Summer Palace of Peter I significance in history. Russian art of the Peter I era. Interior of the palace

Peter's Summer Palace

The first thing that strikes you about this palace building is its rather modest size. And the second is that the Summer Palace of Peter I has survived to this day in its original form as a royal residence.

The Summer Palace of Peter I in the Summer Garden is one of the first stone palaces in St. Petersburg. It was erected in 1710–1714 under the leadership of the outstanding architect Domenico Trezzini. At the same time, by the way, the first Governor-General of St. Petersburg, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, began the construction of his palace. True, on the other bank of the Neva and on another island - Vasilyevsky. In 1711, Peter I made the final decision to transfer the capital of the Russian kingdom from Moscow to a new city - St. Petersburg. Therefore, the construction of the palace was a kind of signal to the Moscow nobility and merchants that the royal court was going to the banks of the Neva in earnest and for a long time.

The location for construction was not chosen by chance. Here, before the founding of St. Petersburg, was the estate of the Swedish major Konau. And Peter quite deliberately tried to destroy all traces of the Swedish presence on the banks of the Neva. That is why, to the surprise of many, he did not use the large and powerful fortress of Nyenschanz and the city of Nyena on the right bank of the Neva for any purposes, after its capture by Russian troops. In fact, the Nyenschanz fortress was razed, that is, razed to the ground. And the city was simply ruined.

Palace of Peter the Great in the Summer Garden

The Tsar's palace was located in the northeastern part of the Summer Garden. The Summer Garden is the first regular garden in St. Petersburg, founded in 1704. It is known that Peter I personally took part in the design. The garden area was developed by a large group of architects and garden craftsmen. From the first years, boxwood, chestnuts, elm, apple trees, pears, and walnut trees, brought from warm regions, began to be planted in the Summer Garden. Following the example set by the Tsar in Moscow, greenhouses for growing melons began to be established. In Moscow, it was possible to grow surprisingly large and tasty melons in greenhouses. In Russia, unlike many countries, melon was served only for dessert.

The sculptural decoration and interior decoration of the palace was done by the German sculptor and architect Andreas Schlüter. Not far from the palace, on the banks of the Fontanka, A. Schlüter began work on the construction of a grotto, which was completed after the death of the architect by the architects G.I. Mattarnovi and N. Michetti.

The Palace of Peter I was not intended for ceremonial events, but primarily as the home of the Tsar and his family. The palace building with a distinctly austere appearance has a high hipped roof, decorated with corner gutters in the form of winged dragons. The main decorative element of the facades is a frieze of twenty-nine bas-reliefs separating the floors. Bas-reliefs serve to glorify Russia's military successes. Peter I is depicted here in the image of Perseus. Above the entrance to the palace is a bas-relief of the goddess of wisdom, patroness of sciences and crafts, Minerva, surrounded by banners and trophies.

According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the day of the founder of the city on the Neva developed like this: Peter got up early - at three or four in the morning. He walked around the room, thinking about his plans for the coming day. Then, before breakfast, I did some paperwork. At six in the morning, having had a light breakfast, I left the palace. I usually had lunch at 11 or 12, but no later than one in the afternoon. Before lunch, the king drank a glass of aniseed vodka, and before each new dish - kvass, beer or red wine. The traditional dinner consisted of thick hot sour cabbage soup, porridge, jelly, cold pig in sour cream (served whole, and the sovereign himself chose a piece according to his mood), cold roast (most often duck) with pickles or pickled lemons, ham and Limburger cheese. After lunch, Peter put on a robe and slept for two hours. By four o'clock he ordered urgent papers to be submitted for signature along with the report. Then he did what he loved - carpentry, working on a lathe, etc. I went to bed at 10-11 o'clock without dinner.

The palace is characterized by a strong contrast between its austere exterior and lush interior decoration. The Summer Palace is sometimes called a kind of monument to the Northern War, since the victories of Russian weapons are reflected in allegorical form in the bas-reliefs and even in the picturesque lampshades. On the ground floor of the palace there are two reception rooms, an office, a bedroom, a dining room, a room for the driver on duty, a kitchen and a dressing room. This is also where Peter is especially proud - the lathe where he loved to work. On the second floor of the building there is a reception room, a throne room, a bedroom, a children's room, a dance room, a green office, a kitchen, a dressing room and a room for the ladies on duty.

The palace is made in the Peter the Great Baroque style, as evidenced by clear proportions, numerous windows with small glazing, bas-reliefs, and a stucco frieze under the roof. The palace has retained its original layout and interior decoration. There are seven small living rooms on each floor of the building. In the interiors of the palace, first of all, one can note the carved oak panel in the lower vestibule with the image of Minerva, unique Dutch tiles in the kitchens and the office of Peter I, fireplaces with stucco bas-reliefs, picturesque lampshades and much more.

Soon the first stone embankment in St. Petersburg appeared near the Summer Palace. Until the middle of the 18th century, embankments and bridges in St. Petersburg were built only from wood. On the stone embankment near the Summer Palace near the Fontanka, a small “Havana” was built for parking the royal boats. Boats and other watercraft were declared by Peter's decree to be the main means of transportation in the new capital. Therefore, the king demanded that every resident know how to handle a sail. Intending to accustom the residents of St. Petersburg to sailing rather than rowing, Peter introduced fines depending on the ranks of the violators, increasing for the first, second and third “disobedience” of the royal decree. The tsar appointed Ivan Stepanovich Potemkin to be responsible for the execution of the decree: “...to be your fiscal officer, so that people of all ranks who are found in St. Petersburg, when there is a wind, travel along the Neva River on ships with sails. And if anyone disobeys this great sovereign’s decree, then a staff will be taken against them...” Peter forbade the construction of bridges in St. Petersburg.

Later, the “Havanese” was buried, but recently, during archaeological excavations, St. Petersburg restorers discovered its stone retaining walls, in which even iron rings for tying boats were preserved.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Summer Palace, like the Summer Garden, came under the jurisdiction of the Russian Museum. And today the palace houses an extensive exhibition. Here are paintings depicting genre scenes, rare portraits, landscapes, canvases depicting sea vessels and battles. One of the most valuable exhibits of the museum is a wind device made in Dresden, mounted in a carved oak frame. Its mechanism is driven by a weather vane in the form of the figure of St. George the Victorious, installed on the roof. In the 60s of the 20th century, under the leadership of architect A.E. Hessen carried out a scientific restoration of the museum, which helped restore many of the original elements of the Summer Palace.

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Until 1703, here, near the Neva and Fontanka, there was the estate of the Swedish officer Konau. Immediately after the founding of St. Petersburg, the summer residence of Peter I was located on this site, which began to be called the Summer Garden.

According to the historian K.V. Malinovsky, the Konau house was moved closer to the Neva for its reconstruction as the summer residence of the Tsar. From the autumn of 1706 to the spring of 1707, this was done by the draftsman of the artillery order, Ivan Matveevich Ugryumov. The death of Ugryumov in 1707 slowed down the work, which is confirmed by Kikin’s report to Peter I in February 1708: “ Mansions are now being built in Your Majesty's house, which have been ordered to be moved, and will be ready next month"[Quoted from: 3, p. 39]. On March 12, Kikin again wrote to the king: " In your house there are mansions that have been moved in a week, although not all, but the cook and others will be ready" [Quoted from: 3, pp. 39, 40].

By that time, a small Havanese had already been dug near the Summer House of Peter I. It is known that in 1706 Ugryumov was deepening it. Thus, the water surrounded the building on three sides and approached the porch itself.

In January 1711, Peter I ordered the wooden building to be moved to another location “near the Kalinkin Bridge.” On the vacated site in May they began to build the foundation for the stone Summer Palace of Peter I. This house was built in the Dutch style, as Peter I loved. The Tsar personally drew up the design of the building, after which it was adjusted by the architect Domenico Trezzini. It became one of the first stone residential buildings in St. Petersburg, along with the Menshikov Palace, Golovkin's house. The construction of the Summer Palace of Peter I took four years.

The facade of the building is decorated with 28 bas-reliefs by architect Andreas Schlüter, which depict the events of the Northern War. Above the door is the figure of Minerva (goddess of wisdom) surrounded by victory banners and war trophies. Schlüter came to Russia in 1713 and lived in the Summer Palace even before its construction was completed.

A weather vane was installed on the roof of the Summer Palace in 1714, showing not only the direction of the wind, but also its strength. The weather vane was mechanically connected to a device that showed these parameters on a kind of display inside the building. This device was ordered by Peter I in Dresden from the court mechanic. The weather vane was decorated with a gilded figure of St. George the Victorious.

On the first floor of the Summer Palace there were Peter's chambers, on the second - his wife Catherine and children. On the ground floor there was the king's reception room. Here he accepted written requests and oral complaints. A punishment cell was set up next to the reception area, where Peter personally shoved the guilty and then released them himself. From the reception area one could enter the large “Assembly” room. On the second floor there was the empress's reception room, the throne room and a kitchen with an oven in which Catherine I baked pies for her husband.

The first sewerage system in St. Petersburg appeared in the Summer Palace. Water was supplied to the house by pumps and flowed into the Fontanka. The operation of the flowing sewer system was facilitated by the fact that the building was washed on three sides by water, the driving force being the flow of the Fontanka. After the flood of 1777, Havanets was filled up and the sewerage system ceased to function.

There were no utility rooms other than kitchens in the Summer Palace. For them, another building was built along the Fontanka, known as the “People's Quarters”. It was in these premises that the famous Amber Cabinet, Ruysch's anatomical collection, and the library of Peter I were located. A special gallery connected the Summer Palace with the people's quarters.

Peter I lived in this house only from May to October. That’s why the palace is called the Summer Palace and has fairly thin walls. There are 14 rooms, two kitchens and two corridors. The ceiling height is only 3.3 meters. One of Peter I’s favorite rooms in the Summer Palace was the turning room. Her household was managed by the famous mechanic Andrei Nartov.

The Summer Palace served as a place for Peter I to receive visitors with their written requests. State meetings of ministers under the leadership of the emperor were also held here. After one of these meetings, in the lobby of the Summer Palace, an attempt was made on Peter I by one of the schismatics. After this, his fellow believers were ordered to wear a piece of red and yellow fabric on their clothes in order to distinguish them from other people.

The Summer Palace existed as a royal residence until the mid-18th century. Then they began to adapt it to the needs of officials. The corresponding renovation work changed the appearance of the historical building. In 1815, the Minister of War, Prince Gorchakov, lived here, the next year - the Minister of Justice, Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky, in 1822 - the military general, governor Count Miloradovich, after him - the Minister of Finance Kankrin.

During the St. Petersburg flood of 1824, the Summer Palace was flooded up to the middle of the first floor windows. An ancient bronze plaque reminds of this event, demonstrating the level of water rise.

Since 1934, a historical and everyday life museum has been operating in the Summer Palace.

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The Summer Palace of Peter I is considered one of the oldest buildings in St. Petersburg. The house is located in a very beautiful place called the Summer Garden. This park was laid out at the beginning of the 18th century, when the Northern capital was just beginning to be built up. Peter I invited famous architects and gardeners to work on his summer residence. The Tsar dreamed of arranging a garden here in the Versailles style. Looking ahead, let's say that he succeeded and to this day the Summer Garden remains one of the favorite vacation spots for tourists and city residents.

The Summer Palace of Peter I in St. Petersburg is not distinguished by its splendor. This is a very modest building in the Baroque style, completely different from the royal mansions.

Peter chose the location for the Summer Palace between the Neva and Fontanka (in those years - Nameless Erik), exactly where the estate of the Swedish major Erich von Konow was located. It was here that a small two-story stone house was built according to the design of the architect Domenico Trezzini. True, Peter initially made the house plan on his own, and Trezzini only corrected it. It is worth noting that the Summer Palace of Peter I is not distinguished by its splendor. This is a very modest building in the Baroque style, completely different from the royal mansions. The layout of both floors is exactly the same. There are only 14 rooms, 2 kitchens and 2 internal corridors. The tsar's rooms were located on the first floor, and his wife Catherine's on the second. The owners used this house only in warm weather - from May to October. That is why the Summer Palace of Peter I has thin walls and single frames in the windows. The façade of the palace is decorated with 28 bas-reliefs depicting the events of the Northern War.

On the roof of the Summer Palace of Peter I there is a copper weather vane in the form of St. George the Victorious slaying a serpent. The weather vane sets in motion the mechanism of the wind device located inside the house. A special display panel indicated the direction and strength of the wind. Peter I ordered this unusual device for that time in Dresden from the court mechanic.

Despite its outward simplicity, the Summer Palace of Peter I had everything that was required for the needs of the sovereign. In the reception room he read letters, dealt with complaints and sometimes received visitors. Next door there was a lathe and a lathe, at which Peter worked, a bedroom, a dressing room, a kitchen, a dining room and a large room - the assembly. A punishment cell was provided for those who were guilty. The interior decoration of the palace glorified Russia's victory over the Swedes in the Northern War in allegorical form. On the second floor there was Catherine's bedroom, a children's room, a room for maids of honor and a separate room for dancing.

It is interesting that the Summer Palace of Peter I was equipped with a sewerage system - the very first in all of St. Petersburg. The building was washed on three sides by water, which entered the house using pumps. The flow of the Fontanka River served as the driving force for the sewerage system.

Next to the palace there is another building - the Human Quarters. Here was the famous Amber Room, a huge library and numerous collections of various things that Peter collected. For example, the anatomical collection of the Dutch scientist Ruysch was kept in the Human Chambers. In fact, this house housed a large museum: here the king brought various curiosities, mechanisms, many compasses, astronomical instruments, stones with inscriptions, household items of different nations and much, much more.

The Summer Palace served its main function as the Tsar's country residence until the mid-18th century. Then officials began to use it. For some time the palace even stood abandoned. This is what saved it from perestroika. In 1934, a historical and art museum was located here. The building was damaged during the Great Patriotic War. But a large-scale reconstruction in the mid-50s of the 20th century helped to completely restore the palace. Today the Tsar's residence is part of the Russian Museum; anyone can go inside and find out how Peter I lived.

Practical information

Summer Garden address: St. Petersburg, Kutuzov embankment, 2. The nearest metro station is Gostiny Dvor. Entrance to the garden is free, opening hours are from 10.00 to 20.00. Day off is Tuesday.

D. Trezzini. Summer Palace of Peter I. 1710–1712

The Summer Palace of Peter I is located at the confluence of the Bolshaya Neva and the Fontanka. At the beginning of the 18th century. was surrounded by water on three sides, as it also had a small harbor (“havanets”) for small ships on the southern façade. The two-story brick building with a hipped iron roof is crowned with a copper weather vane in the form of St. George slaying a serpent with a spear. At the corners of the roof there are gutters in the shape of winged dragons, made of slotted iron. Finishing work in which A. Schlüter took part (until 1714). G.I. Mattarnovi, I.F. Braunstein and others continued until the mid-1720s.

The entrance is framed by a black marble portal, above which is a bas-relief depicting Minerva with war trophies. The main decoration of the facades of the palace of Peter I are 28 bas-reliefs, made in a rare technique of hand-painting, located in frames between the windows of the first and second floors. The theme of the images is the glorification of Russia's sea power. Like any housing that suits the tastes of Peter I, his palace is small: 26.5 x 15.5 m; height of two floors – 8.1 m; height to the roof ridge – 13.3 m; the height of the rooms is 3.3 m. The layout of both floors is the same. The first floor was occupied by Peter I himself, the second by his wife Catherine. The palace was intended only for summer residence (from May to October), so it has thin walls and single frames. The palace has only 14 rooms, two kitchens, two internal corridors. The arrangement of the rooms is enfilade, and the service premises communicate with the internal corridor.

"August. On the 18th day in St. Petersburg, at His Majesty’s Summer Court, they began to beat piles under the stone building.”. Marching journal 1710

In the interiors of the palace, decorative techniques that were new for Russia were used - decoration with tiled panels, wooden cladding with elements of the order system, carved panels, monumental and decorative subject and ornamental painting, and modeling. Seven rooms of the Summer Palace retained ceiling lamps with multi-figure compositions executed by G. Gsell and his Russian students using the technique of oil painting, previously almost unknown in Russia.

The green cabinet of the palace is interesting as a rare ensemble of decoration of the front room that has come down to us, giving an idea of the style of “Petrine Baroque” in the interior: the cabinet has walls decorated with wood, painted light green, and picturesque inserts, panels, desudéportes. The painting on wood is done in oil using the grisaille technique. It is known that during these years the artists G. Adolsky, O. Kulagin, M. Vorovsky, A. Zakharov, and the carver I. Petrov worked in the palace. Glass cabinets for a collection of rarities are built into the wooden wall paneling, which marked the beginning of museum collecting in Russia.

Before the founding of St. Petersburg in 1703, the banks of the Neva were by no means deserted.

Upstream, life was seething in the city of Nyen, and at the point where the Fontanka River branched from the Neva there was a rich estate of a Swedish major who served in the Nyenschanz fortress.

The estate was called Konau Manor, and the Russians called it “Kononova Estate”.

On this site, after the founding of the city, Peter’s summer residence was built.

One should not assume that the banks of the Neva were inhabited by Swedes, who were expelled by Tsar Peter as a result of the war. Almost next to the Kononova estate stood the completely Russian village “Usadishchi”.

In contrast to the surrounding swampy area, the territory of the estate was landscaped not only from the point of view of noble amenities, but also quite utilitarianly: the field was plowed, fertilized and had a good vegetable garden.

On the basis of this vegetable garden (when there was no longer a need for it), in 1706 the Summer Garden, which became famous throughout the country, began to be planted around the palace.

At first, the building of the royal house was wooden; a canal was dug from the Fontanka River to it, thus, for safety, the estate was surrounded on three sides by water.

Since the main events of the beginning of the construction of St. Petersburg unfolded on the other side of the Neva, a small mooring bay was organized in front of the Summer Palace, which was called Gavanets.

In 1710, according to the design of the architect Domenico Trezzini, a stone Summer Palace was built.

Architect Schlüter decorated the façade of the new building with bas-reliefs depicting the events of the Northern War.

Peter commissioned the same architect to furnish the interiors of the palace, but Schlüter died after devoting only a year of his life to the palace.

Peter's wife and children lived on the second floor, and the king's chambers were located on the first. There was also a reception room where he received petitions, and a punishment cell where the king personally imprisoned the guilty, and from where he himself released them.

It was in the lobby of the Summer Palace that the first attempt on Peter's life was made by schismatics.

And Peter’s favorite room in the palace was the turning workshop.

The palace was called “Summer” because the royal family moved here in May and lived until October.

The walls were quite thin and there was no heating. But the first sewage system in St. Petersburg was installed in the Summer Palace.

It was flowing, this was facilitated by the strength of the flow of the Fontanka River. And water was supplied to the house by pumps.

In 1777, a flood destroyed the canals around the palace, and the sewerage system ceased to function.

After the death of the king and his wife, no one lived in the palace; it was used for meetings of the Privy Council and for recreation of the court emperors. And after the construction of a new large Summer Palace for Empress Elizabeth Petrovna on the banks of the Moika River (where the Mikhailovsky Castle now stands), this one stood completely abandoned.

This saved the house from alterations and rebuilding and has preserved its original appearance to this day.

After the revolution, it was transferred to the Russian Museum, in 1934 it was given the status of an independent Historical and Household Museum, but then returned back.

Today the Summer Palace of Peter the Great is a branch of the Russian Museum.

In the 60s of the 20th century, a complete restoration of the palace was carried out, thanks to which many of the original elements were restored.

Until now, the Summer Palace has retained a cozy homely atmosphere; in the museum’s exhibition you can see the personal belongings of the Tsar, his wife Catherine, their courtiers and the Empress’s ladies-in-waiting.

Entrance fee:

adults - 80 rubles
children and students - 30 rubles

Opening hours:

The palace is open from June to October from 10.00 to 18.00
Closed: Tuesday and last Monday of the month
Important! Museum opening hours depend on weather conditions

Official site

St. Petersburg, Summer Garden, Kutuzov embankment, building 2

How to get there:

The nearest metro station is Gostiny Dvor.

Coming out of the metro through the underground passage we find ourselves on the other side of Nevsky Prospekt. This is the intersection with Sadovaya Street.

You need to walk along Sadovaya without turning anywhere.

We pass the Mikhailovsky Palace, cross the Moika River, and walk along the Swan Canal (on the other side of which is the Summer Garden). The road ends at Palace Embankment.

Here you need to turn left, cross the Verkhnee-Lebyazhy Bridge and, having reached the middle of the Summer Garden lattice, go inside. At the first alley, turn left.

The alley leads to the Fontanka embankment, where the Palace of Peter 1 is located.