New Hebrides. New Hebrides New experiences and new standards for retail banking
New Hebrides- Condominium (joint ownership) of Great Britain and France in central Melanesia. In addition to the New Hebrides Islands, the condominium also includes the Banks and Torres Islands located to the north of this archipelago.
Administratively, the New Hebrides are divided into four districts: Northern (Banks, Torres, Espiritu Santo, Aoba, Maevo islands), second Central (Malekula, Pentecost, Ambrym, Epi), first Central (Shepherd Islands, Efate), Southern (Eromanga , Mystery, Aneytyom). The administrative center of the condominium is Port Vila (or Vila) on the island of Fate.
Geographical coordinates of the New Hebrides - 13 - 21° S. w. and 166 - 171° E. d. Area - 14,763 sq. km, including Espiritu Santo - 3.9 thousand, Malekula - 1.2 thousand, Eromanga - 0.9 thousand, Efate - 0.8 thousand. The population of the condominium, according to mid-1964 data, - 66 thousand people.
The large islands of the archipelago have mountainous terrain. The strips of coastal lowlands on all the islands, with the exception of Espiritu Santo, are very narrow. In the New Hebrides, which lies in a seismically active zone, earthquakes are common.
The climate of the islands is equatorial. The hottest and wettest season is November - April. The season, which runs from May to October, is cooler and drier. During this period, trade winds predominate among the winds. The average annual temperature on Espiritu Santo is 26°, on the island of Tanna 22°. The annual precipitation varies between 2000 - 3000 mm.
The hydrographic network on the islands is quite well developed, but the length of the rivers is small.
The New Hebrides are dominated by humid tropical vegetation. In some places, in drier places, forests give way to savannas. Red soils predominate among the soils.
The basis of the economy of the New Hebrides is agriculture, primarily farming. The most important cash crop is the coconut palm. Recently, cocoa, coffee, banana, citrus, pineapple, and vanilla crops have been introduced, but their importance is small. Among the consumer crops, yam, taro and cassava are the most important; Breadfruit, sago palm, papaya, mango, sweet potato, corn, and millet play some role in the food diet.
Among the livestock sectors, the breeding of beef cattle breeds, which has developed on the islands of Efate and Espiritu Santo, is of commercial importance. Sheep, goat, pig and poultry farming are developed on a smaller scale.
IN last years Fishing also acquired significant proportions, which is associated with the organization of a large fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides with a significant participation of Japanese capital.
The industry is only in its infancy. In some places logging is carried out, but its scale is currently insignificant due to the predatory felling of large tracts of valuable species. Manganese ore is mined in small quantities.
New Hebrides connected with the outside world by flights of ships and aircraft. Communication between individual islands is maintained using small ships. Good highways are available only on the largest islands.
The main export item is copra; manganese ore and frozen fish are also of some importance in export. Exports go mainly to France, while Australia ranks first in imports.
It can be assumed that at first some Papuan-speaking peoples lived in the New Hebrides, who were then assimilated by the Melanesian population. The complexity of the ethnic and anthropological picture of the New Hebrides was enhanced by the relatively late migrations of Polynesians, who can still be found on individual small islands of the archipelago.
When Europeans penetrated the New Hebrides, they found a primitive communal system on the archipelago that was at the stage of decay. In the northern part of the New Hebrides, matriarchal orders still dominated; in the central and southern parts, matriarchy was already replaced by patriarchy. On the islands of the southern group, the population of which has reached the highest level of socio-economic development, a rather significant layer of tribal nobility emerged from the mass of ordinary community members.
The first European to visit the New Hebrides was the navigator Quiros, who was in the service of Spain. However, since the discovery of the archipelago (1606), more than 200 years passed before communications local population with Europeans became relatively regular. More or less strong contacts were established in the 30s of the 19th century. whalers, as well as traders involved in the procurement of sandalwood, which at that time was abundant in the New Hebrides. Since 1864, slave traders appeared on the archipelago, supplying labor to the plantations of Queensland and Fiji. As a result of the activities of these adventurers, the population of the New Hebrides suffered huge losses: a large number of captured islanders died during transportation or during backbreaking work on the plantations.
Gradually, plantations began to be organized in the New Hebrides themselves. The export of labor from the archipelago gave way to its import. The plantation owners were both English and French, and soon a rivalry began between Britain and France for the possession of "special rights" in the islands. Fight for the New Hebrides between these two colonial powers culminated in agreements (the last of which was signed in 1906), as a result of which the islands were placed under the joint control of France and Great Britain.
The establishment of the Anglo-French administration caused opposition from the aborigines. Liberation movements began to unfold on different islands of the New Hebrides, among which the movement of John Frum was the most organized and focused. It arose in 1940 on Tanna, one of the most populated and socio-economically developed islands of the New Hebrides, and subsequently spread to the islands of Malekula and Ambrym. The leaders of the John Frum movement put forward the slogan of liberating the country from the colonialists and began preparing an armed uprising. The Anglo-French authorities used brutal repression against participants in the movement. However, the colonial powers failed to completely suppress the liberation struggle.
In the meantime, the New Hebrides continue to remain one of the most backward colonies in Oceania. The standard of living on the archipelago is lower than on other Melanesian islands. Both governing powers do not want to carry out in the condominium even those scanty reforms that they were forced to carry out in their “sole” possessions.
The rule of the colonialists caused a sharp depopulation of the New Hebrides. Although information about the population of the New Hebrides given by various researchers is very approximate, there is no doubt that in the archipelago at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. there was a much larger population than now. Thus, in 1774, the population of the New Hebrides was estimated at 200 thousand. However, the slave trade, as well as introduced diseases, led to the fact that the population of the islands began to decline rapidly. In 1874, there were only 106 - 113 thousand aborigines, in 1890 - 75 - 80 thousand, in 1910 - 65 thousand, in 1920 - 59 thousand. According to the wife of 1936, in Only 42 thousand people lived in the condominium.
On a number of islands of the New Hebrides, depopulation assumed even greater proportions. Thus, the population of one of the main islands of the archipelago - Efate - decreased over 60 years (1848 - 1910) by more than 10 times, and the population of the island of Aneityum decreased over a 100-year period (1839 - 1939) by 27 times. Only after the Second World War did a more or less stable population increase begin to be observed. However, it was not until 1962 that the population of the New Hebrides reached 1910 levels.
It should be noted that all the figures given are very approximate, since general population censuses have never been carried out in the New Hebrides.
There is no regular registration of the indigenous population in the country, as a result of which the indicators of fertility, mortality and natural increase are unknown.
Immigration to the New Hebrides- This is primarily the importation of workers to the archipelago for European-owned plantations. Previously, mainly Vietnamese were imported as indentured workers, but in recent years the main flow of immigrants has come from the islands of Wallis, Futuna and Tahiti. In turn, small groups of New Hebrides leave their native islands from time to time, heading to work in New Caledonia.
Internal migrations in the New Hebrides are also primarily associated with the plantation economy: there is a constant influx of local labor into the plantation areas.
The average population density of the New Hebrides in 1964 was 4.5 people per 1 sq. km. The most densely populated islands are Paama and Tongoa and a number of small islets located near Efate and Malekula. The island of Eromanga in the southern part of the New Hebrides and the island of Vanua Lava in the Banks group have the lowest population density. On these islands, per 1 sq. km there is not even one person. It should be noted that on the large islands (Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, etc.) significant interior areas are completely devoid of population.
Almost the entire population of the New Hebrides lives in villages, which vary in size, but in most cases do not exceed 200 people. Two "urban" settlements - Port Vila (Efate Island) and Luganville (Espiritu Santo Island) are actually large villages. The population of Port Vila is only about 4 thousand people.
In the New Hebrides there is a sharp disproportion in gender composition. Men make up, according to very rough estimates, 55% of the population, women - 45%. There is no data on the age composition of the population.
The vast majority of the condominium's population is engaged in agriculture. The recently developed fishing and mining industries employ only a small percentage of the population.
The colonial authorities allocate extremely meager funds for education, and most of New Hebrides are illiterate.
The group of aborigines identified by statistics overwhelmingly consists of Melanesians, who in the New Hebrides do not represent a single ethnic community, but form a number of small tribal and ethno-territorial groups. All these groups can be combined into two very different ethnic territorial complexes: the Melanesians of the northern New Hebrides and the Melanesians of the southern New Hebrides.
In addition to the aborigines of the northern part of the archipelago, the first complex also includes the population of the Banks Islands and Torres Islands. The population of the Torres Islands, which is currently very small, speaks a single language. In fact, it already represents one group. The Banks Islands have a larger population and greater dialectal differences in language. However, for a relatively long time now, the island dialects have been gradually replaced by Mota (the language of the island of a similar name), and the population of the Banks Islands is now relatively homogeneous linguistically and ethnically.
The population of the largest island, Espiritu Santo, is much more ethnically fragmented. True, most of its languages (except for the language of the Sakau tribe living in the northeastern part of the island) are quite close to each other, but the ethnic consolidation of various territorial groups is still far away. In the coastal areas of the island, the function of “lingua franca” is performed by “pigin English”.
The ethnic composition of the population of Malekula Island is very complex. Here you can find very different languages, and there are significant cultural differences between the individual groups of the population of this island. The most famous among the tribal and territorial groups of Malekula are the "great Nambas", settled in the northern part of the island.
The population of the islands located east of Espiritu Santo and Malekula is much more homogeneous. On the island of Aoba (Omba), the entire population speaks one language (divided into a number of dialects - Walurigi, etc.) and actually forms a single territorial group. In the northern part of the island of Maevo, a small population also speaks one language (tanoriki), which has almost completely replaced the dialects previously widespread here. In the south of this island live people from neighboring Pentecost. The ethnic composition of the population of Pentecost, or Raga, itself is somewhat more complex. There are three territorial groups: northern, central and southern. The northern group (part of which moved to Maevo), speaking the Lamalanga language, is linguistically close to the people of Aoba, Maevo, Banks and Torres Islands. The central and especially southern (ponorvol) groups are linguistically and ethnically related to the population of Ambrym. The population of Ambrym is very homogeneous, except for the extreme southeast of the island, the inhabitants of which (taviak) are closer to the inhabitants of the island of Paama than to the inhabitants of the rest of Ambrym.
A separate territorial group (paama) is formed by the population neighboring islands Paama and Lopevi.
The ethnic and linguistic picture is more complex on the island of Epi, where there are seven languages. However, 80% of Epi's population speaks one language (left); There is a tendency for foreign language groups to switch to this language.
The most linguistically and culturally homogeneous area is the central part of the New Hebrides (Shepherd Islands, Efate Island and adjacent islets). In most of this territory, the Nguna Tongoa language and related dialects are spoken. Only on the islands of Makura, Tongoa, the islands of Tongariki and Bukinga is a slightly different language (Makura) spoken.
There are significant differences between the Melanesians of the northern and southern New Hebrides, which are not limited to the linguistic aspect alone, but can be traced in culture and social organization.
Of the three large islands In the southern New Hebrides, the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous island is Aneityum, where there is a single ethnic group and one language (Aneityum). The population of Eromanga Island also represents a certain unity in linguistic and cultural terms. True, there is one group here that is somewhat linguistically isolated, but its numbers are insignificant. The language differences on the island of Tanna are much more significant. However, during John Frum's movement, the population of the island united so closely that now all the islanders consider themselves to be one.
While emphasizing the differences between the territorial groups of each ethno-territorial complex, one cannot at the same time fail to notice the common features that unite the entire complex into a single whole. This is especially true of the ethnic complex of the northern New Hebrides and Banks Islands. It was already indicated above that neighboring territorial groups are often very close to each other. This “transition” from group to group facilitates ethnic rapprochement. The process of consolidation is facilitated by the cultural proximity of all territorial groups of the northern New Hebrides and the commonality of goals in the fight against the colonial regime.
The process of rapprochement is much slower in the south of the archipelago. All southern territorial groups differ not only from the population of the northern part of the archipelago, but also from each other. As a result, the ethnic complex of the southern New Hebrides emerges with much less clarity.
The aboriginal population of the condominium also includes small groups of Polynesians - “outliers”, settled on different islands of the archipelago. These are related groups of Futuna (western) and Aniva, occupying the islands of Erronan and Aniva in the southern part of the New Hebrides, very close to each other groups of Fila and Mele - the population of two islets of the same name in the harbor of Vila on south coast Efate (the Mele, due to overpopulation of the island, were recently resettled on Efate) and, finally, a group of Mae living in the eastern part of the island of Emae, or Three Hills (one of the islands of the Shepherd group). Note that the Mae are quite different in language from other New Hebridean “outliers”. By now, the Fila, Mele and Mae groups have already undergone partial linguistic assimilation: along with their native language, they use the Melanesian language of Efate Island and the Shepherd Islands.
In addition to the Aboriginal Polynesians, there is an alien Polynesian population in the New Hebrides. These are the Uveans, Futunans, and Tahitians who came to the archipelago as indentured laborers. The number of Uveans is constantly increasing, since every year a significant group of them comes to the New Hebrides.
Of the other Oceanians in the New Hebrides, there is also a small group of Micronesian Gilbertians, brought as indentured laborers and employed in the fisheries organized by the Japanese on the island of Espiritu Santo.
The Vietnamese and Chinese also appeared as recruited workers in the New Hebrides. Back in the early 60s, there were more than 2 thousand Vietnamese, but now there are very few left, since in 1963 the bulk of them were repatriated to Democratic Republic Vietnam. The remaining Vietnamese are engaged in crafts or trade. The vast majority of New Hebridean Chinese are also engaged in trade.
In recent years, in connection with the organization of a fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides, a small group of Japanese appeared.
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(French Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides)
an archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu Santo, Ambrym, Efate) in the southwestern part Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia (See Melanesia). Joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. Area 14.8 thousand. km 2. Population 90 thousand people. (1972). About 93% of the population are indigenous peoples who speak languages of various branches of the Austronesian family. Anthropologically speaking b. Some of them belong to the Melanesians, a small group – to the Polynesians. There is also a newcomer population - the French, Anglo-Australians, Tahitians, Uvea, Futuna, etc. By religion, the majority of the population is Christian (mainly Prosbyterian). The administrative center and port is Vila (Efate Island). The islands are mountainous (height up to 1810 m), composed of volcanic rocks, have about 60 volcanoes, of which 10 are active, many solfataras, fumaroles, and hot springs. Deposits of sulfur and manganese (under development). The climate is tropical humid. Average monthly temperatures range from 20 to 27 °C. Precipitation up to 1000 mm in year. On the windward eastern slopes - wet rainforests, in the west there are open forests. Coconut palm and cocoa plantations are also cultivated for sugar cane, coffee, and cotton. Breeding cattle. Harvesting of valuable tree species (agathis, etc.). Discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese navigator P. Quiros. In 1774, the islands were explored by J. Cook and named by him N.G. for the mountainous appearance of the shores, reminiscent of Hebrides in Europe. The condominium was finally formalized in 1906. Management is carried out by a joint administration, which includes the British and French High Commissioners on equal terms. In 1957, an Advisory Council of 30 members (12 Melanesians, the rest - British and French) was created as a local government body.
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Condominium (joint ownership) of Great Britain and France in central Melanesia. In addition to the New Hebrides Islands, the condominium also includes the Banks and Torres Islands located to the north of this archipelago.
Administratively, the New Hebrides are divided into four districts: Northern (Banks, Torres, Espiritu Santo, Aoba, Maevo islands), second Central (Malekula, Pentecost, Ambrym, Epi), first Central (Shepherd Islands, Efate), Southern (Eromanga , Mystery, Aneytyom). The administrative center of the condominium is Port Vila (or Vila) on the island of Fate.
Geographical coordinates of the New Hebrides - 13 - 21° S. w. and 166 - 171° E. d. Area - 14,763 sq. km, including Espiritu Santo - 3.9 thousand, Malekula - 1.2 thousand, Eromanga - 0.9 thousand, Efate - 0.8 thousand. The population of the condominium, according to mid-1964 data, - 66 thousand people.
The large islands of the archipelago have mountainous terrain. The strips of coastal lowlands on all the islands, with the exception of Espiritu Santo, are very narrow. In the New Hebrides, which lies in a seismically active zone, earthquakes are common.
The climate of the islands is equatorial. The hottest and wettest season is November - April. The season, which runs from May to October, is cooler and drier. During this period, trade winds predominate among the winds. The average annual temperature on Espiritu Santo is 26°, on the island of Tanna 22°. The annual precipitation varies between 2000 - 3000 mm.
The hydrographic network on the islands is quite well developed, but the length of the rivers is small.
The New Hebrides are dominated by humid tropical vegetation. In some places, in drier places, forests give way to savannas. Red soils predominate among the soils.
The basis of the economy of the New Hebrides is agriculture, primarily farming. The most important cash crop is the coconut palm. Recently, cocoa, coffee, banana, citrus, pineapple, and vanilla crops have been introduced, but their importance is small. Among the consumer crops, yam, taro and cassava are the most important; Breadfruit, sago palm, papaya, mango, sweet potato, corn, and millet play some role in the food diet.
Among the livestock sectors, the breeding of beef cattle breeds, which has developed on the islands of Efate and Espiritu Santo, is of commercial importance. Sheep, goat, pig and poultry farming are developed on a smaller scale.
In recent years, fishing has also acquired significant dimensions, which is associated with the organization of a large fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides with a significant participation of Japanese capital.
The industry is only in its infancy. In some places logging is carried out, but its scale is currently insignificant due to the predatory felling of large tracts of valuable species. Manganese ore is mined in small quantities.
New Hebrides connected with the outside world by flights of ships and aircraft. Communication between individual islands is maintained using small ships. Good highways are available only on the largest islands.
The main export item is copra; manganese ore and frozen fish are also of some importance in export. Exports go mainly to France, while Australia ranks first in imports.
It can be assumed that at first some Papuan-speaking peoples lived in the New Hebrides, who were then assimilated by the Melanesian population. The complexity of the ethnic and anthropological picture of the New Hebrides was enhanced by the relatively late migrations of Polynesians, who can still be found on individual small islands of the archipelago.
When Europeans penetrated the New Hebrides, they found a primitive communal system on the archipelago that was at the stage of decay. In the northern part of the New Hebrides, matriarchal orders still dominated; in the central and southern parts, matriarchy was already replaced by patriarchy. On the islands of the southern group, the population of which has reached the highest level of socio-economic development, a rather significant layer of tribal nobility emerged from the mass of ordinary community members.
The first European to visit the New Hebrides was the navigator Quiros, who was in the service of Spain. However, since the discovery of the archipelago (1606), over 200 years passed before connections between the local population and Europeans became relatively regular. More or less strong contacts were established in the 30s of the 19th century. whalers, as well as traders involved in the procurement of sandalwood, which at that time was abundant in the New Hebrides. Since 1864, slave traders appeared on the archipelago, supplying labor to the plantations of Queensland and Fiji. As a result of the activities of these adventurers, the population of the New Hebrides suffered huge losses: a large number of captured islanders died during transportation or during backbreaking work on the plantations.
Gradually, plantations began to be organized in the New Hebrides themselves. The export of labor from the archipelago gave way to its import. The plantation owners were both English and French, and soon a rivalry began between Britain and France for the possession of "special rights" in the islands. Fight for the New Hebrides between these two colonial powers culminated in agreements (the last of which was signed in 1906), as a result of which the islands were placed under the joint control of France and Great Britain.
The establishment of the Anglo-French administration caused opposition from the aborigines. Liberation movements began to unfold on different islands of the New Hebrides, among which the movement of John Frum was the most organized and focused. It arose in 1940 on Tanna, one of the most populated and socio-economically developed islands of the New Hebrides, and subsequently spread to the islands of Malekula and Ambrym. The leaders of the John Frum movement put forward the slogan of liberating the country from the colonialists and began preparing an armed uprising. The Anglo-French authorities used brutal repression against participants in the movement. However, the colonial powers failed to completely suppress the liberation struggle.
In the meantime, the New Hebrides continue to remain one of the most backward colonies in Oceania. The standard of living on the archipelago is lower than on other Melanesian islands. Both governing powers do not want to carry out in the condominium even those scanty reforms that they were forced to carry out in their “sole” possessions.
The rule of the colonialists caused a sharp depopulation of the New Hebrides. Although information about the population of the New Hebrides given by various researchers is very approximate, there is no doubt that in the archipelago at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. there was a much larger population than now. Thus, in 1774, the population of the New Hebrides was estimated at 200 thousand. However, the slave trade, as well as introduced diseases, led to the fact that the population of the islands began to decline rapidly. In 1874, there were only 106 - 113 thousand aborigines, in 1890 - 75 - 80 thousand, in 1910 - 65 thousand, in 1920 - 59 thousand. According to the wife of 1936, in Only 42 thousand people lived in the condominium.
On a number of islands of the New Hebrides, depopulation assumed even greater proportions. Thus, the population of one of the main islands of the archipelago - Efate - decreased over 60 years (1848 - 1910) by more than 10 times, and the population of the island of Aneityum decreased over a 100-year period (1839 - 1939) by 27 times. Only after the Second World War did a more or less stable population increase begin to be observed. However, it was not until 1962 that the population of the New Hebrides reached 1910 levels.
It should be noted that all the figures given are very approximate, since general population censuses have never been carried out in the New Hebrides.
There is no regular registration of the indigenous population in the country, as a result of which the indicators of fertility, mortality and natural increase are unknown.
Immigration to the New Hebrides- This is primarily the importation of workers to the archipelago for European-owned plantations. Previously, mainly Vietnamese were imported as indentured workers, but in recent years the main flow of immigrants has come from the islands of Wallis, Futuna and Tahiti. In turn, small groups of New Hebrides leave their native islands from time to time, heading to work in New Caledonia.
Internal migrations in the New Hebrides are also primarily associated with the plantation economy: there is a constant influx of local labor into the plantation areas.
The average population density of the New Hebrides in 1964 was 4.5 people per 1 sq. km. The most densely populated islands are Paama and Tongoa and a number of small islets located near Efate and Malekula. The island of Eromanga in the southern part of the New Hebrides and the island of Vanua Lava in the Banks group have the lowest population density. On these islands, per 1 sq. km there is not even one person. It should be noted that on the large islands (Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, etc.) significant interior areas are completely devoid of population.
Almost the entire population of the New Hebrides lives in villages, which vary in size, but in most cases do not exceed 200 people. Two "urban" settlements - Port Vila (Efate Island) and Luganville (Espiritu Santo Island) are actually large villages. The population of Port Vila is only about 4 thousand people.
In the New Hebrides there is a sharp disproportion in gender composition. Men make up, according to very rough estimates, 55% of the population, women - 45%. There is no data on the age composition of the population.
The vast majority of the condominium's population is engaged in agriculture. The recently developed fishing and mining industries employ only a small percentage of the population.
Colonial authorities provide extremely meager funds for education, and most New Hebrides are illiterate.
The group of aborigines identified by statistics overwhelmingly consists of Melanesians, who in the New Hebrides do not represent a single ethnic community, but form a number of small tribal and ethno-territorial groups. All these groups can be combined into two very different ethnic territorial complexes: the Melanesians of the northern New Hebrides and the Melanesians of the southern New Hebrides.
In addition to the aborigines of the northern part of the archipelago, the first complex also includes the population of the Banks Islands and Torres Islands. The population of the Torres Islands, which is currently very small, speaks a single language. In fact, it already represents one group. The Banks Islands have a larger population and greater dialectal differences in language. However, for a relatively long time now, the island dialects have been gradually replaced by Mota (the language of the island of a similar name), and the population of the Banks Islands is now relatively homogeneous linguistically and ethnically.
The population of the largest island, Espiritu Santo, is much more ethnically fragmented. True, most of its languages (except for the language of the Sakau tribe living in the northeastern part of the island) are quite close to each other, but the ethnic consolidation of various territorial groups is still far away. In the coastal areas of the island, the function of “lingua franca” is performed by “pigin English”.
The ethnic composition of the population of Malekula Island is very complex. Here you can find very different languages, and there are significant cultural differences between the individual groups of the population of this island. The most famous among the tribal and territorial groups of Malekula are the "great Nambas", settled in the northern part of the island.
The population of the islands located east of Espiritu Santo and Malekula is much more homogeneous. On the island of Aoba (Omba), the entire population speaks one language (divided into a number of dialects - Walurigi, etc.) and actually forms a single territorial group. In the northern part of the island of Maevo, a small population also speaks one language (tanoriki), which has almost completely replaced the dialects previously widespread here. In the south of this island live people from neighboring Pentecost. The ethnic composition of the population of Pentecost, or Raga, itself is somewhat more complex. There are three territorial groups: northern, central and southern. The northern group (part of which moved to Maevo), speaking the Lamalanga language, is linguistically close to the people of Aoba, Maevo, Banks and Torres Islands. The central and especially southern (ponorvol) groups are linguistically and ethnically related to the population of Ambrym. The population of Ambrym is very homogeneous, except for the extreme southeast of the island, the inhabitants of which (taviak) are closer to the inhabitants of the island of Paama than to the inhabitants of the rest of Ambrym.
A separate territorial group (paama) is formed by the population of the neighboring islands of Paama and Lopevi.
The ethnic and linguistic picture is more complex on the island of Epi, where there are seven languages. However, 80% of Epi's population speaks one language (left); There is a tendency for foreign language groups to switch to this language.
The most linguistically and culturally homogeneous area is the central part of the New Hebrides (Shepherd Islands, Efate Island and adjacent islets). In most of this territory, the Nguna Tongoa language and related dialects are spoken. Only on the islands of Makura, Tongoa, the islands of Tongariki and Bukinga is a slightly different language (Makura) spoken.
There are significant differences between the Melanesians of the northern and southern New Hebrides, which are not limited to the linguistic aspect alone, but can be traced in culture and social organization.
Of the three large islands of the southern New Hebrides, the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous is the island of Aneityum, where there is a single ethnic group and one language (Aneityum). The population of Eromanga Island also represents a certain unity in linguistic and cultural terms. True, there is one group here that is somewhat linguistically isolated, but its numbers are insignificant. The language differences on the island of Tanna are much more significant. However, during John Frum's movement, the population of the island united so closely that now all the islanders consider themselves to be one.
While emphasizing the differences between the territorial groups of each ethno-territorial complex, one cannot at the same time fail to notice the common features that unite the entire complex into a single whole. This is especially true of the ethnic complex of the northern New Hebrides and Banks Islands. It was already indicated above that neighboring territorial groups are often very close to each other. This “transition” from group to group facilitates ethnic rapprochement. The process of consolidation is facilitated by the cultural proximity of all territorial groups of the northern New Hebrides and the commonality of goals in the fight against the colonial regime.
The process of rapprochement is much slower in the south of the archipelago. All southern territorial groups differ not only from the population of the northern part of the archipelago, but also from each other. As a result, the ethnic complex of the southern New Hebrides emerges with much less clarity.
The aboriginal population of the condominium also includes small groups of Polynesians - “outliers”, settled on different islands of the archipelago. These are related groups of Futuna (western) and Aniva, occupying the islands of Erronan and Aniva in the southern part of the New Hebrides, very close to each other groups of Fila and Mele - the population of two islets of the same name in the harbor of Vila on the southern coast of Efate (Mele due to the overpopulation of the island were recently resettled on Efate) and, finally, a group of Mae living in the eastern part of the island of Emae, or Three Hills (one of the islands of the Shepherd group). Note that the Mae are quite different in language from other New Hebridean “outliers”. By now, the Fila, Mele and Mae groups have already undergone partial linguistic assimilation: along with their native language, they use the Melanesian language of Efate Island and the Shepherd Islands.
In addition to the Aboriginal Polynesians, there is an alien Polynesian population in the New Hebrides. These are the Uveans, Futunans, and Tahitians who came to the archipelago as indentured laborers. The number of Uveans is constantly increasing, since every year a significant group of them comes to the New Hebrides.
Of the other Oceanians in the New Hebrides, there is also a small group of Micronesian Gilbertians, brought as indentured laborers and employed in the fisheries organized by the Japanese on the island of Espiritu Santo.
The Vietnamese and Chinese also appeared as recruited workers in the New Hebrides. There were more than 2 thousand Vietnamese in the early 60s, but now there are very few left, since in 1963 the bulk of them repatriated to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The remaining Vietnamese are engaged in crafts or trade. The vast majority of New Hebridean Chinese are also engaged in trade.
In recent years, in connection with the organization of a fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides, a small group of Japanese appeared.
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New Hebrides
(French Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides), an archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu Santo, Ambrym, Efate) in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia. Joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. Area 14.8 thousand km2. Population 90 thousand people. (1972). About 93% of the population are indigenous peoples who speak languages of various branches of the Austronesian family. Anthropologically speaking b. Some of them belong to the Melanesians, a small group belongs to the Polynesians. There is also a newcomer population - the French, Anglo-Australians, Tahitians, Uvea, Futuna, etc. By religion, the majority of the population is Christian (mainly Prosbyterian). The administrative center and port is Vila (Efate Island).
The islands are mountainous (height up to 1810 m), composed of volcanic rocks, have about 60 volcanoes, of which 10 are active, many solfataras, fumaroles, and hot springs. Deposits of sulfur and manganese (under development). The climate is tropical humid. Average monthly temperatures range from 20 to 27 ╟С. Precipitation up to 1000 mm per year. On the windward eastern slopes there are tropical rainforests, on the western slopes there are light forests. Coconut palm and cocoa plantations are also cultivated for sugar cane, coffee, and cotton. Breeding cattle. Harvesting of valuable tree species (agathis, etc.). Discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese navigator P. Quiros. In 1774, the islands were explored by J. Cook and named by him N.G. for the mountainous appearance of the coast, reminiscent of the Hebrides in Europe. The condominium was finally formalized in 1906. Management is carried out by a joint administration, which includes the British and French High Commissioners on equal terms. In 1957, an Advisory Council of 30 members was created as a local government body (12 Melanesians, the rest English and French).
Geographical encyclopedia
- (English New Hebrides French Nouvelles Hebrides), islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific ca. See Vanuatu... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (French Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides) an archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu Santo, Ambrym, Efate) in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia (See Melanesia). Joint ownership (condominium)… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (English New Hebrides, French Nouvelles Hebrides), islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. See Vanuatu. * * * NEW HEBRIDES NEW HEBRIDES (English New Hebrides, French Nouvelles Hebrides), islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific approx. See Vanuatu (see... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
New Hebrides- arch. in southwest parts of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia; territory of Vanuatu. The discovery of this archipelago occurred gradually, from the beginning of the 17th to the end of the 18th century, and its names changed accordingly. In 1606 the Portuguese. navigator in Spanish Pedro's service... Toponymic dictionary
- (New Hebrides, Nouvelles Hebrides) arch. in the southwest Pacific Ocean, now the Republic of Vanuatu b. joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. Independence was declared on July 30, 1980. In 1908 issue. first overprint stamps... ... Large philatelic dictionary
New Hebrides- (New Hebrides)New Hebrides, former. (until 1980) name State of Vanuatu (see Vanuatu) ... Countries of the world. Dictionary
See New Hebrides... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Hebrides- Hebrides, arch. V Atlantic Ocean part of the British Isles, territory of Great Britain. Modern English The Hebrides are sometimes associated with those mentioned by Pliny, 1st century. n. e., about you Hebudae; origin unclear. The Scandinavians who conquered about va. 700 g... Toponymic dictionary
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Books
- Meeting with Oceania in the 70s, I.M. Meliksetova. The book is written on materials from the first Soviet scientific expedition to the islands of Oceania. The author shares his vivid impressions of the life of the peoples and tribes of the islands of New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji,…