Topographic map of Afghanistan in Russian. Afghanistan map in Russian. Capital of Afghanistan, flag, history of the country. Where is Afghanistan located on the world map. Mains voltage
Afghanistan is a country located in the Middle East, bordering Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and India. This page contains the most convenient maps for finding the right place, planning tourist route and simple study of the country’s place on the world map.
Interactive map
Move the map, zoom in and out to get the information you need about the country.
Tourist and administrative maps
Administrative map of Afghanistan showing all 34 provinces of the country.
A map of Afghanistan on which the country's topography and key cities are clearly visible. 
Analytical information
Thanks to the authority of Ptolemy, this view of the predominance of land over water became widespread and remained in science until the 15th century. This misconception of the ancients had very great consequences in the future, prompting Columbus to embark on a bold journey to the west on the assumption that Western Europe, East Asia and Afghanistan shares a narrow expanse of water.
On Ptolemy's maps there is already a noticeable desire to depict the relief of the earth's surface: the main direction of the mountain ranges is given and the most prominent peaks are marked with strokes. To designate the natural character of the earth's surface, Ptolemy introduced the term "topography".
Ptolemy wrote a number of works: the most important of them are the “Great Collection” and “Geography”. The first work, consisting of 13 books, sets out mathematics, astronomy, geography and the system of the world, with the Earth taken as the fixed center of the universe. The Ptolemaic world system, thanks to the patronage of the clergy, lasted until Copernicus.
Ptolemy already divides the Earth into belts by the longitudes of the day, and divides the parallels into parts by the midday shadows of the Sun. It divides a circle into 360 parts (degrees), degrees into 60 parts (minutes), minutes into 60 parts (seconds).
Geography covers physical geography and cartography. Geography contains 27 maps of various parts of the earth's surface, including Afghanistan. To map the entire Earth, Ptolemy constructed a simple conical projection with meridians converging towards the pole, which was completely different from the rectangular grids used before him to depict the entire Earth. To depict individual parts of the Earth, Ptolemy used mainly stereographic projection.
Describing the rules for drawing maps, Ptolemy absolutely correctly approached the issue of drawing maps, pointing out the need for preliminary determination geographical coordinates points on the earth's surface from astronomical observations, and then plotting them on a map. For the prime meridian in astronomical determinations, Ptolemy took the meridian Canary Islands. The original collection of Ptolemy's maps has not reached us. The maps were kept in the Library of Alexandria and perished in the fire along with other valuables of this library. Later, in the 10th century. AD, Ptolemy's maps were restored from manuscripts and subsequently reprinted several times. The era of Ptolemy ends the period of the highest flowering of cartography in antiquity.
Characterizing the ancient Afghan period of cartography development, the following can be noted. During this period, the first foundation was laid for the doctrine of projections and mapping. At the beginning of the period, only horizontal geometric projections were used to construct maps, which corresponded to the idea of a flat, round shape of the Earth. By the end of the period, in accordance with the idea of the Earth as a ball, cylindrical and conical projections began to be developed.
The preliminary determination of astronomical points, followed by their placement on maps, laid the foundation for the doctrine of map making.
During this period, the first attempts to study the relief of the earth's surface were also made. Dicaearchus of Messina already measured some heights in Greece. The Greek geographer Strabo (60 BC - 20 AD), in his extensive “Geography”, consisting of 17 volumes and representing the main source of information on ancient geography, gives a classification of individual forms of the earth's relief. The Roman scientist Caius Pliny (born 23 AD) in his encyclopedic work shows the heights of some mountain peaks. Ptolemy is already making attempts to depict on a map the position of the main mountain ranges. Significant progress has also been made in matters of geoscience - descriptions individual countries and the peoples inhabiting them. Especially much in this regard was done by Herodotus, the famous Greek historian Polybius (205-123 BC), Strabo and others.
In terms of accuracy, maps of this period were very imperfect. Limited geographical horizons, imperfect astronomical determination of points and measurements on the earth's surface, ignorance of the method of orientation relative to the cardinal points did not, of course, make it possible to construct more or less accurate maps, as a result of which the maps had enormous inaccuracies and distortions. For example, the Mediterranean Sea according to Ptolemy has a length of one and a half times greater in longitude than in reality. Despite, however, all the shortcomings, cartography in the ancient Greek period generally achieved such colossal successes that provided every basis for its further flourishing.
However, the next period in the history of mankind not only delayed the further development of cartography, but also returned it for some time to its primitive state. Soon after Ptolemy, there was a general decline in the sciences and arts, which could not but affect cartography.
In the period 264-133. BC, the Roman Empire achieved worldwide power. As a result of the successful Punic Wars, the Roman Empire by the end of this period united all of Italy and the provinces: Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, Africa, Macedonia, Afghanistan and Asia, almost all cultural countries ancient world. Greece also lost its political independence; in 146 BC, the Romans destroyed Corinth and converted Greece into one of their provinces called Achaia.
Striving for dominance over neighboring and non-neighboring peoples, striving for centuries to conquer all of Western Europe, the Romans, however, unwittingly prepared the decline and fall of the empire. The Romans looked at the conquered provinces only as a source of income and a subject for exploitation. Hence, as a consequence, constant wars to suppress those rebelling against the despotic power of Rome. Continuous wars and exploitation of the provinces, which placed a heavy burden on the working population, led to the formation, on the one hand, of a large group of slaves and serfs, and on the other hand, a group of military aristocracy and large landowners who cultivated their lands through slaves. Under the yoke of cruel exploitation, burdened with hard work, subjected to humiliating punishments, the slaves finally could not stand it. As a result, a slave revolution begins, a brutal struggle begins between the proletariat and its exploiters, which contributes to the fall of the Roman Empire.
The military campaigns of the Romans, of course, expanded the geographical horizons of scientists of this era and contributed to the early successes of cartography. Ptolemy (87-150 AD), mentioned above, who had a huge geographical horizon, is already a cartographer of the Roman era. But Ptolemy ends the development of cartography in the ancient period.
Seeking dominance over Western and eastern countries Pursuing exclusively military goals, the Romans paid main attention to the development of military art, and not to the development of certain scientific problems. At the same time, the despotism of absolute power and the oppression of the free personality of man also could not contribute to the development of sciences in general and cartography in particular.
Having inherited their cartographic knowledge from the Greeks, the Romans, for their part, did nothing to further develop cartography; they not only did not introduce anything new into cartography, but, on the contrary, ignored theoretical foundations failed to preserve what they inherited from the Greeks and contributed to the decline of cartography.
A clear indicator of the decline of cartography in the Roman era are the so-called tables,
essentially representing not maps, but routes. These routes, some of which are shown in the figure, were the result of the survey of Afghanistan, begun under Desart and completed under Augustus. They were compiled on 12 sheets of parchment, their total length was 63/4 m. The narrow, elongated shape of the tables is explained by the fact that they were intended to serve as a guide and be convenient to use. They were built without any scientific principles; depending on the number of objects and roads applied, the terrain was extended in the latitudinal direction and, conversely, compressed in the meridional direction. With such an image, neither the scale nor the mutual relationship between individual objects of the area was maintained. The tables show the names of the roads and their length, cities are indicated by houses, mountains - in the form of hills, rivers - by thick winding lines, roads - by thin, straight lines, forests - by groups of trees.
Afghanistan is a country in the Middle East. Satellite map Afghanistan shows that the country borders Iran, China, Pakistan, India, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. The area of the country is 652,864 square meters. km. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and valleys.
The state is divided into 34 provinces. The largest cities in Afghanistan are Kabul (the capital), Herat, Kandahar, Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad. National languages are Pashto and Dari. The national currency is Afghani.
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. The country has huge mineral reserves, but their extraction is not developed. The state's economy is based on agriculture. One of the main areas of agriculture is the cultivation of opium: the country is considered one of the largest exporters of drugs in the world.
Landscapes of Afghanistan
A Brief History of Afghanistan
VI century BC. – the territory of Afghanistan became part of the Persian Empire
IV-II centuries BC. – was part of the empire of Alexander the Great, the Selevikd state and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom
6th century – Afghanistan conquered by Arabs, spread of Islam
XVIII century - Afghanistan is part of the Persian Empire, the emergence of the first independent Afghan principalities
The beginning of the 20th century - the “Great Game” between the Russian and British empires for the territory of Afghanistan.
1919 – the country gains independence from Great Britain
1919-1973 – Kingdom of Afghanistan
1973 – coup d’état and formation of the republic
1978 – revolution, education Democratic Republic Afghanistan
1978-present time – Civil war, Taliban movement, increase in drug production
2001 – fall of the Taliban regime, formation of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan
Sights of Afghanistan
On detailed map From a satellite you can see some of the sights of Afghanistan: Mount Noshak (7492 m), the Paropamiz and Hindu Kush mountain systems, the Amu Darya, Gerirud and Helmand rivers, the group of lakes Hamun.
Architectural monuments of various types have been preserved on the territory of Afghanistan. historical periods. The round temple of Dashli, the sanctuary in Kandahar and the ancient settlement of Altyn Tapa in Balkh belong to the pagan period. Among the monuments of the Buddhist period, the temple in Ghazni, the cave complex of Khazar Sum, the monasteries of Bamiyan and Kunduz have been preserved.
Bamiyan Valley (cave monastery)
Monuments of the Islamic period include the Blue Mosque in Mazar-i-Sharif, cathedral mosques in Kabul and Herat, tombs and mausoleums in Herat and Kandahar. Add to list world heritage UNESCO included the Jam Minaret.
Among the attractions of Afghanistan, it is worth highlighting the Babur Gardens and the Kabul Museum in Kabul.
AFGHANISTAN
(Islamic State of Afghanistan)
Geographical position. Afghanistan is a state in southwest Asia. In the north it borders with Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan; in the east with China, India (the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir) and Pakistan; in the south with Pakistan; in the west with Iran.
Square. The territory of Afghanistan covers 647,600 square meters. km.
Main cities Administrative division. The capital of Afghanistan is Kabul. Largest cities: Kabul (700 thousand people), Kandahar (226 thousand people), Herat (178 thousand people). Administrative-territorial division of the country: 29 provinces (wilayats) and 2 districts of central subordination.
Political system
Afghanistan is in a transition period: since September 1996, power has been in the hands of the Taliban religious group.
Relief. Afghanistan is a mountainous country: about three-quarters of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills. In the north there are several river valleys, in the south and southwest there are desert areas. home mountain system the Hindu Kush country, which stretches 965 km from the Pamirs in the northeast to the border with Iran in the west. Average height The Hindu Kush is about 4,270 m high, with some peaks reaching a height of 7,620 m. The interior of the country is connected through several passes. The lowest pass of the Hindu Kush, Shibar, is located at an altitude of 2,987 m and connects the capital of the state, Kabul, with the northern regions of the country. The Khyber Pass on the northeastern border connects Afghanistan with Pakistan.
Geological structure and minerals. The country's subsoil contains rich reserves of natural gas, oil, coal, copper, mica, barite, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, precious and semi-precious stones.
Climate. The country's climate is varied. Kabul, located at an altitude of 1830 m above sea level, has cold winters and warm summers. Jalalabad (550 m above sea level) has a subtropical climate, while Kandahar (1,070 m above sea level) has a mild climate.
Inland waters. Largest rivers Afghanistan: Amu Darya, Kabul, Helmand and Harirud.
Soils and vegetation. Coniferous forests, occupying about 3% of the territory of Afghanistan, grow at altitudes from 1,830 to 3,660 m, below which there are deciduous forests - juniper and ash. Among the fruit trees, the most common are apple, pear, peach, and apricot. In the extreme south of the country date palms grow, and in the region of Kandahar and Jalalabad there are a large number of citrus fruits.
Animal world. Afghanistan is home to camels, mountain goats, bears, gazelles, wolves, jackals, wild cats and foxes. Afghanistan is also famous for the Afghan hound. Among domestic animals, astrakhan sheep are the most valuable.
Population and language
The population is about 24.792 million. The average population density is about 38 people per 1 sq. km. Ethnic groups: Pashtuns - 38%, Tajiks - 25%, Hazaras - 19%, Uzbeks - 6%. Languages: Pashto, Dari (state), Uzbek, Kyrgyz.
Religion
Sunnis - 84%, Shiites - 15%, Hindus, Jews.
Brief historical sketch
The first information about Afghanistan dates back to the 6th century. BC BC, when it was included in the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Around 330 BC e. Afghanistan was
conquered by Alexander the Great. After Alexander's death, the country was under the rule of Greek, Indian, and then Iranian rulers.
In the middle of the 7th century. n. e. The country was conquered by the Arabs, whose influence turned out to be the strongest and lasted until 1220, when the country was captured by the troops of Genghis Khan. The country was under Mongol rule until the 14th century.
In 1747, after another uprising against Iranian rule, the first Afghan state emerged, led by Emir Ahmad Shah. However, the emirate subsequently collapsed.
At the beginning of the 19th century. After a period of anarchy, Dost Muhammad Khan came to power and assumed the title of emir in 1835.
From the middle of the 19th century. Russia and Great Britain fought for influence on the country; in 1907, an agreement was signed between them recognizing the integrity of Afghanistan.
Until 1973, Afghanistan remained a monarchy. In 1973, as a result of a military coup, a republic was proclaimed in the country. In 1978 As a result of the coup, the Revolutionary Council came to power. At the end of December 1979, Soviet troops entered Afghanistan, remaining there until February 15, 1989. However, even after the withdrawal of Soviet troops Civil War continued. On April 16, 1992, rebel troops captured Kabul.
The country became known as the Islamic State of Afghanistan, and power was transferred to the Guiding Vetujihad (Transitional Council of the Mujahideen). In December 1992 B. Rabbani was elected president of the country, heading the Governing Council. Since the mid-1990s. most of After fierce fighting, the territory of Afghanistan comes under the control of the Taliban movement, which professes extremely fundamentalist views and enjoys the support of the ruling circles of Pakistan. Rabbani's government has the status of a government in exile.
Brief Economic Sketch
Afghanistan is an agricultural country. 1/3 of cultivated land is irrigated. Cereals (mainly wheat, but also corn, barley, rice), industrial crops (cotton, oilseeds, sugar beets, sugar cane). Vegetable growing, melon growing, fruit growing and viticulture. Extraction of natural gas and oil. Textile, chemical, food industry. Carpet making. Export: natural gas, dried fruits, carpets, astrakhan fur.
The monetary unit is Afghani.
Brief sketch of culture
Art and architecture. Kabul. Kabul Museum with a collection of Buddhist exhibits. Mazar-i-Sharif. A 15th-century mosque that houses the tomb of Caliph Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. Herat. Walls of the old city; Great Mosque. Ghazni. Ruins of old Ghazni. Kandahar. Several mosques; tomb of the first emir of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah.
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The Islamic State of Afghanistan is located in central Asia.
Administratively, the country consists of 34 provinces (wilayats).
Largest city a: Kabul, Kandahar, Herat.
Capital of Afghanistan- city of Kabul.
Borders and area of Afghanistan
Land borders with India, Iran, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Afghanistan covers an area of 647,500 square kilometers.
Afghanistan Map
Timezone
Population of Afghanistan
29,117,000 people.
Language
The official languages are Pashto and Dari.
Religion
Afghanistan is an Islamic republic. About 80% of the population are Sunnis, 19% are Shiites. Other religions – 1%.
Finance
The official currency is the Afghani.
Medical care and insurance
The level of medicine in Afghanistan is one of the worst in the world.
Mains voltage
220 volt. Frequency 50 Hz.
Afghanistan international dialing code
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