WONDERS OF THE WORLD

Over the centuries, people have compiled a variety of lists of wonders of the world.

1 Three miracles according to Herodotus

2 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

3 Modern seven wonders of the world

4 Man-made wonders of the world

5 Wonders of the Natural World

6 Seven natural wonders of the world from CNN

7 Wonders of the World from the BBC

Purpose of the study

Do we know about our ancestors what they wanted to tell about themselves?

Research methods

Scientific literature

Children's surveys

Internet resources

• Find out the secrets of our world through the messages of our ancestors
• Understand what they left us as a legacy
• Feel where and how our ancestors lived
• Find out how we preserve their memory

Wonder of the World, 3rd century BC

1. Pyramid of Cheops (Giza, 2550 BC),

The Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) is the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” that has survived to this day.

It is assumed that construction, which lasted twenty years, ended around 2560 BC. e.

] The architect of the Great Pyramid is considered to be Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops.

The pyramid is called "Akhet-Khufu" - "Horizon of Khufu" (or more accurately "Related to the sky - (it is) Khufu").

The Pyramid of Cheops

The pyramid was originally made of white limestone.

The top of the pyramid was crowned with a gilded stone.

The facing shone in the Sun with a peach color, like “a shining miracle, to which the Sun God Ra himself seemed to give all his rays.

In 1168 AD. e. The Arabs sacked and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the cladding from the pyramid in order to build new houses.

Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.

There are ventilation ducts inside the pyramid.

It is believed that the people who built the pyramid had scientific knowledge in the fields of geometry, astronomy, and physics.

Because the pyramid was built taking into account the number PI, corridors and channels were built inside it, which show the direction to different sides of the world, indicate the position of the stars in the sky.

Also, near this pyramid, 7 pits were found in which stood boats built from cedar without a single nail.

There is a lot of incomprehensible things in this pyramid, because... there are many dead ends laid in limestone, the pyramid itself is made of geopolymer concrete, the production of which was opened quite recently.

Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, Türkiye 356 BC. e.

According to legend, Artemis was the twin sister of Apollo.

Artemis took care of everything that lives on earth and grows in the forest and field. She took care of wild animals, herds of livestock, she caused the growth of herbs, flowers and trees. Artemis did not abandon people with her attention - she gave happiness in marriage and blessed the birth of children.

The temple was burned by Herostratus, a resident of Ephesus. According to the decision of the rulers, his name had to be erased from history and from the memory of people.

Alexander the Great gave money for the construction of a new temple.

In 263, the sanctuary of Artemis was sacked by the Goths.

Over time, the temple sank into the mud of the swamp.

Now there is one column on the site of this temple.

Halicarnassus Mausoleum, Türkiye, mid-4th century BC. e.

Halicarnassus Mausoleum is the tombstone of the Carian ruler Mausolus.

It began to be built during the lifetime of Mavsol.

The mausoleum stood for 19 centuries. In the 13th century it collapsed from a strong earthquake, and in 1522 the remains of the Mausoleum were dismantled by the knights to build a fortress.

Colossus of Rhodes, Greece

The Colossus of Rhodes is a giant statue of the ancient Greek sun god Helios, which stood in the port city of Rhodes.

The statue stood for 65 years.

The statue was destroyed twice by earthquakes. The sages said that if the people erected the statue again, the island of Rhodes would go under water.

The remains of the Colossus lay on the ground for more than a thousand years, until they were finally sold by the Arabs. The Arabs loaded 900 camels. While this statue lay on the ground, people came and hugged it. Hugging Kolos's finger, the girth of the arms was not enough. This suggests that the statue was 60 meters high.

In November 2008, it was announced that the statue would be reconstructed as a lighting installation. It will be 100 meters high. It will cost about 200 million euros.

Lighthouse of Alexandria (Alexandria, 3rd century BC).

Lighthouse of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BC. e. in the Egyptian city of Alexandria, so that ships could safely pass the reefs on their way to the Alexandria Bay. At night they were helped in this by the reflection of flames, and during the day by a column of smoke. The total height of the lighthouse is 120-140 meters, its light was visible at a distance of 60 km. It was the world's first lighthouse, and it stood for almost a thousand years, but in 796 AD. e. was severely damaged by the earthquake. Subsequently, the Arabs who came to Egypt tried to restore it, and by the 14th century. the height of the lighthouse was about 30 m. At the end of the 15th century. Sultan Qait Bey erected a fortress on the site of the lighthouse, which still stands today.

The great Wall of China

About a million people took part in the construction.

The length of the wall with all branches is 8 thousand 851 kilometers and 800 meters.

The wall was supposed to clearly define the boundaries of Chinese civilization.

Today, more than 40 km of the wall have already disappeared, and only 10 km are still standing; the height of the wall in some places has decreased from five to two meters.

The wall is gradually crumbling.

Colosseum, Ancient Rome

The Colosseum is an amphitheater that is built at the bottom of a pond. Gladiator battles, animal fights, theatrical performances and other entertainment took place here.

When the wars began, the Colosseum served as a fortress.

Now this site is guarded and excursions are held there.

Recently, excavations were carried out at the site of the Colosseum and basements were found inside the theater, which once served to push groups of people and animals, trees and other decorations into the arena, and, possibly, to fill it with water and raise ships up.

Machu Picchu, South America, Peru

Machu Picchu is an ancient Inca city. The name translates as “city in the clouds.” This city served as a winter shelter for the ruler of Pachacutec. There are no more than 200 buildings in Machu Picchu. And up to 1,200 people lived in and around it, who worshiped the Sun God there. Why did the Incas leave this city without who doesn't know.

Hidden in the mountains, no one could find the city for a long time. The “Lost City” of the Incas was discovered to the world only in 1911 and today amazes tourists with the level of engineering.

It is believed that on the tops of these mountains, local priests watched the movement of the sun in winter and on some days the sun seemed to cling to the tops of the mountains and illuminate the city. This was considered a good sign.

This is one of the most beautiful places on the planet. Built entirely of stone. The entire area is covered with very rich vegetation. The extraordinary beauty of the mountain landscape surrounding the complex is striking.

Taj Mahal Asia, Agra, India

The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum-mosque located in Agra, India.

Construction of the building began around 1632 and was completed in 1653; 20 thousand artisans and craftsmen worked.

Inside the mausoleum there are two tombs - the Shah and his wife.

The walls are made of polished translucent marble.

Marble has such a peculiarity that in bright daylight it looks white, at dawn pink, and on a moonlit night - silver.

According to an unconfirmed legend, a twin black marble building was supposed to be located on the other side of the river, but it was not completed. A gray marble bridge was supposed to connect these two buildings.

Christ the Redeemer Statue South America

Statue of Christ with outstretched arms on top of Mount Corcovado in Rio de Janeiro. It is a symbol of Rio de Janeiro and Brazil in general. Made from reinforced concrete and soapstone.

The exact dimensions of the statue of Christ the Redeemer are: height - 38 meters, including the pedestal - 8 m; weight - 1145 tons; arm span - 30 meters.

Currently, the statue is visited by tourists.

Constantly being restored.

Amazon, Ecuador

The Amazon is a South American river, the largest in the world in size. Length 7000 km.

The vast area is home to more than a million different species of plants and animals, and this area, without exaggeration, can be called the world's genetic fund. Many of their species are not even described or identified.

Scientists say that per 10 km² of tropical forest there are 1.5 thousand species of flowers, 750 species of trees, 125 species of mammals, 400 species of birds and countless insects and invertebrates.

The Amazon jungle is home to many animals that can pose a serious danger to humans.

Anaconda snakes and poisonous shushui and jararaka, as well as the “brown spider”.

In the rivers there are electric stingrays, capable of generating an electrical charge that can kill a person, piranhas, capable of causing a serious wound with their bite, and canera condiru, capable of penetrating the urinary tract of humans and animals, and bringing its victim to death due to almost complete loss of blood.

There is also a freshwater dolphin.

Various species of tailless amphibians from the Dart frog family live on trees, the skin of which secretes a strong lipophilic poison - batrachotoxin.

In particular, some species of bats are natural reservoirs of the rabies virus, and mosquitoes are carriers of leishmaniasis.

A humid, warm environment creates favorable conditions for the spread of malaria, dengue and other infectious diseases by their carriers. The screw insect lays eggs on wet clothes, in contact with human skin, digs into it and lays eggs.

There is a legend that the Amazons lived in these forests. The Amazons are tribes in which there were only one women. They captured men and gave birth to children from them. If a girl was born, then she was left in the tribe, and if it was a boy, then he was sent to his father.

Komodo National Park Indonesia

Komodo National Park is located in the center of the Indonesian archipelago.

This national park was founded in 1980.

The national park includes three main islands: Komodo, Rinca and Padar.

The most famous animal in the park is the Komodo dragon.

Puerto Princesa Underground River Karst Caves Philippines

The Puerto Princesa Underground River is an underground river near the Philippine city of Puerto Princesa, on the island. Palawan (Philippines).

In the area where it is located, the Puerto Princesa Underground River National Park has been created.

This river flows underground, in a cave.

Currently, 30 species of local mammals living in this park are described in the specialized literature.

Long-tailed macaques, bearded pigs, snakes, monitor lizards, and lizards live here. Amphibians are represented by 10 species. Philippine barburula, dugong, Hawksbill sea turtle.

Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA

The Grand Canyon is one of the deepest canyons in the world.

The width (at the plateau level) ranges from 6 to 29 km, at the bottom level - less than a kilometer. Depth - up to 1600 m.

The Colorado River flows through the Canyon. Previously, the river flowed on the surface of the earth i.e. along the plain, but as a result of the movement of the earth’s crust, the angle of the river’s flow changed and the water began to erode the rocks. The Grand Canyon is still growing larger due to ongoing erosion.

Great Barrier Reef northeast coast of Australia

The Great Barrier Reef is a ridge of coral reefs and islands in the Coral Sea, stretching along the north-eastern coast of Australia for 2500 km.

The modern history of its development lasts about 8000 years.

The vulnerability of coral reef ecosystems is due to the fact that corals require special conditions to grow. The water temperature should not be lower than 17.5 °C (ideal temperature 22-27 °C). The water in which corals grow must have a certain salinity.

It is home to the Butterfly Fish, a blue-ringed octopus whose poison kills humans.

More than 400 species of corals live here.

The Great Barrier Reef is home to about 1,500 species of marine fish.

The South Reef Islands are a breeding ground for sea turtles.

A huge number of crustaceans also live here: crabs, shrimp, lobsters and lobsters. Even a small reef provides shelter to about a hundred different species of shrimp and crabs. There are also a lot of shellfish on the reef.

Volcano Paricutin Mexico

Paricutin is the youngest Mexican volcano.

The formation of a new volcano is a rare phenomenon, and therefore the birth of Paricutin within the memory of this generation has given volcanologists and geologists a rare opportunity to study this process in more detail.

Lava first began pouring out of the volcano in July 1944. The volcano continued to operate until 1952.

Victoria Falls, South Africa

The waterfall is located on the Zambezi River in South Africa. The width of the waterfall is approximately 1800 meters, the height is 108 meters.

Scottish explorers who visited the waterfall in 1855 named it in honor of Queen Victoria. Among the indigenous people of this area, the waterfall was known as "Thundering Smoke".

Victoria is the only waterfall in the world that is more than 100 meters high and more than a kilometer wide.

During the dry season, the waterfall is reduced to a few narrow streams, and there is almost no spray or fog.

During the rainy season, more than 500 million liters of water per minute flow through the falls, and the enormous force of the falling water causes spray to rise hundreds of meters into the air.

This place is often visited by tourists and a railway has been built near the waterfall for tourists.

The waterfall is located on the territory of two national parks - Thundering Smoke and Victoria Falls. . Two white rhinoceroses were brought to Thundersmoke National Park from South Africa.

Nazca Lines in Peru

The Nazca Lines are a group of giant geometric and figurative geoglyphs on the Nazca Plateau in southern Peru. Among the images presented are straight lines, triangles, spirals, a bird, a monkey, a spider and flowers. Since they reach several hundred meters in length, they are difficult to recognize from the ground. In our time, they were officially discovered during flights over the plateau in the first half of the 20th century.

In popular literature one can find speculation that the strips in the Nazca Desert are intended for landing alien spaceships, because until the beginning of the 20th century, humanity was not capable of flight.

The soil under the lines is compacted, which, according to the official version, is a consequence of the passage of a large number of people along the lines for ritual purposes.

It is quite possible that representatives of the Nazca culture could have been observational astronomers, at least according to Dr. Phyllis Pitluga (astronomer at the Chicago Planetarium). After an intensive study of the relative positions of stars in Nazca using computer methods, she came to the conclusion that the famous image of the spider was conceived as a diagram of a giant star cluster in the constellation Orion, and the straight lines associated with this figure - like an arrow, the lines characterize the change in declination of three stars in Orion's Belt .

The lines themselves are applied to the surface in the form of grooves up to 135 centimeters wide and up to 40-50 centimeters deep.

to the world's largest Buddhist complex Borobudur in Indonesia

Borobudur (Indon. Borobudur) is a Buddhist stupa and the associated temple complex of the Mahayana Buddhist tradition.

The name can be translated as “Buddhist temple on the mountain.”

Until now, scientists cannot determine the exact date and duration of construction of this temple; they assume that the temple was built in the 7th-9th centuries.

The temple was built on a lake that was dried up by the ancestors. The building symbolizes the lotus - a sacred flower.

According to researchers, the structure can be considered as a huge book for pilgrims. As pilgrims make a ritual walk around each tier, they become acquainted with the life of the Buddha and the elements of his teaching.

Statue of Liberty in USA

The Statue of Liberty (English Statue of Liberty, full name - Liberty Enlightening the World) is one of the most famous sculptures in the USA and in the world, often called the “symbol of New York and the USA”, “symbol of freedom and democracy", "Lady Liberty". This is a gift from French citizens for the centennial of the American Revolution.

Since its discovery, the statue has served as a navigational landmark and has been used as a lighthouse.

Visitors walk 356 steps to the crown.

There are 25 windows in the crown, which symbolize earthly precious stones and heavenly rays that illuminate the world. The seven rays on the crown of the statue symbolize the seven seas and seven continents.

The total weight of the concrete base is 27 thousand tons.

Imperial Forbidden City and Terracotta Army in China

The Terracotta Army is a burial site of at least 8,099 full-size terracotta statues of Chinese warriors and their horses, discovered in 1974 near the tomb of Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang near the city of Xi'an.

The emperor was buried in this forbidden city, and an entire army was buried with him. An army of statues. However, it is known that there were also burials of living people - the emperor’s servants, burials of livestock and jewelry.

Meenakshi Temple in India

Meenakshi Temple is a Hindu temple in the city of Madurai.

Inside the temple there is a sanctuary of the god Shiva-Sundaresvara and his sculptural image. On special religious days, the statue of the god is placed in a gilded carriage and taken out of the temple, an elephant is harnessed to it and a procession is made around the temple.

The temple is 258 meters wide and 223 meters long. Height - 51.9 meters.

It is topped with fourteen towers up to 50 meters high. Five towers are located inside the temple, the rest are outside. All of them are completely covered with many relatively small painted sculptures. These are multi-armed Shivas, many-faced goddesses, priests and musicians, mythical animals, men and women. Many thousands of figures, none like the other.

Iranian Persepolis

Persepolis is an ancient Persian city that arose in the VI-V centuries. BC e.

Now the ruins of Persepolis are a huge palace complex with an area of ​​135,000 m² on a high platform.

Persepolis had running water and sewerage, and no slave labor was used in its construction.

There are a lot of buildings inside the city that represent historical heritage.

Libyan Leptis Magna

Leptis Magna, an abandoned city from antiquity on the territory of modern Libya, is considered perhaps the best-preserved Roman city that has survived to this day. Streets and porticoes, trade forums and triumphal arches, temples and baths, almost the entire city in plan have been preserved here - it’s amazing that all this has survived to this day. Excavations and research here continue, and every year new wonders are revealed to the eyes of archaeologists.

Greek Parthenon

The Parthenon is the most famous monument of ancient architecture.

Currently in a dilapidated state, restoration work is underway.

For many centuries, conquering warriors fought on the site of the Parthenon; the Parthenon suffered destruction and was repeatedly plundered. A lot of statues were taken out of the city, not to mention precious things.

• We did some research and found out that we don't know much about the legacy we've been given.
• However, most of the relics that have survived to this day are protected objects that are historical monuments.
• They are museums, nature reserves and are visited by tourists.

A person must take care of his land, his world and himself for the future of descendants

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Teacher Popova T.P. Branch of MBOU Pervomaiskaya Secondary School in the village of Staroklenskoye Seven Wonders of the World

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The Seven Wonders of the World are seven monuments created by masters of the most developed and cultural countries of antiquity. Each of them embodied the highest cultural achievements of their time.

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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The correct name of this structure is the Hanging Gardens of Amytis: this was the name of the wife of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar, for whom the gardens were created. Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) to fight against the main enemy - Assyria, whose troops twice destroyed the capital state of Babylon, concluded a military alliance with Cyaxares, king of Media. Having won, they divided the territory of Assyria among themselves. Their military alliance was confirmed by the marriage of Nebuchadnezzar II to the daughter of the Median king Amytis. Dusty and noisy Babylon, located on a bare sandy plain, did not please the queen, who grew up in mountainous and green Media. To console her, Nebuchadnezzar ordered the construction of hanging gardens. The Hanging Gardens existed for about two centuries. First, they stopped caring for the garden, then powerful floods destroyed the foundation of the columns, and the entire structure collapsed. The Hanging Gardens of Semeramis

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The Alexandria Lighthouse is one of the 7 wonders of the world, built in the 3rd century BC. e. in the Egyptian city of Alexandria, so that ships could safely pass the reefs on the way to the Alexandria Bay. At night they were helped in this by the reflection of flames, and during the day by a column of smoke. It was the world's first lighthouse. It was built on the island of Pharos in the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of Alexandria. This port was founded by Alexander the Great during his visit to Egypt in 332 BC. e. The construction of this gigantic structure lasted only 5 years. Architect - Sostratus of Cnidus. The Faros lighthouse consisted of three marble towers standing on a base of massive stone blocks. The total height of the lighthouse is 120-140 meters, its light was visible at a distance of 60 km. Alexandria Lighthouse

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The Colossus of Rhodes is a giant statue of the ancient Greek sun god Helios, which stood in the port city of Rhodes, located on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea, Greece. One of the "Seven Wonders of the World".

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The statue of Olympian Zeus is the only wonder of the world that ended up on the European continent. None of the temples of Hellas seemed worthy of the title of miracle to the Greeks. And, having chosen Olympia as a Miracle, they remembered not the temple, not the sanctuary, but only the statue that stood inside. Zeus had a very direct relationship with Olympia. Every resident of those places remembered very well that it was here that Zeus defeated the bloodthirsty Cronus, his own father, who, in fear that his sons would take away his power, began to devour them. Zeus saved himself just as fairy-tale heroes of all nations saved themselves: there will always be a kind soul who will take pity on the baby. So Cronus’s wife, Rhea, slipped her husband a large stone instead of Zeus, which he swallowed. Obviously, Krohn swallowed his children whole. When Zeus grew up and defeated his father, he freed all his brothers and sisters. Hades, Athena, Poseidon... Statue of Olympian Zeus

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Temple of Artemis (Diana) in Ephesus One of the most beautiful architectural structures in the world, built in honor of the Greek goddess of hunting and wildlife, Artemis. The temple was located in the ancient city of Ephesus, 50 kilometers from the modern city of Izmir, Türkiye. Temple of Artemis

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The mausoleum in Halicarnassus was erected as a tombstone for the Carian ruler Mausolus by his wife, Queen Arte. The height of the structure is 60m. The word “mausoleum” comes from the name of Mausolus. Helicirnadian Mausoleum

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“Lost City of the Incas” Machu Picchu, Peru. Machu Picchu was created as a sacred mountain retreat by the great Inca ruler Pachacutec a century before the conquest of his empire, around 1440, and functioned until 1532, when the Spanish invaded the Inca Empire. In 1532, all its inhabitants mysteriously disappeared. The city is located on the top of a mountain range at an altitude of 2057 meters above the Urubamba River valley in what is now Peru.

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Nabatean ruins of Petra, Jordan. Petra is the capital of Edom or Idumea, later the capital of the Nabataean kingdom, the main city of the sons of Esau. The city is located on the territory of modern Jordan, at an altitude of more than 900 meters above sea level and 660 meters above the surrounding area, the Arava Valley. The valley can be accessed through gorges located to the north and south, while to the east and west the cliffs drop sheer, forming natural walls up to 60 meters in height. Today, palaces, temples, tombs, an ancient theater and numerous other buildings have been discovered in Petra, very well preserved to this day, and all carved in stone. These structures were erected in different eras and under different owners of the city, including the Edomites (18-2 centuries BC), Nabateans (2nd century BC - 106 AD), the Romans (106-395 AD), the Byzantines and finally the Arabs.

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The Great Wall of China (6350 km) Construction of the wall began in the 3rd century BC. e. during the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang (Qin dynasty), during the period of the “Warring States” (475-221 BC), a fifth of the then population of the country, i.e., about a million people, participated in the construction. The wall was supposed to serve as the extreme northern line of the possible expansion of the Chinese themselves; it was supposed to protect the subjects of the “Middle Empire” from transitioning to a semi-nomadic way of life, from merging with the barbarians. The wall was supposed to clearly fix the boundaries of Chinese civilization and contribute to the consolidation of a single empire, just made up of a number of conquered kingdoms. Those sections of the Great Wall that have survived to this day were built mainly during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The last imperial dynasty, the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), having conquered China, treated the Wall with disdain. During the three centuries of Qing rule, the Great Wall almost collapsed under the influence of time. Only a small section of it near Beijing was maintained in order - it served as a kind of “gateway to the capital.”

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Statue of Christ the Redeemer (Cristo del Corcovado), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The height of the statue is 38 m, it is located on Mount Corvocado. Construction of the statue lasted about five years. Opened on October 12, 1931. Authors - Heitor da Silva Costa, Paul Landowski.

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