Origin of the monastery. Variants of names of settlements and administrative units “Labyrinth of Horta”, Spain

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It would seem that we know everything about our planet. However, even in the most popular tourist places you can discover truly amazing corners - both created by nature itself and built by human hands.

website I've collected 17 cool places for you that you probably haven't heard of yet. And one very interesting bonus awaits you at the end of the article.

17. Amphitheater in Pula, Croatia

One of the most famous attractions in Italy is the Roman Colosseum. However, in the Croatian city of Pula there is an equally beautiful amphitheater. It was built of wood and then rebuilt of stone in the 1st century AD. e., accommodated up to 23 thousand people and was used for mass performances. In the 5th century, with the ban on gladiator fights, the building began to gradually collapse and be plundered. In the Middle Ages, the arena was adapted for grazing livestock, fairs and knightly tournaments, and in the 20th century - for military ceremonies, parades, and theatrical performances.

16. Son Doong Cave, Vietnam

The cave was discovered in 1991, but its study began in 2009, and organized groups of tourists began to be allowed in only recently. Shondong is called the largest cave in the world- its length is more than 9 km, and the height of the arches is such that a 40-story skyscraper could easily fit under them!

The cave was formed due to the erosion of limestone rock, and now inside it has its own ecosystem with a river and waterfall, unique plants, animals, stalactites and the so-called cave pearls - calcite stone formations that were formed on the sand under the influence of water over hundreds of years .

15. Bell tower on Lake Resia, Italy

Lake Rezia was formed in 1950 as a result of the construction of a hydroelectric power station and dam and the flooding of two villages. A bell tower, built in the 14th century, rises above the surface of the reservoir. Due to changes in the water level above the lake, only the top of the clock tower can be seen from time to time. Due to strong winds, waves rise on the lake, so surfers like the place.

In the summer you can take a boat ride around the bell tower, and when frost sets in, tourists can walk to the tower directly on the ice. In addition, according to legend, bells can still be heard here, although the bells themselves were removed from the tower before the flooding.

14. Menhirs of Callanish, Scotland

13. Natural bridge of Pont d'Arc, France

Far from the busy city streets in the south of France, in the town of Pont d'Arc, there is a natural bridge with the same name. It rises above the Ardèche River, which has carved out an impressive arch 50 meters high and 60 meters wide in the rock over hundreds of years. It is surprisingly quiet and peaceful here; in the summer, canoeing competitions are held. And not far from the bridge there is a historical monument - the ancient Chauvet cave with rock paintings up to 30 thousand years old!

12. Madain Salih, Hegra, Saudi Arabia

Compared to Jordan's Petra, the archaeological site of Madain Salih is not as widely known, although it is the oldest structure in Saudi Arabia at about 2,000 years old. This historical monument city includes 111 rock tombs, towers, dwellings, temples and hydraulic structures from the ancient Nabatean city of Hegra, once a center of trade. All buildings are decorated with sculptures, bas-reliefs, and rock inscriptions.

11. Lake Elton, Volgograd region, Russia

The area of this amazing salty reservoir is 150 square meters. km, making it the largest mineralized lake in Europe. Its depth does not exceed 7-10 cm in summer and 1.5 m in spring. It is the most important migration point for waders and cranes and attracts tourists with its unusual salt landscapes and balneological properties. Elton Nature Park, on whose territory the lake is located, is home to several hundred species of plants and animals, including unique ones.

10. Cathedral Gorge, Purnululu National Park, Australia

Purnululu National Park, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is replete with striped sandstone mountain cliffs, lakes, and unique flora and fauna. On its territory there is a huge number of gorges, one of the most picturesque is Cathedral, which is a real natural amphitheater with stunning acoustics.

9. “Labyrinth of Horta”, Spain

The Labyrinth of Horta is a historical and oldest park in Barcelona, which was founded at the end of the 18th century as a neoclassical garden. This place, rich in hedges, flower beds, gazebos, and canals, was a favorite place for cultural and social events. Today the park is limited to a small number of visitors per day.

8. Chapel of Saint-Michel d'Aiguille, France

In the small town of Le Puy-en-Velay in the south of France, on top of a sheer 90-meter cliff there is a chapel built in 962! Until this year, there was a pagan dolmen and an ancient Roman sanctuary on the rock, and in general, all legends call the rock a sacred place. The chapel is unique not only for its location, but also for its frescoes, mosaics, and paintings, which have never been restored in its entire history.

7. Biei Blue Pond, Japan

The Blue Pond in Hokkaido Prefecture was created after the construction of a dam as part of a system to control erosion processes and protect nearby areas from mudflows. The unusual bright turquoise color of the water is caused by the natural work of minerals and can change depending on weather conditions and viewing angle. And the dried tree trunks sticking out of the water only add to the fantastic nature of the landscape. For a long time, this natural site was closed to the public and became accessible only a few years ago.

6. Bay of Spirits, Cape Reinga, New Zealand

Cape Reinga is the northern tip of the Aupouri Peninsula in New Zealand. Dangerous waves are raging not far from the shore, and there is a lighthouse on the mountain, illuminating everything around with a flash every 26 seconds. To the east of the cape is a secluded beach with pale pink sand. Local aborigines believed that the soul after death goes to this beach to make the last leap before plunging into the other world. Therefore, this place is considered sacred and visitors are prohibited from eating here. Getting to the cape is quite difficult, since the road partially runs through quicksand, so it is better to go with an organized group of tourists.

5. Tin Mal Mosque, Morocco

The Tin Mal Mosque was built in 1156 in honor of the founder of the Almohad dynasty and is one of two mosques in Morocco open to non-Muslims. It is distinguished by its amazing architecture, and since 1995 the mosque has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Although the mosque is located in a mountain village just 100 km from Marrakech, few tourists know about this beautiful place.

4. Meroe, Sudan

Meroe is an ancient city in the territory of modern Sudan, the capital of the Nubian kingdom of Kush, which originated in the 8th century BC. e. Here you can look at many pyramids in which noble people were buried, the remains of palace walls where kings were crowned, as well as baths and temples. Unfortunately, by the 3rd century BC. e. the city fell into decay and only ruins remained. The entire complex is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, but few people know about this place, visiting exclusively the monuments of Ancient Egypt.

All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in history

(school stage)

6th grade

F.I. student (entirely)__________________________________________________________

Class ______ Score (max. 40 points)

Solve the crossword and write down the keyword.

1. Form of land tenure granted to

Conditions of military service and for a certain period.

2. Settlement of one or more monks.

3. One of the creators of Slavic writing.

4. Arab nomads.

5. Rulers from the same family, succeeding each other

On the throne.

6. Muslim cleric.

7. The Pope's messenger carrying ideas

Christianity to the pagans.

8. Images made of multi-colored stones or smalt.

9. Founder of Islam.

Keyword (vertical) – ________________

II. Place the events in the correct sequence:

Division of Charlemagne's Empire
The defeat of the Arabs at Poitiers

3. Conquest of England by the Duke of Normandy

4. Formation of an Arab state

The rise to power of the Carolingian dynasty

Answer:

III. What (who) is “extra” in the series?Give a brief explanation.

500g, 622g, 800g, 843g.

2. Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Poles

Answer - _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Icons, mosaics, arabesques, frescoes

Answer - _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

IV. Analyze these documents and write down the historical concepts they reveal. Give definitions of these concepts.

“The Huns attacked the Alans, the Alans attacked the Goths, the Goths, expelled from their homeland, captured Illyria from us. And this is not the end." (A. Mediolansky, IV century)

Answer - ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

"Alas! Where is it, that empire that united peoples alien to each other by faith and imposed a bridle of salvation on the conquered?.. It has lost its name and honor. Instead of a king, little kings appeared, instead of a kingdom - pitiful fragments.”

Answer - __________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

V. Establish a correspondence between the names of historical figures of the Middle Ages and the directions of their activities. Write your answers in the table:

1. Otto 1 A) Leader of the Huns, cruel conqueror

2. Clovis B) Representative of the Merovingian dynasty

3 Roland B) King who fought with the Danes for almost 30 years

4. Attila G) Winner of the Hungarians

5. Alfred the Great D) Knight, nephew of Charlemagne

VI. Analyze the rules of law (rules of conduct) and legal principles formulated in Salic truth and the Justinian Code. Determine which of them relate to Salic truth and which to the Code of Justinian. Write your answer in the table (indicate the answer number).

If anyone steals a goose and is caught, he is sentenced to pay 3 solids.
The king is the speaking law.
Law is the science of what is good and just.
If the defendant is engaged in the performance of royal service, he cannot be summoned to court.
And hastily, on the same day, before the sun sets, he must appear with witnesses at the debtor’s house and ask for payment of the debt.

VII. Historical tasks. Solve the problems and write down the answers.

1. Alcuin's riddles. Following the traditions of Anglo-Saxon schools, Alcuin loved to use riddles in the learning process. Choose the correct answers to Alcuin's questions.

1) What makes bitter sweet? (); 2) What does not satisfy a person? (); 3) I saw how the dead gave birth to the living and the breath of the living destroyed the dead (); 4) I saw a fire that does not go out in water (); 5) What kind of messenger is silent? (); 6) Who can’t be seen without closing your eyes? ()

Answers: A) lime; B) sleep; B) hunger; D) fire arising from the friction of wood; D) profit; E) letter.

2. The Byzantine task.The hen, which cost 40 aspres, lays an egg every day. Eggs go to the market for 40 pieces per asr. How long will it take for the chicken to justify its price? (aspr – small coin)

10 b.

Determining events in chronological order

1 point for correct answer

0 points for any mistake in a row

5 B.

III.

Determining the odd one out in a series

2 points - for the correct definition of “extra” with justification for the answer;

6 b.

Definition of historical concepts based on analysis of historical sources

2 points for each correct answer

1 point – for correct definition without explanation

4 b.

Establishing correspondences

5 B.

Analysis of historical documents

1 point for each correct answer

5 B.

VII.

Solving historical problems

1. Alcuin's Riddles

2. Byzantine problem

0.5b. for each correct answer (3b.)

2 points for the correct answer

Monk translated from Greek means “alone” or “lonely.” This is the name given to people who have left the bustle of the world in order to devote their lives to God in hermitage, contemplation, and prayer. Usually monks take three vows - chastity (celibacy), poverty (non-covetousness) and obedience to the spiritual mentor. The goal of monastic life is spiritual, it is the path to God, the path from earth to heaven, that is, from the earthly world to the heavenly, spiritual world. It is no coincidence that the main manual for monks is called the Paradise Ladder ( glory. ladder). This book was written by John of Sinai, who was nicknamed the Climacus, and lived in the 7th century. Monastic asceticism ( Greek. exercise), or feat (from the word “move”, “move”), implies certain stages of ascent, or spiritual growth, through which the ascetic is cleansed of sins, selfishness and self-will and, acquiring the grace of the Holy Spirit, moves towards holiness.

Icon "Ladder of John the Climacus" XVI century

Monasticism has been known since ancient times and is practiced not only by Christians. The first settlements of hermits were known back in Ancient Egypt. The monastic lifestyle has gained particular popularity in Eastern religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Shintoism. The monks united in small communities - monasteries (from the ancient Egyptian “shi het” - “weight of the heart”) or larger ones - monasteries. Monasteries were not only religious centers, but also educational ones; schools, libraries, and art workshops were created in them. Often in the East, monasteries became a political and military force. It was in the monasteries that the most ancient types of martial arts originated: kung fu, karate, etc.

Constantine I. End of the 10th – beginning of the 11th century. Church of St. Sofia, Istanbul

In Christianity, from the very beginning, people appeared who abandoned life according to the laws of this world and dedicated themselves to God, they preferred celibacy to family happiness, and led an ascetic lifestyle. But at first there were only a few, and by the 4th century. the monastic movement becomes a mass phenomenon. In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, who believed in Christ, proclaimed a decree on freedom of religion (the so-called Edict of Milan), and Christians found themselves in a privileged position: previously persecuted, they began to receive high positions, gain position in society and wealth. Many of them began to prioritize purely worldly goals, tried to get along well, forgetting about the values of the Gospel that Christianity preached. The boundaries of the Heavenly Kingdom of God literally narrowed to the boundaries of the Roman Empire.

The world became Christian, but the difference between Christians and pagans was practically erased. And then the most zealous followers of Christ, considering that it was impossible to be saved from sin in the world, began to go into the desert. The first monastic settlements appeared in Egypt; Christians fled here during persecution, and here they began to flee, fleeing the growing rich and politicized Constantinian Christianity. Seeing that the original purity of Christ's teaching was being obscured by pagan prejudices, leaving the world, the monks protested against the secularization of the church. But they did not simply reject the compromise between Christianity and worldly customs, they sought to save this world with their prayer and deeds.

The first Christian hermits

Saint Anthony the Great

Although the first Christian hermit is considered to be Paul, who in 251, during the persecution under Emperor Decius, settled in the desert in Upper Egypt - in Thebaid (the vicinity of Thebes), the father of monasticism was Anthony the Great (251-355), who formed the first community anchorites ( Greek. hermits). It was not an organization with a specific charter, but simply a group of students freely coming to their teacher.

Biography of St. Anthony was composed by St. Athanasius the Great. From it we learn that, being the son of wealthy parents, Anthony lived in Alexandria. One day in church he heard a priest reading the Gospel - an episode with a rich young man to whom Christ said: go give your property to the poor and follow me. Anthony accepted these words as addressed to himself and, having distributed his property, went into the desert.

D. Velasquez. St. Anthony and St. Paul, the hermit.
1635–1638. Prado, Madrid

Striving for complete solitude, the ascetic settled first in a cave, and then in the ruins of an old fortress, where there was no human habitation. For twenty years he lived in these ruins in complete solitude, laboring in fasting and prayer, subjecting himself to all kinds of hardships. Only twice a year some of his friends came to him and brought bread, receiving in return baskets made by the hands of the monk.

Temptation of St. Antonia. 1399. Museum of the Cathedral of Burgos, Spain

His hermit's life, however, was not without worries and worries. The ascetic was often subjected to temptations from demons, who instilled fear and horror in him; his soul was confused by his own thoughts about the pleasures and pleasures he had left in the world. (This part of the life of St. Anthony gave rise to a plot known in world painting and literature as “The Temptation of St. Anthony.”) Finally, having overcome all temptations, Anthony became so strong that neither temptations nor base thoughts disturbed him. And then he became a mentor for other Christians who were looking for a perfect life. Many people came to him, some stayed with him to share his way of life. Thus, gradually a whole settlement of ascetics formed around Anthony’s cell (c. 305).

Venerable Anthony the Great. XVI century Crete

Monastery of St. Anthony the Great. Egypt

According to the order established by Anthony, the ascetics, under the guidance of an elder, abba (father), lived separately from each other in huts or caves. But on major holidays they gathered together to perform the main Christian service - the liturgy (Eucharist). Such communities of hermits began to be called laurels, because the temple in which monks living in the desert gathered to perform divine services, as a rule, was located in an oasis, among greenery, and these were often laurel trees.

Venerable Pachomius the Great

Even during the life of Anthony the Great, another type of monastic life appeared - kinobiya ( Greek. hostel), which, in fact, is called a monastery. Gathering into a community under the leadership of one abba, the monks organized life together in one or more premises, following general rules. The founder of the cenobitic, or cenobitic, monasticism was the Monk Pachomius the Great (292–348). He created a monastery on the banks of the Nile.

Pachomius was born into a pagan family and was raised pagan. At the age of twenty he entered military service, under the banner of Emperor Constantine, who fought with Maxentius. During the campaign, he stopped in one city in the house of pious Christians and, seeing their faith, he realized that his life had to change. He began to be burdened by military service and one day prayed to God: “Almighty God, who created heaven and earth! If You save me, then I will devote all the days of my life to You!”

During the entire military campaign he remained safe and sound, and at the end of the war he returned to Thebaid and was baptized. Pachomius settled in the town of Shenesit and began to lead a solitary life. The famous hermit Palamon becomes his spiritual mentor. Pachomius labored in the desert for ten years, and one day, finding himself at the ruins of the village of Tavenisi, he heard a voice commanding him to build a monastery on this place. Elder Palamon blessed him to found the monastery and predicted to Pachomius its future glory.

According to the testimony of his life, soon an angel of God appeared to Pachomius in the form of a schema-monk and handed him the rules of monastic life. According to this charter, the monks were assigned uniformity in food and clothing, and the monks had to work obediently for the common benefit of the monastery. Among the obediences was the rewriting of books. Monks were not supposed to have their own money or accept anything from their relatives. The main task of a monk was prayer. It is Pachomius who is credited with introducing the rosary into Christian prayer practice.

The first monk in the monastery of Pachomius was his elder brother John, but gradually other students began to come to them.

One day the Monk Pachomius was visited by his sister Maria, who had long wanted to see her brother. The strict ascetic refused to see his sister, but through the gatekeeper he gave her the blessing to enter the path of monastic life, promising his help in this. Maria acted according to her brother's instructions. The Tavennis monks built a dwelling for her on the opposite bank of the Nile. Other women began to join Mary, and soon the first women's monastery appeared with strict communal rules, which were drawn up by the Monk Pachomius.

By the end of Pachomius’s life, his community numbered over 3,000 monks of both sexes, living in nine men’s and two women’s monasteries. The Rule of Pachomius has come down to us in a Latin transcription made in 404 by Blessed Jerome.

Rules of monastic life

In the 4th century. The monastic movement began to spread in other Christian countries - in Palestine, Syria and Pontus. Other charters began to appear, for example, the so-called Jerusalem Charter, compiled by Sava the Sanctified, abbot of a monastery in the Judean desert. The famous Christian saint Basil the Great (330–379) visited the monastery of Pachomius the Great and, borrowing many of his ideas, created his own rules for monastic life. It includes 55 long and 313 short rules for monks. It is this charter that is still used in Orthodox monasteries.

Basil the Great. Icon. Beginning of the 16th century

In Palestine, the emergence of the monastery is associated with the name of Theodosius the Great. He was born approx. 424 in Cappadocia, in the village of Mogarion, in a Christian family. From childhood he had a good voice and was dedicated to reading. OK. 451 he went to Jerusalem and on the way, visiting Antioch, he met there with Simeon the Stylite, a famous hermit who labored on a pillar. Simeon blessed Theodosius and predicted that he would be a great shepherd.

In Jerusalem, Theodosius becomes a disciple of Longinus, who performed his feat of prayer on a pillar at the Jaffa Gate. Having gone through a harsh school of obedience and asceticism, Theodosius goes into the Judean desert and settles there in a cave where, according to legend, the Magi stayed when they visited the infant Christ. Gradually, a community of disciples forms around the ascetic, the cave becomes too small for them, and Theodosius chooses a nearby place for a monastery, which later became known as the Great Lavra.

Theodosius wrote the charter for his monastery based on the charter of St. Basil the Great. By the end of Theodosius’s life, there were up to 400 people in the monastery. The ascetic died in 529 at the age of 105 years. His body was buried in the Cave of the Three Magi.

Fra Angelico. St. Benedict. Fragment of the fresco “The Crucifixion”.
1442. Monastery of San Marco, Florence

Although the monks left the world, they did not leave it completely, influencing the world primarily through their prayer, but also by becoming spiritual mentors and teachers for many people. It is no coincidence that in the Orthodox East monks are called kalugers (good elders).

"Pray and Work"

Around the same time, in the 4th–5th centuries, monasticism spread in the West: first in the British Isles. The Scottish monk Columbanus founded several monasteries in the Frankish kingdom and northern Italy, thereby laying the foundation for Western monasticism. True, St. is considered the father of Western monasticism. Benedict of Nursia (d. 543), founder of the monastery at Monte Cassino near Naples.

The 72 rules of its charter can be reduced to two basic commandments - ore et labore, that is, “pray and work” ( lat.). This became the motto of monasticism. But unlike Eastern monasticism, Western monasticism did not flee from the world (although there were both contemplative and desert-dwelling orders among the Western orders, for example, Carthusians, Trappists, Carmelites), but, on the contrary, performed missionary, cultural and educational functions. For example, among the Benedictine monasteries, the monastery of Cluny stood out, which had a huge influence on the life of the entire Western Church in the 11th century.

Charter of St. Benedict became the basis for the emergence of all subsequent monastic movements in the West: Dominicans, Franciscans, Predicators, Jesuits, etc. orders (from lat. ordo- order, charter), each of which had its own “specialization”. The division of Catholic monasteries into orders is due to the fact that already in the charter of St. Benedict the monk aims not only at personal salvation, but also at service, which is carried out on the basis of a personal or group vocation. And vocations and ministries can be varied: among the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) - church-educational, among the Jesuits - missionary, among the Carmelites - contemplative, among the Comaldulians - prayerful-ascetic, among the sisters of Mother Teresa - charitable.

Monasteries, governed by abbots, priors, rectors, superiors, are united into order provinces, headed by the so-called provincials, who, in turn, are subordinate to the general of the entire order.

Monasticism in the East seems more monolithic and uniform; the difference between different types of monastic asceticism came down to the division of monasteries into cenobitic and special, that is, when all the property of the monks is common or when the ascetics live separately, separately, at their own expense. However, in reality it often turned out that this or that monastery had its own special calling and ministry.

Monasticism in the East consists of the so-called black clergy, in contrast to the white ones, that is, parish priests who are married. One who has taken a monastic vow can remain simply a monk, or, as they said in Rus', a monk, but he can be ordained to the rank of deacon or priest and become a hieromonk. The episcopate is formed from the black clergy, which, in turn, elects metropolitans and the patriarch.

Assignments for the school tour of the History Olympiad, grade 6

1.Choose one correct answer.

The Battle of Poitiers (732) was fought between the Franks and:
a) Ostrogoths
b) Arabs
c) Slavs
d) Normans

2 . Which Germanic tribe mainly inhabited the Scandinavian Peninsula:
a) Visigoths
b) Ostrogoths
c) francs
d) Normans

3. Specify concepts related to Islam:
a) patrimony d) imam
b) mosque d) duke
c) guild e) minaret

4 . Match the concepts and their definitions:
1) quitrent a) lands granted for hereditary possession by a lord

to his vassal
2) feud b) forced labor of dependent peasants on the feudal lord’s farm
3) corvee c) collection of food or money by the feudal lord from dependent peasants

5. Solve the crossword puzzle, write down the keyword at the end.

1. Land provided on the terms of military service and for a certain period.

2. Settlement of one or more monks.

3. One of the creators of Slavic writing.

4. Arab nomads.

5. Rulers from the same family, succeeding each other on the throne.

6. Muslim cleric.

7. Envoy of the Pope, bringing the ideas of Christianity to the pagans. 8. Images made of multi-colored stones and smalt.

9. Founder of Islam.

Keyword (vertical) – ________________

6. What (who) is “extra” in the series? Give a brief explanation.

A . 500g, 622g, 800g, 843g;

B . Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Poles;

IN . Icons, mosaics, arabesques, frescoes.

7. Analyze these documents and write down the historical concepts they reveal.

A. “The Huns attacked the Alans, the Alans attacked the Goths, the Goths, expelled from their homeland, captured Illyria from us. And this is not the end." (A. Mediolansky,IVcentury)

B . "Alas! Where is it, that empire that united peoples alien to each other by faith and imposed a bridle of salvation on the conquered?.. It has lost its name and honor. Instead of a king, little kings appeared, instead of a kingdom - pitiful fragments.”

8. Solve historical problems and write down the answers.

A . Alcuin's Riddles . Following the traditions of Anglo-Saxon schools, Alcuin loved to use riddles in the learning process. Choose the correct answers to Alcuin's questions.

1) What makes bitter sweet?

2) What does not satisfy a person?

3) I saw how the dead gave birth to the living and the breath of the living destroyed the dead

4) I saw a fire that does not go out in water

5) What kind of messenger is silent?

6) Who can’t be seen without closing your eyes?

Answers: a) lime; b) sleep; c) hunger; D) fire arising from the friction of wood; D) profit;

E) letter.

B . Byzantine task . The hen, which cost 40 aspres, lays an egg every day. Eggs go to the market for 40 pieces per asr. How long will it take for the chicken to justify its price? (aspr – small coin)

Answers on history, 6th grade

1. b. (1 point)

2. g (1 point)

3. b, d, f. (3 points)

4. 1c, 2a, 3b. (3 points)

5. 1. Feud

2. monastery

3. Methodius

4. Bedouins

5. dynasty

6. mullah

7. missionary

8. mosaic

9. Muhammad

The key word is feudalism. (10 points)

6. A. 622, all the rest belong to the state of the Franks;

B. Poles, all the rest are Slavs;

V. Arabesque, everything else can be seen in a Christian church. (6 points)

7. A. The Great Migration of Peoples; B. Feudal fragmentation. (2 points)

8. A. 1c, 2d, 3d, 4a, 5e, 6b; B. 1600 days. (7 points)

Total – 36 points

Origins

Like Christianity itself, it originated in the East. It quickly spread from St. Anthony the Great in Egypt to the East: to Palestine, Syria, and from there to Armenia and Mesopotamia, as well as to the West - to Italy, Gaul and further to the western islands. Who were the people who brought monasticism to the West?

In 336–337, the Egyptian Saint Athanasius the Great was sent into exile in Trier, now located in Germany. There he may have written his life at the request of the Western monks to whom he dedicated his work. In any case, a version of this life was translated into Latin around 380 and influenced the development of monastic life in the West. It is important that the life was read later on the Scottish island of Iona - it is not for nothing that the Venerables Anthony the Great and Paul of Thebes are depicted on several Irish “high crosses”.

Around the same time, Saint Martin of Tours (c. 315 – 397) founded the first monastery in Gaul near Poitiers, and later a number of other monasteries, most notably at Marmoutier (“Martin’s monastery”) near Tours. One of Saint Martin's disciples, Saint Victricius, Bishop of Rouen, visited Britain around 396. There was already a monastery in Rouen at the end of the 4th century, and Saint Victricius may have borrowed the rules for his monks from Trier. There is good reason to believe that the Roman-British Saint Ninian (c. 360 - 432) founded a monastic community on the island of Whithorn in the former Scottish county of Wigtownshire (now Dumfries and Galloway) in 394, as well as other monasteries, following the example of the monasteries of St. Martin .

The influence of another monk in Gaul was also great. Saint John Cassian led a monastic life for many years in Bethlehem and Egypt, and was well acquainted with the life and teaching of the Desert Fathers. Around 415 he established monasteries and nunneries in Marseille. In his “Regulations,” John Cassian describes the traditions of monastic life and examines eight main vices; in “Conversations,” the ascetic outlined conversations with the Egyptian desert fathers. His writings on monastic life were later read in the British Isles, especially by Saints Columba and Columban.

A contemporary of the Monk John Cassian, Saint Honoratus (c. 350 - 429) founded a monastery on one of the largest Lerins Islands (today it is called Saint-Honorat - in honor of the saint), near the city of Cannes in the south of what is now France. Here he settled around 410, after a pilgrimage to Rome and Greece. Saint Lupus of Troyes also became a monk there, and in 429 he was to travel to Britain together with Saint German of Auxerres. Saint Germanus was under the considerable influence of Gallic monasticism. It is likely that Saint Patrick, the future apostle of the Irish, also lived for some time in the Lerins Monastery.

As we see, the monastic ideal and practice of spiritual life reached the British Isles through the Gallic Church, pilgrims traveling through the East, spiritual literature (the life of Anthony the Great and the works of John Cassian, for example), and also, possibly, through pilgrims wandering from East to West, such as the seven Egyptian monks buried in Ireland.

Many attribute to St. Aengus (Oengus), Bishop of Clonenagh (+ 824; March 11/24) the founding of the cult movement in Irish monasticism, the main features of which were strict asceticism and complete detachment from the outside world. Saint Angus is called Culday because, thanks to his influence, groups of monks appeared in Ireland and Scotland who were real anchorites, but lived in small communities in one place, usually 13 people (following the example of Christ and the 12 apostles). The name culdes most likely comes from the Irish Ceile Dee(“companion, companion”), not from Latin Cultores Dei(“servants of God”). The Culdas made beautiful quality ornate high crosses and produced beautiful illuminated manuscripts that are the true glory of Irish monasticism.

Another prominent representative of the cult movement was the Reverend Maelruain, founder of the monastery in Tallaght in the present county of South Dublin († 792; commemorated 7/20 July) and compiler of the Tallaght Martyrology with the lives of many saints. Under the influence of Saint Maelruain, Saint Aengus composed his martyrology with the feasts and lives of the saints in verse. Maelruain made an invaluable contribution to the revival of high spirituality and monastic life in Ireland in the second half of the 8th century. Under his influence, monasticism and asceticism in the country rose to a level that can be compared with the era of the great founding fathers of Irish monasticism in the 6th century. Written works have survived to this day, the authorship of which most likely belongs to Saint Maelruain: “The Teachings of Saint Maelruain” - preserved in early modern Irish; “Charter of cults” - instructions in monastic and liturgical life; “The Monastery of Tallaght” is a collection of teachings of St. Maelruain, who, by the way, took as a basis the teachings of the Egyptian desert fathers and St. John Cassian.

He reposed on November 23/December 6, 615; this date subsequently became the saint’s feast day. Two years after the death of Saint Columban, the monk Jonah of Bobbio wrote his life. The relics of the monk were placed in the shrine of the monastery church in Bobbio, and numerous miracles occurred from them. In 1482 they were transferred to a new shrine and placed under the altar of the crypt of this church. There they rest to this day.