At what speed does a passenger plane take off? Average speed of a passenger plane. Summary data of all common airliners. At what speed does the plane land?

The speed of an aircraft is one of its most important technical characteristics, on which the flight time depends. Therefore, many are interested in what speed passenger plane. Modern passenger airliners fly at speeds of more than 500-800 km/h. Speed supersonic aircraft 2.5 times higher, 2100 km/h, but these airliners had to be abandoned for safety reasons, as well as for a number of other reasons:

Supersonic planes must be streamlined, otherwise they can fall apart at altitude. And this is difficult to achieve for a passenger airplane, since it is quite long.
Supersonic airliners do not use fuel economically, which makes flights on them expensive and unprofitable.
Not every airfield has the ability to receive such machines.
Frequent maintenance is required.

However, the main reason for refusing to fly to supersonic speeds- this is flight safety.

Previously, there were only 2 types of supersonic airliners: Tu-144 (USSR) and Concorde (English-French). Now aircraft manufacturers are also working on new models of supersonic airliners and, perhaps, we will learn about them in the near future.

Different models of passenger airplanes have different flight speeds. IN technical specifications For any model, the maximum speed of the aircraft is indicated and the cruising speed, which is close to the maximum, is approximately 80% of it. It is optimal for flying, because at maximum you usually don’t fly.

If we talk about passenger aircraft, they all have low cruising and maximum speeds. Indicators of some models:

The Boeing Corporation is currently working on creating a passenger airliner that can fly at speeds of up to 5 thousand km/h.

The plane picks up speed during takeoff

Conditions for takeoff

For operation aircraft An important role is played by the speed of the aircraft during takeoff, i.e. at the moment when it lifts off the ground. These are also different indicators for different models. After all, to take off from the ground you need a large lifting force, and to create it you need a high speed developed during takeoff. Therefore, heavy passenger aircraft have these indicators more, and lighter models - less.

The table for each model shows the average speed of the aircraft at takeoff, because it is influenced by several factors:

wind speed, its direction;
runway length;
air pressure;
air humidity;
runway condition.

Approach

Planting stages

The most critical stage of the flight is landing the car. Before this, the airliner approaches the airfield and lands, which consists of several stages:

altitude reduction;
alignment;
aging;
mileage

The question of what speed a plane develops during takeoff interests many passengers. The opinions of non-professionals always differ - some mistakenly assume that the speed is always the same for all types of a given aircraft, others correctly believe that it is different, but cannot explain why. Let's try to understand this topic.

Takeoff

Takeoff is a process that occupies a time scale from the beginning of the aircraft's movement until it completely lifts off the runway. Takeoff is possible only if one condition is met: the lifting force must acquire a value greater than the mass of the object taking off.

Types of takeoff

Various “interfering” factors that have to be overcome to get the plane into the air ( weather, wind direction, limited runway, limited engine power, etc.), prompted aircraft designers to create many ways to circumvent them. Not only the design of flying vehicles has improved, but also the process of their takeoff. Thus, several types of takeoff were developed:
Off the brakes. Acceleration of the aircraft begins only after the engines reach the set thrust mode, and until then the aircraft is held in place using the brakes;
A simple classic take-off, which involves a gradual increase in engine thrust while the aircraft is moving along the runway;
Takeoff using aids. Typical for aircraft performing combat service on aircraft carriers. The limited runway distance is compensated by the use of ski-jumps, ejection devices, or even additional rocket engines installed on the aircraft;
Vertical take-off. Possible if the aircraft has engines with vertical thrust (for example, the domestic Yak-38). Such devices, similar to helicopters, first gain altitude from a standing position vertically or when accelerating from a very short distance, and then smoothly transition to horizontal flight.
Let's take the takeoff phase as an example. jet plane Boeing 737.

Boeing 737-800 take off

Takeoff of a passenger Boeing 737

Almost every civil jet aircraft takes off according to the classical scheme, i.e. the engine gains the required thrust directly during the take-off process. It looks like this:
The aircraft begins to move after the engine reaches about 800 rpm. The pilot gradually releases the brakes while keeping the control stick neutral. The run begins on three wheels;
To begin lifting off the ground, the Boeing must acquire a speed of about 180 km/h. When this value is reached, the pilot smoothly pulls the handle, which leads to the deflection of the flaps and, as a consequence, the raising of the nose of the device. Then the plane accelerates on two wheels;
With its nose raised on two wheels, the plane continues to accelerate until the speed reaches 220 km/h. When this value is reached, the plane takes off from the ground.

Takeoff speed of other standard aircraft

Airbus A380 – 269 km/h;
Boeing 747 – 270 km/h;
Il 96 – 250 km/h;
Tu 154M – 210 km/h;
Yak 40 – 180 km/h.

The given speed is not always enough for take-off. In situations where strong winds blow in the direction of the aircraft's takeoff, higher ground speed is required. Or, conversely, in a headwind, a lower speed is sufficient.

Do you want to overcome your fear of flying? Most The best way— learn more about how an airplane flies, at what speed it moves, to what altitude it rises. People are afraid of the unknown, and when the issue is studied and considered, then everything becomes simple and understandable. So be sure to read about how a plane flies - This is the first step in the fight against aerophobia.

If you look at the wing, you will see that it is not flat. Its lower surface is smooth, and its upper surface is convex. Due to this, as the speed of the aircraft increases, the air pressure on the wing changes. At the bottom of the wing the flow velocity is less, so the pressure is greater. At the top, the flow rate is greater and the pressure is less. It is due to this pressure difference that the wing pulls the plane upward. This difference between the lower and upper pressure is called the lift of the wing. In fact, during acceleration, the aircraft is pushed upward when it reaches a certain speed(pressure differences).

The air flows around the wing at different speeds, pushing the plane upward

This principle was discovered and formulated by the founder of aerodynamics Nikolai Zhukovsky back in 1904, and 10 years later it was successfully applied during the first flights and tests. The area, shape of the wing and flight speed are designed in such a way as to easily lift multi-ton aircraft into the air. Most modern airliners fly at speeds from 180 to 260 kilometers per hour - this is quite enough to stay confidently in the air.

At what altitude do planes fly?

Do you understand why planes fly? Now we will tell you about the altitude at which they fly.Passenger aircraft “occupied” the corridor from 5 to 12 thousand meters. Large passenger airliners usually fly at an altitude of 9-12 thousand, smaller ones - 5-8 thousand meters. This altitude is optimal for aircraft movement: at this altitude, air resistance is reduced by 5-7 times, but there is still enough oxygen for normal engine operation. Above 12 thousand, the plane begins to fail - the rarefied air does not create normal lift, and there is also an acute lack of oxygen for combustion (engine power drops). The ceiling for many liners is 12,200 meters.

Note:a plane that flies at an altitude of 10 thousand meters saves approximately 80% of fuel compared to if it were flying at an altitude of 1000 meters.

What is the speed of the plane during takeoff?

Let's consider, how the plane takes off . Picking up a certain speed, it takes off from the ground. At this moment, the airliner is most uncontrollable, so the runways are made with a significant margin in length. Lift-off speed depends on the mass and shape of the aircraft, as well as the configuration of its wings. As an example, we present tabular values for the most popular types aircraft:

Boeing 747 -270 km/h.
Airbus A 380 - 267 km/h.
Il 96 - 255 km/h.
Boeing 737 - 220 km/h.
Yak-40 -180 km/h.
Tu 154 - 215 km/h.

On average, the takeoff speed of most modern airliners is 230-250 km/h. But it is not constant - it all depends on wind acceleration, the mass of the aircraft, the runway, weather and other factors (values may differ by 10-15 km/h in one direction or another). But to the question: At what speed does a plane take off? you can answer - 250 kilometers per hour, and you will not be mistaken.

Different types of planes take off at different speeds

At what speed does the plane land?

Landing speed, like takeoff speed, can vary greatly depending on aircraft models, wing area, weight, wind and other factors. On average, it varies from 220 to 250 kilometers per hour.

Everything is important in the technical characteristics of an aircraft. After all, the viability of the liners and the safety of the people on board literally depend on every little detail. However, there are parameters that can be called basic. This, for example, is the takeoff and landing speed of an aircraft.

For the operation of aircraft and their operation, it is extremely important to know what exactly the speed of the aircraft can be during takeoff, namely at the moment when it takes off from the ground. This parameter will be different for different airliner models: for heavier aircraft the indicators are higher, for lighter aircraft the indicators are lower.

Takeoff speed is important because the designers and engineers involved in the manufacture and calculation of all the characteristics of the aircraft need this data to understand how much lift the lift will produce.

IN different models There are different parameters for take-off run and take-off speed. For example, the Airbus A380, which today is considered one of the most modern aircraft, accelerates on the runway to 268 km per hour. For a Boeing 747, this would require a takeoff run of 270 km per hour. The Russian representative of the aviation industry, the Il 96, has a takeoff speed of 250 km per hour. For Tu 154 it is 210 km per hour.

But these numbers are presented as averages. After all, the final acceleration speed of the airliner along the runway is influenced by a number of factors, including:

Wind speed
Direction of the wind
Runway length
Atmosphere pressure
Humidity of air masses
Runway condition

All this has an effect and can either slow down the plane or give it a slight acceleration.

How exactly does takeoff happen?

As experts note, the aerodynamics of any airliner is characterized by the configuration of the aircraft’s wings. As a rule, it is standard and the same for different types airplanes - the lower part of the wing will always be flat, the upper part will always be convex. The difference is only in small details, and does not depend on the type of aircraft.

The air passing under the wing does not change its properties. But the air that ends up on top begins to narrow. This means that less air passes from above. This ratio causes a pressure difference around the wings of the airliner. And it is precisely this that forms the very lifting force that pushes the wing upward, and with it lifts the plane.

The aircraft lifts off the ground at the moment when the lifting force begins to exceed the weight of the aircraft itself. And this can only happen with an increase in the speed of the aircraft itself - the higher it is, the greater the pressure difference around the wings increases.

The pilot has the opportunity to work with lift - for this, flaps are provided in the wing configuration. So, if he lowers them, they will change the lift vector to a sharp climb mode.

The smooth flight of the airliner is ensured when a balance is maintained between the weight of the airliner and the lifting force.

What types of takeoff are there?

To accelerate a passenger aircraft, pilots need to select a special engine operating mode called takeoff. It only lasts a few minutes. But there are exceptions, when there is a populated area near the airfield, the plane in this case can take off as usual, which reduces the noise load, because During takeoff, the aircraft engines roar very loudly.

Experts distinguish two types of takeoff passenger airliners:

take-off with brakes: this means that at first the plane is held on the brakes, the engines switch to maximum thrust mode, after which the airliner is released from the brakes and the takeoff begins
Takeoff with a short stop on the runway: in such a situation, the airliner begins to run along the runway immediately without any prior adjustment of the engines to the required mode. Afterwards the speed increases and reaches the required hundreds of kilometers per hour

Landing nuances

By landing, pilots understand the final stage of the flight, which is the descent from the sky to the ground, the slowing down of the airliner and its complete stop on the runway at the airport. The plane's descent begins at 25 meters. And in fact, landing in the air takes only a few seconds.

When landing, pilots face a whole range of tasks, because... It actually happens in 4 different stages:

Leveling - in this case, the vertical rate of descent of the liner goes to zero. This stage starts 8-10 meters above the ground and ends at 1 meter
Holding: in this case, the speed of the airliner continues to decrease, and the descent remains smooth and ongoing
Parachuting: at this stage there is a decrease in the lifting force of the wings and an increase in the vertical speed of the aircraft
Landing: this refers to direct contact with a hard surface of the chassis

It is during the landing stage that pilots record the landing speed of the aircraft. Again, the speed varies depending on the model. For example, for a Boeing 737 it will be 250-270 km per hour. The Airbus A380 lands with the same parameters. If the plane is smaller and lighter, 200 km per hour will be enough for it.

It is important to understand that landing speed is directly affected by exactly the same factors that affect takeoff.

The time intervals here are very small, and the speeds are enormous, which becomes the cause of the most frequent disasters precisely at these stages. After all, pilots have very little time to make strategically important decisions, and every mistake can be fatal. Therefore, a lot of time is devoted to practicing landing and takeoff during pilot training.

Many people are interested in the speed of an airplane when it takes off. Some are interested because they are curious about the history of aircraft, while others are interested because they are about to begin their first flight. There is a topic on this topic a large number of opinions, many of them, as always, wrong. Nevertheless, it is precisely this moment of lifting off the ground that is one of the most important and longest processes for any air transport. This topic will be discussed in more detail below.

The take-off phase takes all the time from the start of movement until complete separation from the surface of the canvas. However, there are several important nuances- the resulting lifting force must exceed the mass of the ascending aircraft, so that it can eventually gradually break away from. Moreover, each air transport model has its own ability to gain speed on the runway. For example, on passenger liners, the engines switch to a special mode that lasts a couple of minutes, which allows you to ascend as quickly as possible. However, it is rarely used near settlements so as not to bother local residents with noise.

Takeoff types

There are a number of factors that pilots must constantly consider when beginning the takeoff phase. Basically, these are weather conditions, the direction and strength of the wind (if the wind blows directly “in your face”, the plane will have to gain much more speed to rise, in addition, sometimes strong wind can deflect the aircraft to the side), limited runway and engine power . And there is also great amount various little things that ultimately have a critical impact on the process. All this forced aircraft designers to work to improve models of flying machines.

Heavy transport airliners have two takeoff options, namely:

The aircraft is able to gain speed only after the engines have generated the necessary thrust. Until this moment, the plane simply stands on the brakes.
The classic takeoff occurs immediately after a short stop. In this case, no preliminary power generation of the engines is required. The plane simply accelerates and rises into the sky.

Other types of aviation, mainly military, use their own methods, for example:

Aircraft serving on aircraft carriers take off with the help of a whole system of auxiliary aids. Catapults and various springboards are also used; in special cases, additional engines are even installed on fighters.
Vertical take-off is used only for those aircraft that have a vertical thrust engine. A good example is the Yak-38. In this case, the aircraft gradually gains altitude from a standstill or immediately goes into horizontal flight from a slight acceleration.

The typical takeoff speed at which a jet like a Boeing 737 leaves the ground is 220 km/h. While another model under the symbol 747 already requires 270 km/h. Sometimes this may not be enough. This is especially pronounced in strong winds. In such cases, more long distance takeoff run