Sailing Shipbuilding of the 19th Century. Sailing modeling

The spar and rigging of a vessel mean all moving or at rest equipment - masts, cargo half-masts, yards, gaffs, cargo booms, shrouds, forestays with all related parts. This name has been preserved since the days of sailing ships, however, its meaning has changed significantly during this time. Thus, initially the spar and rigging of a sailing ship ensured the ship’s forward movement, and now their main task on modern cargo ships is to place the cargo device, and on passenger ships, icebreakers, tugs and similar floating craft - signaling equipment.

Armament of a sailing ship

a - armament of a barque with an auxiliary engine; b - types of sailing weapons; c - types of sailing ships.

1 - mizzen boom; 2 - mizzen; 3 - mizzen mast; 4 - mizzen-gaff; 5 - cruise topsail; 6 - topmast; 7 - main topmast; 8 - main-bom-bram-ray; 9 - main-bom-bramsail; 10 - main beam; 11 - main-topsail; 12 - cruise-top staysail; 13 - cruise-staysail; 14 - upsel; 15 - upper mainsail; 16 - lower mainsail topsail; 17 - grotto; 18 - main topmast; 19 - mainmast; 20 - upper grotto-Mars-ray; 21 - lower grotto-Mars-ray; 22 - mainsail; 23 - main-bom-top-staysail; 24 - mainsail staysail; 25 - mainsail-staysail; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 - fore topmast; 28 - fore-bom-bramsel; 29 - fore-frame; 30 - fore-bramsel; 31 - fore-bom-stay; 32 - boom-jib-rail; 33 - upper fore-Mars-yard; 34 - upper fore-topsail; 35- fore topmast; 36 - lower fore-Mars-yard; 37 - lower fore-topsail; 38 - fore-yard; 39 - fore-mast; 40 - foresail; 41 - fore-topmast-staysail; 42 - middle jib; 43 - jib; 44 - boom jib; 45 - bowsprit; 46 - lateen sail; 47 - straight rack sail; 48 - luger or rack sail Tretyak; 49 - luger or quarter sail; 50 - sprint sail; 51 - gaff sail; 52 - guari; 53 - Bermuda sail; 54 - evers; 55 - logger; 56 - ketch; 57 - de-masted gaff schooner; 58 - two-masted topsail schooner; 59 - brigantine (schooner-brig); 60 - brig; 61 - three-masted gaff schooner; 62 - three-masted topsail schooner; 63 - three-masted topsail schooner; 64 - barquentine (barque schooner); 65 - barque; 66 is a ship with full armament.

The main part of the spar is the mast. Depending on the purpose of use, there are signal, cargo and special masts made of wood or pipes made of steel or light metal. To absorb the forces arising from roll and pitch during strong seas, the masts are attached to the sides or in the center plane using shrouds and stays consisting of steel wire ropes. The signal masts contain signal and radio antenna yards, and often also a gaff for hoisting the country's flag. We have the latest information on rigging work. In addition, they contain flag halyards and a lantern holder.

Spars and rigging of cargo ships

a - cargo and signaling devices of a cargo ship of an old design; b - cargo ship with cargo booms and ship cranes.

The simplest design is made by tubular masts (Fig. below a), which have one load boom at the front and rear. To accommodate other cargo booms, a saling is mounted on the top of the mast, and a traverse is attached to the mast two to three meters above the deck. The ends of the traverse rest on short ventilation struts. The saling and traverse often consist of a single box beam (picture below b). The most common bipedal masts usually have no standing rigging, thereby increasing visibility to the open deck. Sometimes when working with heavy load-bearing devices, forestays are installed on the opposite side (Fig. below c).

Cargo masts

a - tubular mast; b - tubular mast with saling and cargo boom traverse; c - two-legged mast. 1 - antenna yard; 2 - yard; 3 - searchlight beam; 4 - observation post on the mast (“crow’s nest”); 5 - shrouds; 6 - topmast; 7 - saling; 8 - ventilation column; 9 - foundation of the cargo boom.

Cargo half-masts, unlike masts, are rarely equipped with topmasts and are installed in pairs outside the centerline of the ship between hatches or on hatches. As a rule, they do not have forestays, but are often connected to each other by means of a connecting forestay or traverse. Cargo half masts are often used for cargo hold ventilation; in this case, they are provided with deck fan sockets.

Cargo half masts

a - location of half masts; b - half mast with traverse; c - half mast with top and shrouds; d - half masts without stays. 1 - topmast; 2 - traverse; 3 - cargo half mast; 4 - toprik; 5 - shrouds.

Masts and half-masts are secured by cables and stays, which in almost all cases consist of steel cables. They are attached at one end to the mast (saling) or to the half-mast with strong butts (cable shrouds), and the other end to the bases of the shrouds (stay-stays) in the immediate vicinity of the bulwark. The shrouds or stays with butts are attached to the mast or to the shrouds using cleats; When using fork rope locks, no locks are required. Between the shrouds or stays and shrouds there are turnbuckles for tightening the cables.

1 - bowsprit, 2 - jib, 3 - boom jib, 4 - martin boom, 5 - gaff blind, 6 - bowsprit ezelgoft, - 7 huys-rod, 8 - foremast, 9 - fore-tops, 10 - fore-topmast, 11 - topmast topmasts, 12 - fore-saling, 13 - topmast topmasts, 14 - fore-topmast topmast, 15 - sails, 16 - mainmast, 17 - main-tops, 18 - mast topmasts, 19 - main topmast, 20 - main saling, 21 - topmast topmasts, 22 - main topmast topmast, 23 - sailboats, 24 - sailboats, 25 - topsail, 26 - mast toptops, 27 - cruise topmast, 28 - cruys-saling, 29 - topmast eselgofts, 30 - cruising-topmast-topmast, 31 - fore-yard, 32 - fore-mars-ray, 33 - fore-bram-ray, 34 - fore-bom-bram -ray, 35 - main-ray, 36 - main-marsa-ray, 37 - main-bram-ray, 38 - main-bom-bram-ray, 39 - mizzen-boom, 40 - stern flagpole, 41 - begin- rey, 42 - mizzen-gaff, 43 - cruys-marsa-ray, 44 - cruys-bram-ray, 45 - cruys-bom-bram-ray

Running rigging

Running rigging is necessary to control sails and yards. All operations are carried out from the decks. Only for cleaning straight sails is it necessary for the crew to be on the masts. The total length of the rigging gear was sometimes tens of kilometers.

1 - blind-topenants, 2 - blind-tris, 3 - fore-yard gardel, 4 - forec-braces, 5 - forec-topenants, 6 - for-mars-braces, 7 - for-mars-topenants, 8 - for -bom-bram-topenants, 9 - for-bom-bram-topenants, 10 - for-bom-bram-braces, 11 - for-bram-braces, 12 - for-marsa-dreyrep, 13 - for-marsa-halyard , 14 - mainsail yard, 15 - mainsails, 16 - mainsails, 17 - mainsails, 18 - mainsails, 19 - mainsail, 20 - mainsails topenants, 21 - main-bom-bram-braces, 22 - main-bom-bram-braces, 23 - main-bom-bram-braces, 24 - cruys-bom-bram-braces, 25 - cruys-bom-bram-braces, 26 - main-marsa-dreyrep, 27 - cruys-marsa-braces, 28 - begin-braces, 29 - mainsail-marsa-halyard, 30 - gardel begin-ray, 31 - beguin-topenants, 32 - cruys-bom-bram-topenants , 33 - cruys-bram-topenants, 34 - cruys-marsa-topenants, 35 - dirik-fal, 36 - cruys-marsa-dreyrep, 37 - gaff-gardel, 38 - cruys-marsa-fal, 39 - mizzen-gym -topenants, 40 - mizzen-gika-shkok

Standing rigging

Standing rigging is designed to secure fixed parts of the spar.

1 - water-stays, 2 - martin-stay, 3 - martin-stay from the bom-stay, 4 - foresail, 5 - foresail-stay, 6 - for-elk-staen-stay, 7 - for-stay stay-stay, 8 - jib-rail, 9 - fore-brow-stay-stay, 10 - boom-jib-rail, 11 - fore-bom-brow-stay-stay, 12 - mainstay, 13 - main-stay elk-stay, 14 - main-elk-staen-stay, 15 - main-stay-stay, 16 - main-bang-stay-stay, 17 - main-bom-bang-staen-stay, 18 - mizzen-stay, 19 - cruise-stay-stay, 20 - cruise-bang-stay-stay, 21 - cruise-bom-bram-stay-stay, 22 - water-backstays, 23 - jib-buck-stay, 24 - boom-stay backstays, 25 - fore-stays, 26 - fore-wall-stays, 27 - fore-frame-wall-stays, 28 - fore-wall-forduns, 29 - fore-frame-wall-forduns, 30 - fore-bom- gable-bram-wall-forduny, 31 - mainsail-shafts, 32 - mainsail-wall-shrouds, 33 - mainsail-bram-wall-shrouds, 34 - mainsail-wall-forduns, 35 - mainsail-bram-wall-forduns, 36 main-bom-bram-wall-forduns, 37 - mizzen-shrouds, 38 - cruys-sten-shrouds, 39 - cruys-bram-sten-shafts, 40 - cruys-sten-forduns, 41 - cruys-bram-sten -forduny, 42 - kruys-bom-bram-sten-forduny

- This is what they call tightly stretched cables. Most often they are made of steel, but previously they were made from plant fibers - hemp, sisal, and so on. On large ships These cables are very thick, almost as thick as your hand. Such powerful stretch marks. Without these guys, the masts and bowsprit would instantly become loose and collapse.

The most important equipment of standing rigging is CABLES. They go from the top of the mast to the sides. And they are called accordingly: “fore shrouds”, “main shrouds”, “mizzen shrouds”. There are also shrouds near the topmasts. They extend from the top of the topmast to the top of the top. On the fore topmast there is a for a - wall - shrouds, on the main topmast - main top - wall - shrouds, on the cruise topmast...

– Hook – wall – shrouds!

- Well done. There are also bram-wall-shrouds that go to the salings. And bom-bram-sten-shrouds going to the bom-salings. The hold-wall-shrouds usually go there too... Probably, there’s no need to list everything, huh? If the boatswain shouts to you: “Go to the main-frame-wall-shroud!” – can you figure out where it is?

“We’ll figure it out,” Anton sighed. Just how high...

– It’s okay, you’ll get used to it if you want to become real sailors.

“They probably won’t take me as a sailor,” Slava said sadly. - With glasses.

- Do not be sad! If you are not hired as a navigator, you can become a naval engineer who goes on test voyages. Or the ship's doctor. Or a scientist who studies the depths of the sea...

“And I can become a ship’s radio operator,” Ksenya said. - But radio operators don’t climb the shrouds...

“Even if they don’t climb, it’s still useful to know,” objected Yakov Platonovich. – What will happen if, say, a radio operator needs to transmit an emergency signal about spar failures and rigging breaks, but he cannot distinguish between a cruising shroud and a martin boom... Well, we digress. Let's return to the standing rigging. So guys...

“They look like rope ladders,” Anton noted, looking at the model of the Meridian barquentine.

- Similar. Wooden or rope steps are tied to the stretched cables. They are called vyblenki. They are convenient for climbing onto platforms and yards. But one should not think that the main task of the cables is to serve as stairs. On some ships, where there is no need to climb, shrouds are available without shrouds. Their main purpose is to hold the masts tightly.

To do this, the cables are tightened. Or, as they say, nab and v a u t. With the help of special devices. These are t a l r e p s.

The word "lanyard" consists of two words.

Have you heard about "tali"? This is a device made from blocks to increase the tension force. With the help of hoists, for example, they lift weights.

“Our dad was lifting Moskvich hoists in the garage for repairs,” Anton said. – These are several blocks and a long strong cord.

- Yes Yes! And in ship language, the cord is often called rep. For example, “buirep” is a thin cable for anchoring a floating buoy. "Minrep" is the one that holds a floating mine at anchor. And so on. A “lanyard” is a device with a cord for stuffing standing rigging. However, now - not always with a cord...

Take a look at the model. At the bottom of the shrouds there are noticeable thickenings with rings. These are screw lanyards. They are installed on modern ships. There is no cord there, but the name remains. The tube (or rather, the long coupling) has a screw thread inside it. When it is rotated, it pulls together two bolts with ring heads to which the gear is attached...

– Like on the horizontal bar stretches in the gym! – Vasya remembered.

– Yes, it seems... But screw lanyards began to be used only in the second half of the nineteenth century. In the Russian fleet, in my opinion, they were first installed on the frigate "Pallada", about which there is a book by the famous writer Goncharov. And until that time (and then too) talkers with yufers were used.

-What is this thing? – Anton was surprised.

“Now I’ll show you...” Yakov Platonovich took out a large drawing of a three-masted frigate. – Look, along the sides, in the lower part of the shrouds, there are double rows of circles. These are yuf ers - special wooden blocks. Only they don't spin.

Each deadeye has three holes. Each rope has two deadeyes - upper and lower. An anta is attached to the top one. To the bottom - a short guy. Remember its name - v a n t - p u t e n s.

“A guy for attaching cables,” Anton put in.

– You can say so. To remember... And then the rope is pulled through the holes of the deadeyes and tightened. The deadeyes are brought closer together, the shrouds are made tight. At one end of the turnip, so that it does not slip into the hole, a thickening is made. The other end - the one that is pulled - is firmly attached around the cable after the work is completed.

“In my opinion, this should be drawn larger,” suggested Slava.

- Fine. Go to the board and help me.

And it turned out to be a large drawing that covered the entire board.

“This whole system is called a “lanyard,” said Yakov Platonovich. – But sometimes the cord itself (rep), which tightens the deadeyes, is also called a lanyard... By the way, on small yachts and boats the lanyards are made quite simple: there is a ring on the shroud, a ring on the shroud, and a cord is passed between them. Such a lanyard is called rope.

I remember how once the cadets, in honor of Neptune’s holiday, staged an amateur concert on the deck of the barquentine. There was a performance of pirates, they danced and sang:

We are terrible, we are fierce

Everyone is scary and harsh.

Our nerves are like lanyards

Made from nylon cords!

A land-based listener would not understand anything: what nerves? And on the ship this song was appreciated.

Antosha sighed enviously again.

Yakov Platonovich continued:

– Nowadays, lanyards with their lower part – shrouds – are usually attached directly to the sides. But earlier, on sailboats, on the outside, at deck level, they placed narrow, long platforms so that the shrouds would spread wider and thereby hold the masts stronger.

This site is called RUSLEN. Here, they are visible in the picture.

Remember, Motya once recalled Alexander Green’s story “Strait of Storms.” It ends with a sea song:

Since childhood, a clipper, and a schooner, and a strict frigate

They rocked me on the waves;

I am related to the ocean - he is my elder brother,

And my toys are Russian!..

Well said, in my opinion, although the “toys” were, of course, a bit large.

Raised anchors were sometimes secured on the riverbeds. Boarding teams also gathered there, preparing to attack an alien ship. There... - Yakov Platonovich looked at Syntax, - the ship's cats loved to warm themselves. But these were disciplined cats who never misbehaved or tangled the ends of the running rigging...

Syntax showed with all his appearance that he is the most disciplined cat in the world. Or at least on Ozernaya Street. Vasilisa, just in case, too...

– However, let’s continue the conversation about attaching the cables... The cable stays went around the outside of the channel and were attached to the side under them. The result was special guys - similar to short cables going down. They have a special name - PUTENSE SHODS. That is, those shrouds that pull the footings from below... Slava, although all this is visible in the picture with the frigate, let’s depict it in larger detail. Help...

And this is how the drawing turned out.

“There are putt-shrouds and higher, at the wall-shrouds,” continued Yakov Platonovich. – They go down from the Mars platform. By the way, in our time, when there are no longer channels on sailboats, only these guys are usually called putins shrouds... Are you not confused in all these “putens”? Just in case, let's make another drawing. Glory! I will outline, and you trace with your firm hand...

“It’s clear how the cables are attached below,” said Slava. - And at the top?

– They have special loops at the top – O g o n a m i - put on the masts and hooked onto triangular protrusions similar to knits. These are CHICKS.

Other standing rigging gear is also attached in the same way: BACKSTAYS, FORDOWNS and STAYS.

B akshtagi - gear similar to shrouds, but without castings. They do not just go sideways from the mast, but with some deviation back.

The fords also hold the masts from the sides and rear. They go back even further than the backstays because they extend from the very top of the mast.

However, some sailors believe that there are no big differences between backstays and forewings. The famous sailing captain Dmitry Afanasyevich Lukhmanov wrote in his “Little Marine Encyclopedia” that this is one and the same thing. But you can trust him.

These standing rigging tackles, like shrouds, are secured with turnbuckles. But then the lanyards at the bottom are no longer attached to the shrouds, but to the backstays - pu tens a m i f o r d u n - pu tens. t a g o v - k sh t a g - p u t e n s a m.

So far we have been talking about the standing rigging that goes to the sides. But there are cables - stays - about which it is customary to say that they stand “in the center plane of the vessel.” To put it simply, they stretch straight forward from the mast. From the foremast to the stem or bowsprit. From others - straight to the deck or to the mast that is ahead.

There are a lot of staffs. Sometimes they extend from each mast and all its components. This means that on our “Ringing” there will be a dozen and a half of them - after all, we want to have all the gear completely.

Each forestay has its own name. We will not list them all. You know the masts and topmasts, but the names of the rigging depend on them.

– Maybe we should still sketch out the entire diagram of the standing rigging? – Slava asked uncertainly.

- For what? You have a diagram of the spar, but you must understand the rigging even without detailed drawings... For example, if you hear from a strict boatswain: “Why is the cruising-stay-stay tension weak?” – can’t you figure out what we’re talking about? we're talking about?

- This is a cable that goes forward and down from the topmast! - Vasya rapped.

“From the third component of the rear mast,” Ksenya explained, since there was nothing else left for her.

- You see! You understand... And in order not to confuse the shrouds with stays and backstays, a small drawing of a single-masted yacht is enough. I made it in advance, and everything is clear on it... - Yakov Platonovich took it from the shelf and unfolded a Whatman paper.

– Is it clear what ah ter sht ag is? – he asked when the guys carefully looked at the diagram.

- Certainly! – the friendly crew shouted vying with each other. - This is a forestay that goes not forward, but back. “Akhter” means “back”!..

- Because from the very top! - Vasya exclaimed.

“You understand everything perfectly,” the boatswain Peryshkin praised. - we will assume that we have installed and stuffed all the standing rigging on our frigate.

– Is there a ruslenka on the “Ringing”? – Anton asked.

- Yes. Let them be. For greater beauty and clarity.

“We’ll sunbathe on them,” Ksenya said, “when we go sailing.”

– You can sunbathe in calm weather. But you won’t have to do this often; there’s a lot of work on a sailboat. Especially with running gear. And for today – lights out. Team rest...

At night, the gnome Modest Mokrostupovich again invited his friends onto his magic ship. Now the masts on the ship were entangled in a dense network of standing rigging - shrouds, backstays, and forelocks. Thin stays stretched obliquely over the deck and bowsprit. The moon was shining brightly, and the ship's equipment resembled a thicket in a tall spruce forest. But Vasya Lis, Ksenya, Anton and Slava, throwing back their heads, pointed their fingers upward and unmistakably called the tackles.

- For-bom-bram-wall-stay...

- Grotto-wall-shrouds...

- Kruys-sten-backstag...

Then they climbed along the riverbeds and stroked the deadeyes carved from strong oak. Each was the size of a small round sofa cushion.

Syntax and Vasilisa climbed the cables, although the guys and the dwarf shouted at them. Against the background of the moonlit sky, the cats appeared black.

When it was time to wake up, everyone got off the ship and onto the pier.

“Tomorrow Yakov Platonovich will talk about running rigging,” Anton boasted.

“I know, I know... But I must note that in the story about the rigging he missed something,” Motya noted. “Maybe I didn’t want to overwork you.”

- What did he miss? – I was slightly offended for grandfather Ksenya.

“He didn’t tell you that not only the masts have standing rigging, but also the bowsprit.” See for yourself...

The mighty bowsprit with all its parts - the jib, the boom-bow, the blind-yard and the martin-boom - loomed black high above the pier. It, like the masts, was covered in tight cables.

- What are their names? – Vasya said demandingly.

- There are many names. Maybe there is no point in memorizing everything at once, then you will get to know each other gradually. But here, for example... the cable running from the tip of the boom jib to the martin boom - martin - stay. From the martin boom to the stem - under - wat er - sh t a g. Because “under” or “unter” means “lower”. The chain that stretches along the entire bowsprit to the stem is the headstay. And the cables that go from the bowsprit to the sides are the headstay... - Motya told and moved the flashlight beam along the bowsprit rigging. The cables and chain glowed, painting something like this. At least, this is the drawing Slava later made in his notebook.

SPbGMTU

Coursework on the discipline “Marine Encyclopedia”

on this topic:

Sailing ships

Teacher: Lyakhovitsky A.G.

Completed: student gr.91ks1

Mikheev Pyotr Vadzhikhovich

2003 /2004 uch. year

1. Introduction…………………………………3

2. Types of sailing ships…………………..3

3. Spar of a sailing ship…………….6

4. Standing rigging of a sailing ship....9

5. Running rigging……………………….12

6. Sailing rig…………………15

Introduction

Over the centuries, attempts have been made repeatedly to distinguish more or less rationally between types of ships. Due to the rapid development of the world fleet and shipping, the need to classify ships according to their purpose, methods of construction and technical condition has increased even more. Special institutions are appearing in which employees experienced in shipping - surveyors - must monitor the construction of ships and their technical condition during operation and classify ships in accordance with international standards.

The oldest and most famous of such institutions is the English classification society Lloyd's Register, formed in the 18th century. The society got its name from the owner of the tavern, Edward Lloyd, where, starting in 1687, shipowners, captains and agents made deals, insured cargo and set freight prices. In 1764, it was decided to compile lists of ships - registers - with the available information for each of them, to make it easier to assess the quality of the ship and, therefore, determine the amount of insurance.

In 1834 the society was reorganized as Lloyd's Register.

No less famous is the French classification society Bureau Veritas, founded in 1828 in Antwerp and from 1832 to the present day located in Paris.

Types of sailing ships

Sailing vessels include ships and boats (boats) driven by the force of the wind acting on the sails. In this case, the ship can carry sails on one, two, three or more vertical masts.

Depending on the type of sailing equipment, the following are distinguished: sailing ships:

five-masted ship (five masts with straight sails);

five-masted barque (four masts with straight sails, one at the stern with slanting sails);

four-masted ship (four masts with straight sails);

four-masted barque (three masts with straight sails, one with slanting sails);

ship (three masts with straight sails);

barque (two masts with straight sails, one with slanting sails);

barquentine (barque schooner; one mast with straight and two with oblique sails);

jackass schooner, more precisely, a three-masted topsail schooner (all masts with fore-and-aft sails and several upper straight sails on the foremast);

brig (two masts with straight sails);

brigantine (schooner-brig: one mast with straight sails, one with oblique sails);

bombard (one mast almost in the middle of the ship with straight sails and one, shifted to the stern, with oblique sails);

a schooner, more precisely, a gaff schooner (two masts with slanting sails);

a schooner, more precisely, a two-masted topsail schooner (masts with forward sails and several upper straight sails on the foremast);

caravel (three masts: the foremast with straight sails, the rest with lateen sails);

“trabaccolo” (two masts with lugger, i.e. raked, sails);

shebeka (three masts: fore- and main-masts with lateen sails, mizzen mast with slanting ones);

felucca (two masts inclined towards the bow, with lateen sails);

tartan (one mast with a large lateen sail);

tender (one mast with slanting sails);

“bovo” (two masts: the front one with a lateen sail, the rear one with a gaff or lateen sail);

“navicello” (two masts: the first - in the bow, strongly inclined forward, carries a trapezoidal sail, attached to the main mast; the main mast - with a lateen or other oblique sail);

“balansella” (one mast with a lateen sail);

sloop (one mast with slanting sails);

iol (two masts with slanting sails, the smaller one - the mizzen mast - stands behind the steering wheel);

ketch (two masts with slanting sails, with the mizzenmast in front of the rudder);

dinghies (one mast with a gaff sail carried to the bow);

luger (three masts with raked sails, used in France for coastal navigation).

In addition to the listed sailing ships, there were even larger seven-, five- and four-masted schooners, mostly of American origin, carrying only oblique sails.

Longitudinal section of a two-deck sailing ship of the line from the late 18th century:

1 - keel; 2 - stem; 3 - knyavdiged; 4 - stern post; 5 - stern deadwood; 6 - bow deadwood; 7 - admiral's cabin; 8 - wardroom; 9 - steering wheel; 10 - steering; 11 - aft hook chamber; 12 - aft bomb cellar; 13 - rope box; 14 - bow camera; 15 - bow bomb magazine.

Bow and stern parts of a sailing ship set:

1 - false keel; 2 keel; 3 - fortimbers; 4 - bow deadwood; 5 - keelson; 6 - false stem; 7 - false stem; 8 - stem; 9 - grep; 10 - knyavdiged; 11 - fox-indiged (support for the figurehead); 12 - beams; 13 - pillers; 14 - stern deadwood; 15 - keel heel; 16 - sternpost; 17 - starn-knitsa.

The middle part of the body has almost round contours in cross section. The bulwark is somewhat heaped inward, i.e. The width of the waterline is slightly greater than in the upper deck area. This was done so that the guns installed on the upper deck did not extend beyond the width of the waterline.

1 - keel; 2 - fal orta shkil; 3 - keelson; 4 - first velkhout; 5 - second velhout; 6 - third velkhout; 7 - external cladding of false wallsO
that; 8 - internal lining; 9 - beams; 10 - lapel ports.

The bulwark of an 18th century sailing ship:

1 - waterweiss; 2 - beams; 3 - bulwark velhout; 4 - bulwark posts; 5 - bed mesh; 6 - hanging bunks.

The main part of the hull of a sailing ship is the keel - a longitudinal beam of rectangular cross-section, running from bow to stern. Along the sides of the keel there are long recesses (tongues) into which the first row of sheathing boards, called tongue and groove, extends.

To protect against damage, a strong oak board, a false keel, was attached to the bottom of the keel. The bow of the keel ends with a stem, which is a prism-shaped beam. The lower part of the stem could be curved in an arc or at an angle. Attached to the stem from the inside is the inner part of the stem - the sternwood - a complex structure of thick beams, forming a smooth transition from the keel to the hull. In front of the stem there is a cutwater, the upper part of which is called knyavdiged. A nasal decoration - a figure - was installed in the upper part of the knyavdiged.

At the rear of the keel, a beam called a stern post is installed vertically to it or with a slight slope towards the stern. The outer part of the stern post is slightly expanded to protect the rudder mounted on the stern post. The stern and stem of a wooden sailing ship consist of several parts.

A resin keel was placed over and along the keel. Frames, which on ancient ships were composite, were attached to it and the deadwoods. In the middle of the ship's hull, somewhat closer to the bow, they placed the widest frame - the midship frame. Beams were used for transverse fastening of the ship's frame, and the deck was laid on them. In the longitudinal direction, the frames were fastened with stringers.

After finishing assembling the ship's kit, we began covering the hull with oak planks. The dimensions of the boards depended on the size of the ship: their length was 6-8 m, width 10-25 cm. In the time of Columbus, ships were sheathed edge to edge, and by the end of the 16th century they began to sheath them end-to-end (smooth). The extreme ends of the boards went into the tongues of the fore- and stern-posts and were fastened with dowels made of galvanized iron or copper. In the area of ​​the waterline and under the cannon ports, the sheathing boards alternated with thickened boards - velvets.

The deck flooring was made of pine or teak boards; they were attached to the beams using metal dowels or bolts, which were recessed on top and closed with wooden plugs.

To cover the bulwarks on wooden ships, relatively thin boards mounted on racks were used. The support of the bulwark is the bulwark velvet; its outer surface was usually painted. Above the bulwark there was a bunk net, into which the sailors placed rolled up hanging bunks, which protected them from enemy bullets in battle.

Sailing ship spar

All wooden parts used to carry sails, flags, raise signals, etc. are called spars. The masts include: masts, topmasts, yards, gaffs, booms, bowsprits, jigs, canopies and gunshots.

Rice. The mast of a three-deck, 126-gun ship from the mid-19th century.

1 - bowsprit; 2 - jig; 3 - bom-fitter; 4 - martin boom; 5 - gaff blind; 6 - bowsprit ezelgoft; 7 - rod guy; 8 - foremast; 9 - top of the foremast; 10 - fore-trisail mast; 11 - topmasts; 12 - mast ezelgoft; 13 - fore topmast; 14 - top of the fore topmast; 15 - for-saling; 16 - ezelgoft fore topmast; 17 - fore-frame topmast, made into one tree with the fore-frame topmast; 18-19 - top forebom topmast; 20 - klotik; 21 - fore-beam; 22 - for-marsa-lisel-alcohols; 23 - fore-mars-ray; 24 - for-bram-lisel-alcohols; 25 - fore-frame; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 - fore-trisel-gaff; 28 - mainmast; 29 - top of the mainmast; 30 - main-trisail-mast; 31 - mainsail; 32 - mast ezelgoft; 33 - main topmast; 34 - top of the main topmast; 35 - main saling; 36 - ezelgoft main topmast; 37 - main topmast, made into one tree with the main topmast; 38-39 - top main-bom-topmast; 40 - klotik; 41 - mainsail; 42 - mainsail-marsa-lisel-spirits; 43 - main-marsa-ray; 44 - main-bram-foil-spirits; 45 - main beam; 46 - main-bom-bram-ray; 47 - mainsail-trisail-gaff; 48 - mizzen mast; 49 - top of the mizzen mast; 50 - mizzen-trysel-mast; 51 - cruise-mars; 52 - mast ezelgoft; 53 - topmast; 54 - top cruise topmast; 55 - kruys-saling; 56 - ezelgoft topmast; 57 - cruising topmast, made into one tree with cruising topmast; 58-59 - top cruise-bom-topmast; 60 - klotik; 61 - begin-ray; 62 - cruise-marsa-rey or cruisel-ray; 63 - cruise-bram-ray; 64 - cruise-bom-bram-ray; 65 - mizzen boom; 66 - mizzen gaff; 67 - aft flagpole;

Mast

M The mast is a vertical or slightly inclined spar tree that serves as the basis for attaching other parts of the spar (topmasts, yards) and setting the sails. The masts of large straight-rigged sailing ships reached a height of 60 m or more with a lower part thickness of up to 1 m.

The masts were made from several trees that extended each other in height. The lower tree was called a column or simply a mast, and the extension was called a topmast.

Depending on the size of the vessel and the type of sailing rig, the number of masts may vary. Each mast has its own name. So, on a three-masted ship, the first mast from the bow of the ship is called the foremast, the second is the mainmast, the third, the smallest, is the mizzen mast.

Fig: Mast structure.

1 - Lower mast (column); 2 - axle; 3 - iron yokes; 4 - chicks; 5 - long salings; 6 - spreaders; 7 - ezelgoft; 8 - topmast; 9 - topmast; 10 - boom topmast; 11 - flagpole; 12 - klotik; 13 - wuling; 14 - wooden yoke; 15 - scale; 16 - scale mount; 17 - vuling mating.

The tallest mast has always been the mainmast. Its height for three straight-rigged masted ships was determined by the length of the ship along the gondeck, folded to its greatest width and divided in half. The height of the foremast and mizzen masts, together with their tops, was determined by the height of the mainmast. So the length of the foremast was 8/9, and the mizzen mast was 6/7 the length of the mainmast. These proportions were often changed at the discretion of the builder.

The word "fore" is added to the names of spar trees, parts of rigging and sails related to the foremast, but strengthened above the top platform. “Bram” is a word added to the names of a spar, rigging or sail, indicating that they belong to the third generation from the bottom. "Bom" - indicates belonging to the fourth generation from below. For strength, the lower masts, as well as the bowsprits, were made of several beams, tied together with bands - cable vulings. The lower end of the mast - the spur - ended with a pin, which was inserted into a step - a socket located on the keelson. The top of the mast is called the top. At its top there is a trunnion on which there is an ezelgoft, connecting the mast to the topmast. On both sides of the mast, shaped pieces called chicks were attached, to them were two longitudinal beams - long-saling, and on the long-saling a top platform or simply Mars.

Mars

R
Previously, on sailing ships with straight sails, the mars looked like a round basket. Around the middle of the 18th century. Mars are starting to be made almost rectangular; only the bow part was rounded. Three-masted ships carried three topsails, which were named according to their belonging to one or another mast: on the foremast there was a fore-topsail, on the mainmast there was a main-topsail and on the mizzen mast there was a cruising topsail.

Rice. 1. Mars details:

1 - lower mast (column); 2 - chicks; 3 - long salings; 4 - spreaders; 5 - dog holes; 6 - Mars; 7 - top of the mast; 8 - ezelgoft; 9 - topmast.

Rice. 2. Connection of the topmast with the topmast:

1 - topmast; 2 - chicks; 3 - long salings; 4 - spreaders; 5 - topmast; 6 - ezelgoft; 7 - top shrouds; 8 - Schwitz-torn-sling.

All topmasts were also connected to each other using salings and ezelgofts, but of smaller sizes.

Ezelgoft is a wooden frame with two holes: a square one, into which the top of the lower mast is inserted, and a round one, into which the subsequent topmast is passed. Salings and ezelgofts, depending on their belonging to a particular mast, are called: for-saling, for-bram-saling, mast ezelgoft, for-sten-ezelgoft, kruys-sten-ezelgoft, bowsprit ezelgoft (connecting the bowsprit with the jib ) etc.

Bowsprit

B A sprit is a horizontal or slightly inclined beam (an inclined mast) protruding from the bow of a sailing ship and used to carry straight sails - a blind and a bomb blind. Until the end of the 18th century. the bowsprit consisted of only one tree with a blind topmast. From the end of the 18th century. the bowsprit is lengthened with the help of a jib, and then a boom jib. The blind and bomb blind are no longer placed on it; it serves to extend the stays of the foremast and its topmasts, as well as to attach the bow triangular sails - jibs and staysails.

The bowsprit itself was attached to the bow of the ship using a water-vulging made of a strong cable, and later (19th century) chains.

Rice. Bowsprits.

a - XVIII century; b - late 18th century; in - the first half of the 19th century; 1 - bowsprit; 2 - knitsa; 3 - bowsprit ezelgoft; 4 - Mars; 5 - blind topmast; 6 - blind-topmast; 7 - flagpole; 8 - klotik; 9 - jig; 10 - bom-fitter; 11 - ezelgoft; 12 - gaff blind; 13 - Martin boom; 14 - rod guy; 15 - cable vuling.

Standing rigging of a sailing ship

Bowsprits, masts and topmasts on a sailing ship are secured in a specific position using special rigging called standing rigging. Standing rigging includes: shrouds, forduns, stays, backstays, perths, as well as the jib and boom jib of the lifeline.

Once wound, the standing rigging always remains motionless. It is made from thick plant rope.

Standing rigging of a 90-gun, two-deck battleship of the 18th - 19th centuries:

1 - water stays; 2 - Martin stay; 3 - Martin stay from the boom stay (or lower backstay); 4 - forestay; 5 - fore-moose-stay; 6 - fore-elk-stay-stay (serves as a rail for the fore-top-staysail); 7 - fore-stay-stay; 8 - jib-rail; 9 - fore-gateway-wall-stay; 10 - boom-jib-rail; 11 - fore-bom-gateway-wall-stay; 12 - mainstay; 13 - main-elk-stay; 14 - main-elk-wall-stay; 15 - main-stay-stay; 16 - main-gateway-stay-stay; 17 - main-bom-gateway-stay; 18 - mizzen stay; 19 - cruise-stay-stay; 20 - cruise-brow-stay-stay; 21 - cruise-bom-bram-wall-stay; 22 - water backstays; 23 - jib-backstays; 24 - boom-jumper-backstays; 25 - fore shrouds; 26 - fore-wall-shrouds; 27 - fore-frame-wall-shrouds; 28 - for-sten-fortuns; 29 - for-bram-wall-forduns; 30 - for-bom-bram-sten-forduns; 31 - main shrouds; 32 - main-wall-shrouds; 33 - main-frame-wall-shroud; 34 - main-sten-forduns; 35 - grotto-gateway-wall-forduny; 36 - grotto-bom-bram-wall-forduny; 37 - mizzen shrouds; 38 - cruise-wall-shroud; 39 - cruise-bram-wall-shroud; 40 - kruys-sten-forduny; 41 - kruys-bram-sten-forduny; 42 - kruys-bom-bram-sten-forduny.

Shrouds are the name given to standing rigging gear used to strengthen masts, topmasts and topmasts on the sides and somewhat at the rear. Depending on what kind of tree the shrouds hold, they receive an additional name: fore-stays, fore-wall-stays, etc. The shrouds also serve to lift sailors onto masts and topmasts when working with sails. For this purpose, across the cables at a certain distance from each other there are hemp, wood or metal tappings. Hemp shrouds were tied to the shrouds with a bleaching knot at a distance of 0.4 m from one another. The lower shrouds (hemp) were the thickest on sailing ships, their diameter reached 90-100 mm. The wall-stays were made thinner, and the frame-wall-stays were made even thinner. The shrouds were thinner than their shrouds.

The topmasts and topmasts are additionally supported from the sides and somewhat from the rear by forduns. The upper ends of the shrouds and forduns are attached to the mast or topmast using ogons (loops) put on the tops. Guys, wall-stays and frame-wall-stays must be paired, i.e. made from one piece of cable, which is folded in half. If the number of shrouds on each side is odd, then the last shroud towards the stern is made split, i.e. single. The same rule applies to Forduns. The number of shrouds and forearms depends on the height of the mast and the carrying capacity of the vessel.

The shrouds and forduns were stuffed (covered) with cable hoists on deadeyes - special blocks without pulleys with three holes for a cable lanyard. In former times, on all military sailing ships and large merchant ships, in order to increase the angle at which the lower shrouds and forduns go to the masts, powerful wooden platforms - rusleni - were strengthened on the outer side of the ship, at deck level. They were secured with shrouds forged from iron strips. The lower end of the shrouds was attached to the side, and the deadeyes were attached to their upper ends so that the latter almost touched their lower part with the channels.

The upper deadeyes are tied into the shrouds and forduns using ogons and benzels (marks). The topmast shrouds were equipped in the same way as the lower shrouds, but their deadeyes were somewhat smaller.

The standing rigging that supports the spar trees in the center plane in front is called stays, which, like the lower shrouds, were made of thick cable. Standing rigging also includes perths - plant cables on the yards, on which sailors stand while working with sails on the yards. Usually one end of the perth is attached to the end of the yard, the other to the middle of the yard. The perths are supported by props - sections of cable attached to the yard.

The standing bowsprit rigging serves to support and strengthen the bowsprit spar trees. It consists of forestays, backstays, perths, etc.

Standing bowsprit rigging:

1 - water stays; 2 - water backstays; 3 - jib stay; 4 - backstay jig; 5 - boom-stay; 6 - Martin backstays; 7 - boom-jumper-backstays; 8 - upper blind-backstay; 9 - lower blind-backstay; 10 - bom-fitter perts; 11 - jib perts; 12 - lop stays.

Water stays - standing rigging that holds the bowsprit from below, intended to counteract the thrust of the foresail and foresails and representing a hoist. Water backstays - the standing rigging of the bowsprit, holding it from the sides. Jib-stay and boom-stay - gear supporting the jig and boom jib from below. Backstag jig, martin backstays, boom jib-backstays, upper and lower blind-backstays - gear holding the bowsprit spar trees from the sides. Pert jib and bom jib, lop stays - gear that serves as a railing when sailors move along the bowsprit.

Sail control gear

The totality of all the sails of a ship is called sailing equipment. All sailing ships, according to the type of sailing rig, are divided into ships with direct, oblique and mixed rigs.

Direct or ship is called sailing equipment, in which straight sails are the main ones, and oblique auxiliary ones. Classic examples of direct sailing weapons were battleships with three masts, and warships - frigates, corvettes and brigs.

Oblique is a weapon in which the main ones are oblique sails. These include schooners, tenders, ketches, boats, and yachts.

Mixed-armed vessels include barquentines and brigantines.

Ship's sailing rig:

I - boom jib; II - jib; III - fore-topmast-staysail; IV - fore-sail; V - foresail - lower rectangular sail on the foremast; VI - fore-topsail - the second straight sail from the bottom, located on the fore-topmast; VII - fore-browsel - the third sail located on the fore-best topmast of the foremast; VIII - fore-bom-top-topsail - the fourth sail located on the fore-bom-top-topmast; IX - main staysail; X - main-topmast-staysail; XI - mainsail staysail; XII - mainsail - lower rectangular sail on the mainmast; XIII - main topsail; XIV - mainsail; XV - main-bom-bramsail; XVI - apsel - a slanting sail between the main and mizzen masts; XVII - cruisel - straight sail; XVIII - cruise-bramsel; XIX - cruys-bom-bramsel; XX - mizzen - lower oblique sail (oblique mizzen).

Running rigging

- gear for sail control:

1 - boom-jib-halyard; 2 - boom-jib-sheet; 3 - jib-sheet; 4 - fore-topmast-staysail-sheet; 5 - fore-sail-sheet; 6 - fore-sheet; 7 - fore-tack; 8 - frontal nok-gordeni; 9 - focal bull-gordeni; 10 - foka-gite; 11 - foka bowline; 12 - for-Marsa-Gitov; 13 - fore-Mars-bowline; 14 - reef pendant tackle - the end of the tackle, based between the blocks, for pulling up the sails when taking reefs; 15 - for-bram-gits; 16 - for-bram-bowline; 17 - for-bom-bram-gitov; 18 - reef seasons (reef seasons); 19 - main sheet; 20 - main tack; 21 - grotto-nok-gorden; 22 - grotto-bull-gorden; 23 - grotto-gitovs; 24 - main bowline; 25 - grotto-marsa-gitova; 26 - mainsail-marsa-bowline; 27 - grotto-bram-gita; 28 - grotto-bram-bowline; 29 - grotto-bom-bram-gitov; 30 - mizzen-gitovs; 31 - kruysel-gitov; 32 - cruiselle bowline; 33 - Kruys-Brahm-Gitovs; 34 - kruys-brahm-bowline; 35 - kruys-bom-bram-gitovs;

Running sail control rigging includes halyards, sheets, tacks, gordenis, gypsum and bowlines.

Halyards are the gear used to raise and lower sails (jibs and staysails), flags and signals.

The sheets are used to control straight (lower) and oblique sails, which pull them towards the stern. Jib and jib have two sheets each, passing on one and the other side of the side or rails. These sheets are usually made double. On forefoot sails with a boom, where the clew of the sail is attached to the foot of the boom, a boom clew attached to the boom is used to control the sail.

The clew corners of the foresail and mainsail are pulled, in addition to the sheet, by tacks, which are intended to pull the corners of the lower sails towards the bow, opposite to the sheets. Tacks can be double (and then they are carried out like sheets) or single. In the latter case, the main end of the tack is secured in the clew. The main tacks are pulled at the sides near the foremast, and the foresail tacks on the forecastle, through a block on the side tack (a short spar horizontal tree protruding in the bow of the vessel on each side to extend the windward corner of the foresail by means of the foresail tack).

The gordens and gitovs are used to pick up the lower and side luffs and clew angles when cleaning sails and taking reefs.

Bowlines - rigging located on the side luffs at the bottom of straight sails, designed to stretch the sail into the wind so that the ship can sail steeply into the wind.

Sailing weapons

The totality of all the sails of a ship is called sailing weapons. All sailing ships, according to the type of their sailing weapons, are divided into ships with straight, oblique and mixed weapons.

Direct or ship called sailing equipment, in which straight sails are the main ones, and oblique auxiliary ones. The classic example of direct sailing rigs was battleships having three masts, and smaller warships - frigates, corvettes and brigs.

Obliquely are called weapons in which the main ones are oblique sails. These include schooners, tenders, ketches, yachts.

To the courts mixed weapons include barquentines and brigantines.

Rice. Ship's sailing rig:

I - boom jib; II - jib; III - fore-topmast-staysail; IV - fore-sail; V - foresail - lower rectangular sail on the foremast; VI - fore-topsail - the second straight sail from the bottom, located on the fore-topmast; VII - fore topmast - the third sail located on the fore topmast; VIII - fore-bom-browsail - the fourth straight sail located on the fore-bom-best-topmast; IX - main staysail; X - main-topmast-staysail; XI - mainsail staysail; XII - mainsail - lower rectangular sail on the mainmast; XIII - main topsail; XIV - mainsail; XV - main-bom-bramsail; XVI - apsel - a slanting sail between the main and mizzen masts; XVII - cruisel - straight sail; XVIII - cruise-bramsel; XIX - cruys-bom-bramsel; XX - mizzen - lower oblique sail (oblique mizzen).

Straight sails.

Straight sails have a quadrangular, rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the yards with their upper side. Such sails are installed across the ship. The lower part of the sail is usually slightly curved upward. With the help of sheets and tacks, it is attached to the underlying yard or to the deck of the ship. The straight sails are turned to the desired position relative to the wind together with the yards using gear called braces and attached to the ends of the yards. Straight sails are named after the yards to which they are attached.

Sail foresail, mainsail and mizzen are called lower sails, and the rest ( topsails, topsails and top topsails) - top.

With the increase in the displacement of ships, power and the number of artillery on them, the area of ​​​​the sail armament also increased. For example, in the initial period of Peter the Great’s shipbuilding (the end of the 17th century), ships carried only two straight sails on the foremast and main mast; at the beginning of the 18th century they were set in three, and from the end of the 18th century half of the 19th century centuries - four on three masts. On tea clippers and barges the number of straight sails reached 6-7 on each mast.

In the times of Peter the Great and until the end of the 18th century, two more straight sails were raised at the bow of the ship (on the bowsprit) - bottom blind and bomb blind . The lower blind was located under the bowsprit on the blind yard, and the bomb blind was located on the bomb blind yard mounted on the topmast of the bowsprit. Since the end of the 18th century, these sails have not been installed, and instead of them m between the foremast and the elongated bowsprit (with the help of a jig and boom jib) and raise triangular oblique sails - jibs and staysails .

Straight sails also include additional sails - fox , which are added to the main straight sails with a fair wind. They are placed on the sides of the main straight sails on special spar trees - lysel-alcohols, drawn from the yards. Lissels were installed only on the fore and main masts.

Rice. Liselya from the left side:

I - under foxel; II - marsa-foxel; III - bram-foil; 1 - shot; 2 - under-lisel slats; 3 - marsa-licel-alcohol; 4 - Mars-lisel slats; 5 - brahm-licel-alcohol; 6 slats of the front canopy.

R is. Straight sail details:

a - lower sail; b - top sail; 1- lyktros; 2 - luff; 3 - filing; 4 - side luffs; 5 - lower luff; 6 - shrouds; 7 - boots; 8 - reef seasons; 9 - reef cringels; 10 - reef hoist brackets; 11 - krengels of spruit bulen; 12-13 - corner brackets; 14 - cable brackets; 15 - krengels with thimble.

Rice. Attaching a straight sail to the yard:

a - in the 19th century; b - in the 17th century; c - placing hoses around the yard; 1 - yard; 2 - upper luff of the sail; 3 - yard rail; 4 - eyelets; 5 - revenants; 6 - nok krengel; 7 - benzel of the nok krengel; 8 - lyktros.



By the beginning of the 19th century. Several main types of warships remained in the fleets of European maritime powers. Battleships with a displacement of 1000-2000 tons carried from 70 to 130 guns, which were mainly located on closed battery decks (decks). Depending on the number of decks, two- and three-deck ships were distinguished.

The crew of such large ships could reach 1000 people. In the Russian fleet, battleships were divided into four more ranks: 1st rank - 120 guns, 2nd - 110, 3rd - 84, 4th - 74. In the 5th and 6th ranks there were frigates that had one closed battery deck and from 25 to 50 guns.

The frigate's crew was limited to 500 sailors. American frigates, of which the most famous ship is the Constitution, which has remained in Boston to this day, were larger and more powerful than European ones.

The latest of them were only half sailing ships - next to the full sailing armament there was a real miracle of technology of the 19th century. - Steam engine.

Battleship "St. Paul". 1794

Smaller three-masted corvettes had one open battery deck with 20-30 guns. Typically, corvettes were equipped with the sailing rigs of a frigate, and with a small displacement, their mizzen masts carried only oblique sails. A type of corvette with a smaller number of artillery pieces were sloops.

Frigate "Constitution" 1796

Their displacement was 300-900 tons. Two-masted brigs with a displacement of 200-400 tons and a length of 30-36 m, in which all the guns (up to 22) were located on the upper deck, were used for messenger and guard duty. Despite its small size, the maneuverable brig, which carried a direct sail, could withstand a battle with much larger ships.

3-deck, 110-gun ship of the first quarter of the 19th century.

The battle of the brig "Mercury" with two Turkish ships. 1829

An example of this is the story of the Russian patrol brig Mercury. While on reconnaissance near the entrance to the Bosphorus, on May 14, 1829, he entered into battle with two Turkish battleships pursuing him, which carried 184 guns. Skillfully maneuvering under sails and using oars, the brig constantly turned towards the enemy so that the Turks could not shoot at him from the numerous onboard guns.

The Mercury itself could conduct targeted fire and inflicted significant damage to the enemy ships' spars and rigging. The two giants were forced to drift, abandoning the pursuit of the small Mercury. The famous brig was built in 1820 at the Sevastopol shipyard.

The vessel had a length of 29.4 m, a beam with plating of 9.4 m and a shallow draft of only 2.9 m. For close-range combat there were 18 carronades on deck. Two more small-caliber guns, if necessary, could be transferred from the stern to the bow of the ship, serving as “running” guns.

Sloop "Vostok"

Running guns are guns on sailing ships, mounted to fire directly at the bow.

Although sloops were relatively small vessels, they were preferred to be used on long voyages. “I have circumnavigated the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere at high latitudes and have done so in such a way that I have indisputably rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent,” wrote the famous James Cook. But the discovery of Antarctica still took place - and largely thanks to the Russian sloops Vostok and Mirny.

The sloop "Vostok" was launched from the slipway of the Okhtinskaya shipyard in St. Petersburg (1818). The ship had a length of 40 m, a width of about 10 m, and a displacement of 900 tons. The Vostok was armed with 28 cannons and had a crew of 117. On July 3, 1819, the sloop “Vostok” under the command of captain II rank F.F. Bellingshausen, chief round the world expedition, and the sloop "Mirny", commanded by M.P. Lazarev, then still a lieutenant, left Kronstadt and on January 16 of the following year reached the shores of Antarctica for the first time.

After repairs in Sydney, Australia, the sloops explored the tropical part Pacific Ocean, and then again headed for Antarctica. The hardy sloops did not let their captains down, allowing them to reach the very southern point- 69°53" south latitude and 9219" west longitude. On July 24, 1821, having completed the most difficult voyage, the ships returned to Kronstadt. In 751 days they covered 49,723 miles (about 92,300 km). The expedition was crowned not only with the discovery of a new continent - 29 unknown islands were mapped and complex oceanographic work was completed.

The sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica

With significant dimensions and a solid line of sides, ships of the first half of the 19th century. gradually acquire a pointed bow shape and are equipped with a low stern superstructure. The poop began to be connected to the forecastle by a continuous deck. Improvements in sailing equipment entailed a change in the bow end of the vessel: now the crown was inclined at a smaller angle to the horizon.

English 110-gun battleship"Prince". XIX century

Shipbuilding technology itself does not stand still. Many wooden elements of the ship's structure are replaced with metal ones. Since 1815, anchor chains have replaced anchor ropes. Somewhat later, iron chains were introduced for the halyards of the lower yards, sheets and topsails; standing rigging began to be made from wire ropes, and wooden sloop beams were replaced with iron ones.

Carronade

Sloop beams are beams at the sides of the ship, used for lowering boats into the water and lifting them.

Naval artillery also took a step forward - the appearance of small, large-caliber carronades. The creator of the carronade, the Scottish shipbuilding company Carron, tried to ensure that the new gun, with a fairly large caliber (24-68 pounds), remained short-barreled, lightweight, did not require a powerful powder charge, and was easy to maintain.

Thanks to this bouquet of valuable qualities, carronades quickly gained universal recognition, although they had a shorter range than previous guns. The carronade barrel was cast from cast iron. At first, new guns were installed only on merchant ships. However, very soon the popularity of carronades increases so much that they become the basis of the armament of any warship. The gunsmiths did everything to ensure aiming accuracy.

The height of the carronade was adjusted using a screw mechanism. At the bottom of the barrel there was a vertical ring connected to the support by a horizontal pin. The support itself moved along a powerful platform on a wooden sled. And even the platform could move: it rotated on a pin that connected it to the structure of the ship.

3b-pound gun model 1804 for closed decks (left) and 8-pound carronade model 1805. (on right)

Along with the general design of the guns, the fuse system is also being improved. At the beginning of the 19th century. a capsule tube appears - a close analogue of a powder casing. The flammable mixture in the primer tube was ignited by friction or impact. In the latter case, a trigger with a special striker was used - an invention of the American Hidden.

The sailing ships of those times owed much to the Russian school of shipbuilding for improving their design. Russian shipbuilders modernized the spar and rigging, introduced turning frames and a new cut of sails, and instead of staysails, they installed trysails on the mainmast. An interesting innovation was the special ship nails of the I.A. system. Kurochkina.

The old nails had a parallelogram shape in cross-section and tapered from the head to the top. This design led to splitting of the hull boards, hidden leaks and weak fastening of wooden parts. Kurochkin suggested making the nails square and flat, and shorter. The longest of them did not exceed 10-35 cm, and the short ones - crutches - had a length of only 2.5-7.5 cm.

However, the remarkable shipwright became famous not only for his “nail” system. It is he who is responsible for many new products in the field of large-tonnage shipbuilding: additional cannon ports on the quarterdeck and in the upper deck wardroom, jambs that prevent moisture from entering the lining of the lower ports, special ventilation to remove powder smoke during firing, etc. For the ship “Strong”, which left the stocks in May 1804 (it was Kurochkin’s first battleship), Emperor Alexander I granted the master a magnificent diamond ring.

Round stern on a military sailing ship

Starn timbers are wooden brackets connecting the sternpost to the keelson.

But the most impressive technical innovation, firmly established on Russian ships, was the round stern. Admiral Lazarev wrote about its undeniable advantages: “The main advantage of the round stern is that it is much stronger than usual, because the startimbers go, like frames, from the keel itself and make it as strong as the side itself. In addition, there is not a single point from which the guns would not operate, and, consequently, the stern is never left unprotected, no matter how the ship turns ... "

The Russian fleet begins to arm itself in a “new manner.” The drawing of the 74-gun battleship "Svyatoslav" was used for the construction of 15 combat units at the Arkhangelsk shipyards. True, sometimes there were incidents. In 1812, a detachment of eight ships, built by the same Kurochkin, was caught in a strong storm. The results were disappointing. The main topmast on the flagship ship “Nord Adler” broke due to the harsh sideways motion. Pulling along the fragments of the mainmast spar and sailing rig, she fell on the right side of the ship. Under its weight, the cargo stored in the hold began to roll to the starboard side. The ship tilted and began to leak heavily. However, everything ended well: the water was pumped out.

The formidable inspection did not see the shipbuilder’s fault in the incident: the cause of the accident was damp ship timber, which had to be used to speed up the construction of the ship. Russian shipbuilders learned their lesson well. Now they tried to “hurry slowly”: for the first year they harvested and dried the forest, and then for two years they built the ship itself, as required by the technology.

Napoleon III meeting Queen Victoria on board the battleship Brittany

For the design of ships of the first quarter of the 19th century. - the period of classicism - very clear and simple lines were characteristic. The pretentiousness of the decor was replaced by solemnity and monumentality. Few carved decorations now did not hide the details of the ship's design. So, if the stern was flat, this was often emphasized by a closed balcony that closed the space of the interior. The balcony usually had a metal lattice with a simple pattern: intersecting circles, ovals or diamonds.

Small “Dutch” glazing was used for the windows. Thanks to this, even in strong rolling conditions there was no need to worry about the safety of the glass. Elements of antique ornament appeared on the stern and side galleries: wreaths, lictors' bundles, spears, banners. Ornaments highlighted the carrying and load-bearing parts of the vessel.

This made the design of the case “transparent”, emphasizing its precise proportions and volumes. The decoration of the stern was no longer given much attention - the main emphasis was placed on the bow figure. Usually it was a sculpture of the ancient deity who gave the name to the ship. Pollux, Ceres, Diana, Juno, Arsis, Mercury are not just heroes of Greek mythology, but the names of Russian military ships that became famous in battles.

In the painting of ships of the 19th century. strict black color dominates. White stripes above the cannon ports added elegance to the hull. Ships of the first two ranks had three such stripes, while ships of the 3rd and 4th ranks had only two. If the ship did not have covered batteries, then the only wide white stripe ran under the channels. The carving was usually gilded or covered with ocher, close to the color of gold. In order to protect them from pirates, merchant ships preferred to be disguised as military ships. To do this, false gun ports (losports) were painted on the sides. They can still be seen on sailing ships that have survived to this day.

Stern options for English ships

Rusleni - platforms on the outer sides of a sailing ship, located opposite the masts at the level of the upper deck. Serve for spreading cables.

Gun ports are hermetically sealed cutouts in the sides of ships.

Tailboard - the upper part of the stern from the upper windows to the gunwale.

One of the most beautiful 74-gun battleships built in Arkhangelsk under the leadership of I.A. Kurochkin and V.A. Ershov, there was “Azov” with a displacement of 3000 tons. Its slender hull, 54.5 m long and 14.7 m wide, was decorated with fine carved ornaments. The center of the hookboard was occupied by a double-headed eagle - a feature of Russian style. The figurehead, about 3.5 m high, depicted a warrior in gilded armor and a helmet. The ship's armament consisted of four heavy 40-pounders and seventy 24- and 36-pounder guns. The 36-pounder guns were mounted on the lower deck, the gondeck, while the lighter 24-pounder guns, including carronades, were mounted on the upper deck, quarterdeck and forecastle.

In October 1827, during the next Russian-Turkish war, the allied squadron of France, England and Russia set off from Kronstadt to enemy shores. The ships of the squadron entered Navarino Bay, where the Turkish-Egyptian fleet was stationed. Russian ships bore the brunt of the battle, which ended in the destruction of the Turkish flotilla. The flagship of the Russian squadron "Azov" under the command of M.P. Lazarev managed to single-handedly sink five enemy ships. The Azov crew (about 600 sailors) managed to set fire to and explode two Turkish frigates, one corvette, an 80-gun battleship and the flagship frigate of the Tunisian admiral Tahir Pasha. For this feat, for the first time in Russian naval history, the Azov was awarded the highest military honor - the stern St. George flag.

74-gun battleship "Azov"

And yet, despite the considerable skill of shipbuilders, the Russian fleet gradually fell into decay. This was probably due to the policy of Alexander I, who allocated too small sums from the budget for the construction of new ships and the repair of dilapidated ones. Be that as it may, as of 1825, the Baltic Fleet included only 15 battleships and 12 frigates, and even those were in need of significant repairs. Only five ships and 10 frigates were more or less combat-ready. Some hundred years have passed, and practically nothing remains of the greatness of the legendary Peter the Great’s fleet.