Kauai o. Kauai o.,

Captain James Cook, a British navigator sailed into Waimea Harbor on the island of Kawaii in January 1778, searching for a defunct channel to the Northwest. He was reportedly the first Westerner to set foot in the Hawaiian Islands. Cook made three great voyages rich in scientific discoveries. The trip to Hawaii was the last one. Local residents showed great interest in the members of the expedition, mistaking Cook for one of their gods. Good relations were established between them, which, however, quickly cooled due to thefts from the ship committed by the Hawaiians and the crew's attempts to return the stolen goods. Feeling that the situation was heating up, Cook left the bay, however, the outbreak of a storm damaged the Resolution's rigging and the ships were forced to return for repairs. The attitude of the Hawaiians towards the expedition became openly hostile. When the longboat from the Resolution was stolen, Cook, accompanied by ten marines, went ashore to invite the local chief onto the ship. Having accepted the offer, the leader followed the British, but stopped at the very shore, presumably succumbing to the persuasion of his wife. By this time, several thousand Hawaiians had gathered on the shore and surrounded the British, pushing them back to the water itself. Panic set in and the crew rushed to the boats. The Hawaiians may have meant no harm, but unfortunately Captain Cook fired and was killed, presumably by a spear blow to the back of the head. The monument is located in the historic center of Waimea. A lone statue looks out over the expanse of the Pacific Ocean. This Captain Cook monument is actually a replica of the one that stands in his home town of Whitby, England. A plaque on the shore at Kealakekua Bay marks the spot where he was killed a year later.

Captain James Cook, a British navigator sailed into Waimea Harbor on the island of Kawaii in January 1778, searching for a defunct channel to the Northwest. He was reportedly the first Westerner to set foot in the Hawaiian Islands.
Cook made three great voyages rich in scientific discoveries. The trip to Hawaii was the last one.
Local residents showed great interest in the members of the expedition, mistaking Cook for one of their gods. Good relations were established between them, which, however, quickly cooled due to thefts from the ship committed by the Hawaiians and the crew's attempts to return the stolen goods.
Feeling that the situation was heating up, Cook left the bay, however, the outbreak of a storm damaged the Resolution's rigging and the ships were forced to return for repairs.
The attitude of the Hawaiians towards the expedition became openly hostile. When the longboat from the Resolution was stolen, Cook, accompanied by ten marines, went ashore to invite the local chief onto the ship. Having accepted the offer, the leader followed the British, but stopped at the very shore, presumably succumbing to the persuasion of his wife.
By this time, several thousand Hawaiians had gathered on the shore and surrounded the British, pushing them back to the water itself. Panic set in and the crew rushed to the boats. The Hawaiians may not have been up to no good, but unfortunately Captain Cook fired and was killed, presumably by a spear blow to the back of the head.
The monument is located in the historic center of Waimea. A lone statue looks out over the expanse of the Pacific Ocean.
This Captain Cook monument is actually a replica of the one that stands in his home town of Whitby, England.
A memorial plaque on the shore at Kealakekua Bay marks the spot where he was killed a year later.

State capital: Honolulu
Official name: State of Hawaii (HI)
Largest city: Honolulu

Other major cities: Hilo, Kahului, Kaneohe, Kailua, Lihue, Pearl City.
Large islands: Hawaii, Kauai, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, Niihau, Oahu.
State nicknames: Aloha State.
State motto: The freedom of the earth is embodied in virtue
State formation date: 1959 (50th in order)


Hawaii, the youngest of the North American states, consists of eight large islands - Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hiihau, Kalhoolowe. and the island of Hawaii itself (also called the Big Island), as well as many small islands and atolls - in total there are 132 islands in the state. The "fourth from last" largest state in the country, Hawaii covers an area of ​​six thousand four hundred and seventy square miles (of which the Big Island accounts for a little over four thousand square miles).
The state is located on an archipelago in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The islands are home to active volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The state's climate is tropical and humid. The Hawaiian Islands have beautiful nature with a tropical climate, and attract millions of tourists every year. Hawaii is a favorite vacation spot for Americans, thanks to its developed infrastructure and the presence of countless hotels for every taste; there is probably no American who has not booked a tour to these beautiful islands at least once in his life.
The basis of the economy is tourism and the service sector. The islands have many resorts, natural and historical attractions, including those included in the national park system. The main industries are sugar and fruit canning.
The state's official nickname is The Aloha State. The word “Aloha” is of Hawaiian origin and at the same time expresses greeting, sympathy, farewell, wishes for goodness and love. Most often pronounced as a greeting.
Hawaii, like Alaska, does not share borders with any of the other continental US states. Hawaii is the only state in the US that:

• Not located in North America
• Completely surrounded by the ocean
• Entirely an archipelago in which coffee grows
• Has a royal palace

Population of the State of Hawaii:

Population - 1,283,388 people (as of 2008), including:

• Hawaiians (26%),
• Americans and European descent groups (23%),
• mestizos (13%),
• Filipinos (9%),
• Chinese (5%),
• Japanese (1%), etc.

This national diversity of Hawaii's population is explained by the migration of workers (mainly sugar cane and pineapple harvesters) in the second half of the 19th century. Statistics show that 43% of Hawaii's permanent residents were born somewhere else.

The urban population is about 70%. The official language is English. National languages, including the Hawaiian language, are partially preserved (in everyday life).

History of the State of Hawaii

The islands were first inhabited by Polynesians in the 6th-3rd centuries BC. e. Back in the 16th century, Hawaii was visited by Spanish sailors, but they were officially discovered by the expedition of the English captain James Cook, who named them the Sandwich Islands (1778). Europeans found several state entities on the Hawaiian Islands, which at the beginning of the 19th century merged into a single kingdom.
The development of interest in sugarcane production led the United States at the end of the century to increase its economic and political influence on the affairs of the archipelago. The local population, faced with infections brought from outside, from which it had no immunity, died out: by the end of the century, about 30 thousand people remained of the 300 thousand Polynesian population.
In 1893, with direct US intervention, Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown. A year later, the Republic of Hawaii was formed, which was directly dependent on the United States. From 1901 to 1902, the first president of the Senate of the Hawaiian Islands was Nikolai Sudzilovsky-Roussel, also known as Kauka Lukini (Kanak for “Russian Doctor”), who during his tenure managed to introduce reforms in support of the Kanaks, but was unable to resist the influence USA and was deprived of American citizenship for anti-American activities.
In 1908, the port of Pearl Harbor, since the end of the 19th century. which played an international role, became a US Navy base. The Japanese air attack on this base on December 7, 1941 led the United States to enter World War II. On August 21, 1959, Hawaii received statehood (the 50th state).

Hawaii State Attractions:

Hawaii is the only state in the US with an official local language. Despite the influx of tourists, many native Hawaiians have maintained their customs and traditions.

A variety of cultural events and festivals are held on the islands throughout the year. Summer ends with the grandiose Aloha Week festivals.

In fact, Hawaii only has 2 seasons: the dry season from May to October, and the wet season from October to April.

Big Island is the easternmost and largest island in Hawaii.


The capital of the state of Hawaii is Honolulu. It can be viewed from two sides: the business and historical district of the center of Honolulu and the famous resort of Waikiki


In the central part of the city, which was at the beginning of the 19th century. a commercial port, Japanese temples, skyscraper towers, New England-style missionary houses, a royal palace and bustling Chinatown with its traffic circles and fish markets are combined in a relatively small area.


The magnificent Iolani Palace in the Victorian style, built back in 1882. The palace is the only one in the United States that was intended to be the residence of King David Kalakaua, after which the king's sister, Queen Liliuokalani, lived in it, reigning for only two years until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1893 Now in the palace with its luxurious interior and wooden staircase. koa Filming is taking place


Kawaiahao Church, built from coral blocks in 1842, by which time quite a significant number of local influential people had been converted to Christianity by American missionaries. The upper church gallery houses portraits of Hawaiian monarchs, most of whom were baptized, married and crowned here.

The Bishop Museum is considered one of the best museums in the world that showcases Polynesian culture. The museum was created by American businessman Charles Bishop to preserve the royal heirlooms of his wife, a Hawaiian princess.


Pearl Harbor is home to warships as well as military museums and memorials. The most famous is the USS Arizona Memorial, which is located on board the ship of the same name, which was sunk on December 7, 1941 during a Japanese bombardment.


Kauai- the most ancient island of the archipelago, which is of volcanic origin
Lush vegetation, white beaches, and the turquoise waters of the ocean that harmonize with them attract newlyweds here who want to find a place like a piece of paradise on earth.


Fantastic landscapes have long attracted the attention of Hollywood producers to the island.
It was on the north coast of Kauai that such classic films as “South Pacific” and “Raiders of the Lost Ark” were filmed.


Not the entire area of ​​the island is covered with forests.
Its southern and western parts offer sunny white sand beaches, ideal for water sports and seaside relaxation.
Niihau is the westernmost of the eight Hawaiian Islands. Visits to the island are limited due to the fact that it is the property of private individuals.<


Kalaupapa Peninsula. Kalaupapa National Historical Park is located here.

In 1865, when leprosy threatened the Hawaiians with extinction, the sick were exiled to the peninsula.
Now this park is considered a memorial. The last patients were admitted here in 1969.

• Hawaii has its own time zone, Hawaiian Standard Time (HST). There is no daylight saving time, which means that in Hawaii, time is two hours behind US West Coast time in the summer, and three hours behind US West Coast time in the winter.
• The state of Hawaii has 4 counties: the city and county of Honolulu, Kauai, Maui and Hawaii (Big Island).
• The Hawaiian alphabet consists of only 12 letters: 5 vowels (A,E, I, O,U) and 7 consonants (H,K,L,M,N,P,W).
• Hawaii is the only state whose territory is constantly expanding (due to volcanic eruptions).
• Hawaii is the only US state where white people are in the minority.
• Hawaii has the highest percentage of women workers of any US state (more than 63% in 2003).
• Nowhere on Earth have more bird species become extinct than Hawaii: 26 species are already extinct and 27 are threatened with extinction due to changes in their natural habitats, deforestation, mongooses and humans.
• There are no snakes in Hawaii.
• The bird sanctuary northwest of Kauai is the largest sanctuary of its kind.
• Hawaii publishes the longest-running newspaper of any region west of the Rocky Mountains, the Sandwich Island Gazette (1836-1839).
• The longest volcanic eruption in Hawaii lasted 867 days.
• Hawaii has the largest number of married couples sharing their homes with other couples of any US state. This is largely due to the fact that Hawaii has the lowest homeownership rate.
• The average life expectancy in Hawaii is the longest in the United States: for men it is 75 years, for women it is 80 years.
• Hawaii has the smallest number of overweight people of any US state: about 19.7% are overweight (on the continent, the number of such people reaches 30%).

Hawaii's Ridiculous Laws

• If you live in Hawaii and don't own a boat, you may be fined
• Don't put coins in your ears
• It is prohibited to pester birds in a public park.
• The state of Hawaii prohibits advertising signs on roads and in public places.

State of Hawaii (American Hawaii)— Located on the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean and occupies the entire territory of the islands. About 1,420 thousand people live in the state.

State nicknamed Aloha State (“Aloha” means “Hello” in Hawaiian).

The main income of the state of Hawaii is tourism and various services for tourists, due to the fact that the Hawaiian Islands have a wonderful tropical climate. There are many excellent quality resorts for tourists, and there are also many different national parks in the state.

Honolulu

Honolulu (American: Honolulu)— Located on the island of Oahu in the state of Hawaii and is its capital and largest in population (about 400 thousand people). Not far from the city there is a US Navy military base and a harbor called Pearl Harbor. Honolulu is not only the economically developed center of the state of Hawaii, but also the world resort of the Hawaiian Islands.

Hilo

Hilo (American Hilo)- the second most populous city in the state of Hawaii after Honolulu (about 45 thousand people). This coastal city is a good resort on the Pacific Ocean. The city has Hilo International Airport. Of the features, close to Hilo there are two volcanoes, one of them active, the other dormant.

Kailua-Kona

Kailua-Kona (US: Kailua-Kona)— A small town in an isolated area of ​​​​Hawaii with a population of about 13 thousand people. The peculiarity is that the city is located next to the active Hualalai volcano, which is why this area is considered dangerous. However, this does not prevent local residents from living and developing.

State of Hawaii
State of Hawaii
Nickname	"The Aloha State" (official), "Paradise", "Aloha Islands"
Motto	"The life of the earth is perpetuated in righteousness"
Official language	English, Hawaiian
Spoken languages	English, Hawaiian
Capital	Honolulu
The largest city	Honolulu
By area	43rd state
Total area	28,311 km²
Width	-
Length	2,450 km
% water surface	41,2
By population	40th state
Total population	1 404 054
Density	82.6 people/km²
Highest point	Mount Mauna Kea (4205 m)
Before statehood	Territory of Hawaii
Joining the Union	August 21, 1959 (50th)
Administration website	http://www.hawaii.gov

Hawaii(English: Hawaii, State of Hawaii) - one of the US states, located on the islands of the same name in the Pacific Ocean in its northern part. Currently the last, 50th state admitted to the Union on August 21, 1959.

Diverse natural landscapes, a warm tropical climate, an abundance of good beaches, surrounded by ocean and the presence of active volcanoes have made Hawaii an attractive destination for tourists, surfers, biologists and volcanologists. Due to its location in the central Pacific Ocean, Hawaii has strong Asian and North American influences and has its own distinct culture. Hawaii's population is more than a million people, not counting tourists and American military personnel. The capital of Hawaii and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oahu.

The state covers almost the entire (except Midway Atoll) archipelago of the Hawaiian Islands, which includes more than a hundred islands stretching over 2,400 kilometers. The eight largest islands are located in the southeastern part of the archipelago: Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii. The latter is often called the Big Island to avoid confusion between the name of the island and the entire archipelago. Physiographically and ethnographically, Hawaii is part of Polynesia.

Hawaii, among the 50 states, is the 11th smallest in area and the 13th smallest in population. The length of the coast of Hawaii is 1210 km, the fourth largest in the United States after Alaska, Florida and California.

Hawaii is the only state that is not in North America and the only state in which Asians make up the majority of the population. Along with Arizona, Hawaii is the only two states that do not change their clocks to daylight saving time, and along with Alaska, they are the only two states that do not border the contiguous 48 continental states.

Name

In the Hawaiian language, the word Hawaii means "Homeland", and is derived from the Proto-Polynesian word "Sawaiki". The word "Homeland" is similar in other Polynesian languages: Maori ("Hawai'i"), Cook ("Awai'i") and Samoan ("Sava'i"). In other Polynesian languages, this word also means the underworld or ancestral home, but in Hawaii it does not carry these meanings.

Geography

Geographical position

Hawaii's position in the Pacific Ocean

Hawaii is the only US state that is not in America (Hawaii is located in Oceania), as well as the only island state, the southernmost US state and the second western one, after Alaska. Hawaii, along with Alaska, does not border any other states.

Hawaii is located in the North Pacific Ocean, in the Polynesia subregion, 3,200 kilometers southwest of the North American coast. Hawaii is the largest island of the open part of the North Pacific Ocean; there are no islands between them and North America, and between them and Asia, up to Japan, there are only small islands and atolls, which determines the important transport significance of the Hawaiian Islands.

Geology

Pu'u Oo Crater on the island of Hawaii

The Hawaiian Islands are located in the middle of the Pacific tectonic plate, north of its center. Here is the so-called Hot Spot - the center of intraplate magmatic activity, which led to the emergence of the islands. While the plate moves slowly to the northwest, the Hot Spot remains stationary, forming new volcanoes. Due to the location of the point, the only currently active volcanoes in Hawaii are located around the southern half of the Big Island. The newest volcano, Lo'ihi, lies on the seabed south of the Big Island.

The last activity outside the Big Island was in the 18th century - the eruption of the Haleakala volcano on the island of Maui. In 1790, a series of devastating explosions occurred at the Kilauea volcano on the Big Island, killing more than 5,000 warriors of local tribes. The instability of volcanoes causes earthquakes and accompanying tsunamis - major earthquakes occurred in 1868 and 1975. Tectonic activity is the reason why the Big Island is sparsely populated, while the other islands are safer.

Topology and relief

Hawaii from space

The Hawaiian Islands consist of eight main islands: Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii, and many smaller ones. Hawaii is the largest and youngest island, with high and active volcanoes, also called the Big Island. To the Northwest of Kauai, a long string of nine Northwestern, or Leeward, islands stretch: French Frigate Shoals Atoll, Gardner Rocks, Kure Atoll, Laysan, Lisyansky Island, Maro Reef, Necker, Nihoa and Pearl and Hermes Atoll. . These are small islands and atolls left over from once large volcanic mountains. Another atoll from the Northwestern Islands - Midway Atoll - is not included in the state of Hawaii, but is a separate territory. There are also about a hundred small rocks and islets, usually located near the shore of larger islands. This brings the total population of the Hawaiian Islands to about 130.

Hawaiian Islands

№	Name	Title in English	Population	Square
Big Islands
1	Hawaii	Hawaii	185 079	10,432.5 km²
2	Maui	Maui	144 444	1,883.4 km²
3	Oahu	Oʻahu	953 207	1,545.4 km²
4	Kauai	Kauaʻi	66 921	1,430.5 km²
5	Molokai	Molokaʻi	7 345	673.4 km²
6	Lanai	Lānaʻi	3 135	363.9 km²
7	Niihau	Niʻihau	170	180 km²
8	Kahoolawe	Kahoʻolawe	0	115.5 km²
North Western Islands
9	gardner rocks	Gardner Pinnacles	0	0.024 km²
10	Kure Atoll	Kure Atoll	0	0.86 km²
11	Laysan	Laysan	0	4.11 km²
12	Maro Reef	Maro Reef	0	0.004 km²
13	Lisyansky	Lisianski Island	0	1.55 km²
14	Necker	Necker	0	0.18 km²
15	Nihoa	Nihoa	0	0.70 km²
16	Pearl and Hermes Atoll	Pearl and Hermes Atoll	0	0.36 km²
17	French Frigate Shoals Atoll	French Frigate Shoals Atoll	0	0.25 km²

Mount Mauna Kea

The state's highest point, Mauna Kea, is located on the island of Hawaii and is 4,205 meters high. And if you count not from sea level, but from the base of the mountain, which is located at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, then the height of Mauna Kea is 10,200 meters - more than Everest. On the island of Maui there is the Haleakala volcano with a height of 3055 meters. On the island of Oahu is Honolulu Bay with Ford Island in the middle. This is a convenient place for ships to anchor, which is why the island of Oahu is the most densely populated.

Climate

Bay on the island of Oahu

Hawaii has a tropical trade wind climate. There are only two seasons in the year - the dry season, which lasts from May to October, and the rainy season, from October to April. Temperatures are not as hot as in other tropical regions due to the easterly trade winds, and are fairly even throughout the year. In summer, average day temperatures are 31 °C, nights are 24 °C. In winter, 28 °C during the day, 18 °C at night. Precipitation falls mainly during the rainy season - from October to March; six to seven storms may occur during this period. Precipitation is very different on the windward and leeward sides of high mountains. The windward sides of the islands receive record amounts of precipitation (up to 11,000 mm per year) and clouds constantly accumulate, so the resorts are located on the leeward, sunny shores of the islands. The climate on the tops of high volcanoes is also different - here the temperature can reach −11 °C, and in winter snow falls, forming caps.

Flora and fauna

Hawaii was formed by volcanoes only about 10 million years ago, and was never connected to land, so only what was carried by wind, waves or wings (birds and insects) live on it. The isolation and wide variety of habitats have resulted in Hawaii being home to a huge number of endemic species. However, Hawaii is home to more endangered species than any other US state.

Time

In Hawaii, Hawaiian-Aleutian Standard Time is UTC−10:00. The difference with Greenwich is -10 hours, with Moscow time - -13 hours. Hawaii is one of two states that does not implement daylight saving time.

Story

Hawaii is one of four states that were independent states before joining the United States and one of two states that had international recognition as such. The independent Kingdom of Hawaii existed from 1810 to 1893, when the monarchy was overthrown by American entrepreneurs. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 to August 12, 1898, when it was annexed by the United States and became a territory. In 1959, Hawaii became the 50th US state.

First settlements

Hawaiians

The earliest settlements in Hawaii date back to around 300 AD. e. Most likely, these were Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands. In the 11th century, a second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora reached the islands. Perhaps a wave of migration from Tahiti also reached Hawaii. The population grew slowly but steadily. The Hawaiians had a caste structure of society similar to that of India. Tribes led by leaders - Aliyah - fought with each other.

Arrival of Europeans

Perhaps the Hawaiian Islands were discovered not by James Cook, but by the Spaniards back in the 16th century. In 1542, a squadron of six ships under the command of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail from Acapulco towards the Philippines. The reports of one of his sailors, Juan Gaetano, mention the discovery of certain islands, which researchers consider Hawaiian or Marshall Islands. In any case, even if the islands were discovered, their location was kept secret.

Hawaiian natives kill Cook

In 1778, English explorer James Cook became the first person to document a visit to the Hawaiian Islands. Cook named them Sandwiches, in honor of his sponsor, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. During Cook's second visit to Hawaii, a local chief and his warriors stole a boat from one of the ships. To return her, Cook went ashore and captured the king of the Big Island - Kalaniopuu - a trick that had previously worked on Tahiti and other islands. However, the natives did not give up the boat and recaptured their king. Four Marines and Cook himself were killed in the skirmish.

After Cook's voyage and the publication of his books, other Europeans began to visit Hawaii: explorers, traders, and whalers. Early British influence is noted on the flag of Hawaii - in its corner is a British flag. The Europeans brought with them influenza, smallpox, measles and other diseases to which the natives had no immunity. By 1820, half the population on the islands had died out, a measles epidemic in the 1850s killed a fifth of the people, and by the end of the century, out of a population of 300 thousand, about 30 thousand remained.

Kingdom of Hawaii

King Kamehameha I of Hawaii

In the 1780s and 1790s, local chiefs fought for power until Kamehameha I the Great, with the help of European arms and advisers, unified the islands. In 1810, he created the Kingdom of Hawaii and founded a dynasty that ruled the islands until 1872. After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819, American missionaries converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. Kamehameha III became the first Christian king. At the same time, the influence of American and European entrepreneurs grew, who were engaged in the cultivation of sugar cane on the islands, and for these purposes, workers were massively imported from China, Japan and the Philippines.

In 1872, without naming a successor, King Kamehameha V died. During the popular elections, Lunalilo, a distant descendant of the Kamehameha dynasty, won. Lunalilo began democratic and liberal reforms, but soon, in 1874, he died of tuberculosis and drunkenness. Kalakaua won the new elections, starting a new dynasty. He suppressed the rebellion of his rival, Queen Dowager Emma, ​​with the help of British and American sailors. Kalakaua traveled around the world, bought many luxury goods in Europe and built the royal palace of Iolani in Honolulu - the only royal palace in the modern United States.

King Kalakaua

The Europeans were increasing their influence and presence in Hawaii, and in 1887 they forced Kalākaua to sign a new constitution, nicknamed the "Bayonet Constitution." According to it, the king was deprived of part of his executive power. When voting, property and educational qualifications were introduced, depriving 75% of the indigenous population of the right to vote, but leaving this right to almost all whites. King Kalakaua reigned until his death in 1891 and was succeeded by his sister Liliuokalani. In 1893, she announced plans to create a new constitution, and on January 13, 1893, the Committee of Safety was formed by Secretary of State for the United States John L. Stevens and other residents of American descent, which aimed to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy and annex Hawaii to the United States.

Republic of Hawaii and annexation by the United States of America

American sailors participate
in overthrowing the monarchy

In January 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown and power was transferred to the Provisional Government, which asked the United States to accept Hawaii into its fold. US President Grover Cleveland not only refused, but also demanded that power be returned to the queen. Realizing that it would not be possible to annex Hawaii to the United States during Cleveland's presidency, the Provisional Government created statehood - the Republic of Hawaii was formed in 1894, and American-born lawyer Sanford Dole was elected its first and only president.

In 1896, William McKinley won the presidential election in the United States, and the government of the Republic of Hawaii resumed negotiations on joining the United States. A delegation of Lorrin Thurston, Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney went to Washington to meet with the president. In July 1897, US Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to the annexation of Hawaii. The treaty was not ratified by the US Senate because it received a petition signed by 36,000 Native Hawaiians who did not want annexation. McKinley's second attempt was the Newlands Resolution, a joint declaration of both houses of Parliament, which was passed by the House of Representatives on June 15, 1898 (209 to 91), and by the Senate on July 7 (42 to 21). On July 7, the President formed a commission to transfer the territory, and on August 12, a ceremony to transfer power to the governor took place in front of the Iolani Palace.

Territory of Hawaii

In 1900, Hawaii gained self-government and Iolani Palace became the territory's capitol. The sugar cane industry began to rapidly develop in the territory. The Hawaiian Big Five sugar producers, using a powerful lobby, have long blocked statehood, since the territories do not have labor laws and there are no restrictions on the import of cheap labor. Workers from Japan, China, Korea, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and other places began to flock to Hawaii.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, starting the war against the United States. Hawaii took the first blow, martial law was introduced, the Constitution was suspended, and power was transferred to the Military Governor. Martial law was lifted in 1944. The fact that Hawaii performed well in World War II, and even Hawaiians of Japanese descent volunteered for the front (in the European theater), accelerated the adoption of statehood.

State Status

In 1956, police officer John Burns was elected representative to the US Congress from Hawaii. He immediately began convincing senators of Hawaii's readiness to become a state. In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act, and it was signed into law by US President Dwight Eisenhower. On June 27, a referendum was held in which 94.3% of the population voted for statehood. Hawaii's official statehood ceremony took place on August 21, 1959.

After receiving statehood, Hawaii began to develop even more rapidly. Many buildings, structures and roads were built. The tourism sector began to develop most rapidly.

Policy

The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government of the United States, with some adaptations dating back to royal times. The state constitution provides for three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The head of the executive branch is the state governor, who is popularly elected along with the lieutenant governor, who serves as secretary of state. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments that are located in the state capitol. The official residence of the governor is Washington Place.

The legislative branch consists of a bicameral state legislature. The lower house is the House of Representatives of 51 members and a speaker, the upper house is the Senate of 25 senators and the president of the Senate. Both houses of parliament meet in the state capitol. The Supreme Court of Hawaii is located in Ali'olani Hale and heads a single branch of the judiciary.

Hawaii is represented in the US Congress by two senators and two representatives. Since statehood, Hawaii has supported Democratic Party candidates in all but two elections, and Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, is the first native Hawaiian to serve in that position. Federal government offices in Hawaii are located at the Prince Kuhio Federal Building in Honolulu. The offices of the FBI, Internal Revenue Service, Secret Service and other federal agencies are located here.

Administrative division

Five counties of Hawaii

The state of Hawaii is divided into five counties: Hawaii, Honolulu, Kalawao, Kauai and Maui. All five counties were created in 1905, seven years after the creation of the Territory of Hawaii. Kauai County occupies the islands of Kauai and Niihau. Honolulu is a city-county and occupies the entire island of Oahu, and also belongs to the Northwestern Islands. Maui County covers the islands of Maui, Lanai, Kaho'olawe and most of Molokai. Kalawao is a small county with a population of only 90 people, occupying the Kalaupapa Peninsula on the island of Molokai, it was formed as a leper colony, and is under the control of the Hawaii State Department of Health. Because its population is very small, the county has only a fraction of the officials normally assigned to counties. Hawaii County occupies the island of the same name. Districts in Hawaii have more power than in other states: they do not delegate educational responsibility to school boards and collect many types of taxes directly.

A unique feature of Hawaii is the absence of municipal governments. All local governments operate at the county level. The only incorporated area is the "City and County of Honolulu", which is at the county level and governs the entire island of Oahu. Districts are not divided into populated areas. All populated areas on the islands exist as statistically distinct areas (CDPs), which are created by the US Census Bureau solely for the purpose of collecting statistics. The boundaries of settlements are drawn anew before each census and have no legal meaning.

Population

According to a 2014 estimate, the state of Hawaii has a population of 1,419,561, not including many tourists and military personnel (military base personnel number 42,371). Compared to the 2010 census data, the state experienced a population growth of 4.36%. The increase is both natural and migratory. The most populous island is Oahu - almost two-thirds of the state's population lives here - more than 900 thousand people. Other inhabited islands are Hawaii, Maui and Kauai. Molokai, Lanai and Niihau have very small populations, and Kahoolawe Island and all of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are uninhabited. Hawaii's average life expectancy of 79.8 years is the highest of any US state.

Hawaii is one of three states (along with California and New Mexico) where whites do not make up the majority of the population. Hawaii has the smallest number of whites of European descent at 24.7%, less than a quarter of the population. The majority of the state is Asian - 38.6% (of which 14.6% are Filipinos, 13.6% Japanese, 4% Chinese and 1.8% Koreans). 23.6% of the population is mixed race. Native Hawaiians - 5.9% of the population, Samoans - 2.8%, Tongans - 0.6%. 8.8% are Hispanic or Latino, with 2.6% Mexican and 3.2% Puerto Rican.

Cities

Languages

According to the state constitution of 1978, the official languages ​​are Hawaiian and English. Hawaiian Creole English, also called Hawaiian Pidgin, is widely used. 73.44% of Hawaiians speak English as their first language, 5.37% speak Tagalog (Filipino), 4.96% speak Japanese, 4.05% speak Ilocano (Filipino), 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.92 % in Chinese, 1.68% in Hawaiian.

The Hawaiian language belongs to the Polynesian languages ​​of the Austronesian language family. Since Hawaii was colonized by Polynesians, the Hawaiian language is very close to the Marquesan, Samoan, and Tongan languages ​​from which the settlers came. Borrowings from Tahitian suggest a wave of migration from there as well. In the Hawaiian language, vowels are divided into long and short. Writing did not exist at the time of the arrival of Europeans; it was developed by Western missionaries in 1820-1826 based on the Latin alphabet. According to the census, there are about 24 thousand native Hawaiian speakers in the entire United States.

Hawaiian Creole English, or Hawaiian Pidgin, is a mixed language based on English with numerous loanwords from Hawaiian, as well as Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano and Tagalog. Through the surfing boom in Hawaii, many Hawaiian pidgin words became surfer slang words.

Religion

The religious composition of Hawaiians is extremely diverse. Most of the state has Christians - from 30 to 60%, non-religious - 17-51%, Buddhists - 6-9%, Jews - 0.5-0.8%, Muslims - about 0.5%.

The largest religious organization in Hawaii is the Catholic Church, with about 250 thousand parishioners, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) has about 68 thousand parishioners, the non-denominational church has 128 parishes and 32 thousand followers, the United Church of Christ - 115 parishes and 20 thousand parishioners , Southern Baptist Convention - 108 parishes and 18 thousand parishioners.

Economy

In the history of Hawaii, there were several successive significant industries: the cultivation of sandalwood, sugar cane and pineapples, whaling, the military, tourism and education. Since Hawaii became a state, tourism has played a major role in the state's economy, despite attempts to diversify. In 1997, tourism contributed 24.3% of the state's GDP.

Agriculture

In agriculture, since the 19th century, the cultivation of sugar cane and pineapples became widespread; many cheap workers from different territories came to the plantations - Filipinos, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Puerto Ricans and others. But joining the US resulted in the development of labor unions in the 1930s and 1940s. Wages for workers increased greatly and the industry became unprofitable; by 1990, most plantations had closed. The vacated lands were used to grow coffee, macadamia nuts, tropical fruits and vegetables. Floriculture, beekeeping and seed farming are highly developed. The constant climate of Hawaii allows you to harvest seeds three times a year, versus one or two in other states.

Other industries

Industry in Hawaii is underdeveloped, firstly due to high overhead costs, secondly, because of restrictive environmental laws, and thirdly, due to the state's remoteness from major markets, such as the Western coast of the USA. The military has been an important industry since the opening of the American military base at Pearl Harbor in 1874. Military base employees and their families make up up to 10% of the state's population. Science and education are developed. On the island of Hawaii, at the top of Mauna Kea, is one of the world's largest observatories.

Taxes and cost of living

Hawaii's state tax burden is one of the highest in the United States. The business climate is perceived as unfriendly. It is worth noting that there are many fees associated with environmental protection. Sustainability is essential to maintaining the attractiveness of the tourism industry.

The cost of living in Hawaii is one of the highest in the United States, although still lower than in New York and San Francisco. Hawaii is remote from major consumer goods manufacturers, and many American online retailers exclude Hawaii from free shipping. One of the major contributors to Hawaii's high cost of living is the Maritime Commerce Act (Jones Act), passed in 1920. According to it, goods can only be transported between two US ports on American ships. Because of this, goods from East Asia have to be unloaded at the ports of California, and from there transported back across half the Pacific Ocean to Hawaii on American ships.

Transport

Culture

The native culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Although Native Hawaiians today make up a minority of the islands' population and the culture remains a remnant, Polynesian rituals and traditions are occasionally re-enacted in various parts of the islands, and certain phenomena (such as surfing, hula and lualu dancing) have had a significant influence on the culture USA as a whole.

State of Hawaii
capital - Honolulu
Themes	Hawaiian Islands, History, Politics, Population, Economy, Transport, Culture, Hawaiian Language, Tourism
Eight big islands	Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu
Northeast Islands	French Frigate Shoals Atoll, Gardner Rocks, Kure Atoll, Laysan, Lisyansky Island, Maro Reef, Necker, Nihoa, Florida, South Dakota, South Carolina, Utah
Island territories	US Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands
Outer minor islands	Baker, Jarvis, Johnston, Kingman, Midway, Navassa, Palmyra, Wake, Howland

The last, most remote and most fabulous state of the USA is state of hawaii. This is a dream for lovers of sandy beaches and exotic nature. The Hawaiian Islands are considered one of the best resorts in the United States.

The last territory to join, on August 21, 1959, was the Hawaiian Islands. The state of Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean at a considerable distance from the mainland. It consists of several islands, which annually increase in area due to volcanic eruptions.

The largest, central island is the island of Hawaii, after which the archipelago and state are named. However, the capital of the state of Hawaii, Honolulu, is not located on it, but on a smaller one - Oahu.

City of Honolulu

The Hawaiian Islands were inhabited in the 3rd-4th centuries by Polynesians, who became the indigenous population. The first Europeans appeared here in 1778, after the discovery of the territory by the English traveler James Cook.

The warm climate and rich fertile lands actively attracted settlers from the continents, and the US government tried to control the economic and political affairs of the Hawaiian kingdom that existed at that time. In 1893, a coup was carried out and the queen was overthrown. In 1898, America annexed the Hawaiian Islands, and since then it was only a matter of time before the territory became the state of Hawaii.

Features of relief and climate

The state of Hawaii consists of a chain of islands formed due to volcanic activity. On the largest and youngest island of the archipelago, Hawaii, there are as many as seven volcanoes. Almost all of them are valid. The remaining areas are occupied by savannah and tropical forests.

The Hawaiian Islands have a trade wind climate with high rainfall. It is warm here all year round: even in the winter months the temperature does not drop below 16° C. There is a high probability of heavy rains, so the main tourist areas are located in the south or west of the archipelago.

The state of Hawaii could well be called fabulous, but the whole picture is spoiled by frequent tornadoes and hurricanes, as well as periodic volcanic eruptions. You can look at the island from home using an online web camera. link .

Racial identity of the population and preached religions

The state of Hawaii is the only state with a predominantly Asian population. These are the Chinese, Japanese and Filipinos. This is due to the fact that at the beginning of the 19th century they were actively brought here as workers on sugar cane plantations.

The second largest population is occupied by immigrants from Europe: Irish, English, Germans, Spaniards and French. They are followed by Mestizos (14.7%) and Native Hawaiians (10%).

Most of the population of the archipelago preaches Christianity (about 60%). Followers of Judaism and Buddhism are represented here in considerable numbers. Atheists make up 21%. Interestingly, just 15 years ago their number was many times higher and amounted to 51%. By this indicator, the Hawaiian Islands were significantly superior to other states.

Education on the islands

University of Hawaii

University of Hawaii is the largest public educational institution in the state. It consists of several units located on different islands of the archipelago. He is primarily engaged in research activities; the humanities are highly developed here. In addition to this university, the state of Hawaii has seven colleges and seven universities.

Basics of Economics

Historically, the state of Hawaii is famous for its sugar cane, where it is grown in large quantities. Coffee, rice, pineapples, guava and bananas are also brought from here to the mainland. Floriculture is sufficiently developed here. And, of course, a significant share of the economy is occupied by tourism and the service sector.

The Hawaiian Islands are the most popular resort in the United States with a large number of beaches and natural attractions, which can be appreciated via webcam by following the link.

It's worth the attention of tourists

First of all, the Hawaiian Islands attract tourists as a resort area. The mild climate and wonderful nature made it possible to organize many beaches and tourist areas in the territory. Here, travelers will find ocean waves, sandy beaches and all kinds of water activities (surfing, diving, etc.).