The Loire Valley in France is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. UNESCO Headquarters - building in Paris UNESCO World Heritage Sites of France
Place Stanislas, Place de la Carriere and Place d'Alliance in Nancy
Nancy (French Nancy) is a city and commune in France, the administrative center (prefecture) of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Lorraine region. Greater Nancy has a population of 410,508 (1999 data) (2004 data).
Located on the Moselle River, at its intersection with the Marne-Rhine Canal. Junction of railway lines to Paris, Strasbou-Liège.
Stanislav Leshchinsky
Louis XV
Stanislav Square (Place Stanislas, colloquially Place Stan) is a vast (125 by 126 meters) area in French city Nancy, the former capital of the Duchy of Lorraine, created in 1752-55. on the initiative of the last Duke of Lorraine, Stanislav Leszczynski, in honor of his son-in-law, Louis XV. This is one of the largest urban planning projects of the late Baroque era in Europe.
« Royal Square"with a bronze monument to Louis XV in the center, it was laid out according to the design of Emmanuel Eret de Corney (1705-1763) between the buildings of the city council (town hall) and the Lorraine government and paved with light gray cobblestones grouped in diagonal patterns. Its sides were formed by buildings designed in the style of early French classicism, such as the episcopal palace (now the opera house) and the school of doctors (now the Museum of Fine Arts).
Grilles
Stanislaus Square forms a single urban ensemble with Place de la Carriere and Place d'Alliance, with which it is connected by semicircular colonnades and a triumphal arch, reproducing the shape of the ancient Arch of Septimius Severus. The square is decorated with elegantly light gilded grilles, fountains and lanterns - outstanding monuments to the artistic casting of the workshop of Jean Lamour (1698-1771).
Fontaine d'Amphitrite
Fontaine de Neptune
With the beginning of the revolution, the statue of the king was overthrown and replaced by an allegory of Victory, and the square itself was renamed from Royal Square, first to People's Square, and then to Napoleon Square. After the July Revolution (1830) it received its current name. At the same time, a bronze monument to Stanislav Leshchinsky appeared on it.
In 1983, when UNESCO recognized the ensemble of three Leszczynski-era squares as a World Heritage Site, a large part of Place Stanislas was used as a parking lot. To mark the 250th anniversary of the creation of the square, expensive (9 million euros) restoration work was carried out based on archival materials from the 18th century, and the square itself and the adjacent territory were declared a pedestrian zone.
Place de la CarriereView of the Place de la Carriere and the Governor's Palace from the Arc de Triomphe and Place Stanislas
Place de la Carrière is an ancient square in the center of Nancy, located in the old town and is a continuation of the famous Place Stanislas. Separated from the latter by the Arc de Triomphe of Emmanuel Eray.
View of the Place de la Carriere and the Governor's Palace from the Arc de Triomphe and Place Stanislas.
The new Place de la Carriere was formed in the 16th century during a period of expansion and strengthening medieval city. Mansions of the local aristocracy were built here. At that time, knightly tournaments and other equestrian events were held on the square. At the end of the 16th century, to connect the Old Town with the New, built in the south outside the medieval fortress, a gate was made in the fortress wall, the so-called. Port Royal. To the north of Place de la Carrière was a wing of the Palace of the Duke of Lorraine, which was destroyed by Duke Leopold I of Lorraine, who planned to build a new Louvre here. In the southeast of the square is the Salle Beauvaux (now the Court of Appeal), built at the beginning of the 18th century, the work of the French architect Germain Beaufran.
Place d'AlliancePlace d'Alliance (French: Place d'Alliance) is a square in the center of Nancy, located next to the famous Place Stanislas.
Place d'Alliance and fountain commemorating the 1756 alliance between France and Austria.
By order of Stanislas Leszczynski, Duke of Lorraine, the French architect Emmanuel Héré planned the Place Sant Stanislas, located on the territory of the former ducal vegetable garden. The square had the shape of a square, along the perimeter of which were located luxurious mansions. In 1756, the Treaty of Alliance between France and Austria was signed by King Louis XV of France and Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (wife of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and former Duke of Lorraine). Soon after this, the square was renamed Place d'Alliance. By order of Stanislas, the sculptor Paul-Louis Sifflet created a fountain in honor of the Alliance.
In 1983, Place d'Alliance together with Place Stanislas and Place de la Carriere as one architectural complex was included by UNESCO in the list
Saint-Emilion is a French wine-growing commune with the capital of the same name, located on the right bank of the Dordogne River, Gironde department. It is located 40 kilometers from the capital Bordeaux, 6 kilometers from the wine-growing commune of Pomerol and municipal center Libourne, and in the east it borders on another wine-growing subregion - Côtes de Castillon. The terrain and soil in the commune are very varied. The central plateau around the capital gradually slopes into hills with terraced vineyards to the west and east. Gravel soils on the Pomerol side further alternate with sandy-clayey and calcareous soils.
Provins, city of medieval fairsProvins is an ancient town in Champagne, now in the Seine-et-Marne department, Ile-de-France, France. One of the best examples of a medieval merchant city in Europe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Us. 11667 inhabitants
Old city on the hill, still surrounded by medieval walls, was the site of an annual fair in the 13th century, perhaps the largest not only in Champagne, but in all of France.
Maison, 15 rue de Jouy
The population of the city at that time was seven to eight times greater than today. Here wool was processed and scarlet roses, brought by the Crusaders from the Holy Land, were grown. Edmund the Hunchback, being the overlord of this city, adopted the scarlet rose as the coat of arms of the Lancaster family. At the end of the 13th century, Provins' relations with the counts of Champagne deteriorated; he lost his trading privileges, and with them his economic importance.
"Caesar's Tower".
In addition to part of the city wall, among the medieval monuments in Provins, the unfinished church of St. Kiryaka with a dome of the 17th century; a 12th-century "tithe storehouse" displaying medieval statues; and Caesar's Tower, built on the site of a Roman fortification in the 12th century. The lower city, founded in the 9th century. monks fleeing from the Vikings, it is not so rich in ancient monuments.
Vauban's fortificationsSebastien Le Prestre, marquis de Vauban (French: Sebastien Le Prestre, marquis de Vauban, May 15, 1633 - March 30, 1707) - the most outstanding military engineer of his time, Marshal of France, writer. The fortresses he built were declared a World Heritage Site.
Sebastien Le Prêtre, Marquis de Vauban
He spent his entire life in sieges of enemy fortresses and in the construction of French fortresses: he rebuilt 33 fortresses and improved up to 300 old ones, participated in 53 sieges and 104 skirmishes and battles. He began his military career under the command of the Prince of Condé, who was allied with Spain and fought against France; taken prisoner in 1653, he joined the French army. In the sixties of the XVII century. he begins to build fortresses, and in 1667 he forces several Belgian fortresses to capitulate.
He was a combat engineer and practical engineer, an excellent artilleryman and tactician, commanded an army and took part in politics, and is credited with creating the first army units of military engineers.
View of Fort La Lat from Cape Spaniards
In the field of military engineering, Vauban made a sharp transition in the methods of conducting an attack, turning out to be an innovator in the art of siege; As for fortification forms, here Vauban, despite the 4 systems he proposed, showed not so much the originality of any new ideas, but rather a practical correct view of things and the ability to apply them to the situation and terrain. His instructions and the principles that Vauban laid as the basis for siege operations were used until Port Arthur (1904) inclusive.
Vauban also streamlined the methods of using underground mines. At his insistence and under his leadership, experiments on mine explosions were carried out in Tournai in 1686, which served as the initial foundations of the theory of mine art, the later development of which belongs to the French engineer Belidor (1698-1761) and the French scientists Gumpertz and Lebrun (1805).
In 1677, Vauban was appointed head of all engineering work in France. In five years he developed a system of border fortifications and surrounded the kingdom with a ring of fortresses. Cultivating exclusively the bastion system and being clearly aware of its shortcomings, Vauban, strictly speaking, did not leave any specific system, but his successors, from considering the various fortresses that he built and repaired, tried to deduce general principles location of forts.
In this way they managed to compile three methods of strengthening or three systems of Vauban. The first of them is known as the simple one, and the other two are called the first and second reinforced systems or the Landau and Neuf-Brizac systems (after the names of the fortresses built by Vauban: Landau and Neuf-Brizac (now Neuf-Brizac)).
Fortifications built by Vauban in Besançon.
Vauban was considered in France the true “father of a gradual attack,” just as Erard de Bar-le-Duc was considered the “father of fortification” in general. The main idea of Vauban’s gradual attack was to move forward slowly but surely, with the least losses, which was very clearly expressed by the aphorism: “Brûlons plus de poudre, versons moins de sang” (French: “Let’s burn more gunpowder, shed less blood.” ). Vauban first destroyed the fire of the fortress artillery and then advanced the infantry forward with the help of covering approaches and long trenches or trenches, which he called “parallels.”
Belfort-Fortifications
Vauban's main engineering talent was manifested in his amazing art of using the features of the situation and terrain, as a result of which some of the shortcomings of his fortification system, indicated theoretically, disappeared on the ground. In this art of applying fortification forms to the situation and terrain, Vauban can hardly find rivals, and in this regard, the time of this famous engineer, dating back to the second half of the 17th century, can be called the era of Vauban. The Academy of Sciences made him a member (1699), and Louis XIV awarded him the rank of marshal (1703).
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Vauban Tower
Vauban's fortress in Colurs
Monument to Vauban in Besançon
2007, the year of the tricentenary of the death of the marshal, was declared the year of Vauban in France. In 2008, thirteen fortresses designed by Vauban were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
Le Havre (French: Le Havre, Norman: Lé Hâvre) is a city and commune in northern France, in the Haute-Normandie region, sub-prefecture in the department of Seine-Maritime. The port of Le Havre is one of the largest in France.
Prieuré_de_graville
Le Havre is located on the right bank of the Seine, near its estuary. The river separates this city from the Basse-Normandie region and the neighboring city of Honfleur. To the north and west of Le Havre is the coast of the Pas de Calais Strait.
Francis I
Le Havre is one of the youngest cities in France. When founded by Admiral Gouffier in 1517, it was named Franciscopolis in honor of King Francis I. Subsequently it was renamed Havre de Grace (“blessed harbor,” the word havre literally means harbor). In 1562, the Huguenots handed the city over to the British, but after 2 years it returned to France.
LeHavreCathedral
By 1572 the city had become significant shopping center, from where ships departed for Newfoundland and Spitsbergen to catch cod and whales. TO XVIII century the port of Le Havre becomes the second largest in France after Nantes. The old port is depicted in Monet's painting “Impression. Rising Sun"(1872), which gave its name to the Impressionist movement.
Monet "Impression. Rising Sun"
During World War II, the city was practically wiped off the face of the earth. After the war, according to the design of Andre Perret, it was rebuilt with modern buildings in a characteristic white color. Perret's residential buildings served as one of the sources of the Soviet "Khrushchev" project.
AttractionsThe city's development is predominantly post-war, dominated by the skyscraper-like Church of Saint-Joseph. Some architectural monuments of the 16th-18th centuries have been preserved. (Church of Notre-Dame, Abbey of Graville-Sainte-Honorine). Near the city there is a museum of medieval sculpture and archeology, and in the city itself there is a museum fine arts named after Andre Malraux.
château des Gadelles
Updated project settlement designed by the famous architect Andre Perret. Since then, the appearance of Le Havre has been dominated by white concrete buildings, designed in the spirit of post-war severity, orderliness and expediency. The city has turned into a slightly strange kingdom of straight lines, devoid of any pretentious luxury. However, the architecture of Le Havre is worth visiting, as are the local museums.
The homogeneity of modern buildings sharply distinguishes Le Havre, destroyed during the Second World War, from other cities in France. Andre Perret's urban planning solution is distinguished by thoughtfulness and unique aesthetic merits, which allowed UNESCO to include the city center as a World Heritage Site.
UNESCO is a United Nations Organization that deals with education, culture and science. The main goals declared by the organization are to promote the strengthening of world security through expanding cooperation between peoples and states in the field of science, education and culture; observance of the rule of law and ensuring justice, universal respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, which are proclaimed in the Charter of the Organization, for absolutely all peoples, without belonging to any race, gender, language or religion.
On November 16, 1945, an organization was created, the headquarters of which is located in the capital of France. The organization's activities cover issues of discrimination in education, as well as illiteracy; studies national cultures and trains national personnel; problems of geology, social sciences, biosphere and oceanography.
The UNESCO Preparatory Commission moved to the Majestic Hotel from London on 16 September 1946, which served as temporary premises until 1958. The structure was hastily restored after the liberation of the city from German occupation. Working conditions there were not ideal, since the largest bedrooms were provided for work by secretaries, many of whom used one wardrobe for storing documents. Mid-level professional employees worked in former bathrooms, because it was the only place storage of documentation.
The inauguration of the current headquarters of UNESCO took place on November 3, 1958, at Place Fontenoy in Paris. The building, which resembles the shape of the Latin letter Y, was designed by three architects from different countries, and the construction of the headquarters was carried out under the direction of an international committee.
The complex, which is known throughout the world not only for the location of the UNESCO headquarters, but also for its architectural merits, was built on several dozen concrete columns in the shape of a three-pointed star.
The building houses a library, which houses a large numismatic and philatelic collection, all the publications of the Organization and the UNESCO souvenir department.
The complex is complemented by three other structures. The first, called "accordion", has a large oval hall. This is where the General Conference holds plenary sessions. The second building is built in the shape of a cube. In the third building, in the center of the green area, deep into two underground levels, there are six open courtyards, into which the windows of the offices located along the perimeter open. These buildings containing a large number of unique works of art are now open to the public.
Since the beginning of the construction of the UNESCO building on Place Fontenoy, works of art have been commissioned from famous artists, which, in addition to decorative and artistic design, would symbolize peace, the preservation and strengthening of which the organization sets as its goal. Over time, other works of art were also acquired. Most of the works were donated to the Organization by Member States.
On the UNESCO website at virtual museum you can see works by Picasso, Miro, Bazin, Corbusier, Tapies, and many other famous and little-known artists.
9. Chartres Cathedral
10. Reims
11. Historical center of Avignon
12. Pilgrimage route to Santiago de Campostela
The route passes through the cities: , Potier, , etc.
13. Episcopal city of Albi
14. Vauban's fortifications
Vauban's fortifications consist of 12 groups of fortified buildings and sites along the borders of France. They were designed by the military architect Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633–1707) during the reign of King Louis XIV
17. Cevennes and Grand Cross mountain ranges
Mountain ranges Cevennes and Grand Crosses(Les Causses and les Cévennes) (2011)
18. Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel
19. Palace and Park of Fontainebleau
24. Pont du Gard
— Ancient Roman near (1985), region. The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge built in the first century AD to carry water over 50 km to the Roman colony of Nemaus (now a city). It crosses the Gardon River near the town of Vert-Pont-du-Gard in southern France. The Pont du Gard is the highest of all Roman aqueduct bridges and one of the best preserved. It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985 due to its historical significance.
25. City of medieval fairs Provins
- city of medieval fairs (2001) in . This is one of the best examples of a medieval merchant city in Europe.
26. Lyon historical center
- in (1998). Lyon maintains an important architectural heritage dating from Roman times until the Renaissance, and as such the areas of Old Lyon, the Fourvière hill, the peninsula and the slopes of de la Croix-Rousse are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
27. Prehistoric sites in the Alps region
Prehistoric sites in the Alps region (2011). A series of prehistoric settlements (or stilt houses) in and around the Alps. It is a cross-border attraction shared with Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland, 11 of the 111 sites are in France: Clairvaux-les-Lacs; Marigny, Doucier, Fontenu; Aiguebelette-le-Lac, Saint-Alban-de-Montbel; Brison-Saint-Innocent; Chindrieux; Saint-Pierre-de-Curtille; Tresserve; Chens-sur-Léman; Saint-Jorioz; Sevrier; Sevrier, Saint-Jorioz.
28. Grande Île and Neustadt in Strasbourg, Alsace
– in, (1988). Strasbourg to different time belonged either to France or to Germany. Its rich and turbulent history has left a remarkable architectural heritage. Its city center, located on the Grande Île, has been a complete UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988 and includes, among others, the Notre-Dame cathedral of Strasbourg and the Petite France district. In 2017, the perimeter was extended to part of Neustadt, an area built by German authorities since 1880.
Message quote UNESCO World Heritage: France. Palaces and parks of Versailles. Part 1
The UNESCO World Heritage List in the French Republic includes 37 items (as of 2011), this is 3.8% of the total (936 as of 2011). 33 objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria, and 17 of them are recognized as masterpieces of human genius (criterion i), 3 objects are included according to natural criteria, each of which is recognized natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance (criterion vii), as well as 1 mixed object, also falling under criterion vii. In addition, as of 2010, 33 sites in France are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The French Republic ratified the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on June 27, 1975.
UNESCO experts have decided that French gastronomic culture, with its rituals and complex organization, is worthy of inclusion in the prestigious List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. For the first time in the world this status was received National cuisine, which indicates “its widespread recognition.”
Experts of the Intergovernmental Committee of UNESCO satisfied the request of France in the art of Alençon lace - they were included in the List of Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Food is part of the French national identity. Normandy, Provencal, Burgundian and Alsatian cuisines differ from each other as much as the inhabitants of these regions. “It must be said that French cuisine is subject to numerous influences, which allows it to create new dishes and new tastes. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this openness, especially given the characteristics of modern society,” says Hubert de Canson, Deputy Permanent Representative of France to UNESCO.
Versailles - palace and park ensemble in France (French: Parc et château de Versailles), the former residence of the French kings in the city of Versailles, now a suburb of Paris; a center of tourism of global importance.
Versailles was built under the leadership of Louis XIV in 1661, and became a kind of monument to the era of the “Sun King”, an artistic and architectural expression of the idea of absolutism. The leading architects are Louis Levo and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, the creator of the park is Andre Le Nôtre. The Versailles ensemble, the largest in Europe, is distinguished by its unique integrity of design and harmony of architectural forms and transformed landscape. Since the end of the 17th century, Versailles served as a model for ceremonial country residences European monarchs and aristocracy, but there are no direct imitations of it.
From 1666 to 1789, before the French Revolution, Versailles was the official royal residence. In 1801 it received the status of a museum and is open to the public; since 1830, the entire architectural complex of Versailles has become a museum; in 1837 royal palace The Museum of French History opened. In 1979, the Palace of Versailles and its park were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Many significant events in French and world history are associated with Versailles. Thus, in the 18th century, the royal residence became the place where many international treaties were signed, including the treaty that ended the American War of Independence (1783). In 1789, the Constituent Assembly working in Versailles adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
Chapel_and_Gabriel_Wing_Palace_of_Versailles
Northern view
South facade. Versailles 2
In 1871, after the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the creation of the German Empire was proclaimed in Versailles, occupied by German troops. Here in 1919 a peace treaty was signed, ending the First World War and marking the beginning of the so-called Versailles system - a political system of post-war international relations
View of the palace from the park
Versailles_-zicht_op_de_Écuries
The history of the Palace of Versailles begins in 1623 with a very modest hunting castle, similar to a feudal one, built at the request of Louis XIII from brick, stone and slate roofing on the territory purchased from Jean de Soisy, whose family owned the lands since the 14th century. The hunting castle was located in the place where the marble courtyard is now located. Its dimensions were 24 by 6 meters. In 1632, the territory was expanded through the purchase of the Versailles estate from the Archbishop of Paris from the Gondi family, and a two-year reconstruction was undertaken.
La Victoire sur l"Espagne Marcy Girardon Versailles
Louis XIVSince 1661, the “Sun King” Louis XIV began to expand the palace in order to use it as his permanent residence, since after the Fronde uprising, living in the Louvre seemed unsafe to him. Architects Andre Le Nôtre and Charles Lebrun renovated and expanded the palace in the classicist style. The entire façade of the palace on the garden side is occupied by a large gallery (Gallery of Mirrors, Gallery of Louis XIV), which makes a stunning impression with its paintings, mirrors and columns. In addition to it, the Gallery of Battles, the palace chapel and the Royal Opera House also deserve mention.
After the death of Louis XIV in 1715, the five-year-old King Louis XV, his court, and the Council of Regency of Philippe d'Orléans returned to Paris. Russian Tsar Peter I, during his visit to France, stayed in May 1717 in Grand Trianon. The 44-year-old Tsar, while in Versailles, studied the structure of the Palace and parks, which served as a source of inspiration for him when creating Peterhof on the shores of the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg (Verlet, 1985).
Versailles changed during the reign of Louis XV, but not as much as it did under Louis XIV. In 1722, the king and his court returned to Versailles and the first project was the completion of the Salon of Hercules, the construction of which was begun in the last years of the reign of Louis XIV, but due to the death of the latter was not completed.
The Little Apartments of the King are recognized as a significant contribution of Louis XV to the development of Versailles; Chambers of Madame, Chambers of the Dauphin and his wife on the first floor of the Palace; as well as the personal chambers of Louis XV - the King's small apartments on the second floor (later rebuilt into Madame DuBarry's apartments) and the King's small apartments on the third floor - on the second and third floors of the Palace. The main achievement of Louis XV in the development of Versailles was the completion of the construction of the Opera Hall and the Petit Trianon Palace (Verlet, 1985).
Petit Trianon, palace
Small apartments of the king. Cabinet of golden service
Gaming salon of Louis 16th
Madame DuBarry
An equally significant contribution is the destruction of the Ambassadors' Staircase, the only ceremonial route to the Great Royal Apartments. This was done to build apartments for the daughters of Louis XV.
One of the gates
Inviolability of power. French royal court.
In the decoration of the gate there are symbols of the “sun” king
Golden Gate.
Palace of Versailles; Saint Leu stone,
There have been no significant changes in the Park compared to the times of Louis XIV; Louis XV's only legacy to the parks of Versailles is the completion of the Basin of Neptune between 1738 and 1741 (Verlet, 1985). In the last years of his reign, Louis XV, on the advice of the architect Gabriel, began reconstructing the facades of the courtyards of the Palace. According to another project, the Palace was to receive classical facades from the city side. This project of Louis XV also continued throughout the reign of Louis XVI, and was only completed in the twentieth century (Verlet, 1985).
Hall of Mirrors
All accounts related to the construction of the palace have survived to this day. The amount taking into account all expenses is 25,725,836 livres (1 livre corresponded to 409 g of silver), which in total amounted to 10,500 tons of silver or 456 million guilders for 243 g of silver / Conversion to modern value is practically impossible. Based on the price of silver at 250 euros per kg, the construction of the palace absorbed 2.6 billion euros / Based on the purchasing power of the then guilder as 80 euros, the construction cost 37 billion euros. Putting the cost of building the palace in relation to the state budget of France in the 17th century, the modern sum is 259.56 billion euros.
Palace facade. Clock of Louis 14.
Almost half of this amount was spent on creating interior decoration. The best masters of the era Jacob, Jean Joseph Chapuis created luxurious boiserie. [source not specified 859 days] These expenses were spread over 50 years, during which the construction of the Palace of Versailles, completed in 1710, took place.
Emperor Augustus
Roman busts
The site of the future construction required a huge amount of excavation work. Recruiting workers from surrounding villages was difficult. Peasants were forced to become “builders.” To increase the number of workers on the construction of the palace, the king banned all private construction in the surrounding area. Workers were often imported from Normandy and Flanders. Almost all orders were carried out through tenders; contractors' expenses exceeding those initially named were not paid. IN peaceful times The army was also involved in the construction of the palace. Finance Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert kept an eye on frugality. The forced presence of the aristocracy at court was an additional precaution on the part of Louis XIV, who thus ensured complete control over the activities of the aristocracy. Only at court was it possible to obtain ranks or posts, and those who left lost their privileges
Fountains of Versailles
On May 5, 1789, representatives of the nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie gathered at the Palace of Versailles. After the king, who by law was given the right to convene and dissolve such events, closed the meeting for political reasons, the deputies from the bourgeoisie declared themselves the National Assembly and retired to the Ball House. After 1789, it was possible to maintain the Palace of Versailles only with difficulty.
Architectural elements of the palace decoration
On October 5-6, 1789, first a crowd from the Parisian suburbs, and then the National Guard under the command of Lafayette, came to Versailles demanding that the king and his family, as well as the National Assembly, move to Paris. Submitting to forceful pressure, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, their relatives and deputies moved to the capital. After this, the importance of Versailles as an administrative and political center France decreased and did not recover in the future.
Since the time of Louis Philippe, many halls and rooms began to be restored, and the palace itself became an outstanding national historical museum, which exhibited busts, portraits, battle paintings and other works of art mainly of historical value.
Proclamation of the German Empire in 1871
The Palace of Versailles was of great importance in German-French history. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, it was the seat of the main headquarters of the German army from October 5, 1870 to March 13, 1871. On January 18, 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed in the Gallery of Mirrors, and its Kaiser was Wilhelm I. This place was deliberately chosen to humiliate the French.
A peace treaty with France was signed on February 26, also at Versailles. In March, the evacuated French government moved the capital from Bordeaux to Versailles, and only in 1879 again to Paris.
At the end of the First World War, a preliminary truce was concluded at the Palace of Versailles, as well as the Treaty of Versailles, which the defeated German Empire was forced to sign. This time, the historical site was chosen by the French to humiliate the Germans.
The harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles (including huge indemnity payments and admission of sole guilt) fell heavily on the shoulders of the young Weimar Republic. Because of this, it is widely believed that the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles were the basis for the future rise of Nazism in Germany.
Marble courtyard of Versailles
After World War II, the Palace of Versailles became the site of German-French reconciliation. This is evidenced by the celebrations marking the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Elysee Treaty, which took place in 2003. Palace of Versailles
The following kings and members of their families were born in the Palace of Versailles: Philip V (King of Spain), Louis XV, Louis XVI,
Many palaces in Europe were built under the undoubted influence of Versailles. These include the Sanssouci castles in Potsdam, Schönbrunn in Vienna, the Great Palaces in Peterhof, the Rapti Estate in Luga, Gatchina and Rundale (Latvia), as well as other palaces in Germany, Austria and Italy.
Busts and sculptures
Bust of Louis XIV by Gianlorenzo Bernini
Busts in the Hall of Mirrors
Buste de Louis XV, Jean-Baptiste II Lemoyne (1749), apartments of the Dauphin, Louis 15
Madame Clotilde
Buste de Charles X, 1825, François-Joseph Bosio
Marie Antoinette
François Paul Brueys
Mirror gallery
Salle des croisades
Sleeping Ariadne
Escalier Gabriel
Petit_appartment_du_roi
Ceiling of the lobby
Entrance from the lobby
Lobby
Salle des gardes de la reine
Salon Louis 14, medallion depicting a Roman legionnaire
Salon de Venus, Louis XIV en empereur romain, Jean Varin
Coat of arms of Louis Phillipe
Paintings
Reception of the Persian ambassadors by Louis XIV, COYPEL Antoine
Creator:Claude Guy Hallé (Français, 1652-1736)
Louis 14, author unknown
The Sun King, Jean-Léon Gérôme (Français, 1824-1904)
Ambassador Ladder Model
Staircase.ambassadors
lobby decor,
Marie Josephine of Saxony and the Count of Burgundy, Maurice Quentin de Latour (author)
La remise de l "Ordre du Saint-Esprit, Nicolas Lancret (1690-1743)
Apartment Louis 14
Apartments Dauphin
Allegories, ceiling paintings,
The birth of the Duke of Burgundy at Versailles on 6 August 1682 by Antoine Dieu
Royal bedchamber in gold.
Blue office
Chambers in the Grand Trianon
Marie Antoinette
Bed Madame Pompadour
Napoleon's chambers
Palace decor
Angels, ceiling of the reception room
Mirror gallery
Coat of arms of Louis 14
Chandeliers and candelabra
Dining rooms and fireplaces
Porcelain
Josse-François-Joseph Leriche, Queen's toilet
Coyau
There are 46 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in France. Most of these are religious buildings. Also on the list are cities with a rich history (old towns in Paris, Strasbourg, the papal town in Avignon, and the episcopal town in Albi) and natural sites (Porto Bay, the lagoons of New Caledonia, the nature of the island of La Reunion).
(In addition to material objects, there is also)
Full list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in France:
Abbey of Fontenay
- the oldest Cistercian abbey remaining intact today (built in 1118).
Ancient Theater and the Arc de Triomphe of Orange (le Théâtre antique et l’Arc de Triomphe d’Orange)
The theater in Orange was built during the reign of Emperor Augustus, in the 1st century. BC, veterans of the 2nd legion of Julius Caesar. Today it is one of the best preserved Roman theaters in the world. The huge outer wall with the original elevator remains intact. Triumphal Arch was built later - in the 1st century. AD
The architectural heritage of Le Corbusier
It's 17 architectural structures created in the 20th century. Franco-Swiss master Le Corbusier on three continents (America, Asia, Europe). Most of them are located in France: the houses of La Roche and Genre in Paris, the Villa Savoye in Poissy, the chapel of Notre-Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, the monastery of Sainte-Marie de la Tourette in Eveux, etc.
residential building in Marseille Basilica and the hill of Vézelay (la basilique et la colline de Vézelay)
The basilica, built by 1150, was the largest pilgrimage center on the Way of St. James of Compostela. It is an example of Romanesque architecture.
The bay and abbey of Mont Saint-Michel (la Baie et l’abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel)
is a rocky island located in the English Channel in northern France. Famous for the abbey and its buildings towering over the island. Is one of .
Vineyards, houses and cellars of Champagne
Vineyards and wine-related sites in the Champagne region.
Le Havre city center, built after World War II
The city center of Le Havre, restored after the war (1945 - 1964) by the architect Auguste Perret, is included in the World Heritage List. This architectural ensemble is located on an area of 150 hectares and unites more than 12 thousand buildings - residential buildings, commercial, administrative and religious buildings, built according to the principles of the School of structural classicism of modern architecture of the mid-20th century.
Bell towers in France and Belgium (les beffrois de France et de Belgique)
And Belgium is inscribed in the world cultural heritage. French towers are located in and. Bell towers are an exceptional example of urban architecture adapted to the political and spiritual demands of the time. Built in the Middle Ages, they became a symbol of the cities' independence from the feudal regime.
Wineries of Burgundy
One of the recently added UNESCO sites (since 2015), glorifying the region's winemaking traditions.
Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalons (le Val de Loire entre Sully-sur-Loire et Chalonnes)
The Loire Valley is an exceptionally beautiful landscape of historical cities and villages, great architectural monuments - , - agricultural land and the river itself.
Roads of St. James of Compostelle (les Chemins de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle en France)
Part of the pilgrimage route from the center of Europe to spanish city, where the Cathedral of St. James of Compostela is located.
Ancient Roman monuments in Arles (les monuments romains et romans à Arles)
The ensemble consists of 8 objects located within a perimeter of 65 hectares, and includes a Roman amphitheater, an ancient theater, a Roman forum, baths, a fortress wall, a temple, etc.
Episcopal town in Albi (la Cité épiscopale d'Albi)
The architectural ensemble is mostly medieval, made of burnt red brick.
Gulf of Porto (Piana Bay, Girolata Bay, Scandola Nature Reserve) in Corsica (le Golfe de Porto: calanche de Piana, golf de Girolata, réserve de Scandola en Corse)
A bay in the Mediterranean Sea in the western part. There is a nature reserve on the coast.
Castle and Gardens of Versailles
Located near Paris in the town of Versailles. It was the residence of the French kings Louis XIV, XV, XVI. The kings and their courtiers lived there permanently from 1682 to 1789.
Fontainebleau Castle
- one of the royal residences near Paris, many French kings lived here from Francis I to Napoleon III. The building is made in the Renaissance and Classicism styles.
Historical center of Avignon (Palace of the Popes, episcopal complex, Avignon bridge) (le Palais des papes, ensemble épiscopal, le Pont d’Avignon)
In the 14th century The popes of the Roman Catholic Church lived in Avignon.
Historical center of Lyon
The old one is located along the Saone River at the foot of Fourvière Hill. This is a rare example of medieval and Renaissance cities that have remained almost untouched to this day.
Fortress of Carcassonne
This medieval architectural ensemble is located in the city of Carcassonne on the right bank of the Aude River. The history of the fort dates back to the Gallo-Roman period. The fortress became famous for its double wall, almost three kilometers long, with 52 towers. The count's castle and basilica are also located inside.
Lagoons of New Caledonia (les lagons de Nouvelle-Calédonie)
The incredibly beautiful lagoons of New Caledonia are located in the Pacific Ocean. Belongs to France. Bounded by the longest coral reef in the world.
Sites of ancient sites and grottoes with prehistoric paintings in the Vézère Valley (la vallée de la Vézère)
Of interest are prehistoric drawings found in 25 caves in the Weser Valley, 147 Paleolithic sites in an area of 30 by 40 km and hundreds of thousands of Stone Age artifacts.
Sites of ancient settlements in the Alps (les sites palafittiques préhistoriques autour des Alpes)
We are talking about the remains of prehistoric lake dwellings around the Alps, dating from 5000 to 500 BC. These are 111 places around lakes, along river banks and in swamps. Only a small amount has been excavated, but the finds there provide clues to life in Europe during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.
Monastery church in Saint-Savin sur Gartempe (l’abbatiale de Saint-Savin sur Gartempe)
Included in the World Heritage List thanks to its well-preserved, unique wall paintings from the 12th-13th centuries. (era of Romanesque art).
Pont du Gard
Built in the 1st century. AD It is considered the tallest aqueduct built by the Romans. It carried water from Uzès to the city of Nîmes. The aqueduct was used until the 6th century. Then the building began to be used as a bridge.
Paris, banks of the Seine (Paris, rives de la Seine)
UNESCO protected area. On an area of 365 hectares there are 23 of the 37 Parisian bridges over the Seine, as well as two islands - Saint-Louis. In this area there are many monuments of the capital of France: , Place de la Concorde, …
Cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc
This is a Paleolithic cave discovered in 1994 in the Ardèche department. Named after its discoverer. About a thousand drawings and engravings, mostly depicting animals, were found in the cave.
Plateaus of Causses et les Cévennes: cultural landscapes of Mediterranean pastoralism
The protected areas of the Grandes Causses and Cevennes are located in the south of the Massif Central between 5 cities - Mandes, Ales, Ganges, Lodève and Millau. Important importance is given to the history of the development of the region, the organization here since the 11th century. large abbeys and the connections between farmers and their biophysical environment.
Pyrenees – Lost Mountain (les Pyrénées – Mont Perdu)
The Pyrenees-Lost Mountain is a vast mountainous region on the border of France and Spain. Natural and cultural landscapes are protected.
Peaks, craters and earthworks of Reunion Island (Pitons, cirques et remparts de l’île de la Réunion)
Natural heritage of the French overseas department in the southwest Indian Ocean. The protected area makes up almost 40% of the island.
Place Stanislas in Nancy (la place Stanislas, Nancy)
The square was built by the will of the Duke of Lorraine Stanislo Leszczynski in 1755 by the architect Emmanuel Eray. It is considered one of the most beautiful squares in France.
Port la Lune in Bordeaux (le port de la Lune à Bordeaux)
Port of the Moon is the so-called port in the city due to the characteristic curved shape of the coast on which the port is located. Trade port The city was of great importance in the development of Bordeaux in the 16th-20th centuries.
Provins, town of the medieval fair (Provins)
Provin - former capital Champagne County. Famous for the medieval fortifications surrounding the city.
Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion (la Jurudiction de Saint-Emilion)
is a wine-growing area 35 km from the northern part of the Dordogne Valley. It extends over 7846 hectares and has a population of 6 thousand inhabitants.
Notre-Dame Cathedral, Saint-Rémi Abbey and Teau Palace in Reims (la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims, l’abbaye Saint-Rémi, le palais de Tau)
Notre Dame Cathedral in Reims was built in the 13th century. Suffered significant destruction during the First World War. But the statue of more than 2,300 statues has still been preserved intact.
The Basilica of the Abbey of Saint-Rémy is one of the ancient churches of France, built in the 9th century. It contains the relics of Saint Remy, the baptist of the first French king Clovis.
The Palace of To was the residence of the Archbishop of Reims and was also home to the French kings during their coronation. The palace got its name because of its shape - it is built like the letter T (Tau in Greek).
Cathedral in Amiens (la cathédrale d'Amiens)
This is the most spacious French cathedral (200,000 m 3 ). One of the examples of the classic Gothic style. The cathedral has lost almost all of its original stained glass windows, but its western facade and portal are still decorated with sculptures from the 13th century.
Cathedral of Bourges
Built between the end of the 12th and the end of the 13th centuries. Architecturally, it is remarkable for its harmonious proportions and the value of its tympanums, sculptures and stained glass windows.
Chartres Cathedral
Masterpiece gothic architecture, its sculptures, stained glass windows and cladding have been preserved for the most part in their original form. The cathedral was built in the 13th century.
Saltworks in Salins-les-Bains
An ensemble of two former saltworks. Salt production in these places has been carried out for 7 thousand years.
Taputapuatea in Polynesia
Taputaputea is a commune on the island of Raiatea. French Polynesia. The UNESCO lists include places where ancient Polynesian cults were practiced.
Fortifications of Vauban
Several cities (Arras, Besançon, Villefranche de Conflent, etc.) with fortifications by the military engineer Vauban.
Strasbourg: Center (Grande-île) and German Quarter Neustadt (la Neustadt)
The old center is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site as an example of a medieval city.
The German Quarter was built to the north and northeast of the Grand Ile, historical center, during the period when the city belonged to Germany (construction lasted from the 80s of the 19th century until the start of the First World War).
Mines of Nord-Pas-de-Calais
It is an area in northern France in the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, whose economic, social, environmental and cultural development closely associated with intensive coal mining from the end of the 17th century. until the end of the 20th century.
Canal du Midi
Connects with Mediterranean Sea. It was built in the 17th century. during the reign of Louis 14 and was called by contemporaries “the construction site of the century.” This is the oldest operating canal in Europe.
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