Attractions, map, photos, videos. Panorama of the Estonian province. Virtual tour of the Estonian province. Sights, map, photo, video 1915 Revel Estonian province
Republic of Estonia
Estland Governorate(Est. Eestimaa kubermang), Estland- the northernmost of the three provinces of the Baltic region of the Russian Empire, stretched in a strip from east to west along the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland and ended in an archipelago of islands. The territory is currently part of Estonia.
Geographical position
The extreme points of the E. province: in the west - Cape Dagerort (Kalana) on the island of Dago (20°2" east), in the east - the Narova River (near the city of Narva, 28°12" east), in the north - rocky Cape Stensker on the shore of the Gulf of Finland (59°49" N), in the south - the island of Kerksar near the Gulf of Pernov (58°19" N). In the West mainland E. province is bordered by the Baltic Sea (297 versts), in the north by the Gulf of Finland (469 versts), in the east by the Narova River, which separates it from the St. Petersburg province (75 versts), in the south by Lake Peipus or Peipus and the Livonia Governorate ( 371 versts); more than ²/3 of the border line is water (not counting islands) and about 1/3 is land borders. Coast within the Estonian province it is indented by a number of bays and bays and is rich in peninsulas; in the west and north-west it is surrounded by islands. Of the bays and bays, the most significant are: in the Baltic Sea - Verder Bay, Matualvik, Gapsal Bay (with the city of Gapsal); in the Gulf of Finland - Rogervik Bay (with the city of Baltic Port) is deep, spacious and rarely freezes; Revelskaya (city of Revel) - extensive, well protected, often remains ice-free all winter; Pappenvik (with the Garra harbor), Monkevik (with the Erro pier), Kaspervik, Kunda Bay (Port Kunda harbor) and Narvsky, the latter only in its western part (to the mouth of the Narva) belongs to the E. province. There are about 80 islands along the mainland of the province, of which Dago (Dagden) is 843.7 square meters. versts (separated from the island of Ezel, Livonia province, by the Seelasund Strait, up to 6 versts wide), Worms - 82.4 sq. versts (separated from the island of Dago by the Harrisund Strait, up to 11 versts wide), Kassar - 20.7 sq. verst, Bol. Roge - 12.4 sq. versts, Mal. Roge - 12.2 sq. versts, Norgen - 11.0 sq. versts, then 5 islands with an area of more than 2 square meters. versts each, 5 - at least 1 square. versts, the rest - less than 1 square. miles each.
Square
The area of E. province comprises 17,791.7 square meters. versts (20,246.7 sq. km) or 1,853,183 tithes; of which 16290.5 sq. versts make up the mainland, 1032.7 - islands and 468.5 sq. versts under the waters of the part of Lake Peipus included in the province. 4 districts: Harriensky or Revelsky (5043.3 sq. versts, including under the islands 53.4), Virlyandsky or Wesenbergsky (5629 sq. versts), Yervensky or Weisensteinsky (2522.9 sq. versts) and Viksky or Gapsalsky ( 4128 sq. miles, of which 979.3 are under the islands).
Surface
The surface of the mainland part of the Estonian province is a flat hill, merging in the south with the hills of the neighboring Livonia province and parallel ledges descending in the west and north to the sea, forming a so-called “clint” along the coast, and to the east - to Lake Peipus and the Narova River. The watershed of the Gulf of Finland basins with one, Lake Peipsi and the Gulf of Riga - on the other side runs through the middle of the province; its node is located on the Pantifera terrace in the parishes of Klein-Marien and Simonis (400 feet, while individual hills - Mount Evil or Ebbafermäggi - reach 479 feet); from here a branch extends to the west, forming two more terraces - in S. Johannis (240-300 feet) and in Rappel and Yerden parishes (240-250 feet). To the east, the Pantifera terrace decreases and becomes lowland; in the southeast it connects with the Livland uplands, and in the southwest, in the southern part of the Gapsala district, it descends with ledges to the sea. The northwestern and middle parts of Gapsala County are lowland and swampy. The inner part of E. province, thanks to the depressions formed by river beds, for the most part swampy and covered with forests; These depressions are bordered by hills, reaching 350 feet in places (Pyukhtitsa near the town of Illuk and near the village of Ruilya). The most high points E. provinces are located in the south near the Livonian border - near the village of Sall in the St. Simoni parish - Mount Emmomäggi (Mother Mountain) - 544 feet and in the same parish the Kellafer sheepfold - 514 feet above sea level. The islands of E. province are mostly low-lying and flat; the exceptions are the western part of the island of Dago (up to 200 feet in height), Worms and some small islands, partly covered with rocky hills.
Geological structure
Geological structure. The base of E. province consists entirely of horizontal limestone slabs. This limestone, together with the other rock layers beneath it (loose greenish clay sandstone, resinous shale, Ungulitic sandstone, blue clay), belong to the Silurian formation. The rocky base is unevenly covered with a layer of grant, clay and sand belonging to the colluvium or ice age. In some places the horizontal surface of the slabs protrudes outward, while in others the grant and crushed stone masses, covering them, form embankments and dams from 30 to 70 feet in height. These dams stretch along the mainland of the province, forming between themselves marshy lowlands, among which rubble hills (Saar, that is, an island) often rise. In the north of the province, along the sea coast, there are dunes consisting of rough, yellowish, rarely white sand; similar dunes are found in the middle parts of the province. Boulders consisting of Finnish granite are scattered unevenly throughout the area. In the lowlands, near river banks, bluish clay layers (3-6 feet thick); it is rarely found in its pure form and is mostly mixed with grant. The sea shores of Egypt are gradually being destroyed under the influence of waves; In connection with this destruction there is the formation of sea silt (healing mud near the city of Gapsalya). The following mineral resources are mined in E. province: limestone (on the island of Dago), sandstone (in various places), cement (on the Kunda estate in Wesenberg district), marble (on the Vassalem estate in Revel district), and peat is mined in many areas, especially in middle lane mainland; In total, there are about 100 peat bogs in the Estonian province, of which two large ones are in Gapsalsky (up to 100 sq. versts) and Wesenberg (300 sq. versts) counties. Peat extraction has existed since ancient times; it is used exclusively for local consumption (for fuel). The soil is predominantly clayey and peaty, but in some places there is “chernozem” (a mixture of decayed plant remains with clay and sand), which is one of the fertile soils.
Water
In addition to the sea and its parts attached to the E. province, which were mentioned above, there are up to 200 lakes within the province and it is irrigated by many rivers. Of the lakes, one is Chudskoe (Peypus) occupies a vast area, the part of it included in the E. province is equal to 468.5 square meters. verst; the rest of the lakes are all small, of which the most significant is Ober See, near the city of Revel (5.5 sq. versts), 7 lakes have an area of 1 to 3 sq. versts each; the total area of all lakes in the province, excluding Peipus, is 17.2 square meters. versts Most of the lakes are located in the northern part of the province among swamps, and their shores are gradually becoming swampy. Of the rivers, only one Narova (length 68 versts), the source of Lake Peipus, flowing along the eastern border of the province, is important as a navigable one; the remaining rivers are of only local importance, as a source of irrigation and for delivering drinking water. The most significant rivers along the length are: Kazargenskaya River - in the southwest, near the Livonia border, flows into the Baltic Sea (94 versts); Kegelskaya or Falskaya (80 versts), Yaggovalskaya (73 versts), Brigitovka (70 versts) - all tributaries of the Gulf of Finland; the remaining rivers of the province are less than 65 versts in length. Crossing the “glint”, rivers flowing north form waterfalls and rapids; The most significant of them are: Narva or Joala, near the city of Narva, on the Narova River (height 20 feet), Yaggovalsky (23 feet), Kegelsky, near Fallya Castle (20 feet).
Climate
The climate of E. province is more maritime, not only than in the interior, but even in the other two Baltic provinces, since the entire E. province is located not far from the sea. They have a particularly maritime climate West Coast and the island of Dago, where winds directly reach from the middle part of the Baltic Sea, which does not freeze even in winter. Due to these reasons average temperature The temperature of the year, and especially autumn and winter, is higher in E. province than in areas at the same latitude, but lying further from the sea, and spring and summer, especially the months from April to July, are colder in E. province. The proximity of the sea has an influence on precipitation in the sense that there is comparatively more of it in autumn and comparatively less of it from May to July than in neighboring provinces to the south and east of E. province. Thanks to the dense rain gauge network of the Livlyand Economic Society, which includes the provinces of Livlyandskaya and Ekaterinburg, this difference is clearly visible. The swamps in E. province undoubtedly lower the temperature of the summer months and increase the danger of night frosts.
Population
The first census of the population of E. province was carried out at the end of 1881, then it included 376,337 souls of both sexes; according to the census at the beginning of 1897 - 433,724; over 15 years, the population increased by 37,387 souls, which is 0.7% of actual population growth per year. The urban population in 1881 consisted of 59,814 souls, in 1897 - of 76,315 souls; it increased by 16,501 people, or almost 2% per year, while the rural population increased by 20,886 people, or 0.4% per year.
According to 1897 data, per 1 sq. There are 23.3 inhabitants per mile in E. province. In the provinces neighboring E., per 1 sq. a verst falls in St. Petersburg - 53.7, in Livlyandskaya - 32.5 inhabitants; such a huge difference comes from the presence in the latter major cities- St. Petersburg and Riga. If we exclude the above-mentioned cities from the calculation, in addition - Kronstadt in St. Petersburg, Yuryev in Livland and Revel in E. province, then the difference will be greatly smoothed out and will amount to 1 sq. verst in E. province - 19.7, in Livlyandskaya - 24.3, in St. Petersburg - 16.6 inhabitants. Of the counties of the Estonian province, Revel (Harrien) is the most densely populated - 31.4 inhabitants per 1 sq. a mile, which comes from the location of the largest urban center in the province - Revel (64,578 inhabitants); if we exclude it from the calculation, the population density in the designated district will drop to 18.4 inhabitants, and in this respect it will come closer to the other, fairly evenly populated districts of the province. The islands included in the province are partly completely uninhabited; on the island of Dago - up to 14 thousand souls (about 16 inhabitants per 1 square verst), on Worms - 2100 people (25 inhabitants per 1 sq. verst). There are 5 cities in the Estonian province: Revel (64.5 thousand inhabitants), Wesenberg (5.5 thousand), Gapsal (3 thousand), Weissenstein (2.5 thousand) and the non-district Baltic Port (less than 1 thousand). residents). There are 5 towns, of which a significant one is Krenholm (near the city of Narva, Wesenberg district), with a huge manufacturing industry and 8 thousand inhabitants. Settlements over 15,000 - almost all detached estates, manors and farmsteads; There are almost no villages consisting of numerous households in the Estonian province. In the vicinity of Revel and near Ust-Narova last years major holiday villages and resorts - Ekaterinenthal, Hungerburg, Merikul, etc., which do not have a permanent population and become active only in the summer.
In the absence of developed data from the 1897 census, the religious composition of the population is determined according to the 1881 census: Protestants make up 94.3% of the total population, Orthodox - 4.9%, Jews - 0.4%, Roman Catholics - 0.3 %, persons of other confessions - 0.1%. Protestants are almost all Lutherans; There were only 158 Anglicans, 128 Reformed people, and several other sects. Half of the Orthodox population (about 9,000) lives in the city of Reval, up to 7,000 - in the eastern part of the Wesenberg district, along the shores of Lake Peipus, and up to 2,000 - in Krenholm; There were 204 schismatics, almost all along the shores of Lake Peipsi.
By native language, the population is distributed as follows: Estonians 87.6%, Germans - 5.8%, Russians - 4.6%, Swedes - 1.4%, Jews - 0.4%, speakers of other dialects - 0.2% . Estonians (indigenous population) made up 56% of the urban and 94% of the rural population; 71% of Germans live in cities, where they make up 26% of the total population; Russians - in Revel and in the eastern part of the province; Swedes mainly (80%) live in the Gapsala district, making up almost the entire population of the islands of Worms (now Vormsi) and others.
For every 100 women there are 96 men in the Estonian province, in cities - 108, in counties - 94, in the city of Revel - 110. The 1881 census does not provide a distribution of the population by class and occupation. Eviction from E. province has been noticeable recently; landless Estonians are moving en masse to the nearest Great Russian provinces - St. Petersburg, Pskov, Novgorod and Tver; There is no digital data about this movement. By the end of 1902, according to administrative data, there were 440,694 residents in the Estonian province (217,095 men and 223,599 women), of which 80,607 were in cities, and 68,045 in the city of Revel.
National composition in 1897:
Noble families
Administrative division
Administrative division of the Estonian province
After the February Revolution, based on the provisions of the Provisional Government of Russia of March 30, 1917 "On the autonomy of Estonia" Five northern counties of the Livonia province with an Estonian population were included in the Estonian province: Yurievsky, Pernovsky, Fellinsky, Verrosky and Ezelsky districts, as well as the volosts of Valka district populated by Estonians. Accurate new frontier between the Estland and Livonia provinces was never established.
Governor's leadership
Governors
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Time to fill a position |
|---|---|---|
| Apraksin Fedor Matveevich | count, admiral general | 29.05.1719-10.11.1728 |
| Leven Friedrich | 1730-21.10.1735 | |
| Musin-Pushkin Platon Ivanovich | count, actual state councilor (privy councilor) | 21.10.1735-26.07.1736 |
| Douglas Otton Gustavovich | count, lieutenant general | 1736-03.03.1740 |
| Levendal Voldemar | baron, chief general | 03.03.1740-1743 |
| prince, lieutenant general | 13.10.1743-29.03.1753 | |
| Dolgorukov Vladimir Petrovich | major general (lieutenant general) | 29.03.1753-30.03.1758 |
| Prince of Holstein-Beck Peter August Friedrich | general-in-chief | 30.03.1758-09.01.1762 |
| Job vacancy | 1762-1783 | |
| Grotenhelm Georg Friedrich | Lieutenant General, Governor of the Viceroyalty | 03.07.1783-23.10.1786 |
| Wrangel Genrikh Ivanovich | baron, lieutenant general, governor of the viceroy | 23.10.1786-28.11.1796 |
| Langel Andrey Andreevich | privy councilor | 25.01.1797-14.06.1808 |
| Ikskul Bernhard Ivanovich | Baron, Privy Councilor | 27.06.1808-03.08.1818 |
| Budberg Bogdan Vasilievich | baron, with the rank of chamberlain | 23.12.1818-27.07.1832 |
| Essen Otto Vasilievich | 20.09.1832-27.10.1833 | |
| Benkendorf Pavel Ermolaevich | 27.10.1833-02.12.1841 | |
| Grunewaldt Ivan Egorovich | actual state councilor (privy councilor) | 02.01.1842-21.12.1858 |
| Ulrich Vasily Kornilovich | Major General, and d. (approved 06/23/1859, lieutenant general) | 27.12.1858-10.10.1868 |
| Galkin Mikhail Nikolaevich | actual state councilor | 11.10.1868-25.09.1870 |
| Shakhovskoy-Glebov-Streshnev Mikhail Valentinovich | Prince, His Majesty's Retinue, Major General | 26.09.1870-11.03.1875 |
| Polivanov Viktor Petrovich | actual state councilor | 14.03.1875-04.04.1885 |
| Shakhovskoy Sergey Vladimirovich | prince, privy councilor | 04.04.1885-12.10.1894 |
| Skalon Evstafiy Nikolaevich | privy councilor | 25.10.1894-20.06.1902 |
| Bellegarde Alexey Valerianovich | with the rank of chamberlain, state councilor, and. d. | 06.07.1902-04.03.1905 |
| Lopukhin Alexey Alexandrovich | actual state councilor | 04.03.1905-21.01.1906 |
| Bashilov Pyotr Petrovich | actual state councilor | 21.01.1906-11.07.1907 |
| Korostovets Izmail Vladimirovich | colonel (major general) | 11.07.1907-1915 |
| Verevkin Pyotr Vladimirovich | actual state councilor | 1915-08.06.1917 |
Provincial leaders of the nobility
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Time to fill a position |
|---|---|---|
| Taube Fromgold Ioganovich | baron, captain | 21.03.1710-01.02.1711 |
| Wrangel Berend Ioganovich | lieutenant colonel | 01.02.1711-12.02.1713 |
| Shulman Berend Ioganovich | major | 12.02.1713-08.02.1715 |
| Rosen Erich-Dietrich | captain | 08.02.1715-07.01.1720 |
| Fersen Hans-Heinrich | 07.01.1720-06.02.1721 | |
| Rebinder Gustav Magnus | baron, captain | 06.02.1721-06.02.1724 |
| Tizenhausen Yakov-Iogan | baron, lieutenant colonel | 06.02.1724-09.01.1725 |
| Ulrich Jacob-Heinrich | 09.01.1725-05.01.1728 | |
| Tiesenhausen Hans-Heinrich | baron, lieutenant colonel | 05.01.1728-21.01.1731 |
| Rebinder Otgon-Heinrich | baron, captain | 21.01.1731-21.01.1734 |
| Levey Gustav-Reingold | baron, captain | 21.01.1734-13.01.1737 |
| Courcelles Christopher-Engelbrecht | captain | 13.01.1737-11.01.1740 |
| Stackelberg Adam-Friedrich | baron | 11.01.1740-10.06.1741 |
| Tizenhausen Berend-Heinrich | baron, captain | 10.06.1741-25.01.1744 |
| Nirot Magnus-Wilhelm | 25.01.1744-14.01.1750 | |
| Stackelberg Otgon-Magnus | general of the Holstein service | 14.01.1750-04.02.1753 |
| Ulrich Friedrich-Johan | 04.02.1753-15.03.1770 | |
| Ulrich Gustav | captain, i. d. | 15.03.1770-13.03.1771 |
| Steel von Holstein Fabian-Ernst | 13.03.1771-13.03.1772 | |
| Tizenhausen Berend-Heinrich | Count, I. d. | 14.03.1772-25.01.1774 |
| Fock Ernst-Johan | 25.01.1774-25.01.1777 | |
| Budberg Otgon-Wilhelm | 25.01.1777-27.01.1780 | |
| Engelhardt Gustav-Friedrich | major | 27.01.1780-24.01.1783 |
| Courcelles Moritz-Engelbrecht | 24.01.1783-05.12.1786 | |
| Brevern Johann | 05.12.1786-01.12.1789 | |
| Levenshtern German Ludvigovich | 01.12.1789-01.12.1792 | |
| Patkul Yakov-Iogan | 01.12.1792-03.12.1795 | |
| Zalts Alexander Filippovich | baron, state councilor | 03.12.1795-08.02.1800 |
| Berg Yakov Georgievich | collegiate assessor | 08.02.1800-05.02.1803 |
| Rosenthalfon Karl | United States Major North America | 05.02.1803-10.02.1806 |
| Ikskul Bernhard Ioganovich | baron, actual state councilor | 10.02.1806-01.02.1809 |
| Stackelberg Otto-Gustav | 01.02.1809-28.06.1811 | |
| Berg Yakov Georgievich | State Councillor | 28.06.1811-11.02.1815 |
| Tizenhausen Pavel | count, major general | 11.02.1815-24.04.1815 |
| Berg Yakov Georgievich | And. d., State Councilor | 24.04.1815-21.06.1815 |
| Vir Magnus | 21.06.1815-04.02.1818 | |
| Rosen Otto Fedorovich | baron, state councilor | 04.02.1818-12.02.1824 |
| Benkendorf Pavel Ermolaevich | guard lieutenant | 12.02.1824-22.02.1827 |
| Lilienfeld Georgy Alexandrovich | 22.02.1827-04.02.1830 | |
| Grunewaldt Ivan Egorovich | 04.02.1830-04.02.1836 | |
| Patkul Rudolf Yakovlevich | 04.02.1836-16.01.1842 | |
| Lilienfeld Otto Georgievich | 16.01.1842-16.01.1845 | |
| Essen Maxim Maximovich | with the rank of chamberlain, actual state councilor | 16.01.1845-14.01.1848 |
| Engelhardt Moritz Evstafievich | 14.01.1848-16.01.1851 | |
| Benkendorf Ermolai Pavlovich | guard staff captain | 16.01.1851-19.01.1854 |
| Ungern-Sternberg Konstantin Konstantinovich | baron, with the rank of chamberlain | 19.01.1854-15.01.1857 |
| Keyserling Alexander Andreevich | count, with the rank of chamberlain, actual state councilor | 15.01.1857-11.12.1862 |
| Palen Alexander Alexandrovich | 11.12.1862-11.12.1868 | |
| Dellingshausen Nikolaus | baron, guard lieutenant | 11.12.1868-01.10.1869 |
| Ungern-Sternberg Carl Gustav | 01.10.1869-09.12.1871 | |
| Maydel Eduard Antonovich | baron, with the rank of chamberlain, state councilor (actual state councilor) | 11.12.1871-16.01.1878 |
| Rebinder Reynold Fabian | graph | 16.01.1878-16.01.1881 |
| Wrangel Vasily Ferdinandovich | baron, state councilor | 16.01.1881-16.01.1884 |
| Tizenhausen Waldemar Paul | graph | 16.01.1884-10.12.1886 |
| Engelhardt Georgy Moritz | baron | 10.12.1886-10.11.1889 |
| Maydel Eduard Antonovich | baron, with the rank of chamberlain, state councilor | 28.11.1889-16.12.1892 |
| Grunewaldt Johann Georg Ernst | And. d. | 16.12.1892-20.01.1895 |
| Budberggen-Benningshausen Otto Romanovich | baron, with the rank of chamberlain, actual state councilor | 20.01.1895-22.01.1902 |
| Dellinshausen Edmund Nikolaevich | baron, with the rank of chamber cadet, state councilor (actual state councilor) | 22.01.1902-1917 |
Lieutenant Governors
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Time to fill a position |
|---|---|---|
| Levey Friedrich | major general | 1711-14.08.1730 |
| Delden Villim Villimovich | lieutenant general | 1730-13.10.1732 |
| Position was missing | 1732-1762 | |
| Cadeus Carl Gustav | lieutenant general | 1762-11.04.1768 |
| Job vacancy | 1768-1773 | |
| Sivers Joachim Christianovich | baron, lieutenant general | 1773-29.12.1778 |
| Grotenhelm Georgy Evstafievich | lieutenant general | 1779-1783 |
| Wrangel Heinrich-Johan | baron, state councilor (major general) | 13.10.1783-23.09.1786 |
| Langel Andrey Andreevich | State Councillor | 23.10.1786-25.01.1797 |
| Golitsyn Mikhail Nikolaevich | prince, state councilor | 30.01.1797-30.05.1797 |
| Glinka Dmitry Fedorovich | actual state councilor | 30.05.1797-10.09.1797 |
| Rading German Ivanovich | actual state councilor | 11.09.1797-06.01.1809 |
| Zalts Alexander Ivanovich | baron, actual state councilor | 06.01.1809-17.02.1816 |
| Levenstern Lev Pavlovich | actual state councilor | 17.02.1816-20.03.1842 |
| Bellau Karl Andreevich | actual state councilor | 20.03.1842-11.07.1852 |
| Rosen Roman Romanovich | baron, state councilor (actual state councilor) | 20.07.1852-12.12.1858 |
| Raden Vladimir Fedorovich | baron, state councilor | 12.12.1858-27.12.1868 |
| Polivanov Viktor Petrovich | collegiate councilor (actual state councilor) | 01.01.1869-14.03.1875 |
| Manzhos Alexander Alekseevich | with the rank of chamberlain, state councilor (actual state councilor) | 11.04.1875-28.03.1885 |
| Tillo Adolf Andreevich | collegiate advisor | 28.03.1885-19.12.1885 |
| Vasilevsky Alexey Petrovich | actual state councilor | 19.12.1885-04.04.1891 |
| Tchaikovsky Anatoly Ilyich | actual state councilor | 04.04.1891-06.06.1892 |
| Dirin Sokrat Nikolaevich | actual state councilor | 08.06.1892-13.04.1903 |
| Girs Alexander Nikolaevich | collegiate advisor | 13.04.1903-12.08.1906 |
| Girs Alexey Fedorovich | collegiate advisor | 12.08.1906-18.05.1908 |
| Shirinsky-Shikhmatov Andrey Alexandrovich | prince, collegiate assessor | 18.05.1908-22.03.1910 |
| Evreinov Alexander Alexandrovich | State Councilor (actual State Councilor) | 22.03.1910-29.11.1914 |
| Shidlovsky Sergey Alekseevich | actual state councilor | 29.11.1914-1917 |
Land tenure
In E. province, as in other Baltic regions, among privately owned estates there are many primordial or fideicommissary estates, which almost completely prevent the sale of land; The restriction that once existed, by virtue of which the buyers of noble estates could only be local nobles, although formally abolished, but, due to tradition, is held quite firmly, and the number of non-noble landowners is insignificant. Peasant land ownership was formed in the Estonian province in accordance with the law of 1863, which opened access to the acquisition by peasants (in some cases, persons of other classes) of estates allocated for their use (a peasant's yard with the lands belonging to it) in the nobility, etc. estates. Since 1863, peasant land ownership began to grow rapidly through purchases with the assistance of credit institutions. The general character of peasant ownership is household property. In 1887, in the Estonian province the following lands were taken into account: private owners - 925,539 dessiatines (including 875,100 dessiatines, or 95% of the nobility), peasants - 682,465, treasury - 3,448, churches - 18,979, cities - 11,574, various institutions - 3,036 , a total of 1,645,041 tithes. The average noble estate is 1,768 acres, the average peasant estate is 38 acres. Peasants bought their lands from 49 (in 1877) to 70 (1883) and 75 (1887) rubles. for 1 tithe. By January 1, 1902, in the Estonian province, 9,031 estates, 1,398,312 dessiatines, were mortgaged to mortgage institutions; their debt was 18,579,491 rubles. or 13 rub. 29 kopecks for 1 tithe. Despite the significant area pledged (about 85%), the debt is small when compared with sales and rental prices for land. With the exception of 1 estate of 7643 dessiatinas pledged in a noble bank, and 10 estates of 1252 dessiatinas in a peasant bank, all other lands are pledged to the E. Noble Land Credit Society.
Agriculture
Of the 1,645,041 dessiatines of land recorded in 1887, there were: arable land - 300,895, under estates, vegetable gardens and orchards - 11,808, hayfield - 454,282 (of which flooded - 10,983), pasture - 300,835, forest - 326,506 (of which construction timber - 76,846, wood - 193630, both together - 1092, thickets - 54938), the rest convenient - 6315, inconvenient - 244400 dessiatines. Some swamps are used for mowing, while moss swamps (Hochmoore, in Estonian Rabba), in which the layer of moss reaches 20 feet, are impassable, sometimes even in winter, since they do not freeze. Privately owned or “manor” lands (Hofsland) are more endowed with forests than peasant lands (Bauerland): in the former, forests account for 32% (90% total area forests of the province), and on peasant lands - about 4% of ownership and about 8% of all forests; the remaining 2% of the forest area belongs to the treasury and other owners. Half of the forests (51%) are located in the Wesenberg district; only less (12%) of them are in Weissenstein district. Recently, forestry throughout the province has been carried out correctly. Land leasing is developed: in 1887, 5,303 plots of 206,735 acres were rented out by private owners (exclusively to peasants). The culture is high; plow plowing and improved implements are used everywhere. Multi-field crop rotation. In 1902, it was sown with: winter wheat - 2069 dessiatines, rye - 59091, spring wheat - 583, oats - 39183, barley - 41002, potatoes - 40078, leguminous plants - 4138 and flax - 2870 dessiatines. E. province stands out among all the provinces of Russia in terms of the size of its potato crop. The main herbs that are sown are clover and vetch (in their pure form and with oats). Harvest (average for 10 years, 1891-1902): rye - 6.2, winter wheat - 6.2, oats - 5.5, barley - 5.3, potatoes - 4.0 . More advanced cultivation and fertilization of manor lands increases (by approximately 10%) the yield on them compared to peasant lands. The average harvest per year is: rye - about 430 thousand quarters, wheat - 20 thousand quarters, oats - 375 thousand quarters, barley - 315 thousand quarters, potatoes - 3480 thousand quarters. Bread and potatoes are used exclusively for local consumption and for processing at local distilleries. In 1902, there were 1,566 mills grinding all local grain in the E. province, of which 1,274 were windmills (in the Gapsala district - 745), water - 256, steam - 35, electric - 1 (in the city of Revel).
Cattle breeding is developed; in 1902 there were 72,793 horses, 195,110 cattle, 156,482 simple sheep, 40,599 fine wool sheep, 79,730 pigs; about 80% of the total number of livestock belongs to peasants. The first place in cattle breeding is occupied by Revel district. Livestock products sold include: meat (“Livonian”), butter and cheese - mainly to St. Petersburg, Revel, Narva, Yuryev (Dorpt) and partly abroad (to England and Denmark). Tanning of local leather in the village of Syrentse, Wesenberg district (50 thousand rubles per year). On the Undel estate (Wesenberg district) there is chicken breeding, which yields up to 6,000 rubles. in year. Gardening and horticulture are practiced on manors and in suburban areas, but gardening, due to climatic conditions, poorly developed.
Although agriculture constitutes the basis and main occupation of the population of the Estonian province, thanks to its profitable geographical location and commercial life is developed in it. In addition to the development of mineral wealth (peat and building materials), almost the entire coastal (non-urban) population is engaged in fishing. The main fish caught in the sea are sprat (which constitutes an important item in the holiday trade of the city of Revel), herring, salmon, navaga, flounder, etc. The right to fish off the sea coast belongs almost exclusively to private owners, who usually rent out fishing to residents of coastal villages for a low rent. The urban population of Revel is largely occupied with loading and unloading ships. Waste industries are not developed. Crafts are common in cities, but in counties they are practiced in free time, especially in winter, exclusively for needs local population. In 1902, there were 16,966 artisans in the Estonian province, of which 10,272 were in cities (in Revel - 9,322). Most of all those producing clothing (tailors, shoemakers, etc.) - about 3,000, then blacksmiths, carpenters, etc. There were 564 factories and plants in the Estonian province in 1902, with 16,926 workers and production worth 40,655,471 rubles. In terms of production costs, more significant:
The amount of production of other types of industry does not exceed 310 thousand rubles. each. The largest factory areas are the city of Revel, with 97 factories and plants, 7,422 workers and production worth 20,700 thousand rubles, then Wesenberg districts, with 152 factories and plants, 7,198 workers and production worth 14,304 thousand rubles. (Krenholm manufactory with 5,705 workers and production worth 12,250 thousand rubles, founded in 1857, and 61 distilleries) and Revelsky - 110 factories and factories, with 789 workers, production worth 2,717 thousand rubles. (mainly distillation); in Gapsala district, on the island of Dago - a cloth factory. The distilleries are all steam powered; the alcohol is smoked mainly from potatoes; in 1902 184371132° were smoked.
Trade
The coastal location of the Estonian province contributes to the development of trade in it, especially foreign trade. In 1902, 7,131 certificates for the right to trade and trade were issued. In terms of the number and variety of shopping establishments, the city of Revel ranks first. Domestic trade is greatly enlivened by fairs, of which in the entire province in 1902 there were 70-16 in cities and 54 in villages. The turnover of fairs (excluding 4 in the city of Revel, about which there is no information) was 710 thousand rubles. A lot of alcohol is exported from E. province to the internal provinces: in 1900 - 167 million degrees, in 1901 - 200 million, in 1902 - 174 million. Foreign trade is concentrated mainly in the city of Revel, which has an extensive, protected and a raid that freezes briefly, and sometimes does not freeze at all. On average, navigation stops for 2 months, and in recent years, thanks to icebreakers, it is almost completely uninterrupted. Other harbors are the Baltic Port (rarely freezing), Gapsal, Kertel (on the island of Dago), Kunda (Wesenberg district) and Werder (Gapsal district). Kungerburg, located within the E. province, serves the city of Narva (St. Petersburg province). Trade in the city of Revel reaches its highest intensity in winter, when the St. Petersburg roadstead freezes over. In 1902, goods worth 45,327,293 rubles were brought to Revel from abroad, and duties were collected in the amount of 16,885,804 rubles, and exported - worth 21,754,613 rubles. The most significant imports were from Germany (21 million rubles), England (19 million rubles), Denmark (4 million rubles); export - to England (8 million rubles), Denmark (7 million rubles), France (over 2 million rubles), Germany (about 2 million rubles), Holland (1.5 million rubles); other countries, both in terms of import and export, do not exceed 1 million rubles. each. In 1902, 2203 ships with 563,091 tons arrived at the Revel port, 2,197 ships with 559,210 tons left; Of the ships that left, there were 1,009 steam and 1,188 sailing ships, 1,793 under Russian and 404 under foreign flags (mostly German, English and Danish). The average capacity of Russian ships is 153 tons, foreign (mostly steamships) - 703 tons (English - 929 tons). In terms of the size of foreign shipping, Revel ranks 8th among Russian port cities.
Credit institutions
Credit institutions, with the exception of 3 savings and loan banks, are all concentrated in Revel: a branch of a state bank, 2 public and 2 private banks, 2 banking offices and the E. Noble Zemstvo Credit Society. Savings and loan offices 4.
Means of communication
The railway crosses the Estonian province from the city of Narva to the Baltic Port, a distance of 242 versts; in addition, from Taps station there is a road to Riga, and from Revel to Meizeküll (Livonia province), with a branch to the city of Weissenstein; length of all railways within the E. province 398 versts. Railway stations 32; 21,120 thousand poods of cargo were sent from them (in 1901), 27,348 thousand poods were received; 70% of everything freight traffic falls at Revel station; to Wesenberg station - 2801 thousand poods. Postal and telegraph offices (1902) 7, post office - 1, postal and telegraph offices - 8, postal offices - 5. Telephone - in Reval and Krenholm.
The buildings
Buildings (1902). In cities, excluding churches, there are 11,222 buildings, of which 2,078 are stone, 289 are semi-stone, and 6,895 are wooden; in the city of Reval 74% of all buildings. There are about 46,000 buildings in the counties, including 89% wooden ones. There are 237 religious buildings: stone - 147, wooden - 90. Orthodox churches - 67, Protestant - 156, Baptist - 10, Roman Catholic - 2, synagogues - 2. There are permanent fire brigades in the city of Reval and in Krenholm, in addition, in Reval free fire society; in other cities and many villages there are 20 free fire-fighting societies, well equipped with fire-extinguishing tools. 5 insurance companies, provincial mutual insurance (for peasant buildings) and 53 rural societies for mutual assistance in fire cases.
Medicine
Medicine (1902): 18 hospitals, of which 7 in cities, with 356 beds (4 in Revel, with 303 beds), 11 in counties, with 310 beds; of the latter, 1 hospital is in Krenholm, with 240 beds. There are 80 doctors (in Revel - 47), dentists - 9, paramedics - 23, midwives - 43; Of the medical personnel, 49 are in the public service, the rest are freelance practitioners. There were 70,397 registered patients, including 4,633 in hospitals. There are 10 veterinarians, 5 paramedics. There are 40 pharmacies, of which 12 are in cities (8 in Revel).
Charity
In addition to the almshouse of the Order of Public Charity in Revel for 210 people (65 men and 145 women), there are many private charitable societies and institutions; Some of them have existed in Reval since ancient times (the Schwarzenheipter cash register - from 1400, the Johannine almshouse was mentioned in 1237). In addition to the small trustees that exist at each Lutheran parish, there are 69 charitable institutions (43 in Revel); Most of them existed on the basis of ancient charters and only recently received charters. These institutions conduct their business extensively. Beggary in E. province almost does not exist.
Public education
By the end of 1902, there were 664 government and private educational institutions in the Estonian province, with 28,464 students (15,846 boys and 12,618 girls). There are 4 secondary educational institutions (all in Revel): 2 men's gymnasiums, with 703 students, 1 women's gymnasium, with 313 students, 1 secondary school, with 354 students. 4 special educational institutions: nautical classes in the Baltic Port and the village of Kaspervik (71 students), a railway technical school (265 boys and 50 girls) and a school for the blind (8 boys and 6 girls); both of the latter are in Reval. There are 656 general education schools, in addition to those named, with 26,694 students (14,445 boys and 12,249 girls), of which there are 60 in Reval, with 4,794 students, in other cities 24, with 1,610 students, and in districts 572, with 20,290 students; There are 576 primary (folk) schools proper, with 21,095 students (11,608 boys and 9,487 girls), of which there are 6 schools in Reval, with 555 students, in other cities 4, with 322 students, and in districts 566, with 20,218 students; of the latter 504 are rural schools, with 18,815 students. Literacy is developed; according to the 1881 census, in the Estonian province the number of illiterate people was 6.1% (8.1% among men and 4.2% among women); The least illiterate were among Germans - 0.9%, then among Estonians - 4.3%, and most among Russians - 32.3%. Among the recruits accepted for service, illiterate people made up: in 1900 - 6.8%, in 1901 - 1.3%, in 1902 - 6.0%.
Scientific and artistic societies 15; The most significant of them is “E. literary society" in Reval (492 members), with it "E. museum" with a rich collection of antiquities, coins, medals, paintings, sculptures and objects of ethnography and natural history. Periodicals 11 (in Reval 10 and in the city of Wesenberg 1), daily 3, weekly 6, monthly 1. In Russian 2, in German 3, in Estonian 6. Places for selling books and libraries for reading 72 (in Reval 29, in other cities 15, in villages 28). There are 19 printing houses, 4 lithographs, 2 typo-lithographs, a total of 25, of which 18 are in Reval.
Salary fees
By the beginning of 1902, the arrears consisted of 36,183 rubles; during the year the following were subject to receipt: state land tax - 53,347 rubles, city real estate tax - 78,000 rubles, state apartment tax - 23,385 rubles, redemption payments from former state peasants - 5,451 rubles. and for the department of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property - 8674 rubles, a total of 168866 rubles; in reality, 181,479 rubles were received; with some charges and exceptions, by the beginning of 1903, 25,816 rubles remained in arrears in the E. province.
City Revenues and Expenditures (1902)
In 5 cities of the Estonian province, revenues amounted to 613,125 rubles. (of which in the city of Revel - 540,306 rubles); the main items of income: emergency (from the treasury, zemstvo fees, income from capital, etc.) - 31%, indirect taxes - 19%, from city property and quitrents - 20%, fees from private real estate - 14%, from industrialists - eleven %. The total amount of expenses of all cities is 606,743 rubles. (of which the city of Revel - 542,642 rubles); the main expenses: for city administration - 26% (including almost half for the maintenance of the police), landscaping - 16%, housing taxes - 12%, charitable and other public institutions - 23%, payment of debts (for the cities of Revel and Gapsal) - eleven %. Excise taxes in 1902 amounted to 1,350,164 rubles, of which 1,161,000 rubles were collected from wine and alcohol. There are 211 factories subject to excise duty (distilleries - 178), places of sale of drinks and tobacco - 2316 (tobacco shops - 1861). Conscription in kind, with the exception of military service (in 1902, 962 people were accepted into the army), is served according to special provisions and rules; both the appointment and distribution of these duties are left to the nobility and are carried out under their direct control.
Story
The Baltic coast in ancient times was inhabited by Chud tribes, who were somewhat dependent on Novgorod, Pskov and other cities of northern Rus'. The name E., or, more correctly, Ostland, is first encountered after the conquest of the region by the Danes in 1080. In 1347, the Danish king Valdemar III ceded E. for 19,000 marks to the Livonian Order, in whose power it was until 1561, when the Estonian nobility, together with cities, fell away from the order and became Swedish nationality. The territory of the province was annexed to Russia in 1710; At the same time, the Revel province was formed. The province received its current division into counties (initially called districts) in 1745. The remains of ancient buildings have been preserved in the province in many places; in addition to ancient temples and other buildings in cities, as well as the ruins of castles scattered throughout the country, there are a lot of fortifications and burial mounds; During excavations, many objects from both historical and prehistoric eras are found.
Population
According to the final count of the 1897 census, there were 412,716 inhabitants in the Estonian province, including 77,081 in cities; Of the cities, only the provincial city of Revel has 64,572 inhabitants, in the rest there are no more than 6 thousand each. Estonians, indigenous inhabitants of the region, 365959; In addition, the following people live in the province: Russians - 20,899 (in the city of Revel and in Wesenberg district), Germans - 16,037 (in cities - 11,712), Swedes - 5,768 (in Gapsala district), etc. About 90% of the total population belongs to the Lutheran confession, 9% - to Orthodoxy, the remaining 1% - Jews, etc. According to the Central Statistical Committee, in the Estonian province in 1905 there were 449,400 inhabitants, of which 81,100 were in cities. Estland province in 1905-06. suffered greatly from political and agrarian unrest and the punitive expeditions associated with them.
Notes
Literature
- “Geographical and statistical dictionary of the Russian Empire” by P. Semenov (vol. V, St. Petersburg, 1885);
- Paul Jordan, “Ergebnisse d. ehstland. Volkszahlung" (Revel, 1883-84); his, “Die Resultate d. ehstland. Volkszahlung" (Revel. 1886); his, “Collection of information on the geography and statistics of the Estonian province,” with the appendix of Art. “About settlements” (Revel, 1889); map of the general staff compiled by Bourzi (1863);
- Ruswurm, “Swedes on the banks of the E.” (Revel, 1885);
- Dr. K. Ratlef, “Essay on orographic and hydrographic conditions in Livonia, E. and Courland” (Revel, 1852);
- Dr. A. Hooke, “Investigation of Agricultural Conditions in Estland, Livonia and Courland” (Leipzig, 1845);
- Dr. Greving, " Geographic map Baltic Provinces" (1878);
- “The most important data of land statistics”, ed. Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, vol. XLIX: “E. province” (St. Petersburg, 1896); “Statistical collection of the Ministry of Railways” (issue 72, St. Petersburg, 1903).
- Reference book on the Estonian province. Guide to the city of Revel and its districts. Revel, 1890
Source
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Cards
| Military assembly sheet topographic map Estonian province Scale: 3 versts in inches (1 cm-1260m). |
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Estland Governorate (Est. Eestimaa kubermang), Estland is the northernmost of the three governorates of the Baltic region of the Russian Empire, stretching in a strip from east to west along the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland and ending in an archipelago of islands. Currently, almost the entire territory of the former Estonia is Estonia.
The first human settlements arose on the territory of the future province approximately 9500-9600 BC within the framework of the so-called Kund culture. By the 10th-13th centuries, an early feudal structure of society had developed, where elders and leaders of military squads stood at the head of the lands. In the 13th century, the Danish crusaders, having suppressed the resistance of the Estonians, included these lands in the Livonian region, and then Teutonic Orders. In the 16th century, Estonia went through the era of the Reformation, from which time Protestantism became the main religious denomination on its territory. In the same century, as a result of the Livonian War, northern Estonia became part of Sweden, and half a century later, southern Estonia was also included in Sweden. After the Northern War between Sweden and Russia, Estonia was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1721. At the same time, the Revel province was formed. The province was divided into counties (initially called districts) in 1745.
Geographical position
The extreme points of the E. province: in the west - Cape Dagerort (Kalana) on the island of Dago (20°2" east), in the east - the Narova River (near the city of Narva, 28°12" east), in the north - rocky Cape Stensker on the shore of the Gulf of Finland (59°49" N), in the south - the island of Kerksar near the Gulf of Pernov (58°19" N). In the west, the mainland part of the Estonian province is bordered by the Baltic Sea (297 versts), in the north by the Gulf of Finland (469 versts), in the east by the Narova River, which separates it from the St. Petersburg province (75 versts), in the south by Lake Peipus or Peipus. and Livonia province (371 versts); more than ²/3 of the border line is water (not counting islands) and about 1/3 is land borders. The sea coast within the Estonian province is indented by a number of bays and bays and is rich in peninsulas; in the west and northwest it is surrounded by islands. Of the bays and bays, the most significant are: in the Baltic Sea - Verder Bay, Matualvik, Gapsal Bay (with the city of Gapsal); in the Gulf of Finland - Rogervik Bay (with the city of Baltic Port) is deep, spacious and rarely freezes; Revelskaya (city of Revel) - extensive, well protected, often remains ice-free all winter; Pappenvik (with the Garra harbor), Monkevik (with the Erro pier), Kaspervik, Kunda Bay (Port Kunda harbor) and Narvsky, the latter only in its western part (to the mouth of the Narva) belongs to the E. province. There are about 80 islands along the mainland of the province, of which Dago (Dagden) is 843.7 square meters. versts (separated from the island of Ezel, Livonia province, by the Seelasund Strait, up to 6 versts wide), Worms - 82.4 sq. versts (separated from the island of Dago by the Harrisund Strait, up to 11 versts wide), Kassar - 20.7 sq. verst, Bol. Roge - 12.4 sq. versts, Mal. Roge - 12.2 sq. versts, Norgen -…