Military transport aircraft A400M (Europe). Cargo tricycles of Europe. History Comparison with analogues

On June 26, 2008, the first rollout of a new generation military transport aircraft took place in Seville, Spain. A400M, created by the EADS concern and designed to eventually replace the entire fleet of aircraft of this class in a number of NATO countries. It is expected that within a few years such vehicles will be able to appear in service with the air forces of some European countries - France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain and Turkey, and later - Luxembourg and Belgium. Orders for the A400M have also been placed today by two countries far from Europe - South Africa and Malaysia.

The history of the A400M development program began back in 1982 - then the companies Aerospatiale, British Aerospace, Lockheed and Messerschmitt-Belkov-Blom (MBB) joined forces within the framework of the FIMA (Future International Military Aircraft) project. international military transport aircraft"), the purpose of which was to create a new tactical military transport aircraft (MTC) capable of replacing the aging American C-130 Hercules and the European C.160 Transal. However, the project progressed extremely difficult - mainly due to differences (and sometimes significant) in the tactical, technical and other requirements imposed on the aircraft by the participating countries.

In 1989, Lockheed withdrew from the project and relied on the development of a modernized version of the Hercules, designated C-130J Super Hercules. At the same time, Alenia and CASA join the FIMA program, and the project itself undergoes a rebranding and receives the name “Euroflag” (Euroflag is an abbreviation for European Future Large Aircraft Group, i.e. “Group for the development of a European promising large aircraft”). However, the changed military-political situation in the world and, as a consequence, the reduction in military spending, did Euroflag a disservice - the implementation of the project was frozen. Among other things, the decision of the governments of France and Germany to stop public funding of the program played a role.

In the second half of the 90s. the heads of interested departments of eight NATO countries agreed to join forces in the development of tactical and technical requirements for a promising tactical military-technical aircraft, which received the designation “Advanced Large Military Transport Aircraft” (FLA). And in September 1997, a request was sent to the developers to provide a technical proposal for the aircraft. Moreover, one of the most significant incentives for accelerating the launch of the A400M program was the dissatisfaction of the command of the armed forces of the NATO countries with the flight performance characteristics of the modernized military-technical cooperation C-130J “Super Hercules” proposed by the Americans.

The new modification of the overseas “veteran”, firstly, retained the same fuselage diameter, which did not allow increasing the volume and weight of the transported payload, as well as transporting a number of large samples of army combat and auxiliary equipment on the aircraft. Secondly, the speed characteristics of the vehicle turned out to be much lower than the requirements that the Air Forces of the European NATO countries placed on military-technical vehicles of this class. And finally, thirdly, European generals were not at all satisfied with the flight range of the modernized Hercules at maximum load: it is approximately 3800 km, while the A400M with the same 20 tons of cargo is about 6900 km.

Starting customer A400M became the Royal Air Force of Great Britain, which signed a letter of intent on May 9, 2000 to purchase 130 aircraft (although the application was subsequently reduced to 25 aircraft). Only after this, on July 27 of the same year, the defense ministers of seven European countries - Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Turkey and France - signed a joint declaration that officially secured the A400M status as the single promising operational-tactical military transport aircraft of their armed forces. strength And in December of the following year, the Airbus company entered into an official contract with the United European Agency for the Procurement of Arms and Military Equipment OCCAR (Organisation Conjointe de Cooperation en Matiere d'Armement) for the development of a promising military-technical vehicle, its testing and the organization of serial production with subsequent delivery to customers .

The modern A400M is no longer just a typical operational-tactical military-technical aircraft, but a machine that has some of the properties of an operational-strategic military transport aircraft. In terms of payload weight, which reaches 37 tons, it is almost twice as large as the newest members of the Hercules family (the C-130H and C-130J have a payload capacity of about 19 tons). The advantage in flight range is also impressive: for the A400M it reaches 3300 km with a maximum load of 37 tons, and with a load of 20 tons it increases to 6900 km, while for the Hercules, with half the maximum load, the range is only 3800 km, and the “Super Hercules” has 5250 km. The A400M will be capable of transporting troops and various cargoes, landing them by parachute or landing in any weather conditions, day and night, using concrete, equipped dirt and even unprepared runways. A distinctive feature of the aircraft, according to the developers, will be the relatively low cost of its life cycle, which, according to engineers, should be at least 30 years.

A400M is a wide-body high-wing aircraft with a T-shaped tail and a cargo ramp at the rear of the fuselage with a length of 5.4 m. Composite materials are widely used in the design of the aircraft - for example, the wing consoles are largely made of reinforced carbon fiber, and eight-blade propellers of the Simita brand "("Scimitar") are made entirely of composites.

The cargo compartment has a length of 17.71 m (without ramp), a width of 4.0 m and a minimum height of 3.85 m. Moreover, in the middle part of the fuselage, behind the wing, the height of the cargo compartment reaches 4.0 m. The volume of the cargo compartment is 356 m3 , and the useful area of ​​the mechanized floor is 92 m2. This will make it possible to place in the cargo compartment of the A400M, without preliminary disassembly, all the main types of weapons, military and special equipment in service with NATO countries: AN-64, Tiger, A-129, Puma and NH90 helicopters, artillery pieces, including .h. 203 mm howitzers, MLRS, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles. The aircraft is equipped with two electric winches, and optionally it is possible to install a monorail cargo crane with a lifting capacity of 5 tons in the rear part of the fuselage, in the area of ​​the cargo ramp, to speed up and facilitate the loading and unloading of standard cargo pallets from the surface of the earth or from vehicles. The crane is controlled using a remote control by an operator, at whose workplace there is a computerized control system with a database for all types of standard cargo used in the armed forces of NATO countries: it contains detailed characteristics of the cargo - weight, dimensions, center of gravity, attachment points and etc.

The A400M is equipped with a fly-by-wire control system and, like other Airbus aircraft, has a so-called “glass” cockpit, built on the basis of nine large (6x6 inches) color multifunctional LCDs and a digital head-up display system. The cockpit is designed for two pilots and one operator of special-purpose systems (for example, electronic warfare or fuel transfer to other aircraft and helicopters). There is also one folding seat, and the operator's seat for the loading and unloading systems is located under the pilot's cabin, on the cargo deck. The aircraft control system was developed by specialists from Thales and Dil Avionik System, using individual modules of the control system from the A380 airliner as a basis.

The most vital elements of the pilot's cabin - glass, pilot seats and the surrounding space - can be optionally armored, which will allow them to withstand 12.7 mm armor-piercing bullets without damage. In addition, the aircraft ordered by the German Air Force will be equipped with a TMLLF (Terrain Masking Low Level Flight) system manufactured by EADS. The concern's specialists also provide the supply of an on-board flight mission monitoring system MMMS (Military Mission Management System) based on two powerful on-board computers: it allows automatic control of such operations as loading and unloading of cargo and equipment, calculation of the required and permissible load of the aircraft based on established standards and the nature of the task, calculates the time of cargo release (dropping personnel), controls fuel consumption, etc.

The aircraft's avionics complexes and systems are integrated on the basis of a multiplex data bus of the MIL-STD-1553B standard. The avionics will include a modern high-precision inertial navigation system with a satellite navigation signal receiver and an AN/APN-241E weather navigation radar from the American company Northrop-Grumman. The wing consoles have four pylons for installing suspended in-flight refueling units when using the aircraft as a tanker or containers with electronic warfare equipment.

Set of self-defense means A400M consists of an aircraft radiation warning system for air defense systems or radar fighters of the ALR-400 type from EADS Defense Electronics and Indra, an IR missile attack warning system of the MIRAS type (from EADS and Thales companies), as well as a passive jamming system , which includes 24 launchers of IR traps and dipole reflectors and towed decoys for deflecting missiles with radar seekers. In the future, it is possible to install on the aircraft the latest system for actively countering attacking guided missiles - the DIRCM laser complex. Self-defense equipment is controlled automatically using a special on-board computer (Defensive Aids Computer).

The A400M's power plant includes four TP400-D6 turboprop engines producing 11,000 hp. the Europrop International consortium, created by Rolls-Royce (UK, 28%), ITP (Spain, 16%), MTU (Germany, 28%) and Snecma (France, 28%). Although initially the favorite in the tender for the engine for the A400M was considered the promising M138 engine, jointly developed by Snekma, MTU, ITP and the Italian Fiat Aviation, based on the gas generator of the Snekma M88 bypass turbojet engine installed on the Rafale fighter, the winner was namely the TP400-D6, created with extensive use of Rolls-Royce technologies developed on the Trent series of jet engines. The TP400-D6 is a three-shaft turboprop engine equipped with FADEC. The aircraft uses eight-blade Simita propellers with saber blades, designed and manufactured by Ratier-Figeac (a French subsidiary of the Hamilton Sunstrand Corporation). The propellers have an adjustable pitch, a maximum rotation speed of 840 rpm and a diameter of 5.3 m, are made of composite materials using a polyurethane anti-corrosion coating and are equipped with an electric anti-icing system, and in the most dangerous places they have a nickel-plated protective coating to prevent damage to the propeller by foreign objects.

Airplane A400M it is intended to be used in several configurations: cargo, transport-landing (accommodates 116 paratroopers in full ammunition and with standard weapons), medical evacuation (takes on board 66 stretcher wounded, accompanied by 25 doctors, it is also possible to organize an intensive care ward on board), as well as a tanker aircraft and a radio reconnaissance and surveillance aircraft (containers with the necessary equipment are suspended under the wing).

In the landing version, four rows of seats are installed in the cargo compartment of the aircraft - two rows run along the sides and can be removed if necessary, and two more removable rows are in the center. Paratroopers can use either two side hatches for landing, or perform a drop directly from the stern ramp. According to calculations, in the refueling version, after equipping the A400M with two or three refueling points, the aircraft, having on board 50 tons of its own fuel and 12 tons additionally in the cargo compartment (in two six-ton ​​tanks), from which up to 40 tons of fuel can be transferred, will is able to provide patrols for 4 hours at a distance of about 740 km from the home airfield, serving both jet aircraft and helicopters. Two nacelles with fuel transfer systems can be installed under the wing within two hours (fuel transfer speed 1200 kg/min for each), and the third point can, if necessary, be organized in the rear fuselage, in the cargo compartment (1800 kg/min). For its own in-flight refueling, the A400M has a retractable receiving boom located in its nose above the flight deck.

The maximum load of the A400M aircraft is 37 tons and can include nine standard NATO 463L cargo pallets measuring 2.2x2.7 m, two of which are on the ramp, or 20 single-ton pallets. Loading options include six light trucks or Land Rover SUVs; one Roland air defense system; two 5-ton trucks with 105 mm guns; three armored personnel carriers of the M113 type; army engineering tractor with 25-ton semi-trailer; excavator and large dump truck; two Apache or Tiger attack helicopters; one NH90 type transport helicopter; one mobile army cargo crane, etc.

The main contractor for the program is the Airbus company (a division of Airbus Military), and other EADS divisions, the British BAE Systems, the Belgian company Flabell and the Turkish Tusas Aerospace Industries, have been selected as the main subcontractors. In total, 159 companies and organizations from several countries around the world are involved in the A400M program to one degree or another. The final assembly of the aircraft is carried out at the plant of the Spanish division of EADS in Seville (Spain), the assembly line was launched in the first quarter of 2007. In addition to the final assembly, Spain is also responsible for the manufacture of the horizontal tail, vertical tail elements and engine nacelles. In France, the head part of the fuselage with the cockpit, the center section and its fairings, the cargo ramp and landing gear fairings are manufactured, in Germany - the middle and tail parts of the fuselage, wing panels and elements of the vertical tail, in the UK - wing caissons and the assembly of wing consoles as a whole is carried out, in Turkey - the fuselage compartment behind the cockpit, tail fairing and wing elements; in Belgium - wing elements and some other structural units.

American experts have published a forecast according to which the cost of acquiring a fleet of 50 aircraft A400M and associated equipment and infrastructure will cost the customer $4 billion, and over a 30-year operating life, operating costs will amount to another $10 billion. So the machine turned out to be “not cheap”; the unofficial cost is $100 million per unit. For comparison, the newest modification of the Super Hercules will cost the buyer only $67 million.

Flight characteristics of the A400M
Aircraft total length, m 45.1
Wingspan, m 42.4
Aircraft height, m ​​14.7
Wing area, m2 221.5
Empty weight of the aircraft, t 66.5
Maximum take-off weight, t 141
Maximum landing weight, t 122
Maximum load capacity, t 37
Fuel capacity, t 50.5
Maximum cruising speed, km/h 780
Cruising number M 0.68–0.72
Practical ceiling, m 12,200
Flight range, km:
- with a maximum payload of 3300
- with a load of 30 t 4500
- with a load of 20 t 6400
- distillation 8700
Run length, m 940
Run length, m 820
Engine type TP400-D6
Takeoff power, hp 11,000

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GTC4

YEAR

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And again about the motorized carriages of the pre-war era. The last issue was dedicated to the Framo company, but now we will talk about another German company - Tempo.

Tempo was founded in Hamburg in 1928. The first product was a three-wheeled cargo... er... tarantass called T1.

Tempo T1, 1928-1930 264 units produced.

They were produced for only two years and 264 were made. In the mid-30s, a whole family of tricycles appeared, both passenger and cargo, unified among themselves. Here is a passenger Tempo:

Tempo 3-rad, 1930s

But, apparently, few passenger three-wheelers were produced: there is almost no information about this model. But a whole family of trucks was produced: A200, A400, E200, E400. They had an identical “face” and cab, but different engine sizes and different bodies: pickup truck, flatbed truck, van.


Tempo A400 flatbed, 1938-1948

Tempo A400 pickup, 1939

The A400 was the most popular: from 1938 to 1948, 36,790 units were produced.


Trmpo E400 van, 1936-1937 3311 pieces

Four-wheeled trucks A600 and E600 were also produced.


Tempo A600, 1938-1943 11499 pieces.

But the most exotic car was the Tempo Vidal G1200. This is a passenger car, but not a simple one, and the golden one has all-wheel drive. With two engines. One in front and one in back. True, no more than 20 of these “tyanitolkai” were produced.


Tempo Vidal G1200, 1936-1939 (-1941?) Only 20 pieces were produced.

After the war, the company continued production of the three-wheeled E400, which was modernized in 1948 and given the name Hanseat. It was produced under this name until 1956, after which its production was transferred to India. In the 50s, the Matador family of cabover trucks and vans appeared, but that's another story.

Manufacturer Airbus Military First flight December 11th 2009 Start of operation year 2013(plan) Status produced, operated Development program cost € 20-25 billion Unit cost € 145 million Images on Wikimedia Commons

Airbus A400M- four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft, produced Airbus Military.

The first A400M was demonstrated June 26 2008 in Seville.

Design

A400M turboprop engines (model)

According to the developers, the A400M aircraft will ensure the transfer of troops and cargo, their landing by parachute or landing in any weather conditions and at night using unprepared runways, including unpaved ones, and will have a relatively low life cycle cost. In addition, this military-technical vehicle must fly at high subsonic speeds at low altitudes as part of a group, have an armored flight deck and vital systems, as well as four underwing pylons for installing suspended refueling units or electronic warfare system containers. According to its creators, the service life of the new machine will be at least 30 years, and the operating temperature range will be ± 50 °C. Complexes and systems avionics (avionics) it is planned to integrate a multiplex data distribution bus of the 1553 V standard.

The new aircraft will be a wide-body monoplane with a high wing, T-shaped tail and a cargo ramp at the rear of the fuselage. The design is expected to widely use composite materials, as well as modular components and assemblies.

The power plant of the vehicle is planned to include four turboprop engines with a capacity of at least 13,000 hp. With. every. The promising Ml 38 engine jointly developed by the companies is being considered as the main option. SNECMA(France), MTU (Germany), Fiat Avia (Italy) and ITP (Spain), made on the basis of the gas generator of the M88 bypass turbojet engine, which is equipped with the Rafale tactical fighter. At the beginning of 2000, these companies decided to create a new enterprise - TIP (Turboprop International), the main task of which will be the development and production of Ml 38 engines for the A-400M aircraft. It is believed that this will allow achieving the specified performance characteristics of the aircraft.

The proposed composition of the aircraft's avionics will include a modern radar station, a high-precision navigation system, advanced means of displaying information in the cockpit, including color multifunctional indicators and equipment for displaying information on the windshield, as well as a built-in control system, which, according to the developers, can significantly reduce load on the crew and reduce it to two people.

The cargo compartment volume will be about 340 m³, which is almost 2 times more than existing aircraft for similar purposes. This will allow the placement of all major weapons without preliminary disassembly, including helicopters AN-64, Tiger, A. 129, Puma HNH-90, artillery guns, including 203 mm howitzers M110 (self-propelled guns), multiple launch rocket systems and armored personnel carriers. At the same time, it must be equipped with a cargo ramp on which it is possible to install cargo and equipment weighing at least 6 tons.

According to the calculations of the developers, the promising aircraft will have high combat effectiveness and improved operational characteristics compared to existing tactical military-technical equipment. Thanks to its takeoff and landing characteristics and improved chassis design, it will be able to take off (land) from unprepared unpaved sites up to 900 m long, as well as perform maneuvers with a small turning radius.

Based on the A-400M, it is planned to create a version of a transport and refueling aircraft with two or three refueling points. It is believed that, having 45 tons of dispensed fuel on board, it will be able to provide patrolling for 3 hours at a distance of about 930 km from the home airfield.

The total cost of the A-400M MTC development program is about $6 billion. According to foreign experts, the air forces of Western European countries need more than 250 new aircraft (Germany - 75, France - 62, Great Britain - up to 50, Italy - 32, Turkey - 20, Belgium - 12 and Portugal - 9) at a cost of 60 - 70 million dollars .

Due to the reduction of the defense budget, France and Germany for the period from 1997 to 2002, abandoned government funding for the program. At the same time, they do not object to the creation of the aircraft at the expense of the development companies, which will be reimbursed to them in the future. To select optimal solutions for the acquisition of new machines for their air forces, specialists from the Western European Union conducted an analysis of the state of development of promising military-technical vehicles in the USA, Russia and Ukraine in order to determine the possibility and feasibility of their purchase.

The generalized report noted that the promising military-technical vehicles S-17A (USA), An-70(Ukraine, Russia) and its export version, the An-7X, are significantly superior to the A-400M aircraft in a number of tactical and technical indicators, in particular in terms of the “payload/flight range” criterion, and fully meet European standards; it was also noted that the development The An-70 military-technical cooperation is at least ten years ahead of the A-400M project. At the same time, their purchase for the air forces of Western European countries was recognized as undesirable and the need for further work on this program was justified. The main arguments in favor of this are the relatively high cost of American aircraft, as well as the need to preserve and further develop the potential of the European aerospace industry and enter the international market with aircraft of its own design.

For these purposes, the main firms participating in the program, based on the Aerospatial company, created the Airbus Military industrial association, which includes about 30 percent. its production capacity. Its main task is to carry out work to ensure the preparation of production and construction of a prototype aircraft. This phase (about $500 million) is financed directly by the companies participating in the creation of the new military-technical cooperation. The association expressed its readiness to finance the French part of the program ($1.3 billion) upon receipt of firm guarantees of an order by the French Air Force with subsequent payment for at least 52 vehicles. The company's specialists believe that the first flight of the new aircraft may take place in 2004, and deliveries of military-technical equipment to combat units will begin in 2006.

June 26, 2008 in the city of San Pablo near Seville, at the aircraft plant of the Spanish company CASA, part of EADS, the ceremony of rolling out the first prototype of the A400M medium military transport aircraft took place. The aircraft has been in development since 2003, with components manufactured in Germany, France, South Africa, Turkey and the UK, with final assembly taking place in Spain. At the moment, EADS has orders for 192 A400M, and in the future it plans to build up to 400 aircraft. Flight tests of the A400M are planned to begin this year, and it will be put into service in 2010. The celebration in San Pablo was attended by the King of Spain Juan Carlos I and other VIPs

Order cancellations

Specifications

  • Modification: A400M
  • Wingspan, m: 42.40
  • Aircraft length, m: 45.10
  • Aircraft height, m: 14.70
  • Wing area, m²: 221.5
  • Empty weight: 70,000
  • Maximum take-off weight: 141000
  • Internal fuel, kg: 50500
  • Engine type: 4 HP Europrop International TP400-D6
  • Power, hp: 4 x 11000
  • Cruising speed, M: 780 (M=0.72)
  • Ferry range, km: 9260
  • Practical range, km: 7220
  • Range with maximum load, km: 4300
  • Practical ceiling, m: 11280
  • Crew, people: 2-3
  • Payload: 120 paratroopers or soldiers or 66 stretchers with attendants or 37,000 kg of cargo or 41,000 kg of fuel, loading options: 2 RAH-2 Tiger or AH-64 Apache helicopters, or 1 Cougar, NH90 helicopter, or 1 GTK armored vehicle , or 6 Land Rover vehicles, or 1 Roland missile launcher, or two 5-ton trucks with 2 105 mm guns, or 40 40-foot ISO containers, or 1 mobile crane.

Notes

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