Briefly about the Moscow Kremlin. Ensemble of Cathedral Square

You can be sure that the majority of modern Nizhny Novgorod residents who were born and raised in Nizhny Novgorod will not answer your question about what the fifth building of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin is. A good half of them will assume that this is the building of the Nizhny Novgorod Philharmonic, or the building of the Legislative Assembly, and some may guess or even say with confidence that this is the former building of the House of Soviets and the current building of the Nizhny Novgorod administration. But even they most likely do not know the whole long and sad history of this building.

The thing is that the so-called fifth building of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was built on the site of the very first and once most majestic temple of the ancient Nizhny Novgorod. The history of its construction dates back to 1225, when, on the orders of the founder of Nizhny Novgorod, Yuri Vsevolodovich, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord or the Transfiguration Cathedral was founded. In the middle of the 14th century, an icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands was brought to the temple from Suzdal, and the temple itself was rebuilt. Due to frequent raids by Tatar troops, the temple was severely devastated at the end of the 14th century, but its main shrine, the Savior Not Made by Hands, was securely hidden and preserved without damage. The looted and destroyed temple was restored by Dmitry Konstantinovich, who began the construction of stone walls and Kremlin buildings.

By the 17th century, the Transfiguration Cathedral had become noticeably dilapidated, and next to it, with funds allocated from the Moscow treasury, construction of a new church began in the image and likeness of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. In 1652, the new temple was consecrated, and the old temple building remained next to the new one for about half a century. Dismantled old temple at the very end of the 17th century, and the tombs of the Nizhny Novgorod rulers were moved to the new temple building. The ashes of Kozma Minin, a Nizhny Novgorod militia hero, were also located there.

After another two centuries, the Transfiguration Cathedral again fell into disrepair, and in the 20s of the 19th century it was dismantled. In 1830, at the same place, the first stone was laid for a new cathedral, five-domed and majestic, which was supposed to repeat the appearance of the old building. In 1834, the new temple was consecrated, subsequently to end of the 19th century century, a chapel was erected near the northern part of the cathedral in honor of Kozma Minin. On the western side of the cathedral, there was a stone bell tower, to which the main city clock, located on the Clock Tower, was moved back in 1716. Twelve bells announced the time and events of the city from the bell tower of the main temple of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.

The history of the Transfiguration Cathedral continued until the revolutionary events of Russia in 1917. Already in the summer of 1918, services in the temple were stopped. Some time later, in the 20s of the 20th century, the bell tower was dismantled, depriving the temple of its voice. And in 1929, a decision was made to build the House of Soviets - the house of new power and new times. The temple was blown up. The tombs and remains of Nizhny Novgorod princes and church ministers were transferred to the Provincial Museum. The remains of Kozma Minin were also transferred there, which were subsequently reburied for the 350th anniversary of the people's militia of 1612 in St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral.
So the most important temple of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, along with many others, of which there were many on the Kremlin territory, disappeared. Only the Archangel Michael Cathedral has survived to this day, as a reminder of the former greatness of the churches and cathedrals of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.

Today, the silent name “fifth building” of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin refers to the Nizhny Novgorod administration building. The City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod is also located in the same building. The facade of the building is made in a modern style, with radius windows and ceremonial columns at the entrance. The building itself is located next to the Governor's Garden, surrounded by beautiful landscapes and walking alleys.

The only reminders of past events here are the worship cross installed next to the House of Soviets in honor of the Transfiguration Church that was previously located there and the chapel built in memory of the icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands.

While walking around the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, be sure to visit the Governor's Garden and stroll along the Nizhny Novgorod Administration building. This place, like no other place in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, deserves your attention and will definitely tell you its story.

IN Ancient Rus' any Big City had a fortified territory - the Kremlin. Consequently, Kremlin is the name of city fortifications in Ancient Rus'. Currently, there are 12 Kremlins left in Russia, which have been well preserved over the centuries and have not changed their urban status.

The modern walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin were built in 1482 - 1495 by Italian architects from red brick, in place of white stone ones; they were completed in the 17th century. Number of surviving towers: 20, number of gates - 4, wall height: from 5 to 19 meters, wall thickness - from 3.5 to 6.5 meters. In the Moscow Kremlin there are the Assumption, Archangel, Annunciation Cathedrals, several churches, patriarchal chambers, Terem Palace, Pomegranate Chamber, Ivan the Great Bell Tower and other buildings. The Moscow Kremlin is an object World Heritage UNESCO since 1990.

2. Rostov Kremlin

The Kremlin complex was built by Rostov Metropolitan Jona Sysoevich as a bishop's house on the shores of Lake Nero in 1670-1683. The fortress walls have 11 surviving towers, including four entrance towers. The Kremlin houses the 5-domed Assumption Cathedral, built at the end of the 16th century, the cathedral belfry with the famous 13 Rostov bells, as well as several beautiful churches and chambers. The Kremlin is a unique architectural complex end of the 17th century It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998.

3. Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

The Kremlin walls with 12 surviving towers (originally 13) were built in 1508 - 1515, probably by the Italian architect Pyotr Fryazin. The number of gates is 5, the height of the walls is from 12 to 22 meters, the thickness of the walls is from 3.5 to 4.5 meters. The Kremlin contains the Archangel Michael Cathedral, built in 1631 in honor of the victory of the militia in 1612, where Kuzma Minin is now buried, several civilian buildings, and a monument to Minin and Pozharsky.

4. Tula Kremlin

Brick walls and towers were built in 1514 - 1520 as defensive fortress on the southern borders of the country. Number of surviving towers: 9, number of gates - 4, height of walls: from 12.7 meters, thickness of walls - from 2.8 to 3.2 meters. The Kremlin withstood the siege of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey in 1552, and in 1608 the rebels of I. Bolotnikov withstood the siege of the tsarist troops in the Kremlin for four months. The Kremlin houses the five-domed Assumption Cathedral, built in 1762 - 1764, the Epiphany Cathedral (1855 - 1863), and a monument to Peter 1.

5. Novgorod Kremlin

Modern fortress walls and towers were built in 1484 -1490 on the foundations of old walls from the beginning of the 14th century. (Detinets itself has existed on the territory of the modern Kremlin since the 10th century). Nine of the towers have survived to this day, including the 30-meter Kokuy Tower, built at the end of the 17th century. The number of gates is 3, the height of the walls is from 8 to 15 meters, the thickness of the walls is from 3.6 to 6.55 meters. The Kremlin houses the Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral of the mid-11th century, the oldest stone structure on the territory of Russia, the Chamber of Facets and other buildings. In 1862, the monument “Millennium of Russia” was inaugurated in the Kremlin. The Novgorod Kremlin has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1992.

6. Kazan Kremlin

This Kremlin was built in the 10th-16th centuries by Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Shiray in the Pskov architectural style. Number of surviving towers: 8, number of gates - 2, height of walls - from 8 to 12 meters. The walls and towers were reconstructed in the 17th and 19th centuries. On the territory of the Kremlin there are the Annunciation Cathedral, built in 1562, the Syuyumbeki watchtower (buildings of unknown date), and also built in the 1990s. Kul Sharif Mosque. The Kremlin withstood the siege of Pugachev's troops in 1774. The Kazan Kremlin has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.

7. Astrakhan Kremlin.

Located on a high hill on the banks of the Volga. It was built in 1562 - 1589 by Mikhail Velyaminov and Dey Gubasty. Number of surviving towers: 7, number of gates - 2, height of walls - from 3 to 8 meters, thickness of walls - from 5 to 12 meters. The white stone walls of the Kremlin include seven towers - three travel towers and four blind ones. On the territory of the Kremlin there are the Trinity and Assumption Cathedrals, the Cyril Chapel, and the bishop's house. The Prechistensky Gate is crowned with a tower with a bell tower and a clock (height 80 m).

8.Zaraisky Kremlin

Built in 1528 - 1531 by order of Vasily III. Number of surviving towers: 7, number of gates - 4. Being a border city, part of the line of fortifications on southern border Russian state, Zaraysk was subjected to repeated attacks by the Horde, and in 1608 it was captured by Polish troops. In 1610, the governor of Zaraysk was Prince D.M. Pozharsky. The brick Kremlin is lined with white stone on the outside. Of the 7 towers, three are travel. The Kremlin houses St. Nicholas Cathedral and the late Church of John the Baptist.

9. Tobolsk Kremlin

This is the only stone Kremlin in Siberia. Construction time: 1683-1799. Number of surviving towers: 7. Built by G. Sharypin and G. Tyurin: stone walls and towers so-called. Sophia Court and the five-domed Sophia-Assumption Cathedral (1681 - 1686) - the oldest stone structure in Siberia. In 1700 - 1717, Semyon Remezov built the secular part of the Kremlin - the Small or Voznesensky city. The cathedral bell tower (height 75 m) was built at the end of the 18th century, the Intercession Cathedral in the 1740s. Other structures of the Kremlin were built in the 18th - 19th centuries. Under Boris Godunov, the famous Uglich bell was “exiled” to Tobolsk, for which a special stone belfry was built in the Kremlin.

10. Kolomna Kremlin

Built in 1525 - 1531. under Vasily III on the site of a wooden Kremlin destroyed by the Tatars. The walls and towers have been partially preserved. Number of surviving towers: 7, number of gates - 6, height of walls - from 18 to 21 meters, thickness of walls - from 3 to 4.5 meters. Of the towers, the “Marinka Tower” especially stands out, in which, according to legend, Marina Mniszek was imprisoned. The Kremlin houses the Assumption Cathedral (late 17th century), Resurrection Church (rebuilt in the 18th century), Trinity Church (late 17th century) and other buildings.

11. Pskov Kremlin

The time of construction of this Kremlin: the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries. Towers - 7, Gates - 1 (through the zahab), wall height: from 6 to 8 meters, wall thickness - from 2.5 to 6 meters. The Pskov Kremlin is called “Krom”. It is located at the confluence of the Velikaya and Pskov rivers. The walls and towers were built in the 12th century. made of limestone and are the oldest Kremlin fortifications preserved in Russia. The five-domed Trinity Cathedral of the late 17th century is located on the territory of Krom. and a seven-sided bell tower of the same time, built at the beginning of the 19th century.

12. Ryazan Kremlin

This Kremlin was built in the 15th century. And at the end of the 17th century, the walls and towers of the Kremlin were demolished due to dilapidation and the lack of need to defend the borders. Only the rampart and ditch have survived. The Ryazan Kremlin is a complex of historical and architectural monuments located on the territory of the original Pereyaslavl-Ryazan fortress, located between the Trubezh and Lybid rivers. The structures are surrounded by an earthen defensive rampart of the 12th -17th centuries. On the territory of the Kremlin there is the Assumption Cathedral, built at the end of the 17th century. in the style of “Naryshkin Baroque” by Y. Bukhvostov, a four-tier bell tower (late 18th - early 19th centuries), the Nativity and Archangel (16th century) cathedrals, bishops' chambers (17th - 19th centuries) - the so-called. the chambers of Prince Oleg, other churches and civil buildings.

Moscow Kremlin — large fortress, located on Borovitsky Hill in the Russian capital - Moscow. Since ancient times it has been the city-forming, historical, political and religious center of the city. Today is here official residence president Russian Federation. In 1991, a historical and cultural museum-reserve was formed on the basis of the State Museums of the Moscow Kremlin. Now the Kremlin is the main center of attraction for tourists visiting the Moscow capital.

It was built in the 15th century. In 1156, the first fortifications with a total length of about 850 meters and an area of about 3 hectares were built on the territory of the modern Kremlin.

The Moscow Kremlin is younger than the Tula, Pskov, Novgorod and Kazan Kremlin.

The length of the walls, the Kremlin occupies 2500 meters. The Moscow fortress is the longest in Russia. The next contender is the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, which is as much as 500 meters shorter.

There are 20 towers along the walls of the Moscow Kremlin. 3 towers standing in the corners of the triangle have a circular cross-section, the rest are square. The most high tower- Troitskaya, it has a height of 79.3 m. The next competitor of the Moscow Kremlin has three fewer towers and is located in Kolomna.

According to its meaning...

The Assumption Cathedral, located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, was the main temple of the country.

The Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin is the oldest treasury museum, one of the richest collections in the country.

Brief history of the Kremlin

The history of the first wooden buildings of the Moscow Kremlin goes back to the distant year 1156. Around the small fortress, which served as a shelter from enemies, there were many villages and villages. In 1238, Moscow was subjected to a terrible attack by the hordes of Khan Batu and was burned to the ground. In the 14th century, Moscow, which had been resurrected from the ashes more than once, began to be actively built up with stone. In 1368, at the direction of the young Prince Dmitry Donskoy, the white stone walls and towers of the Kremlin were erected. Simultaneously with the stone fortification, the territory of the Kremlin was expanded. The Moscow Kremlin stood in this form for more than 100 years, subject to numerous attacks from enemies. In 1495, the Moscow Kremlin received new brick towers and walls, new fortifications and even larger territory. As a result, from the point of view of military engineering, the Moscow Kremlin was an outstanding structure that met all the requirements of world defensive technology of that time.

Kremlin Palace, Türkiye, Antalya, November 2019

Overall rating - 7.3/10
Service - 7
Food - 8
Accommodation - 7

The child really liked the children's animation, the girls in the children's club were great, the activities were interesting and varied.

Kremlin Palace, Antalya, Türkiye, July 2019

Overall rating - 5.7/10
Service - 7
Food - 4
Accommodation - 6

We rested in the Kremlin from July 27 to August 9. A good hotel with clean and well-groomed grounds. The animation works well and the evening shows, both for children and adults, are excellent. The staff (bartenders, animators, waiters) work excellently, to the limit of their capabilities, the hotel clearly saves on staff. The ban on drinking water in front of tourists sounds crazy. The level of food does not correspond to 5 stars, this is a fact, there seems to be a lot of it, but not everything can be eaten. For the first time I came across a hotel where you can get undercooked fish three times in a row, moldy bread and spoiled fruit. Affects a large number of tourists and a small number of staff. If you think that they will apologize to you for these facts, then you are naive, they won’t even think about it. The hotel has a large number of Iranians who feel relaxed and allow everything their heart desires, including playing volleyball in the pools with slides during their work. It is prohibited to leave the air conditioner on while you are away from the room; they can easily enter your room while you are away and take your card, without warning. Killed by the fact that the room was cleaned on the day of departure, we were supposed to be picked up from the hotel at 15 o'clock, leaving only hand luggage on the dresser and intimate hygiene items (tweezers for lenses, a child’s dental plate, soap and a comb) I went for a swim, entering the room at 11.30 I found that it was completely clean and ready for a new check-in! All things were removed from the bathroom! I confess, I was spinning and didn’t check the record! We only came to our senses on the plane! I called Anex, they didn’t help us, they are responsible for forgetting things, but it was forgotten, it was blatantly thrown out of the room, which at that time was officially ours! I called the non-shooting Dilyara, they promised to find out everything and sort it out: they sorted it out, they didn’t touch anything, we ourselves lost all our things and left them somewhere. Yeah. A record worth 10 pieces. An unpleasant aftertaste, the understanding that you have left and at least everything will be overgrown with grass. I understand that it’s my own fault, and apparently it was necessary, fatalism is reassuring) but I don’t understand what the maid was doing in the room until 12 o’clock on the day of check-out. The hotel has one answer to all questions: the rooms must be cleaned. The impression remained ambiguous, it seemed that we had a rest, but arrived with losses, but with a tan and slimmer) I forgot to add, in a private conversation with the receptionist, I was told that the hotel management allows the reception to be rude to guests, however, a minute later, I heard that the employee was fired for rudeness, double standards rule)))

Together with a friend

PGS Kremlin Hotel, Antalya, Türkiye, October 2018, With friends

Overall rating - 9/10
Service - 10
Food - 8
Accommodation - 9

We went together with a friend on 10/09/18 for a week. Everything is great, the food, the sea, and the pool. The only negative is that this is a family hotel, and for old people. There are almost no young people. And everything is great. I could even catch WIFI on the “pier” on the beach.

Hristolyubova R

PGS Kremlin Hotel, Antalya, Türkiye, September 2017

Overall rating - 8/10
Service - 9
Food - 7
Accommodation - 8

Hello, I really enjoyed my stay at your hotel, beautiful view, excellent service, friendly staff, wonderful maid Zhazira, special thanks to her, the vegetation is mesmerizing, the cleanest pool, varied cuisine, the sea is friendly, I recommend your hotel to everyone. Prosperity to you!! Class confectioner! !!

August 2017, Family with children

Overall rating - 6.3/10
Service - 6
Food - 8
Accommodation - 5

the hotel is gorgeous! We were on vacation with a large group and three of them were children)) we got there quickly from the airport! We were greeted beautifully! We arrived around 11 am. We were offered to wait or check into top capital right away, we decided right away... The rooms are spacious, large beds, but room cleaning needs better! They didn’t clean the balcony at all ((There wasn’t enough clothesline. The bathroom has soap, hair conditioner and body milk (quite decent). The air conditioner worked properly! We found three Russian channels) Food! Great choice! We didn’t go hungry! During You could have something to eat all day! We went to the Kremlin and to the top! The restaurant is very tasty! The Japanese restaurant is terrible! As for drinks, there are many different bars everywhere! They make decent drinks and delicious cocktails! The beach is fine, the sea is clean! The children were always happy in the mini club, but the hours are not very convenient from 10.00 to 12.30 and from 14.30 to 17.00. !!! After wonderful performances for every taste! We alternated between the torus and the swimming pool!

September 2015, Couple

Overall rating - 9/10
Service - 8
Food - 10
Accommodation - 9

We rested at the Kremlin Palace hotel together with my husband. Türkiye greeted us with torrential rain. Conveniently, we got from the airport to the hotel in about twenty minutes. We were greeted kindly and asked to be given a room early as we were thoroughly wet. The reception staff suggested that we first go to breakfast, and then they promised to give us a room. They kept their promise; immediately after breakfast we received the keys to room 3253 in the third building overlooking open pool. The room is excellent, with modern appliances and new furniture. I would like to note the snow-white bed linen and towels, which the maids regularly changed for fresh ones. The minibar was also replenished as drinks were used up. The hotel territory is carefully monitored, paths, sun loungers are washed daily, and the pools are cleaned. The beach is huge, sand and pebbles. The entrance to the sea is first small pebbles, then sand. In the bars you could not only drink soda, coffee, alcohol, cocktails, but also even have a very hearty snack. The restaurant served an incredible amount of food. The pallets were constantly updated, so there was no rush to open the restaurant. The animation is very active. I remember the October fest party and live music concerts on Red Square.

September 2015, With family

Overall rating - 9/10
Service - 8
Food - 10
Accommodation - 9

The Kremlin Palace Hotel is located just outside Antalya, in resort village Kundu. The location is of two minds. On the one hand, there is nowhere to walk, there is no infrastructure nearby, but on the other hand, there are so many interesting things on the hotel grounds that there are enough impressions for the entire vacation and you don’t want to go on excursions. The architecture of the hotel is such that you seem to find yourself in the center of Moscow. At the same time, you can use the entire infrastructure of the neighboring hotel, which was built in the style of Topkapi Palace. It’s funny, it’s like you get from Moscow to Istanbul. The hotel area is incredibly green, with many lawns where you can see hedgehogs and coniferous trees. Our room was on the first floor in the second building. From the window there was a view of historical Museum, aka the reception. The advantage of our room was the silence, there were no noises or sounds of music, and in the morning we enjoyed the singing of birds. The room had a flat-screen TV with Russian channels, a safe, a refrigerator, and a hairdryer. The air conditioner was quiet and cooled perfectly. They cleaned it every day, although during the week they never saw the maid. The beach is huge, large turtles often swim in the sea. There were enough sun loungers for all guests; you could sit on soft pillows right on the pier. You can use huts for an additional fee. The son was delighted with the animation and played basketball and water polo. In the evenings, show programs were held on stage, spotlights were shining, and there were always various special effects when the artists performed. The show “Turkish Night” shocked me, bravo. The food is excellent. Of course, the choice of dishes for breakfast is not as varied as for lunch and dinner, but there was always something to eat. Dinners were always excellent, they cooked grilled meat or fish, served seafood and delicacies. After such delights, it’s plus three kilograms, but it’s impossible to resist trying all these delicacies.

August 2015, Couple

Overall rating - 9/10
Service - 10
Food - 9
Accommodation - 8

A very large, beautiful area with many interesting buildings, in a week they didn’t get around it all. The staff is very polite; if you want, they will have a heart-to-heart talk with you; if you don’t, they will just smile and carefully do their job. The waiters serve you like... best restaurants, they will pour the wine, set the table, and remove the empty dishes. Conveniently, beach towels are provided on the way to the beach. The beach is wide, sandy and pebble, with plenty of sun loungers. I would like to highlight the convenient opening hours of bars and attractions. During the day, many different events are held; if you don’t want to take part in them, no one will force you. In the evenings, visiting artists always performed. The downside is that the furniture in the room is old, but according to the stories of other guests, they have already begun to update it, so I think this little unpleasant nuance will soon disappear.

August 2014, Family with children

Overall rating - 9.3/10
Service - 8
Food - 10
Accommodation - 10

Pros: The hotel's interior is presented in an interesting historical style.Small but very cozy room.Excellent food for every taste.Big and clean beach Pleases with pebble and sand entry into the sea, which is extremely convenient for families with children.A huge and very beautiful area with a beautiful garden.Professional animation.A most interesting excursion to the Antalya Aquarium.

Minuses: No clothes dryer in the room.There is no place to walk outside the hotel area.Cheerful animators invite you to participate in various entertainments.

Minuses: In the rooms, as a rule, there are no lines for drying clothes.

Anastasia

July 2014, Family with small children

Overall rating - 4.3/10
Service - 3
Food - 7
Accommodation - 3

Accommodation, as it turns out, starts at 2 o’clock and it doesn’t matter that I arrived at night with small children. I didn’t have to wait half a day for the number (I had to pay a bribe). The room was only cleaned in the evening and the towels were wrinkled and the linen was dirty. The only plus is that there is a children's channel "Carousel" and a couple of other domestic ones. The room is cozy and quite nothing at first glance. but when you start to take a closer look…..the dust on the headboards is in layers, the floor lamps are all falling apart and are held on by snot, you can’t sit on the chairs on the balcony (rust immediately forms on your clothes), the bathroom is superficially good. but if you pour it and lie around, you can see terrible mold. the same one in the sink if you look from below. yellow curtains. It’s better not to touch them, there’s a lot of dust... You can live superficially in the room, but breathing this mold and dust is harmful to your health. especially with small children. and it turned out not only in our room, but in all the others, no better. the hotel has already outlived its usefulness... I don’t recommend it to anyone.