Moscow State University: description, history, excursions, exact address. History When was the founding of Moscow State University

Education and formation of Moscow University

Moscow University is rightfully considered the oldest Russian university. It was founded in 1755. The establishment of a university in Moscow became possible thanks to the activities of the outstanding encyclopedist scientist, the first Russian academician Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711–1765).

A.S. Pushkin rightly wrote about the titan of Russian and world science of the 18th century: “Combining extraordinary willpower with the extraordinary power of concept, Lomonosov embraced all branches of education. The thirst for science was the strongest passion of this soul, filled with passions. Historian, rhetorician, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet, he experienced everything and penetrated everything...” In the activities of M.V. Lomonosov reflected all the power, beauty and vitality of Russian science, which had reached the forefront of world scientific knowledge, the successes of the country, which, after the reforms of Peter I, managed to significantly reduce the gap with the leading powers of the world and become one of them. M.V. Lomonosov attached great importance to the creation of a higher education system in Russia. Back in 1724, at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, a university and a gymnasium were established to train scientific personnel in Russia. But the academic gymnasium and university failed to cope with this task. Therefore M.V. Lomonosov repeatedly raised the question of opening a university in Moscow. His proposals, formulated in a letter to I.I. Shuvalov, formed the basis of the Moscow University project. I.I. Shuvalov, the favorite of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, patronized the development of Russian science and culture, helped many of M.V.’s endeavors. Lomonosov.

After reading the presented I.I. Shuvalov's project for a new educational institution, Elizaveta Petrovna signed a decree on the founding of Moscow University on January 12 (25 according to the new style) 1755 (St. Tatiana's Day according to the Orthodox church calendar). The opening ceremony of classes at the university took place on the day of the anniversary of the coronation of Elizabeth Petrovna on April 26 (May 7), 1755. Since then, these days have been traditionally celebrated at the university with student celebrations, the annual scientific conference “Lomonosov Readings” and days of student scientific creativity are timed to coincide with them.

In accordance with the plan of M.V. Lomonosov, 3 faculties were formed at Moscow University: philosophical, legal and medical. All students began their studies at the Faculty of Philosophy, where they received fundamental training in the natural sciences and humanities. Education could be continued by specializing in law, medicine, or the same faculty of philosophy. Unlike European universities, Moscow University did not have a theological faculty, which is explained by the presence in Russia of a special education system for training ministers of the Orthodox Church. The professors gave lectures not only in the then generally recognized language of science - Latin, but also in Russian.

Moscow University stood out for its democratic composition of students and professors. This largely determined the widespread dissemination of advanced scientific and social ideas among students and teachers. Already in the preamble of the decree on the establishment of a university in Moscow, it was noted that it was created “for the general training of commoners.” People from various classes, with the exception of serfs, could enter the university. M.V. Lomonosov pointed to the example of Western European universities, where the principle of class was done away with: “At the university, the student who has learned more is more respectable; and whose son he is, there is no need.” During the second half of the 18th century, out of 26 Russian professors who taught, only three were from the nobility. Commoners also made up the majority of students in the 18th century. The most capable students were sent to foreign universities to continue their education, strengthening contacts and connections with world science.

State allocations only partially covered the needs of the university, especially since initially students were not charged tuition fees, and later they began to exempt poor students from them. The university management had to find additional sources of income, not even excluding commercial activities. Patrons of the arts (Demidovs, Stroganovs, E.R. Dashkova, etc.) provided enormous financial assistance. They purchased and donated scientific instruments, collections, books to the university, and established scholarships for students. The graduates did not forget about their alma mater. More than once, during difficult times for the university, they raised funds by subscription. According to established tradition, professors bequeathed their personal collections to the university library. Among them are the richest collections of I.M. Snegireva, P.Ya. Petrova, T.N. Granovsky, S.M. Solovyova, F.I. Buslaeva, N.K. Gudziya, I.G. Petrovsky and others.

Moscow University played an outstanding role in the dissemination and popularization of scientific knowledge. The public could attend lectures by university professors and student debates. In April 1756, a printing house and a bookstore were opened at Moscow University on Mokhovaya Street. This marked the beginning of domestic book publishing. At the same time, the university began to publish twice a week the first non-governmental newspaper in the country, Moskovskie Vedomosti, and from January 1760, the first literary magazine in Moscow, Useful Amusement. For ten years, from 1779 to 1789, the printing house was headed by a graduate of the university gymnasium, the outstanding Russian educator N.I. Novikov.

A year after the creation of the university, the university library welcomed its first readers. For over 100 years it served as the only public library in Moscow.

The educational activities of Moscow University contributed to the creation on its basis or with the participation of its professorship of such large centers of national culture as the Kazan Gymnasium (from 1804 - Kazan University), the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (until 1764 - under the jurisdiction of Moscow University), the Maly Theater and etc.

In the 19th century, the first scientific societies were formed at the university: Explorers of Nature, Russian History and Antiquities, Lovers of Russian Literature.

In the 18th century, remarkable figures of Russian science and culture studied and worked within the walls of Moscow University: philosophers N.N. Popovsky, D.S. Anichkov; mathematicians and mechanics V.K. Arshenevsky, M.I. Pankevich; physician S.G. Zybelin; botanist P.D. Veniaminov; physicist P.I. Fears; soil scientists M.I. Afonin, N.E. Cherepanov; historian and geographer H.A. Chebotarev; historian N.N. Bantysh-Kamensky; philologists and translators A.A. Barsov, S. Khalfin, E.I. Kostrov; legal experts S.E. Desnitsky, I.A. Tretyakov; publishers and writers D.I. Fonvizin, M.M. Kheraskov, N.I. Novikov; architects V.I. Bazhenov and I.E. Starov.

The combination of the tasks of education, science and culture in the activities of Moscow University turned it, in the words of A.I. Herzen, “the center of Russian education”, one of the centers of world culture.

In 1948, employees of the department of the Party Central Committee that oversaw science received an assignment from the Kremlin: to study the issue of constructing a new building for Moscow State University. They prepared the report together with the rector of the University, Academician A.N. Nesmeyanov, proposing to build a high-rise building for the “temple of Soviet science”.

From the Central Committee, the papers migrated to the Moscow authorities. Soon Nesmeyanov and a representative of the “scientific” department of the Central Committee were invited to the city party committee: “Your idea is unrealistic. A high-rise requires too many elevators. Therefore, the building should be no higher than 4 floors.”

A few days later, Stalin held a special meeting on the “university issue”, and the Generalissimo announced his decision: to erect a building for Moscow State University no less than 20 floors high on the top of the Lenin Mountains - so that it could be seen from afar. “...And to provide each student with a separate room in the dormitory! - added the great leader and asked Nesmeyanov: - How many students are you supposed to have? Six thousand? So there must be six thousand rooms!” Here Molotov intervened in the conversation: “Comrade Stalin, students are sociable people. It will be boring for them to live alone. Let them move in at least two at a time!” - “Okay, we’ll leave three thousand rooms!”

The construction of high-rise buildings was a huge step forward towards the industrialization of the domestic construction industry. Moscow high-rise buildings became an experimental base for many technologies that were used for the first time in the USSR and form the basis of modern design and construction practice. High-rise buildings have become very demanding customers for the construction industry. The enormous volume of structures made it possible to implement new and expensive technical improvements, the cost of which was transferred to a unit of usable area of the building without significantly increasing the cost of the latter. This made it easier to master new technology. The construction of high-rise buildings turned out to be an economically progressive factor - its influence went far beyond the framework of the construction of high-rise buildings themselves.

The design of the new university building was prepared by the famous Soviet architect Boris Iofan, who designed the Palace of the Soviets skyscraper. However, a few days before the approval “at the top” of all the architect’s drawings, the architect was removed from this work. The creation of the most grandiose of Stalin's skyscrapers was entrusted to a group of architects headed by L.V. Rudnev.

The reason for such an unexpected replacement is considered to be Iofan’s intransigence. He was going to build the main building right above the cliff of the Lenin Mountains. This exactly corresponded to the wishes of the “father of nations.” But by the fall of 1948, specialist scientists were able to convince the Secretary General that this location of the huge structure was fraught with disaster: the area was dangerous from the point of view of landslides, and the new University would simply slide into the river! Stalin agreed with the need to move the main building of Moscow State University away from the edge of the Lenin Mountains, but Iofan was not at all happy with this option. Object to “the best friend and teacher of Soviet architects”? - Resign immediately!

Lev Rudnev moved the building 800 meters deep into the territory, and at the site chosen by Iofan, he created an observation deck.

In the original draft version, it was planned to crown the high-rise building with a sculpture of impressive size. The character on the sheets of whatman paper was depicted as abstract - a human figure with his head raised to the sky and his arms spread wide to the sides. Apparently, this pose should symbolize a thirst for knowledge. Although the architects, showing the drawings to Stalin, hinted that the sculpture could receive a portrait resemblance to the leader. However, Joseph Vissarionovich ordered the construction of a spire instead of the statue, so that the upper part of the Moscow State University building would be similar to the other six high-rise buildings being built in the capital.

Steel and reinforced concrete frames were used for high-rise buildings. The steel frame, compared to reinforced concrete, was more industrial, but its use entailed a large consumption of steel. When designing eight high-rise buildings in Moscow, designers developed a third solution, intermediate in terms of efficiency and industrialism - a steel frame reinforced with concrete, the so-called reinforced concrete frame with rigid reinforcement.

The frame system made it possible to reduce the role of external walls to just a shell that insulates the interior of the building from external temperature fluctuations. All the building's loads were now transferred to the frame, which was a system of beams and columns that took the weight of the building and transferred it to the foundation. Soviet methods for designing steel frames were based on the works of outstanding Russian engineers N.A. Belelyubsky, P.Ya. Proskuryakov, V.G. Shukhov and others, and later - E.O. Paton, B.G. Galerkin, N. S. Streletsky, who created their own school and rational constructive forms by the beginning of the twentieth century. Electric welding, invented in Russia by engineers N.D. Slavyanov and N.I. Benardos in the 80s of the 19th century, became especially widespread after the October Revolution in various fields of industry, including construction. The successful development of welding made it possible to confidently use welding in the installation of steel structures: the frames of all high-rise buildings in Moscow were not only manufactured, but also completely assembled using welding. The welded structure, first used in the Soviet Union for high-rise construction, had a number of advantages over the existing structure with rivet mounting connections existing in world practice - weight reduction, reduction in the labor intensity of manufacturing elements and reduction in the complexity of installation.

The simplest assembly interfaces between columns and frame crossbars were provided, and the columns were delivered to the construction site with interface elements already welded to them for fastening the crossbars and beams during installation. The ends of the column elements were milled at the factory; when joining such columns, temporary fastening in the form of braces was not required; the joining was done using bolts that were inserted into special “ribs” welded at the ends, which acted as flanges. The conditions for simplifying and facilitating installation required the maximum reduction of mounting elements. For example, during the construction of the building frame on Smolenskaya Square, with a total structure weight of 5,200 tons, the number of installation elements was only 7,900 units. The installation weight of the columns ranged from 5.0t. up to 1.2 t, crossbars from 4.5 t to 0.3 t.

The solemn ceremony of laying the first stone of the high-rise building of Moscow State University took place on April 12, 1949, exactly 12 years before Gagarin’s flight.

Reports from the shock construction site on the Lenin Hills reported that the high-rise building was being erected by 3,000 Komsomol Stakhanovites. However, in reality, many more people had jobs here. At the end of 1948, at the end of 1948, the Ministry of Internal Affairs prepared an order for the conditional early release from the camps of several thousand prisoners who had construction specialties. These lucky ones were to spend the rest of their term on the construction of Moscow State University.

Universal tower crane UBK in construction

In the Gulag system there was “Construction-560”, transformed in 1952 into the Directorate of the ITL of the Special Region (the so-called “Stroylag”), whose contingent was engaged in the construction of the university high-rise building. The head of this “Gulag island” was first Colonel Kharhardin, and after him Colonel Smirnov and Major Arkhangelsky. General Komarovsky, head of the Main Directorate of Industrial Construction Camps, personally supervised the construction. The number of prisoners in “Stroylag” reached 14,290 people. Almost all of them were imprisoned on “domestic” charges; they were afraid to take “political” charges to Moscow. A zone with watchtowers and barbed wire was built a few kilometers from the “object”, near the village of Ramenki, in the area of current Michurinsky Avenue.

When the construction of the high-rise building was nearing completion, it was decided to “bring the prisoners’ places of residence and work as close as possible.” The new camp point was installed directly on the 24th and 25th floors of the tower under construction. This solution also made it possible to save on security: there is no need for watchtowers or barbed wire - there’s nowhere to go anyway!

As it turned out, the guards underestimated their sponsored contingent. Among the prisoners there was a craftsman who, in the summer of 1952, built a kind of hang glider out of plywood and wire and... Rumor interprets further events differently. According to one version, he managed to fly to the other side of the Moscow River and disappeared safely. According to another, the guards shot him in the air. There is an option with a happy ending to this story: supposedly the “flyer” was already captured on the ground by security officers, but when Stalin became aware of his action, he personally ordered the brave inventor to be released... It is even possible that there were two winged fugitives. At least that’s what a civilian high-rise builder said, who himself saw two people gliding from the tower on homemade wings. According to him, one of them was shot, and the second flew towards Luzhniki.

Another unusual story is connected with the unique “high-altitude camp zone”. This incident was even considered then an attempt on the life of the leader of the peoples. One fine day, vigilant security, checking the territory of Stalin’s “near dacha” in Kuntsevo, suddenly discovered a rifle bullet on the path. Who shot? When? The commotion was serious. They carried out a ballistic examination and found out that the ill-fated bullet came... from the University under construction. During further investigation, the picture of what happened became clear. During the next change of guard guarding the prisoners, one of the guards, handing over his post, pulled the trigger of a rifle, in the barrel of which there was a live cartridge. A shot rang out. According to the law of meanness, the weapon turned out to be pointed towards a government facility located in the distance, and the bullet still “reached” Stalin’s dacha.

The main building of Moscow State University immediately broke many records. The height of the 36-story high-rise reaches 236 meters. The steel frame of the building required 40 thousand tons of steel. And the construction of walls and parapets took almost 175 million bricks. The spire, so beloved by Stalin, is about 50 meters high, and the star crowning it weighs 12 tons.

On one of the side towers there is a champion clock - the largest in Moscow. The dials are made of stainless steel and have a diameter of 9 meters. The clock hands are also quite impressive. The minute hand, for example, is twice as long as the minute hand of the Kremlin chimes and has a length of 4.1 meters and weighs 39 kilograms.

A unique elevator facility was also created in the high-rise building. Specialists manufactured 111 elevators of a special design, including high-altitude high-speed cabins.

It is very likely that the Main Building of the University holds the record for the number of columns. It is almost impossible to count their number. Some of the columns were placed solely for decoration and do not bear any structural load.

1951 Komsomol cladding workers - students of the school for working youth against the backdrop of the Main building

On the tower of the main building of the university, Komsomol installer Ivan Kleshchev calls a crane by phone.

Electric welder E. Martynov on the thirty-fourth floor of the main building of the university.

The barrel of a UBK-3-49 tower crane, preserved to this day in the attic of one of the Moscow high-rise buildings

Joseph Vissarionovich did not live to see this event for seven months. The high-rise building of the “temple of science”, erected on his initiative, was inaugurated on September 1, 1953. If he had lived a little longer, Moscow State University would have become, instead of “named after M.V. Lomonosov" - "named after I.V. Stalin." Plans for such a renaming were already quite realistic. The change from Vasilyevich to Vissarionovich was going to be timed just in time for the commissioning of the new building on the Lenin Hills. But the Generalissimo died, and the project remained unfulfilled. But in the winter of ’53, even the letters for the new name of the university were ready. Their installation has already been marked over the cornice of the main entrance to a high-rise building.

1956
Few people know, but the territory of Moscow State University should have been twice as large as it is today. The area behind Lomonosovsky Avenue, bounded by Vernadsky Avenue and Michurinsky Avenue, right up to modern Udaltsov Street, should be part of Moscow State University. The territory is huge! Already in the 21st century, Inteko built the Moscow State University library on this territory on Lomonosovsky Prospect opposite Moscow State University, and before that it built the Shuvalovsky residential complex on the corner of Michurinsky and Lomonosovsky.

The most interesting detail in the history of the construction of Moscow high-rise buildings is that over the time from the moment of their foundation until its completion, the estimated number of floors and purpose of the buildings changed.

If you believe the articles in the newspaper “Soviet Art” dated February 28, 1948, it was planned to build the largest building with 32 floors on the Lenin Hills in the center of the bend of the Moscow River and locate a hotel and residential apartments in the building. We are not talking about any university here.

In the original plans for the building, it was planned to install a statue of Lomonosov instead of a spire, similar to the Palace of the Soviets. The figure could have been 35-40 meters high, but this would have given the building the appearance of a giant pedestal for a small sculpture. Therefore, they removed it from above, reduced it in size, changed its position and placed it near the fountains, where today's students usually celebrate the end of the session. And the building, which received a spire 58 meters high in return, only won.

Such a grandiose construction could not help but acquire many tales and myths. A.N. Feshenkov, a former graduate of Moscow State University and, as he himself writes, an inquisitive student, cites some of these tales in his article.
The MSU building has 34 floors plus a spire and, reliably, 3 basements down. 29th floor – Museum of Geography of Moscow State University, from there there is an elevator to the 32nd floor. The 30th and 31st floors are technical. The round meeting room is on the 32nd floor. The 33rd floor is a gallery under a dome, and the last floor, 34th, is again technical. There is an entrance to the spire. What's inside the spire?
One of the tales says that in Soviet times the premises there belonged to the KGB and were used for external surveillance of the movements of high-ranking officials, and that Stalin’s dacha was apparently visible from there.

Another story is this: on one of the basement floors from –3rd to –16th (depending on the narrator’s imagination), there lies a 5-meter bronze statue of Stalin, which should have stood in front of the entrance to the Main Building (GZ). But in connection with the 53rd year, this statue was left in the basement of the still unfinished GZ, and so it lies there, walled up.
What is certainly a story is that the GZ was built by prisoners. This is fundamentally wrong. This is confirmed by witnesses. Would such a responsible construction of a strategic facility, supervised personally by L.P. Beria, be entrusted to prisoners, traitors to the Motherland, who have never built anything more complex than the White Sea Canal? The GZ was built exclusively by the labor of German prisoners of war. The story about a prisoner who flew off a spire on a piece of plywood in Ramenki and (or) fished out of the Moscow River by the NKVD came from an article published in Komsomolskaya Pravda in 1989.

Perhaps the most famous story about the construction of Moscow State University, which is passed on from article to article. Its essence is as follows. When they planned the construction of the Temple in honor of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812, there were several projects, one of them was to build a temple on the Sparrow Hills. Construction has not started because the soil here is very weak and cannot support a large building. But what the tsarist architects could not do, Stalin’s did. They dug a huge foundation, filled it with liquid nitrogen, then installed refrigeration units in what later became known as the 3rd basement. This zone has been given super-secret status, since in the event of possible sabotage and failure of the freezers, the GZ will float into the Moscow River in a week. It must be said that this story has been refuted in various sources. Firstly, because of the high cost and unreliability of the method of freezing soil with liquid nitrogen. Secondly, make the integrity of MSU dependent on the supply of electricity? It is much easier and cheaper to freeze everything using pipes containing a strong saline solution at sub-zero temperatures.

The University has something else in common with the Cathedral of Christ the Savior besides the unrealized project on the Lenin Hills. The malachite columns, removed during the destruction of the temple, lay in the NKVD warehouse for many years, and then L.P. Beria donated them to his brainchild. Columns decorate the rector's office. It is said that this is not the only detail of the temple inherited by the Temple of Science.

In one of the basement rooms, littered with gas masks and dosimeters, in 1989 A.N. Feshenkov saw a map screwed to the wall under plexiglass - this map was later published in the AiF newspaper - and on it, among other things, two lines of Metro-2 were depicted, underground car tunnels, including those duplicating the Garden Ring. I remember the exit on Michurinsky Prospekt, the grandiose highway exiting near the Belorussky railway station and also the highway, which was built later by the State Plant, all the way to the White House.

One of the secrets of the dungeons was recently declassified - the metro line, the so-called Metro-2, from the Kremlin to Vnukovo Airport. The Metro-2 line runs directly under the GZ, one of the entrances there is through the checkpoint of zone “B”. This branch leads to the underground city in the Ramenok area.

Another legend is that when the GZ was designed, it was designed as a backup television center if Shabolovka failed in the event of war (the Ostankino tower was not even in sight at that time).

Moscow State University 1950s

VIRTUAL FLIGHT AROUND MSU

And here - http://raskalov-vit.livejournal.com/127004.html you can read and look at the guys who climbed the spire of the building. Wow, brave souls... sources
http://retrofonoteka.ru
http://my-ramenki.narod.ru/int-msu.html
http://www.mmforce.net/msu/story/story/1520/ — Alexander Dobrovolsky
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HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF MOSCOWSTATE UNIVERSITY

Moscow University is one of the oldest Russian universities. It was founded in 1755. The establishment of the university is associated with the name of the outstanding scientist-encyclopedist, the first Russian academician Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765). Mikhail Vasilyevich actively advocated for the creation of a higher education system in Russia. Most educational institutions created in the era of Peter I were outdated by the middle of the 18th century. By that time, there was an urgent need to train high-class specialists and improve the level of educational institutions, including higher education.

Lomonosov more than once raised the question of opening a university in Moscow. He sent his proposals to I.I. Shuvalov, the favorite of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, who, as is known, patronized the development of Russian science and culture. Thus, the proposals of M.V. Lomonosov formed the basis of the Moscow University project with the consent of Shuvalov. Shuvalov's role in the opening of the university was not always assessed objectively, but it is indisputable that without his assistance, the establishment of the university in the conditions of that time would have been a difficult undertaking.

Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov is one of the brightest personalities of that time, a man with a high level of education, a representative of the Russian Enlightenment. He, like no one else, understood the importance of the development of education, science and culture in the Russian Empire. It was on his initiative that the Academy of Arts was created in 1757, of which he became president. Shuvalov managed to buy and transport the best examples of works of art to the Academy. The Academy's collection was represented by paintings by the best European artists and consisted of about 104 canvases (Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyck, etc.).

I. I. Shuvalov presented the project of a new educational institution to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, who, after familiarizing herself with it, signed a decree on the creation of a university on January 24 (February 4), 1755. In memory of the day the decree was signed, Tatyana's Day is celebrated annually at Moscow University. The ceremonial opening of classes at the university took place on the day of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation of Elizabeth Petrovna on April 26, 1755. At the same time, the first lectures were given at the university. Shuvalov became the first curator of the university, and Alexey Mikhailovich Argamakov (1711-1757) was appointed its first director. It is interesting to note the fact that during the grand opening of the university, the name of Lomonosov was not even mentioned. According to the historian M. T. Belyavsky, “Shuvalov not only arrogated to himself the authorship of the project and the glory of the founder of the university,” but also “significantly spoiled the Lomonosov project by introducing into it a number of provisions that Lomonosov and other advanced Russian scientists fought with such passion in Academy of Sciences".

The university was directly accountable to the Governing Senate. The teaching staff was subject only to the university court with the approval of the curator and director. The head of the university was a curator who appointed teachers and approved lecture courses. Direct management was carried out by the director. He was authorized to manage the university's income and take care of its well-being. The director's decisions were approved by the curator. The advisory body under the director was the Conference of Professors - an analogue of the modern academic council. It consisted of three professors and three assessors of the university.

In accordance with the plan of M.V. Lomonosov, 3 faculties were formed at Moscow University: philosophical, legal and medical. All students began their studies at the Faculty of Philosophy, where they received fundamental training in the natural sciences and humanities. Education could be continued by specializing in law, medicine, or the same faculty of philosophy. It is significant that Moscow University was the only one in Europe that did not have a theological faculty. This is because Lomonosov resolutely opposed the church’s encroachments on the freedom of scientific creativity. Lomonomov sought to liberate science in Russia from the tutelage of the church. This idea was reflected in paragraph 4 of his project: “Although in every University, in addition to philosophical sciences and jurisprudence, theological knowledge should also be offered, the care of theology is rightly left to the Holy Synod.”

At first, the professors were mostly invited from abroad and only two: N. N. Popovsky - in literature and philosophy and A. A. Barsov - in mathematics and literature, as well as a teacher of Russian and Latin languages F. Ya. Yaremsky were identified from students of the St. Petersburg Academic University.

Lomonosov actively advocated that lectures at the first Russian university be given by Russian professors and in Russian. True, Lomonosov’s efforts were crowned with success only three years after his death: according to the decree of Catherine II, “for the better dissemination of science in Russia, lectures began in all three faculties by natural Russians in the Russian language.”

From the very beginning, Moscow University was distinguished by its democratic composition of students and professors. Almost all of them belonged to unprivileged classes. Already in the preamble of the decree on the establishment of the university, it was noted that it was created “for the general training of commoners.” People from various classes, with the exception of serfs, could enter the university. M.V. Lomonosov gave the example of Western European universities, where the principle of class was done away with: “At the university, the student who has learned more is more respectable; and whose son he is, there is no need for that.”

Shuvalov, as the first curator of the university, invited the best European professors and teachers to teach, and personally purchased books and manuals. On July 3, 1756, the university library, one of the oldest in our country, was opened. For over 100 years it served as the only public library in Moscow. Moscow Lomonosov University student

The establishment of Moscow University and the Academy of Arts was only the beginning. Shuvalov intended to lay a powerful foundation for the system of higher educational institutions - provincial gymnasiums and schools. From the first years of its activity, Moscow University carried out great work on the establishment and development of secondary education and enlightenment in the country. His educational activities contributed to the creation on his basis or with the participation of his professorship of such large centers of national culture as the Kazan Gymnasium, the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, and the Maly Theater.

The combination of the tasks of education, science and culture in the activities of Moscow University turned it, in the words of A.I. Herzen, the “center of Russian education”, one of the centers of world culture. Thus, with the advent of the university in the Russian Empire, the level of education in society increased significantly, and education spread among the population.

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Founding of the university

Moscow State University was founded in 1755 by M. Lomonosov and I. Shuvalov. The opening date was supposed to be 1754, but this was not destined to happen due to renovation work. The decree on the opening of the educational institution was signed by Empress Elizabeth herself in the winter of the same year. In honor of this event, Tatyana's Day is celebrated every year at the university. Already in the spring, the first lectures began to be given. Ivan Shuvalov became the curator of the university, and Alexey Argamakov became the director. The most interesting thing is that Mikhail Lomonosov was not mentioned in any official document or speech dedicated to the opening. Historians explain this by the fact that Ivan Shuvalov appropriated to himself the idea of creating Moscow State University and the glory from it, and also introduced a number of provisions into its activities that were zealously disputed by Lomonosov himself and other progressive scientists. This is only an assumption for which there is no evidence. Some historians believe that Lomonosov only carried out Shuvalov’s orders.

Control

Lomonosov was subordinate to the Government Senate. University professors were subject only to the university court, which was headed by the director and curator. The duties of the curator included full management of the institution, appointment of teachers, approval of the curriculum, etc. The director was elected from outsiders and carried out control activities. His responsibilities also included ensuring the material side of the issue and establishing correspondence with well-known scientists and other educational institutions. In order for the director's decision to receive full force, it had to be approved by the curator. Under the director, there was a Conference of Professors, which consisted of 3 professors and 3 assessors.

XVIII century

Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) in the 18th century could offer students three medicines and laws. In 1779, Mikhail Kheraskov created a university noble boarding school, which became a gymnasium in 1930. He is considered to be the founder of the university press (1780). The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper was published here, which was the most popular in the entire Russian Empire. Soon the first scientific communities began to form at the university.

19th century

Since 1804, the management of the university passed into the hands of the Council and the rector, who was personally approved by the emperor. The council consisted of the best professors. The rector was re-elected every year by secret ballot. Deans were elected in the same way. The first rector chosen according to this system was Kh. Chebotarev. The council dealt with issues of the curriculum, testing students' knowledge and appointing teachers in gymnasiums and colleges. Every month, Lomonosov Moscow State University held meetings dedicated to new scientific discoveries and experiments. The executive body was the Board, consisting of the rector and deans. Communication between university managers and the authorities was carried out with the help of a trustee. At this time, the faculties at M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University underwent some changes: they were divided into 4 branches of science (political, verbal, physico-mathematical and medical).

XX century

In 1911, a loud scandal occurred - the “Casso affair”. As a result, about 30 professors and 130 teachers left the university for 6 years. The Faculty of Physics and Mathematics suffered the most from this, and after the departure of P. Lebedev, its development froze for 15 years. In 1949, construction began on a new building on Vorobyovy Gory, which in the future became the main building of the university. In 1992, the famous mathematician V. Sadovnichy was elected rector of the university.

Educational process

Do you want to know what they teach at Lomonosov Moscow State University? In 2011, all Russian universities had to switch to a two-level education system, which is prescribed by the Bologna Convention. Despite this, MSU continues to train students in an integrated 6-year program. University rector Viktor Sadovnichy said that the educational institution prepares future specialists according to its own standards. He emphasized that they would be a level higher than the state ones. Two forms of study are possible for students - specialty and master's degrees. Specialist training will last 6 years, and bachelor's degrees will remain only in some faculties. Analysts in the field of education have different points of view on this decision of the university: some approve of it, while others are in no hurry to draw conclusions.

Structure

Today the university consists of more than 600 buildings, with a total area of approximately 1 million m². In the capital of Russia alone, the territory of the university occupies about 200 hectares. It is known that the Moscow government has allocated an area of 120 hectares for new buildings at the university, where active work has been underway since 2003. The territory was received for free rent. Construction is taking place largely thanks to the assistance of JSC Inteko. The company has developed part of the allocated territory with two residential areas and a parking area. The university has a share of 30% of and 15% of the parking lot. It is also planned to develop the territory with four buildings surrounding the fundamental library. All this will be a small town, which will house laboratory and research buildings and a stadium.

In 2005, the fundamental library was built. In the fall of 2007, the mayor of the city Yu. Luzhkov and the rector of Moscow State University inaugurated two important facilities: the First Academic Building of Moscow State University, which housed three faculties (public administration, history and philosophy) and a system of 5 buildings for the medical center (polyclinic, hospital, diagnostic and analytical centers and educational buildings). In the winter of 2009, the grand opening of the 3rd humanities building took place, which was planned to house the Faculty of Economics. A year later, the 4th building was opened, which was occupied by the Faculty of Law. An underground pedestrian crossing was created under Lomonosovsky Prospekt, which connected the new and old areas.

In 2011, the first academic building located on the new territory began to be called “Shuvalovsky”, and another one under construction will be called “Lomonosovsky”. There are branches of the university even outside the country, in the most remote corners: in Astana, Dushanbe, Baku, Yerevan, Tashkent and Sevastopol.

Scientific life

Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) is famous for its talented scientists who regularly publish interesting works and research. In the spring of 2017, biologists from Moscow State University published a report in which they proved the relationship between kidney failure and “wrong” mitochondria. The results of the experiments were published in the scientific journal Scientific Reports. A new way has been created to help assess the state of the environment. The university is famous not only for famous scientists who have already made a name for themselves, but also for young talents. Many of them became laureates of the Moscow government award in 2017.

Faculties

Lomonosov Moscow State University offers students a large number of areas of education to choose from. There are about 30 faculties in total. On the basis of the university there operates the Moscow School of Economics, the Higher School of Business, the Faculty of Military Training, the Higher School of Translation, etc. There is also a University Gymnasium, which accepts orphans. What interesting things can we learn about Lomonosov Moscow State University? The Faculty of Physics is considered one of the most progressive, and for good reason. It is considered the best place to study physics in all of Russia, because research is conducted here that receives worldwide publicity. Leading teachers are scientists who are known for their discoveries and ideas even abroad. This faculty was created in 1933, and then it was called the Department of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. Such scientists as S. Vavilov, N. Bogolyubov, A. Tikhonov taught here. Of the 10 Russian Nobel Prize laureates, 7 studied and worked at this faculty: A. Prokhorov, P. Kapitsa, I. Frank, L. Landau, A. Abrikosov and I. Tamm.

Summing up the results of this review article, I would like to say that Moscow State University. Lomonosov is one of the best universities in the Russian Federation, if not the best. Each applicant should make their own choice, because studying here opens up a lot of opportunities. The popularity of this educational institution is unlikely to ever fall, because even in its branches there is almost never a shortage.

On January 28, 1724, the emperor issued a decree on the creation of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, and with it a university, which was supposed to train scientific personnel. Why is Moscow University recognized as the first Russian university? Firstly, the “Petrine” university was never an independent institution, did not have its own charter, and was completely subordinate to the president of the Academy of Sciences. Secondly, the academic university in the 18th century. did not cope well with its main task. There were very few people willing to study: at first, 8 students were taught by as many as 17 professors! Students had to be invited from abroad. For example, from 1726 to 1733, only 38 people were enrolled in the academic university, and only 7 of them were Russians.

The idea of creating and the project of Moscow University belongs to M. V. Lomonosov. He formulated his proposals in a letter to I.I. Shuvalov, Elizaveta Petrovna’s favorite. Thanks to the support and active assistance of the latter, the university was opened.

Not only nobles, but also representatives of other classes could enter Moscow University. The doors of Moscow University were closed only to serfs.

The university had three faculties: medicine, law and philosophy. All students began their studies at the Faculty of Philosophy, where they received thorough training in the natural sciences and humanities. Education could be continued by specializing in law, medicine or the same philosophical faculty. Unlike European universities, Moscow University did not have a faculty of theology, which is explained by the presence in Russia of special institutions for training ministers of the Orthodox Church, and teaching was conducted not only in the then generally recognized language - Latin, but also in Russian language.

Two gymnasiums were opened at Moscow University (for nobles and commoners, that is, people of other ranks). There was a library, public lectures with demonstrations of experiments were held. In the university bookstore you could buy Russian and foreign books. The newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” was published here. Material from the site

Every year on January 25, Tatiana’s Day, Russia celebrates the Day of Russian Students. This is a favorite and long-awaited holiday for tens of thousands of young men and women studying in institutes and universities. This date is certainly connected with the fact that Moscow University was founded on this day.

There is a version that I. I. Shuvalov did not accidentally choose the date for the empress to sign the decree “On the establishment of Moscow University.” January 25 is the name day of his mother Tatyana Rodionovna. The opening of the university is a kind of gift from a mother to her son.