Sights of the Vyatka region, presentation for elementary schools. Traveling through Old Vyatka - class hour on the topic. Kirov is one of those priceless Russian cities that cannot be called a tourist city, although there is a lot to see. It's rich in cathedral
Coat of arms of the city of KirovFor the first time a bow and arrow appeared on
Vyatka seal, which was introduced
on the State Seal
Ivan the Terrible in 1557.
There are several hypotheses
the appearance of the Vyatka symbol. In one of
the most probable hypotheses,
the bow is believed to symbolize
main occupation of the local
population - hunting.
Based on the Vyatka seal of the highest
approved May 28 (June 8), 1781
Empress Catherine II
City flag
Kirov (former names - Khlynov, Vyatka) is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Kirov region. Forms a municipal entity "
Kirov (former names – Khlynov, Vyatka) –city in Russia, administrative center
Kirov region.
Forms municipality"city
Kirov". Located on the Vyatka River, 896 km from
Moscow.
The city has been known since 1374 under the name
Khlynov.
Historical, cultural, industrial and
scientific center of the Kirov region. Motherland
Dymkovo toys. "Fur" and "peat"
capital of Russia
History of Kirov
The first settlements in the territoryof the present Kirov were
presumably formed 2.5
thousands of years ago. By the 7th century here
the first ones formed
people of the Udmurt tribes,
Mari and Komi. Basic
settlements are located along
banks of the Cheptsy, Moloma and
Vyatka.
The city's attractions
Kirov is one of the oldest historicalRussian cities with rich
heritage in the form of historical monuments,
culture and architecture. City,
located on seven hills and having
amazing silhouette of buildings and places of worship
architectural ensembles, preserved
historical layout and connection with
to those around natural landscape.
One of the oldest cultural monuments is the majestic architectural ensemble of the Assumption Trifonov Monastery, paintings
One of the oldestcultural monuments
is
majestic
architectural ensemble
Uspensky Trifonov
monastery,
picturesque
located on
embankment of the Vyatka River.
The monastery was founded
Saint Tryphon
Vyatsky in 1580.
Architectural ensemble
the monastery has the status
federal monument
architecture.
The building of the FSB Directorate for the Kirov Region, formerly the mansion of the merchant T.F. Bulycheva (architect I.A. Charushin)
Tikhon Filippovich Bulychev wasfamous Vyatka merchant,
entrepreneur, owner
local shipping company,
owner of many houses and
philanthropist. His coffers
demonstrated wealth and
luxury finishing of the buildings being built
on the streets of the city residential
mansions. Beautiful castle With
griffins at the front entrance and
the openwork cast iron fence was
built in 1911. IN
mixing Gothic style with
exotic oriental, the building became
a unique building,
which became the decoration of Vyatka
Vyatka Kunstkamera
Museum "Vyatka Kunstkamera"located in a typical
city mansion of the 19th century,
built in 1860
The exhibition is based on
collection principle represents collections
items that existed in
urban environment of the late 19th and early 20th centuries: watches, dishes
from porcelain and earthenware,
household appliances, furniture and
etc.
House-Museum of M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrin
The museum is located inhouse, where from 1848 to 1855.
lived a famous Russian
writer M.E. Saltykov Shchedrin, serving exile in
Vyatka
Examples of urban sculpture appearing in the city
"Horseshoe of Happiness" withpaved alley
personalized granite
slabs,
"Wish Tree"
Sculptural
composition “Stork
bringing forth a child"
Monument to the Vyatka Seal
The monument representsstone copy of the Vyatka seal XVI
century. On the front side picture
a fragment of the monument is depicted
state seal Ivana
Grozny - emblem in the form
bow with a bow overlaid
him with a feathered arrow and an inscription
around the "VYATTSKAYA PRINT".
The first printing monument in Russia
opened in 2007
Monument "Vyatka Seal", in
which is based on historical
coat of arms of the region - unique in meaning
in the expression "landmark"
Kirov, which has no analogues in the world.
The city has a large number of parks and recreation areas
Among them:Green embankment with the Eternal Flame monument installed
Park named after S. Kirov
The Diorama Museum and Exhibition Center is located in the park named after S. Kirov.
Located in the park named after S. KirovMuseum- Exhibition Center"Diorama"
Kirov is one of those priceless Russian cities that cannot be called a tourist city, although there is a lot to see. It is rich in cathedrals,
temples,museums and many other cultural
legacies. This presentation gave you
opportunity to walk through some of them.
Love your city!
Thank you for your attention!
Lesson topic: “On the streets of Old Vyatka”
(Slide No. 1)
Purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the layout and architectural monuments of the provincial city of Vyatka in the 19th century.
Type of lesson - learning new material (the lesson can also be held as a final lesson at the end of studying the topic; then students can participate in preparing the presentation, and you can also listen to various excursion options prepared in advance by students)
The form of the lesson is a practical lesson.
The lesson material can be designed for 40 or 80 minutes (depending on how much time the teacher has on this topic)
Expected results: as a result of the lesson, students will be able to
- name the architectural monuments of our city of the 19th century.
- list the names of famous residents of Vyatka;
- expand your understanding of the life of provincial residents;
- correlate historical street names with modern names;
Basic concepts: architectural monument, regular city plan, classicism
Key dates: 1780, 1784, 1917,
Equipment: table with street names ( appendix 2), city plan ( Annex 1), presentation .
During the classes
1. Introductory part of the lesson:
a) Motivational block and updating of the proposed topic (the teacher’s task is to create interest in the proposed topic)
b) Organizational part (expected results are formulated, work rules are determined, instructions are given)
2. Main part of the lesson:
Information block of the lesson (considering information during a conversation, working with a regular city plan, commenting on illustrations from the presentation, searching for answers to questions; it is important that the result of the activity is a certain product - a city tour scheme)
3. The final part of the lesson
:(Substantial and organizational results are summed up, reflection is carried out, student activities are assessed, homework).
Expected results must correspond to three main components - knowledge, skills, values and attitude.
(Slide No. 1 of the presentation)
Historical maps are different. How many of you have seen a map of a city the height of a five-story building? Who knows what map? we're talking about? This is the implementation of the project of the youth historical and local history club “Mir” for the 635th anniversary of the city: at the end of house No. 89 on the street. Derendyaeva. There is a plan of the old city with a historical landscape (Moskovskaya Street with the Catherine Church). A recreation area has been created near the house, pedestrian paths have been laid out with tiles with inscriptions of street names. According to the project, it is planned to install a sculpture of a Vyatka city dweller here. Once the landscaping of the area is completed, the site will become a venue for excursions and exhibitions of young photographers and artists.
(Slide No. 3)
Our map is very similar to this one large map, but only in much smaller sizes. On everyone's desk there is a copy of one of the first plans for the regular development of Vyatka. To make it easier for us to find the necessary streets and buildings, we will use a chip (button) and, like in a children's game, we will move it as we move along the city streets.
(Slide No. 2)
Today in class I invite you to take a short trip through the streets of the old provincial Vyatka. Let us leisurely walk along the main streets of the old city and see the architectural monuments of the 19th century. We will see temples and churches, noble estates and merchant mansions, trading shops and wooden houses of ordinary townspeople.
Expected results: at the end of the lesson, students will be able to: name the architectural monuments of the city of the 19th century; list the names of famous residents of Vyatka; correlate historical street names with modern names;
(Slide No. 3)
The very first regular plan of Vyatka was drawn up by the Vyatka architect Filimon Merkuryevich Roslyakov in 1784. He worked in this position for 20 years, drawing up 128 designs for churches and bell towers, 816 designs for residential buildings, schools, pharmacies, shops, and barns. Buildings built according to his design still stand on the streets of Vyatka. The layout of the city used to be radial, like in Moscow, where streets like rays ran from the Kremlin. On the new plan of Vyatka, the city looked like a chessboard: the streets ran in straight lines from north to south, from west to east, intersected at right angles and divided the city into squares (blocks). In F. Roslyakov’s first plan there were 16 streets and 6 squares. It was planned to build bridges across ditches and ravines inside the city. According to the new rules, only stone houses could be built in the city center. The first to build were two large stone houses for provincial institutions (public places), then they began to build up Moskovskaya, Spasskaya, Preobrazhenskaya streets. The first bridge, which connected the oldest part of the city with the Monastyrskaya and Kikimorskaya Sloboda, was built across the Zasora ravine.
(Slide No. 4)
The city grew quickly. In 1820 there were 23 streets, the number of stone buildings increased to 30. In the middle of the 19th century there were already about 100 stone houses in the city. In times of mud, Vyatka streets and squares were completely impassable, and pedestrians were saved from the mud by sidewalks made of boards, raised so high that the feet of passersby were visible from the windows of the first floor. At the beginning of the 19th century, each house had its own vegetable garden, and cows could graze freely on the outskirts of the city. In 1880 there were already 28 streets and 8 squares, which divided the city into 130 blocks. There were 1080 wooden houses, and 172 stone ones. On the main streets of the city, Spasskaya, Moskovskaya, Preobrazhenskaya, Vladimirskaya, Nikolaevskaya, Tsarevskaya, 160 lanterns were installed.
(Slide No. 5)
Find the Vyatka River in the eastern part of the plan. “The city (Krutogorsk) is located very picturesquely. When you approach it on a summer evening, from the side of the river, your eyes from afar will see the city garden, public places and this beautiful group of churches that dominates the entire surrounding area on the steep bank. You won’t take your eyes off this picture,” Russian satirist M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote about our city.
In 1848, the 22-year-old youth Saltykov arrived in Vyatka, accompanied by a gendarme, to serve political exile and remained here until 1855. He was appointed an official of special assignments in the office of the Vyatka governor. The writer constantly traveled around the province, sorting out litigation between landowners and peasants. The heroes of Saltykov’s books, everyday life and landscape sketches are associated with Vyatka, and in his “Provincial Sketches” the city “Krutogorsk” is our Vyatka: “In one of the distant corners of Russia there is a city that somehow especially speaks to my heart. It’s not that it is distinguished by magnificent buildings, there are no seven-ramid gardens in it, you won’t find even a single three-story house in a long row of streets, and all the streets are not paved; but there is something peaceful, patriarchal in his whole physiognomy...”
(Slide No. 6)
Find a large circle in the plan south of the river, with the number 1 in it. This is Novo-Khlebnaya Square in Staraya Vyatka. Now it doesn’t exist, but then, in the middle of the 19th century. the largest and most beautiful temple in Vyatka was built on it; it is also called the “Pearl of Vyatka architecture.” What was the name of this temple?
(Slide No. 7)
This is the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. With a huge dome, as if floating above the city, it was visible from afar, especially clearly visible from the perspective of Semenovskaya Street (modern Vorovsky Street). The temple became the main attraction of the city; it was considered popular because... it was built using voluntary donations collected throughout the province. Now this is the territory of the modern park named after. Gagarin, almost in the same place where the building of the Kirov Philharmonic is located. The cathedral was built from 1839 to 1864 according to the design of the exiled architect Alexander Vitberg, a student of the Academy of Arts. The young unknown architect Vitberg won the competition for the construction of the main cathedral of Russia - the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow. But during this construction, a number of violations were committed, and as a result, the innocent Vitberg was exiled to Vyatka into exile under police supervision. Thus, instead of the main temple of the country, Vitberg built a temple in Vyatka. On October 8, 1824, Emperor Alexander I returned from the Urals to St. Petersburg through Vyatka and Orlov. In honor of his stay in Vyatka, the Church of the Holy Blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky was founded. Art historians talk about a mixture of architectural styles (eclecticism): elements of romanticized Gothic are combined with Byzantine traditions. Therefore, the cathedral is a unique architectural monument. What can you say about the future fate of the cathedral?
(Slide No. 8)
After the revolution, the authorities tried to adapt the temple, first as a theater, then as a physical education palace. In the 1930s, during the Bolsheviks’ struggle with religion, about 20 churches were blown up in the Vyatka province, including the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral that was blown up on March 26, 1937. In total, 277 churches were destroyed on Vyatka land in the 20th century.
(Slide No. 9)
Look at the plan: from the cathedral we will walk along Nikolaevskaya Street. This is one of the main streets of our city. During its history, Lenin Street had several names: first Voznesenskaya, then Voskresenskaya, the third name was Pokrovskaya, before the revolution it began to be called Nikolaevskaya, and now Lenin Street. This is already her fifth title.
(Slide No. 10)
Find the number 40 on the plan of Nikolaevskaya Street. Here is a unique monument of Vyatka architecture, which looks more like a Western European castle. This mansion belonged to the shipowner, merchant and philanthropist Tikhon Bulychev and was built according to the design of the Vyatka architect I.A. Charushin in 1909-1911. in the English Gothic style with elements of Assyrian-Babylonian and Moorish architecture. The castle was made with fantastic ingenuity: there were baths with showers on all floors, water heating with heat regulators on radiators. The mosaic floors and wide staircase were amazing. Electricity, telephone, elevator - another unheard of thing for provincial Vyatka at that time. Due to family troubles, the house was hardly used and T. Bulychev gave the mansion into the ownership of the city. In 1915, the Home for the Disabled and Orphans was opened in the building, under the patronage of His Majesty the Emperor Nicholas II. During the Civil War, the Headquarters of the 3rd Army of the Eastern Front moved into luxurious apartments, as evidenced by the memorial plaque installed on the building. Since 1919 it has been protected by the state as a historical and cultural monument. In 2000, the building was restored; sculptures of chimeras and double-headed eagles with crowns were installed on the facade. Now the Directorate of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the Kirov Region is located here.
(Slide No. 11)
Find on the plan to the west of the river the Zasora ravine, st. Kikimorskaya (modern Vodoprovodnaya), it runs almost parallel to the river. Here, in the quarter of modern Gorbachev, Uritsky, M. Gvardiya, and Vodoprovodnaya streets, there is an entire architectural complex. In the plan this is number 6
Who can say what this architectural ensemble is called? This is the first Trifonov monastery for men in Vyatka, which was founded in 1580 by the Monk Tryphon according to a charter from Ivan IV the Terrible.
(Slide No. 12)
The most ancient building of the monastery is the Five-domed Holy Assumption Cathedral; it was built in 1689 and has survived to this day. This temple was built according to the canons of ancient Russian architecture, modeled on the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. In the 17th century, the Slavic-Greek-Latin school of Vyatka was located in the Assumption Cathedral. After the revolution of 1917, the book depository of the provincial archive was located in its building. Now the Assumption Cathedral of the Trifonov Monastery has again become the center of spiritual development of the Vyatka land.
(Slide No. 13)
If we climb up through the Zasora ravine along a high wooden ladder, we will find ourselves on observation deck at the modern Eternal Flame. On this territory in the 16th–17th centuries the Khlynovsky Kremlin and the Holy Trinity Cathedral were located / number 12 / . It was considered one of the first stone buildings in Khlynov in the 18th century and was built according to the design of the chief architect of Moscow D. Ukhtomsky in the Baroque style. In the cathedral there was a pulpit from which the bishop (the main priest of Vyatka) conducted the service, which is why the cathedral was called the Cathedral, the main one. The cathedral was the architectural center of the city of Vyatka. the main street Vyatki - Moskovskaya - overlooked this cathedral - Cathedral Square . On the plan, Moskovskaya Street is marked in red. The Kremlin in our city has not survived because it was built of wood, burned several times, then the walls of the Kremlin lost their defensive significance, and they no longer began to build a new stone Kremlin. Now Kirov local historians name 8 places in the city center where the remains of the Kremlin rampart are still preserved. A further fate Trinity Cathedral is as follows: in 1931. The Vyat City Council decided to dismantle the temple, a monument to I. Stalin was erected in this place. After another “war with the past,” an obelisk “To the Kirov Soldiers” who fell during the Great Patriotic War was unveiled there on May 9, 1967.
(Slide No. 14)
Let's continue our excursion. Let's walk further along the high bank of the river. Our city has preserved another picturesque monument about the stay of Emperor Alexander I in Vyatka. This is the Alexander Garden. On the city plan it is shown as number 15. In Soviet times, it began to be called the Stepan Khalturin Culture and Leisure Park. The garden was founded in 1824: birch, linden, poplar, bird cherry, and rowan trees were planted there. According to the design of the architect A. Vitberg, a cast-iron lattice and a stone portal were made - the entrance to the park, built in the monumental Doric style. The cast iron gratings were cast at the local Kholunitsky factories and belong to the best examples of late Russian classics. The grand opening of the Alexander Garden took place on August 30, 1835. The park hosted a Summer Club, an electric theater “Progress”, a chess pavilion, a Summer Theater, and mechanical attractions.
(Slide No. 15)
The decoration of the modern park is the coastal rotunda-gazebo. Architect A. Timofeev.
(Slide No. 16)
Next on the plan, find the number 7. This is another square of Staraya Vyatka, located near the Spassky Cathedral. The Spassky Cathedral was built with the money of parishioners over 57 years. At this place in the 17th century. there was a Trinity Church. It contained an ancient painting of the Face of the Savior Not Made by Hands. At the request of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who heard about the miracles of the icon, it was brought to Moscow. The Tsar himself met the icon, carried it through the Frolov Gate of the Kremlin and placed it in the Assumption Cathedral. Since then, the Frolov Gate of the Moscow Kremlin has been called Spassky. The tsar did not keep his promise to return the icon. An exact copy of it, richly decorated, was sent to Khlynov. After the revolution of 1917, the domes of the Spassky Cathedral were removed, and in 1931 the bell tower of the cathedral was dismantled. At the beginning of the 21st century. The cathedral was closed for restoration. Who knows what the streets were called before? That's right, by the name of the church located on it. This means that Spasskaya Street begins from the Spassky Cathedral. Until recently it was called st. Drelevsky. It is marked in yellow on the plan.
(Slide No. 17)
But this building is located almost opposite the Spassky Cathedral. Find number 7a in the plan.
Who knows when it was built? What was it called before? What is in this building now? The building was built in the 1st half of the 18th century. This is the earliest civil stone structure that has survived to this day. In the 19th century it was called “Public Establishment”, and on F. Roslyakov’s regular plan the building is indicated as “ Stone drinking house with basement ” . Since 1977, there has been a museum of folk art crafts, of which there were more than 70 in Vyatka in the 19th century; in terms of their number, our Vyatka in the 19th century took 2nd place after Moscow. Now the building is better known as the “Pikaznaya Izba”.
(Slides No. 18,19)
From the Museum of Folk Crafts we will walk along the street. Spasskaya, on which the architect F. Roslyakov indicated a place for wooden small shops. And when the shops burned down in a fire, at the beginning of the 19th century merchants began to build stone trading shops with 1-2 floors. On the plan this historical object is indicated by the number 36 . Now a number of retail shops have been transferred to the Regional Museum of Local Lore, which is reconstructing the premises for exhibition halls.
(Slide No. 20)
Don’t forget to move the button chip around the city plan. At the intersection of Voznesenskaya or Nikolaevskaya and Spasskaya the following interesting object is located; marked on the plan with the number 35 . At the intersection of modern Lenin (former Nikolaevskaya) and Spasskaya (former Drelevsky) streets in 1817, by order of the merchant Repin, a house with hotel rooms, a tavern, a store, and a confectionery were built. At the end of the 19th century, this house was restored, the 3rd floor was completed, and the new owner of the house, Chuchalov, opened the “European” hotel in it, and rented out the first floor for shops. The most famous guests of our city once stayed in this hotel, including Natalya Goncharova, the wife of Alexander Pushkin, and the great poet Vladimir Mayakovsky.
(Slide No. 21)
Another unique architectural monument, a monument of republican significance, is located on Spasskaya Street. It is called the Vitberg House or the House with Columns or the Zhmakina Mansion. On the plan there is the number 39 . The building was built as a noble estate in 1815. This is the only wooden building in the classicism style in Vyatka. It was rebuilt many times, in Soviet time it housed an institute of culture. Several years ago it burned, then was completely demolished. The Department of Culture promised to restore the building. The preliminary cost of the project is 12 million rubles. After restoration, it is planned to create a memorial room in the mansion dedicated to the famous exiled architect A. Vitberg (he lived in this house in 1836-1837). The other part of the building will be occupied by the Kirov branch of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation and the Public Chamber.
Along Moskovskaya and Vladimirskaya streets (modern K. Marx Street) we exit to the main square modern city- Theatrical. On the plan these are numbers 21, 22, 23. According to the first regular plan approved by Empress Catherine II, the area was intended for trading in bread, so its first name was Khlebnaya. By the end of the 18th century. it was built up with wooden merchant shops and grain barns.
(Slide No. 22)
In 1877, according to the design of the architect Nefedyev, a log wooden theater “in the style of Russian antiquity” was built on this square. Plays by Ostrovsky, Griboedov, Gogol, Chekhov, Shakespeare, and Schiller were staged here. The Vyatka audience had a special love for opera. Every time I came to the theater opera troupe, the auditorium was full. In the plan, the theater is indicated by the number 22. Therefore, the second name is Teatralnaya Square. It received its third name, Constitution Square, in 1977, when the new Soviet Constitution was adopted. Now the square is called Teatralnaya again.
(Slide No. 23)
Where the number 23 is located on our plan, in 1799 the architect F. Roslyakov began construction of the mansion of the Mashkovtsev merchants on the corner of Khlebnaya Square and Moskovskaya Street. In 1867, the house was purchased by the board of trustees of the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium . In 1897 - 1899 the building was reconstructed by the architect A. Charushin: an assembly hall, three classrooms and the House Catherine Church were added. Nowadays, secondary school No. 22 and the Vyatka Orthodox Gymnasium are located here.
Now this is Herzen Street. In Vyatka from 1835 to 1837. in exile was the Russian writer, thinker, founder of Russian socialism, revolutionary - democrat A.I. Herzen.
(Slide No. 25)
With his active participation, on December 6, 1837, the first public library was opened in Vyatka, which since 1917 has been named after Herzen. On the plan it is number 19 . Now “Gerzenka” is one of the largest libraries in modern Russia. There is a memorial plaque installed on the façade of the building (this is already the second library building). In 194 8 A monument to Herzen (sculptor Ryazantsev) was erected near the library building. Last year, an additional building was added to the library building, which harmoniously fits into the library complex.
(Slide No. 26)
Our journey through the streets of old Vyatka ends. We saw ancient buildings that not only decorate our city, but also give our descendants an idea of what our city used to be like. Let's find on the plan of the architect F. Roslyakov the place where our school is now located. This is the number 37 . Find the wide unlabeled stripe on the left side of the plan. This is modern Oktyabrsky Avenue. Previously the avenue was called st. Glasisnaya (glacis - embankment, rampart, city boundary), from 1918 to 1927 Krasnopitersky Boulevard, from 1927 - Oktyabrsky Avenue.
Now let's Let's summarize our lesson.
- We took a tour of old Vyatka in the 19th century. and got acquainted with the most famous architectural monuments. Name any of them.
- Which of these monuments would you tell guests of our city about first?
- Now in your notebooks there is a brief diagram - a plan for conducting an independent excursion. You can supplement it at home or create your own tour of our city. This homework can be done in a notebook, on A-4 sheets or electronically as a presentation.
- What names and surnames of Vyatka residents will you name in your story?
- Each of you has already written a creative work on the history of your street in the last quarter. I think that now you will be able to relate the historical names of the city streets with modern names. And those who wish will be able to participate in various local history competitions. I wish you all further success in studying history native land and the history of our city!
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Slide captions:
Vyatka-Khlynov-Kirov
Old Vyatka
History of Vyatka The first settlements on the territory of present-day Kirov were formed supposedly 2.5 thousand years ago. By the 7th century, the first nationalities of the Udmurt, Mari and Komi tribes were formed here. The main settlements were located along the banks of the Cheptsa, Moloma and Vyatka rivers. The first confirmed mention of the city of Vyatka dates back to 1374 in connection with the campaign of the Novgorod ushkuiniks to main city Volga Bulgaria - Bulgar. In 1378, an alliance agreement was concluded between the Vyatchans and the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality, and from 1391 the city became the main residence of the Suzdal princes Vasily Dmitrievich and Semyon Kirdyapa, expelled from the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality after its conquest by Moscow.
After the death of the princes in 1401, power passed to the Galician prince Yuri Dmitrievich. Detachments of Vyatchan people participate in campaigns against the Golden Horde (1392, 1409) and in the war of Moscow Prince Vasily I with Novgorod (1417–1418). Due to its remoteness from the main Russian lands, the Vyatka land did not need an alliance with strong principalities and recognized only the patronage of the princes, remaining a self-governing territory. The people's council acted as the main governing body. The most influential group of the feudal class were the boyars, followed by the merchants and the clergy. The rest of the Vyatchans represented a free communal population and consisted of peasants and artisans.
Many famous names are associated with the name of Vyatka - the city was an exiled region, Saltykov-Shchedrin and Herzen lived here, the architect Vitberg and the “iron Felix” Dzerzhinsky (nephew of Alexander III Sergei Mikhailovich Romanov and many others. The famous writer Albert Likhanov and cosmonauts Viktor were born here Savinykh and Alexander Serebrov. The famous Fyodor Chaliapin also has Vyatka roots. Natalya Goncharova and Isadora Duncan visited here.
Vyatka after 1917 After the October Revolution, the Council of Supreme Administration of the province announced non-recognition of the power of the Bolsheviks and the separation of the Vyatka province into an independent republic. In January 1919, Stalin and Dzerzhinsky visited Vyatka to check, finding out that Vyatka had no connection with the government in Moscow, most of the officials were former tsarist officials. As a result of the work of the commission, on January 19, 1919, a provincial Military Revolutionary Committee was created in Vyatka.
As of July 1938, there were 28 enterprises in the city, of which 13 were of union and republican significance, 7 of regional significance and 8 of local significance. Handicraft production was developed. During the Great Patriotic War, due to the evacuation of machine-building factories from Moscow and Leningrad, the industry of Kirov was mainly formed (modern factories named after Lepse, Mayak, Avitek, Selmash, etc.). The city received the name Kirov after the murder in 1934 of a native of the city of Urzhum, Vyatka Territory, Sergei Mironovich Kostikov (Kirov). An active participant in the October Revolution, however, was never in Vyatka itself. There are still debates in the city about what name the city should bear - Kirov or Vyatka.
In 1929, an administrative-territorial reform took place, the division of the country into provinces, districts and volosts was eliminated. Instead, regional, regional and district branches were introduced. The Vyatka province was liquidated, and its territory became part of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The city of Vyatka became first a district and then a regional center. In 1929, complete collectivization began in the Nizhny Novgorod region and in the districts of the former Vyatka province that were part of it. On December 7, 1934, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution to rename the city of Vyatka to the city of Kirov and the formation of the Kirov Territory. It included the Udmurt Autonomous Region, 37 districts of the Gorky Region (formerly part of the Vyatka province), as well as the Sarapul and Votkinsk districts Sverdlovsk region. In 1936, in connection with the adoption of the new Constitution, the Kirov Territory was transformed into the Kirov Region, and the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic separated from it.
Kirov before the war In the troubled pre-war years, many Kirov residents took part in the defeat of the Japanese invaders at Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin Gol River and the White Finns. Participants in the battles in the Khalkhin-Gol area, pilot N.V. Grinev, major N.F. Grukhin, became the first Kirov residents awarded the title of Heroes Soviet Union. During these years, the activity of defensive forces intensified public organizations. In 1940, over 5 thousand primary organizations of the Aviation and Chemical Assistance Societies and the Red Cross united about 200 thousand members. They trained hundreds of shooting sports instructors, thousands of Voroshilov shooters and sanitary guards. The Kirov Aero Club trained parachutists, glider pilots and accountants. Sports societies were active: Dynamo (established in the 1920s), Spartak and Lokomotiv (established in the mid-1930s).
War On June 23, 1941, a citywide rally took place on Revolution Square in Kirov, in which 40 thousand people took part. Mobilization into the ranks of the Red Army took place in the region. At the beginning of the war, the 311th and 355th rifle divisions, the 109th rifle brigade and other formations were formed in the region. The Vyatka region produced many talented military leaders. Among them are marshals K.A. Vershinin, L.A. Govorov, I.S. Konev; generals I.P. Alferov, N.D. Zakhvataev, P.T. Mikhalitsyn, A.I. Ratov, V.S. Glebov, D.K. Malkov, N.A. Naumov. All of them were awarded the title "Hero of the Soviet Union". In total, over 200 Kirov residents were awarded this title during the war, about 30 people became holders of the Order of Glory of all three degrees.
War The population of the Kirov region not only worked heroically in industry and agriculture, doing everything for a speedy victory, but also provided all possible assistance to the front. The population sent gifts and warm clothes to the front-line soldiers. At their own expense, the working people of the region purchased and sent tens of thousands of sheepskin coats, pairs of felt boots, and fur mittens to the front. With the money collected by Kirov residents, several tank columns and squadrons of combat aircraft were built. During the war years, the defense fund received more than 150 million rubles. Kirov residents passionately cared for the wounded, as well as for the children and families of front-line soldiers evacuated to the region from Leningrad and other regions of the country. During the war, Kirov residents provided great assistance to areas liberated from enemy occupation. The assistance of Kirov residents was especially significant in the restoration of Stalingrad, Donbass, Gomel, and in providing assistance to the rural areas of Kyiv, Smolensk, Leningrad regions, Byelorussian SSR. . During the war, there were over 600 thousand Kirov residents in the Armed Forces of the USSR, 257.9 thousand gave their lives in the fight against enemies.
On December 25, 1959, for success in the development of public livestock farming, fulfillment of socialist obligations for the production and sale of meat to the state in 1959, the Kirov region was awarded the Order of Lenin. For the successes achieved by Kirov residents in economic and cultural construction, and in connection with the 600th anniversary of its founding, the city of Kirov was awarded on June 25, 1974 with the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. At the same time, growing negative trends in socio-economic development in the country also affected life in the region. This was especially noticeable in the increased outflow of people from the village. For 1970-1985 the rural population decreased from 784 to 524 thousand people. Negative phenomena also increased in cities. The food supply to the population was unsatisfactory. It was impossible to overcome these difficulties while maintaining the existing command-administrative management system. In April 1985, perestroika began. But the ongoing reforms led to an even greater deterioration of the socio-economic situation in the region. Simultaneously with economic reforms in the country and region, political changes. After the events of October 1993, the socialist system of power was finally eliminated. Governors, mayors, and Dumas began to be elected. Elections to the first regional Duma took place on March 20, 1994. In 1996, the first elections for regional governor were held. He was elected V.N. Sergeenkov
The next governor was N. Shaklein. In 2009, the Kirov region was headed by N. Yu. Belykh
In pre-revolutionary times the city had great amount temples of beautiful architecture. Many of them were destroyed during Soviet times. One of the oldest cultural monuments of Kirov is the ensemble of the Assumption Trifonov Monastery, located on the embankment of the Vyatka River.
Trifonovsky Monastery (Gorbachev St., 4)
This place is also famous for its holy spring - it is located behind the cathedral, in a wooden chapel.
Other attractions of the city include the Church of Seraphim of Sarov, Alexander Park, Kirov Regional Art Museum. V.M. I am. Vasnetsov and others. Today, more than 490 thousand people live in Kirov. In addition to industrial enterprises, various folk crafts are developed here - the famous Dymkovo toy, products made from capocorn, Kukar lace, wickerwork, and ancient traditional embroidery. One of the brightest events that takes place every year at the beginning of June is the famous Velikoretsk religious procession, which has more than 600 years of continuous tradition. Today the Velikoretsky passage has national significance.
In the unusually picturesque Alexander Garden (the park - the same one that looks at the river from the high bank) the rotundas designed by the architect Vitberg have been preserved. One of them is most often found on photo postcards with views of Vyatka. Located in one of the most high points in the park, it has become one of the symbols of the city.
The second one was hidden among the trees, not far from the local “landmark” of modern times - the bridge over the road to the pier (by the way, local residents they call it nothing other than “Suicide Bridge”)... An innocent bridge over a deep ravine (along the bottom of which the road runs) earned such an unkind nickname because of its height
Walking through the park, you can see the Eternal Flame monument; there is a fire burning at the foot of the stone stele. It is here that all Vyatka weddings come - and this is understandable: here the view of the same Vyatka is excellent in photographs. If you go a little down the wooden stairs (steep and long: there are even benches in the middle for resting!), then your eyes will see the beautiful ensemble of the Trifonovsky Monastery (1580) with the main building: the five-domed Holy Dormition Cathedral.
The new building of the regional art museum named after V.M. and A.M. Vasnetsov (the famous Russian artists Vasnetsov were from Vyatka!).
Drama Theater and main square city, with a square and a musical fountain, which was recently restored.
Park named after Kirov and the circus
Park named after Kirov
Sources: "Encyclopedia of the Vyatka Land", volume 1 "Cities". Kirov, GIPP "Vyatka", 1994. "Encyclopedia of the Vyatka Land", volume 4 "History". Kirov, GIPP "Vyatka", 1995. V.A. Berdinskikh "History of the city of Vyatka". Kirov, "Vyatka Book Publishing House", 2002. historical section of the Vyatka-On-Network website, prepared on the basis of exclusive materials from the department of local history literature of the Kirov Regional Scientific Library named after. A.I. Herzen.
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A journey through Vyatka antiquity with Tamara Kopaneva’s book VYATSK IS FAR AWAY Teacher of Russian language and literature KOGOBU Central Children’s Education Center Lyanguzova Oksana Mikhailovna Kirov, 2017
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Conversations go on and on: - Vyatka? What is this city? - Wow! You saw the joker! It's not a city. It's a river. - Fill it up, brother, fill it up. Not a river. Taiga region. - It’s not a region, it’s a place in the sun. They fight there, as foreigners call all Ivans Vanchi, and in their Kotelnich they started three mills: Vodyanicha on Vodich, Vetrenichu, Parovicha. - This is it! They put the locks on the boots, but it’s not clear to anyone how to attach the forearm to the forearm. - And also.. Rumor is spreading, but Vancho will smile slyly at the former Vancho: - And they’ll come up with something! Welcome to old Vyatka!
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Children's writer, author of 6 books for children; - by profession - teacher, teacher of Russian language and literature; - member of the Union of Journalists of Russia; - worked for 30 years as an editor of children's programs at a television studio; - winner of many regional and all-Russian literary competitions; - winner of the “Feather of the Firebird” award at Fairytale Games on Vyatka (2013) - laureate of the Alexander Green Literary Prize 2017 “Her soul is young. There is a bright spark in this person, an unquenchable light that has lived in her since childhood. She managed to preserve this special state of mind, and now fills her works with it.” Tamara Aleksandrovna Kopaneva (born 1933)
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“My father was an employee, my mother was the head of the district library. There were five of us: dad, mom, older sister Rita, me and younger brother Sasha. The main value in our home has always been a book. I read a lot, we had an old library. Childhood Dad often took me with him on trips around the area. We rode on Vanka. That was the name of our fleet-footed horse, in a light wicker tarantass.”
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“I started composing early - from the age of 7. I made up fairy tales. The war was rocking. Hunger. I had an “island of loneliness” in the forest, I went there and wrote poems and fairy tales. I wrote my first poem at the age of 9.” On the island of loneliness, Tamara Alexandrovna put her diary and her favorite bell in a wrought-iron chest and buried it all under an old fir tree and vowed to herself to get her precious treasure in 2000.”
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In 2016, the book “Vyatka is far away” was awarded the “Golden Knight” prize in the category “Literature for Children and Youth” at the VII International Slavic Literary Forum “Golden Knight”, and in the same year it became the winner of the XIII International Competition of the CIS Member States “ The Art of the Book” in the “Book for Children and Youth” category. In 2017 - laureate of the Alexander Green Literary Prize... “Vyatskoe is far away”: seven awards in six competitions
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Where it was, in what part of our Vyatka region is still a mystery, covered in gray mists, blown by northern winds, washed by autumn rains, enchanted by frosty nights, warmed by the gentle summer sun. Let's hit the road...
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“...And the villages there were different, they had unusual names; It’s a well-known fact that Vyatka people are mischievous, they live and seem to laugh at themselves: it’s only in appearance that we are from Verkhoglyadov and Boltunov, from Opyonkovo and Obegorino, from Dryakhlovshchina and from Zavidenki, well, also from Lepyokhin and from Svistunov, and If you dig deeper, then there is water like in a well, our soul glows like pure silver.”
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“Every man always had nicknames. They will notice a weakness or a sin in someone and stick on a naughty word, so that you will not be able to wash it off for the rest of your life: Sanka Rybnik - (?), Andrey Volk - (?); Thomas the Klutz - (?); Semyon Zherdilo -(?). And if they respected someone, they called them by their patronymic: Ivanych, Erofeich, Danilych, Kuzmich. The women did not have nicknames, they were called by their husbands: Vanikha, Kostikha, Stepikha, Mishikha.
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“Proverbs and sayings poured out after every word...” They didn’t say about the unfortunate Gavrilo: “What a difficult fate he suffered.” Instead of these words, the residents of Vyatcha will say, “Every kind of chip hits poor Zakhar.” If someone recommends something not too smart, they will say to him: “With your intelligence, it’s a waste of time.” Or: “No way, your head is cut off at the wrong end.” Try to explain the Vyatka proverbs: “You can’t weave bast shoes with your tongue” “You can’t keep up with your tongue barefoot” “Mix business with idleness - you will live a century with fun”
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And our Vyatka dialect is special: cheerful, mischievous. The words in it are unexpected, unlike others - capacious, accurate in essence and meaning. They will suddenly sparkle, like a sunbeam reflected from a small mirror, your soul will immediately warm up - and you will involuntarily smile: “Liko, the girl is such a spinner; the damned leshak dragged her into a forest swamp, so she was swept away with a fiery bullet; Looks like there's something hidden in there. The sneaky Water One snatched her by the bare heel.”
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“The guy was an orphan; his mother died when he was only three years old. At first he lived with his father, who went with the artel workers to the villages: they dug wells... “He’s a guy with ingenuity,” the men said to him, “just look and there’s water!” At first his name was Ivashka, but after one incident... an opportunity happened to him, and it was then that in the village they called him Vanchy. It is known that in Vyatka they called all simpletons and fools that way... Who is Vancho?
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And Vancho’s neighbor, stove maker Erofeyich, decided to marry his best friend. He dreamed that he was walking freely and widely at his wedding, he remembered that for nine years Vancho had been living alone “without clinging to anyone. How did you live? Yes, whatever it takes. He felt sorry for Vancho: “We need to marry him, otherwise he lives, chews bread and salt, he has nothing good, he doesn’t see any joys.”
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Erofeyich approached Vanchin’s fence, quietly, without unnecessary creaking or knocking, opened the door... on a wooden plank... it was written in large letters with a chemical pencil: “Do not slam the doors: Napoleon is scared.” “Everyone has a rooster - but there are few antires in these roosters! They walk around the yard, pecking at grains, trampling chickens and crowing.” Odvoritsa, fence - ‘a manor or estate, the entire place under a yard or building’ (Vyatka). Backyard - ?
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Under is a horizontal surface in a stove, in a stove firebox, on which fuel is placed. Bake the pie directly on the hearth. Six, six, husband. The area in front of the mouth of the Russian stove. “Every cricket knows its nest.” (last) Samanna - a Russian adobe stove, not made of brick, but of adobe (a mixture of sand and clay). Yes, Vancho is not very accommodating, and then Erofeyich came up with the idea to go with him to the villages, take orders - “who should knock down a new stove or fix the old one. This is how we all look like girls. Take it - I don’t want it!” And Vancho agreed.
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An hour later, our stove-makers, dressed and shod, with knapsacks on their shoulders, walked quickly along the side of the road, knocking light dewdrops from the green grass with their new bast shoes. Erofeich pulled the pester out from under his head and, smiling slyly, took out a slice of black bread, thickly salted it with a pinch of coarse salt and handed half of it to Vancho. Knapsack, knapsacks, women's - travel bag; a bag worn over the shoulders. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. Pester-ya, m. region. - a bast (birch bark) basket, which is usually worn on the back.
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They saw the grandfather on the rubble, decrepit as a hundred-year-old stump, asked him who lived where, and knocked on the outskirts of the last hut, about which the grandfather said that the bride lived here. Zavalinka is an embankment structure along the outer walls at the base along the perimeter of a wooden house (bathhouse), used to protect the building from freezing in winter. A wooden flooring over the heap protects the heap from moisture penetration and turns the heap into a long and wide bench. Okolnitsa - window, window frame
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The bride from Emelino is called Malanya. “Okay... thick-footed, vocal, chattering... knows how to carry on conversations... painfully smart.” Malanya told everything about herself, about her parents, about all the village brides. “She laid out everything in a painfully smooth way, well, straight, as if it were written!” “...my mother told her. It is necessary, they say, to knead the dough and go underground, but Malanya didn’t give a damn, no matter how much she was told. So I think: if she doesn’t listen to her mother’s words today, you won’t even be able to reason with her later.” “Not the mistress who says...”
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“If she keeps moving like this all her life, my tongue will dry out unnecessarily. After all, in a conversation there’s not only a word, but there’s nowhere to stick a needle! You can go crazy on the second day... There is nothing worse in life than a lively cow and a talkative woman! No wonder they say: “The crow is small, but its mouth is wide!” ... and the one who cooks the shti” Kvashn - 1. Wooden tub for dough. 2. Fermented dough.
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The village of Three Huts Pelageyushka is a bride from this village. She is “skillful and modest.” “She doesn’t want to walk around the village, catch suitors, or while away the time at get-togethers with girls. Suddenly someone’s dog squeals at her or someone else’s cow snarls, then she might be scared to death... She is humble with us, not proud.” "For every misfortune..."
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“... Pelagia is mute, like a voiceless fish. Her word is a crutch. This means that I, too, will have to shut my mouth. This is how we will play the silent game with her all our lives...” “... there will be no anti-resistance to live with her. Do you go for mushrooms or berries with her? She will crouch at every rustle. What if, God forbid, something happens? She could die right away.” ... you can’t get enough of fear”
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“...the village is all in lights. In the conversation, in the noise, in the songs, in the play of the accordion.” And the daring girl Nastya lives here, cheerful, lively, mischievous. “Her voice is vibrant, her cheeks are rosy, her curls curl around her forehead, her legs shake and dance.” About Nastya Vancho thought: “She’s a good girl, but I feel sorry for myself.” Why did he feel sorry for himself? Shumilovka “A man should smell like the wind, but a woman...”
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“Marrying her means not settling down yourself! Every day during the holidays you will write out pretzels for your feet, and you will completely lose your way. What a life I can’t afford!” “...I won’t live with horns! Take this one, she will cheat on you, run to the forest where two paths converge. He’ll cheat once, twice, and on the third cheating you’ll put your head in a noose. After all, if a woman even once goes off to the side, you won’t be able to keep her on the reins... She has at least seven people on the benches, but she still finds time for partying.” “A man should smell like wind, and a woman should smell like smoke”
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Is there anyone at home? - Yes, yes! - someone responded cheerfully, and a man of about fifty deftly jumped out of the hayloft. - Why don’t you prop the door at the hut with a badog? - inquired Erofeich - Who would covet our goods? A hayloft is a place intended for storing hay and protecting it from precipitation during storage. Badog - stick, club, cane. Region: 1. Kirov region; Status: regional-colloquial. “Happiness is not a chicken..”
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Agrafena scurried back and forth: now she was in a hurry to milk a cow with a milk pan, now she was pounding potatoes for a pig in a cast iron pot, now she was pushing the escaped dough back into the sauerkraut. The Vyatka woman has her mouth full of troubles in the morning. They say that when she flies from her flight, she changes her mind seventy-seven times - and everything about the housekeeping and the housekeeping. A milk pan is a vessel, a bucket into which milk is milked. Polati - units. No. Wide bunks for sleeping, arranged in huts under the ceiling between the stove and the wall opposite it. Kvashn - 1. Wooden tub for dough. 2. Fermented dough.
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And Katerina lives here, a hard-working girl, she has a kind heart, she does everything for others: she washes the floor, bakes pancakes, rinses clothes on the river. To Vancho’s question: “Apparently you have no business at all in your house?” Katerina’s mother replied: “We have a lot of work to do in the house. Liko, unwashed for half a week, the hut has not been cleaned, the garden has not been weeded. Is it really possible to get to your home?.” Why is such a hard-working bride not to Vancho’s liking either?
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“What if she’s used to running around the village, weeding other people’s gardens, helping neighbors, but not looking into her own barn? They say about such people that she has a hole in her fist.” “Her mother, bent over in three arcs, runs around the hut and around the yard, all gone, but she doesn’t notice it. This is where the evil lies. It’s good to help others, but you also need to take care of those who are struggling nearby.”
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Coat of arms of the city of Kirov For the first time, a bow and arrow appeared on the Vyatka seal, which was included on the State Seal of Ivan the Terrible in 1557. Ivan the Terrible There are several hypotheses for the appearance of the Vyatka symbol. In one of the most likely hypotheses, it is believed that the bow symbolizes the main occupation local population hunting .hunting On the basis of the Vyatka Seal, the highest approved on May 28 (June 8), 1781 by Empress Catherine II
Kirov (former names - Khlynov, Vyatka) is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Kirov region. Forms the municipal entity "city of Kirov". Located on the Vyatka River, 896 km from Moscow. The city has been known since 1374 under the name Khlynov. Historical, cultural, industrial and scientific center of the Kirov region. The birthplace of the Dymkovo toy. “Fur” and “peat” capital of Russia
History of Kirov The first settlements on the territory of present Kirov were formed presumably 2.5 thousand years ago. By the 7th century, the first nationalities of the Udmurt, Mari and Komi tribes were formed here. The main settlements are located along the banks of the Cheptsa, Moloma and Vyatka rivers.
Sights of the city of Kirov - one of the oldest historical cities in Russia with a rich heritage in the form of historical, cultural and architectural monuments. The city, located on seven hills and having an amazing silhouette of buildings and iconic architectural ensembles, has retained its historical layout and connection with the surrounding natural landscape.
One of the oldest cultural monuments is the majestic architectural ensemble of the Assumption Trifonov Monastery, picturesquely located on the embankment of the Vyatka River. The monastery was founded by Saint Tryphon of Vyatka in 1580. The architectural ensemble of the monastery has the status of a federal architectural monument.
The building of the FSB Directorate for the Kirov Region, formerly the mansion of the merchant T.F. Bulychev (architect I.A. Charushin) Tikhon Filippovich Bulychev was a famous Vyatka merchant, entrepreneur, owner of a local shipping company, owner of many houses and philanthropist. His cash treasury was demonstrated by the wealth and luxury of decoration of residential mansions erected on the streets of the city. The beautiful castle with griffins at the main entrance and an openwork cast-iron fence was built in 1911. Mixing the Gothic style with the exoticism of the east, the building became a unique structure that became the decoration of Vyatka
Vyatka Kunstkamera The Vyatka Kunstkamera Museum is located in a typical city mansion of the 19th century, built in 1860. The exhibition is built on a collection principle - it presents collections of objects that existed in the urban environment of the late 19th - early 20th centuries: watches, dishes made of porcelain and earthenware, household appliances, furniture, etc.
Monument to the Vyatka Seal The monument is a stone copy of the Vyatka Seal of the 16th century. The drawing on the front side of the monument depicts a fragment of the state seal of Ivan the Terrible - an emblem in the form of a drawn bow with a feathered arrow superimposed on it and the inscription around it “THE SEAL OF VYATTSKAYA”. The first monument to the press in Russia was opened in 2007. The monument “Vyatka Seal”, which is based on the historical coat of arms of the region, is a unique landmark of Kirov in terms of meaning, which has no analogues in the world.
The Diorama Museum and Exhibition Center is located in the park named after S. Kirov.
Botanical Garden in the center of the city The founder of this garden was Alexey Andreevich Istomin, a retired colonel, a participant in the Russian-Japanese War, a great admirer of nature. In 1912, Alexey Andreevich bought land on the Zasora ravine and founded a private Botanical Garden in Kirov 22
Kirov is one of those priceless Russian cities that cannot be called a tourist city, although there is a lot to see. It is rich in cathedrals, temples, museums and many others cultural heritage. This presentation has given you the opportunity to walk through some of them. Love your city! Thank you for your attention!
