate surroundings on the tram line of a hospital or other type of institution with permanent beds.”

In a personal letter, Alexandra Alexandrovna says: “Finally, I got the city to accept my donation on the terms I wanted. They give me a small, but very good plot of land in Sokolnichesky Park. I have to build everything myself, equip it and deliver it ready-made to the city, which will give me 15,000 rubles. for content. With great difficulty, we made an estimate so as not to go beyond the allocated amount. We want to make 15 beds free and 10 paid. Management of the board, trustee - me. A completely autonomous institution, independent of any hospital. There will be a lot of work, I know that you won’t get by without troubles, but in the busy work you forget your grief. The institution will bear the name of my Natasha - perhaps over time she will find the meaning of life in it.”

In April 1912, the laying of the first stone of the sanatorium took place; P. P. Malinovsky became the architect, and Alexander Nikolaevich Aleksin became the chief physician. In the book “All Moscow” for 1917 it is written:"A. N. Aleksin, member of the medical council at the City Administration, secretary of the All-Russian League for the Fight against Tuberculosis. Doctor".

Unfortunately, Alexandra Aleksandrovna Cherverikova was not destined to see the opening of the sanatorium: she fell ill with spinal sarcoma and died on November 11, 1912. According to the description, the sanatorium was located in a stone one-story building, built with the expectation of further addition. Nearby there was a separate outpatient building with a pharmacy and two doctors' offices. There were 11 wards with 31 beds in total. One of the wards had a separate entrance in case of isolation of infectious patients. The X-ray room was equipped with a donation of 3,000 rubles. the Dolbyshev spouses. There was also a laboratory, a hydropathic clinic, rooms for linen and “for storing dresses.” The arrangement of premises and medical equipment are made with the latest technology.

After the death of her mother, Natalya Dmitrievna was adopted by her uncle Sergei Ivanovich, and with his family after the October revolution she went into exile, first to Switzerland, then to Austria. Until the end of her life, N.D. Cherverikova remained a deeply Russian person; she died in April 1974 in Vienna.

After 1917, the sanatorium was specialized for the treatment of tuberculosis for some time. In the directory “All Moscow” of 1923 it is recorded as a sanatorium named after. A. N. Aleksina. A. M. Gorky mentions Aleksin in the story “Portraits”:“He was an interesting person and multi-talented in Russian. He was somewhat skeptical about medicine; it is possible that this is why he treated so successfully. He was the ideal Russian zemstvo doctor, a “jack of all trades,” a surgeon and gynecologist, an ophthalmologist and a “specialist” in tuberculosis... His dense, somewhat heavy bearish figure, a rough face, a straight, intent gaze of intelligent, mocking eyes and a taciturn, harsh speech has always aroused trust in people.”

Until 1946, the Moscow Regional Hospital for Disabled Persons of the Great Patriotic War 15 operated on the territory of the former sanatorium. Since 1946, a children's orthopedic department was opened at its base (initially with 30 beds), advised by the CITO named after. N. N. Priorov and MONIKA named after. M. F. Vladimirova. The heads of the department were V. A. Rudanovskaya (1946-48) and K. N. Khruleva (1948-56).

After renovating the buildings and equipping them with the necessary equipment, on January 1, 1957, a children's orthopedic and neurological hospital with 200 beds and several departments was opened here. V.V. Marinkin became the chief physician. Also in 1957, during the polio epidemic in the Moscow region, 8 sanatoriums were opened for children who had suffered from the disease. Later, when the hospital partially changed its profile (50 beds were allocated for children with injuries and 5 beds for children with myopathy), specialized sanatoriums “Proletary”, “Bekasovo”, “Orekhovo-Zuevo” and a department at Solntsevo Hospital were opened. In all cases, doctors from the Sokolniki hospital were assigned to each of them. In the 1960s and 70s. under the chief physician P.V. Pakhomov, the following were built: an operating unit, a swimming pool, a boiler room, warehouses, and the emergency department was reorganized. Under the chief doctors JI. I. Khrenovskaya and E. G. Sologubov carried out redevelopment of the premises. In 1976, the hospital was called the Moscow Regional Children's Orthopedic and Surgical Hospital. In the same year, the MONIKI pediatric traumatology and orthopedics clinic was opened on the basis of the hospital under the leadership of P. I. Fishchenko.

In 1985-87 gt. The hospital has undergone major renovations. In 1995 a regional children's trauma center has been opened here, which provides 24-hour emergency assistance to children in Moscow and the Moscow region. In the hospital, children are not only treated, but taught and educated. Currently, the chief physician of the hospital is V.I. Tarasov. The original building, built in 1913, has been extensively altered so that it is difficult to recognize

4. The fate of the Perlovs' dacha

The Perlovs' dacha on the Transverse Clearing has been preserved. The TsANTDM archive contains a drawing approved on January 4, 1911 by the author of the project, architect. K.K. Gippius, and CIAM (fond 179, op. 62, T.3 case 5660) lists buildings on estate No. 1216 with an area of ​​1100 square meters. soot

The Perlovs belonged to that part of the Moscow merchant class that was engaged in the rather profitable sale of tea (All Moscow. Reference and address book. 1915). The dacha was registered to Anna Yakovlevna (nee Prokhorova, died in February 1918), the wife of the descendant. honorary citizen Sergei Vasilievich Perlov (1836—12/13/1910). The founder of the tea trade was his grandfather Alexey Perlov (d. 1814). The family house on Bolshaya Alekseevskaya Street was inherited by Mikhail Alekseevich Perlov, and his brothers Vasily (1784-1869) and Ivan (1796-1861), after the division of property in 1835, bought a house on 1st Meshchanskaya Street. (No. 5). After the division with his brother, Vasily Alekseevich remained in the house on 1st Meshchanskaya and in 1860 founded a trading house in his name to trade tea through Kyakhta. Children from his second wife: Alexandra, Semyon (1821-1879), Florenty (1824-1873); children from his third wife: Peter (1833-1891), Sergei (1836-1910). After the company's anniversary in 1887, the Perlovs received nobility and soon formed two companies: Vasily, Ivan and Nikolai Semenovich traded under the old company “V. A. Perlov”, and Sergei Vasilyevich founded his own company “Sergei Vasilyevich Perlov and Co.” separately from his nephews. In 1890, S.V. Perlov rebuilt 19 on the street. Myasnitskaya, which was bought by his father (architect R.I. Klein), later in 1895 it was redesigned by K.K. Gippius in the form of a “tea house”. In addition, the Perlovs collected objects of oriental art.

The dacha in Sokolniki has been owned by the Perlov family since the 1870s. But S.V. Perlov had two more estates: Pushchino on the Oka and Bulatovo in the Kaluga province. They are known as donors to the Shamorda monastery, in which, after the death of Sergei Vasilyevich Perlov, a special edition “Wreath to a Benefactor” was published: “He was a man of integrity, deeply religious, energetic, active, who had seen a lot in his life. Distinguished by his intelligence, honesty and high rules, he at the same time combined in himself rare kindness, a bright outlook on life and people, and responsiveness to all that is good.” In the Shamordino monastery he built: a temple, a building for incurable patients and a memorial case over the cell of the deceased elder Ambrose. He was buried in this monastery.

S.V. Perlov had three daughters: Varvara (Vera), married to Innokenty Ivanovich Kazakov; Elizaveta is for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Bakhrushin, Love is for Nikolai Petrovich Bakhrushin. By the way, these Bakhrushins were the nephews of V.F. Bakhrushina, whose dacha was nearby, also along the Transverse Clearing (old No. 39). Perlovsky youth staged theatrical performances, including operas, in which the Bakhrushins took part.

As fate would have it, the Perlovs’ estate with the preserved old dacha forms part of the large territory of the Main Space Hospital of Russia (the current address is 17, Poperechny Prosek). It is connected with historical events - here, among a number of trained cosmonauts, Yuoi Alekseevich Gagarin was recommended for the first flight into space, who accomplished his feat on April 12, 1961.

In another part of the property, where the Hospital is now, before the revolution there was the Sokolniki sanatorium run by doctors N.V. Solovyov and S.B. Vermel. The property belonged to the wife of the doctor E. A. Solovyova, who in turn bought it from the heirs of the commercial adviser P. A. Smirnov.

Perlov's dacha

5K. V. Smirnova Smirnovs in Sokolniki

The well-known Moscow surname Smirnov is repeatedly found among Sokolniki householders. In 1871, Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov (d. November 29, 1898) became a merchant of the 1st guild as a wine merchant in his own house in the Pyatnitskaya part, near the Chugunny Bridge, where he lived. Then, in 1874, there was a vodka distillery in this house. Taking care of business, Pyotr Arsenievich did not forget about his relatives. His large family was exemplary patriarchal, friendly, and its head was an indisputable authority for everyone. Coming from serfdom, P. A. Smirnov did not have the opportunity to study, but he gave his sons and daughters a first-class education: first they were taught at home and then sent to privileged schools. From the age of 16-17, the sons already participated in the business.

From his second wife, Natalya Alexandrovna, born. Tarakanova (1843-1873), P. A. Smirnov had children: Nikolai, Alexandra, Anna, Olga (died in infancy), Peter (b. 1852), Nikolai (1873-1937), Vera (b. 1861), Nagalya (1863-1923), Maria (1867-1936), Glafira (1869-1919).

From his third wife, Maria Nikolaevna, born. Medvedeva, he had sons Vladimir (1875-1934), Sergei (1885-1907), Alexey (1889-1922) and daughter Alexandra (1877-1951).

Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov bought from the Lepeshkins a large property No. 1218 in Sokolniki on Poperechny Proezd (belonged to him in 1884, recorded in his will). The CIAM funds (Fund 179, op. 62, T. No. file 5662) contain information about its area - 5602.5 sq. m. sazh., that it was listed in 1898 for the widow M.N. Smirnova and her children - Vladimir, Alexei, Sergei and Alexandra, and there

The buildings on its territory are also listed: five one-story wooden dachas and one two-story, partly stone, partly wooden. In the reference book (Nashchokina M.S. One Hundred Architects of Moscow Art Nouveau. - M., 2000, there is a photograph of the Smirnovs’ house in Sokolniki, with a note that the architect A.M. Kalmykov planned the estate, but the address is not indicated, and according to archival drawings of such there was no house in the possession of P. A. Smirnov, and in the picture you can see tall, typically urban buildings behind the main mansion. P. A. Smirnov’s heirs did not live in this dacha, but rented it out (in 1901, the tenants rented it out). - Vinitov, Stulov and the sanatorium of the doctor N.V. Solovyov). According to the deed of November 1, 1911, ownership passes to the doctor’s wife Elena Alekseevna Solovyova, and until 1917 there was a private sanatorium “Sokolniki” of doctors Nikolai Vasilyevich.

|House of the Smirnovs (architect A.M. Kalmykov, address not established)

Solovyov and Samson Borisovich Vermel, with a profile in the treatment of diseases of internal organs. Currently, in the right front corner of the Smirnovs' former property there is a mansion in the Art Nouveau style, with a large semi-circular window on the second floor, a wide door and a domed roof. This building was not on the 1906 plan and, apparently, judging by the architecture, it was built in the 1910s. and was intended for the garage.

However, besides this property, the Smirnovs also owned others in Sokolnichesky Park. Perhaps the children of P. A. Smirnov were attached to these places where they spent their childhood and, having sold the common hereditary estate (No. 1218), acquired others for themselves:

— property No. 1217 on Poperechny Proezd (formerly no. 13) since the early 1900s. until 1917 it was Vladimir Petrovich Smirnov. However, his family did not live in Sokolniki, since at that time he had the Sholkovka estate near Moscow and photographs taken there remained in the family archive. In Sokolniki there are currently no buildings here, only rows of trees stand like sentries, bordering the estate from the side of the grove and from the neighboring property.

— property No. 1219 with an area of ​​1240 sq. soot on Poperechny Proezd (formerly no. 31) was registered as Daria Nikolaevna Smirnova, the wife of Nikolai Petrovich Smirnov (though they were divorced). There were several one-story wooden dachas and buildings “for accessories” that were rented out. TSANTDM retains a plan with a magnificent Art Nouveau style mansion standing in the front left corner of the estate. In the 1910s the property was bought by Konstantin Ivanovich Brashnin. Currently, “Therapeutic Labor Workshops” are located here behind a high, unsightly fence.

- the dacha in Olenya Roshcha (possession No. 279) in 1914 was registered as the property of the minors Oleg and Viktor Sergeevich Smirnov. Previously, the estate belonged to the family of Agrippina Aleksandrovna Abrikosova, the wife of commercial adviser Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov, director of the board of the Abrikosov T-v.

with an area of ​​3600 sq. soot stood: a) A wooden one-story house with mezzanines, two terraces, 13 rooms and a tower (presumably built for the Abrikosovs by architect Chervenko, 1890). b) Connected to this house by a gallery was a wooden dacha with a mezzanine, with 10 rooms and 2 terraces. Other buildings include: a kitchen, a bathhouse, a gazebo, a stone one-story greenhouse with wooden outbuildings, a stone greenhouse lantern, etc. From the Abrikosovs, ownership passed to the French citizen Viktor Klavdievich Giraud, and after him to the Smirnovs. According to the application submitted on July 26, 1914. to the City Government by the guardians of minors Oleg and Viktor Smirnov, the dacha in Sokolniki “burned down and therefore was excluded from the assessment” (Fond 179, op. 62, T.3, owner 279). According to TsANTDM, after the fire two stone houses in the neoclassical style according to the project of architect. D. S. Markov (definition by A. V. Lazarev). One of them, the service building in which there was a garage, has been preserved, but has been barbarically rebuilt and occupied military unit(modern address B. Olenya, no. 15). It has the same pilasters as the main mansion (two semicircular and two flat) and characteristic extensions above the pilasters, below which are already completed order volutes. Painted pink.

It is difficult to imagine the variety of dachas and their amenities, the calm and cheerful life of summer residents, but now it is deserted and among the overgrown park there are several ancient buildings occupied by institutions or closed with blank fences. Previously, Sokolniki was a convenient dacha place for those who worked in the city and could come to their dacha every day. By the way, in my grandfather’s passport book (Ed. - Yu.S.) there are registration stamps at the Sokolniki dacha, although he himself lived in Starokirochny Lane in the winter, i.e. also in Moscow. In Sokolniki one could play sports, in winter - ice skating, skiing, in summer swimming, riding bicycles, going to concerts and dances in the Pavilion or visiting the summer theater. The theater troupe of the Vvedensky People's House, headed by Alexei Alexandrovich Bakhrushin, performed there. In the repertoire, for example, in 1909 there were: “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” by Shakespeare, “A Warm Heart” and “The Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky, “Ivanov” and “The Cherry Orchard” by Chekhov; in 1913 - “A Month in the Village” by Turgenev, “The Sunken Bell” by Haupmann, “The Northern Bogatyrs” by Ibsen.

Here is an entry from the diary of Sergei Ivanovich Zimin, the famous organizer of the Opera, the dacha of his mother Maria Fedorovna Zimina was located in building 5 along the 6th Luchevoy clearing:“I was a JI fan. V. Sobinov from his first steps. He was a handsome young man with a wonderful bright voice. I remember at Sokolniki Circle, at his concert (1902), I waited enchanted for him, not knowing him, along with a crowd of his fans. I remember how we enthusiastically greeted and saw off him as he began his brilliant career.” (from the family archive of V. M. Zimina).

It’s no wonder that dating and weddings took place in the Sokolniki dachas. Thus, the children of Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov married descendants of other merchant families:

1) Glafira Petrovna married Alexander Alekseevich Abrikosov. The dacha of his mother, Agrafena Alexandrovna, was located at B. Olenya St., no. 16, 20 and 22.

2) Natalya Petrovna married Konstantin Petrovich Bakhrushin. The dacha of his aunt, Vera Fedorovna Bakhrushina, was located at 39, Poperechny Prosek.

Natalia Petrovna Bakhrushina’s two daughters, Ekaterina and Elena (granddaughters of P. A. Smirnov), married brothers Fedor and Nikolai Mitrofanovich Mikhailov, whose father Mitrofan Fedorovich’s dacha was located at 6th Luchevoy Prosek, 41.

— Kirill Aleksandrovich Abrikosov was the husband first of Tatyana Petrovna Smirnova, and then of her half-sister, Olga Petrovna Smirnova (these are the granddaughters of P. A. Smirnova).

Yu. M. Derevyanko

Main Aerospace Hospital of Russia (TsNIAG Air Force Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation 1942-1997)

In the order of the Moscow Air Defense No. 045 dated May 7, 1942 on the founding of the hospital it is stated: “ Hospital service for the wounded and sick from fighter aviation units of the front will be provided by hospital No. 2901, henceforth calling it the Aviation Hospital of the Moscow Air Defense Front. The aviation hospital will simultaneously serve the wounded and sick from the Air Force units of the Western Front, Long-Range Aviation and the Moscow District.”

During the Second World War, the hospital was located in three two-story old buildings, the first floors of which were connected by corridors. Until 1917, A. Ya. Perlova owned a private hospital for tuberculosis patients, Dr. N.V. Solovyov and S.B. Vermel, designed for 60 people. In 1919, by personal order of V.I. Lenin, the buildings and a plot of 6.8 hectares were “forever and free of charge” transferred to the disposal of the Military Sanitary Department. They were housed here after the revolution in different time: 4th and 2nd Moscow military hospitals, tuberculosis sanatorium of the Red Army.

During the three years of World War II, the hospital had 300 beds for patients and served 5,378 patients. In 1942, it was equipped with X-ray machines (domestic - "Burevestnik" and another - English-made, it is possible that the latter was donated by the composer S. Rachmaninov, who lived in America).

In 1943, the legendary hero Soviet Union Alexey Petrovich Maresyev, who lost both legs due to frostbite, was here admitted by experts of the Military Medical Commission to flight work, first on the PO-2, and then on a combat fighter (his attending physician was traumatologist G.R. Graifer). A big role in the fate of the pilot was played by the young nurse Evdokia Ivanovna Korenkova, who worked in hospital No. 4034 on the street. Bauman. She taught Alexei Petrovich to dance to the then fashionable hit song “A brass band is playing in the city garden.” Now she continues to work at the hospital. Burdenko and nurses the wounded of the Chechen war.

Since October 1959, TsNIAG began inpatient selection and medical support for the first group of cosmonauts, which included: Yu. A. Gagarin, G. S. Titov, A. A. Leonov, A. T. Nikolaev, P. R. Popovich, V.V. Tereshkova and others. Later, under the Intercosmos program, cosmonauts from other countries were trained here. For this purpose, a centrifuge was installed in the northern part of the hospital grounds, designed to simulate overloads and endurance tests (1959-80).

In the post-war years, the hospital was led by prominent scientists and doctors: A. V. Pokrovsky (1945-47), V. G. Vishnevsky (1947-50), A. A. Usanov (1950-70), G. S. Sergeev (1970 -75), I. A. Polozkov (1975-87), A. P. Ivanchikov (1987-95). Since April 1995, it has been headed by an experienced surgeon, Ph.D. honey. Science Valery Evgenievich Kokhan.

From the moment the hospital was founded in Sokolniki, one of the first heads of departments was the captain of the medical service, hereditary physiotherapist Vladimir Vasilyevich Tovstoluzhsky, a graduate of Moscow University in 1917. His father headed one of the best hospitals in Russia in Poltava. Consultant in 1954-55. became head Department of Endocrinology of the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians E. A. Sheremetevsky, who previously worked as a resident at a private hospital, Dr. N.V. Solovyova. The head nurse of the physiotherapy department, Anna Romanovna Kuznetsova, carried 125 wounded from the battlefield during the Second World War, was awarded twice the Order of the Red Star and many medals, and in 1967 the International Red Cross gave her its highest award - the medal named after. Florence Nightingale.

From the memoirs of a retired lieutenant colonel

During the Second World War, I served with the rank of senior aviation lieutenant in the 958th Assault Aviation Regiment of the Ostrov-Rizhsky Regiment. I first met French pilots in Tula in September 1944 during the training and formation of the Normandie-Niemen regiment. The French lived amicably, fought well on our planes, behaved modestly and with dignity, drank in moderation, and showed great friendliness. The technical staff was mainly Russian, but there were also French.

The second time I met French pilots was at the Aviation Hospital in Sokolniki in December 1944. I remember General de Gaulle’s visit here. The perimeter of the hospital fence was guarded by NKVD agents, either in camouflage or medical white coats. De Gaulle and his retinue arrived in several identical cars, which made maneuvers both at the entrance and on the territory of the hospital, changing places, so that it was not immediately possible to determine which of them was General de Gaulle. All those who arrived wore white coats. De Gaulle greeted everyone, went to his pilots and presented them with the Order of the Legion of Honor and medals of France, then awarded the service personnel and attending physicians. For the successful treatment of the pilots of the Normandy-Niemen regiment, the head of the hospital, Prof. D. E. Rosenblum and residents A. G. Karavanov and A. I. Krivoshapov (head of the dental department) received the Order of the French Republic - Knight Crosses of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Then a festive dinner was held and de Gaulle congratulated everyone on the upcoming holiday - the New Year...

I would like the preserved house of pre-revolutionary construction on the territory of TsNIAG on Poperechny Prosek in Sokolniki, with the ancient staircase on which General de Gaulle’s feet walked, to be preserved, renovated and become a museum of the fighting traditions of the warriors of the peoples of France and Russia.

6.Sanatorium on the 6th Luchevoy Prosek

On the vast territory of the Sokolniki sanatorium on the 6th Luchevoy Prosek (now no. 19), two old buildings are preserved, restored during a major overhaul and sharply different from the new buildings. Until 1917, they belonged to two neighboring estates - Vydrina (no. 25.27 on 6th Luchevoy prosp.) and Ananina (no. 29). The latter in 1889 was registered with the famous entrepreneur Vasily Aleksandrovich Kokorev (1817-1889). V. A. Kokorev acquired a huge fortune from wine farming, traded with Persia, founded the first oil refinery in Baku (1859), the Volga-Kama Bank (1879), participated in railway concessions, etc. Author of articles on economic policy in Russia (Buryshkin P.A. Merchant Moscow. - M., 1991) mind 22.

Sokolnicheskaya dacha was given to them as a dowry for their daughter Alexandra, who married Grigory Ivanovich Ananyin. G.I. and A.V. Ananyin, like their parents, were Old Believers of the Bespopovsky Pomeranian Marriage Consent and they donated considerable capital to the 1st Pomeranian community in Moscow. Thus, in 1910, at the expense of A.V. Ananina (a gift of 50 thousand rubles), the Church of St. Nicholas was built in B. Perevedenovsky Lane (29 at the address 1915, architect I.E. Bondarenko) and not far away, at 55 on the same lane, a Community shelter was established (a gift of 50 thousand rubles).

CIAM (Fond 179, op. 62, T.3 case 5718) contains a plan and description of the buildings of A.V. Ananina’s property in Sokolniki: 1) Along the clearing there is a one-story wooden dacha (8 rooms, terrace, 19 windows, 3 doors). Pashchenkovskaya hires. This house has survived to this day. 2) In the courtyard there is a wooden outbuilding (kitchen, cellar, bathroom, premises for Pashchenkovskaya employees). 3) Along the cross-street there is a one-story wooden dacha (mezzanine, terrace, 7 rooms). Hires Volkov. 4) In the courtyard there is a wooden one-story dwelling (janitor's room). 5) Auxiliary buildings “for accessories”. Property area 900 sq. soot., estimate 1760 rubles, net income minus expenses 601 rubles.

According to information from the directory “All Moscow”, in 1917 in his house 16 on the street. M. Nikitskaya lived Ananyin: Grigory Ivanovich, Alexandra Vasilievna, Ivan Grigorievich, civil engineer, Sergei Grigorievich, engineer, and Zinaida Filippovna.

Plan of the Ananyins' dacha and modern appearance of the house

Neighboring properties in Sokolniki No. 1287 and 1288, currently also part of the sanatorium, from August 1910 to 1917. belonged to sweat. honor citizens Vydrin: Roman Pavlovich, member of the board of the Moscow Society for the construction and operation of access railway tracks in Russia, director of the Moscow Trading Society, member of the board of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma Land Bank and member of the audit commission of the Moscow Society for Aid to Poor Jews. Genrikh Romanovich, doctor, board member of the Moscow Society for the construction and operation of access railway tracks in Russia. Before the Vydrins, the estate was registered with the Lebedevs: Alexandra Petrovna, the wife of a merchant brother, Pyotr Nikolaevich, Doctor of Natural Philosophy, Alexandra Nikolaevna, a merchant’s daughter, and Vera Nikolaevna Schultz, the wife of a Prussian subject. The surviving house was built under the Lebedevs and is described in CIAM (Fond 179, op. 62 T.3, file 5714): 1) In the courtyard there is a two-story wooden dacha with terraces (14 windows on the 1st floor, 13 windows on the 2nd floor ). 2) There is a wooden one-story building in the yard.

Mentioned above is the name of the famous Russian physicist, in whose honor the Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences is named. He was born on February 24, 1866, in Moscow in the family of a trading employee Nikolai Vsevolodovich Lebedev, his mother - Anna Petrovna, born. Zhukova. My father worked in the Botkin tea merchant company. He was energetic, passionately loved his work, and annually went to the Nizhny Novgorod fair on company business. However, from time to time the company suffered setbacks that affected the Lebedev family, and throughout Pyotr Nikolaevich’s youth, his parents became rich and went bankrupt several times. The father wanted to see his son as a successor in trade affairs, but he avoided this in every possible way, as a result of which a conflict arose between them (in 1886). After the death of his father in 1887, the family owned their own house on Maroseyka (No. 10), a dacha in Sokolniki and some capital.

P. N. Lebedev studied at the Petropavlovsk gymnasium (in Petroverigsky lane), then moved to the Khainovsky real school, which gave him the right to enter the Imperial Technical School. Having not graduated from IMTU, striving for knowledge of “pure science”, in October l |87 he went to Strasbourg and entered the university, working under the guidance of prof. A. Kundt, who headed the Physics Institute. When Kundt moved to the University of Berlin, Lebedev followed him, but a year later he returned to Strasbourg, where he received his doctorate. Came to Moscow in 1891. and worked at Moscow University with A.G. Stoletov.

P. N. Lebedev was distinguished by the masterly quality of physical experiments and the ability to organize the work of a team of researchers. Main works: Experimental study of the pondemotive effect of waves on resonators; Experimental study of light pressure (on gases and solids); Methods for studying absorption spectra; Research on solar magnetism and others. Undoubtedly, the sale of the family house on Maroseyka and the dacha in Sokolniki helped P. N. Lebedev devote himself entirely to science and to some extent contributed to his success.

P. N. Lebedev died very early, at the age of 46, from heart disease, in the prime of his creative powers, when a new building of the Physics Institute was being built for him on Miusskaya Square with funds raised by the Society for the Promotion of Applied Sciences. Kh. S. Ledentsov, where he was a member of the Council. At first he was buried in the cemetery of the Alekseevsky Monastery, and in 1935 the remains were reburied in the Novodevichy cemetery. There is also the grave of Nikolai Vladimirovich Lebedev (1894-1957), his adopted son.